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aom tpdk;&? AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom tdrfapmifYtpkd;&ESifY AdkvfcsKyf
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w½kyq f efYusiaf &; zufqpftpd;k & ponfjzifY b,favmufemrnfq;dk awG ay;ay;?
orkdif;&JU trSefudkawmY rzHk;Ekdifbl;As/
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a&;aumifpD&JU Ouú|jzpfwJU AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;wkdU[m txufrSm az:jycJUwJY
w½kyfArm rdwfaqGjzpf ckdifrma&;vkyfief;awG? vIyf&Sm;rIawGESifY rl0g'awGudk
wavQmufv;kH axmufct H m;ay;Mu½Hrk u a&SUwef;uaeNyD; yg0ifaqmif&u G cf YJ Mu
w,f/ bH&k efol w½kyjf zLudk &Gy&f yG cf RcH RH wku
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jyóem[m b,foYl acgif;aqmifrjI zifY NyD;jywfomG ;cJYovJ? Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU
acgif;aqmifrI jzpfygw,f/ 'Dorkid ;f awGukd emrnfq;dk trsK;d rsKd ; ay;jcif;jzifY azsmuf
zsufvkdY r&ygbl;/
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awG&UJ ppfreS af om rdwaf qGBuD; tjzpfjzifY csD;usL;cJYMuw,f/ awmfveS af &;tpk;d &
wufvmwJUtcgrSm Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU acgif;aqmifrjI zifY w½kyAf rm rdwaf qG
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jynfoUl or®wEdik if o
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
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ay;aeMuaom w½kyfjynfolvlxkudk jrifa,mifaeMuygw,f/
vGecf YJ aom tcgrsm;u w½kyjf ynfoal wGEiS Yf w½kyjf ynfoUl acgif;aqmifawG
[m Nidr;f csr;f pGm ,SOw f aJG exkid af &;rlukd aumif;pGm oabmaygufMuw,f/ rSeu f ef
pGm usifYoHk;cJYMuw,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;aumif; 0g'udk vufudkifxm;Muw,f/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;oavmuf rdwfaqGjzpfa&;udk tm;ay;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifY
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifa&; rlrsm;udk waoGrwdrf; vkdufemusifYoHk;aeaom
tdref ;D em;csi;f aumif; jrefrmEkid if EH iS Yf jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;udk txl;cspMf unf&if;
ES;D pGm aqGrsKd;aygufazmfozG,f qufqMH uw,f/ ,aeYvyJ J w½kyjf ynfov l x
l &k UJ
oabmxm;ESifY qE´uawmY 'Dtwkdif;yJ qufvuf&SdvdrfYr,fvkdU jrefrmjynfol
awGu ,HkMunfMuw,f/ ,aeY ] &mZ0ifpOfvm w½kyfArm rdwfaqG&if;csm }
qkdwJU tajctae ysufjym;awmYrnfvm;vkdY pkd;&drf&avmufatmif jzpfvmjcif;
[m w½kyfacgif;aqmifrIqkdif&m jzpfysuf&yfrsm;aMumifY jzpfwJYtwGuf ,m,D
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rIqidk &f m jzpfysu&f yfrsm;u ESpEf idk if q H ufqaH &;udk ,aeYtajctaeodYk ydUk aqmifcYJ
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aom trSew f &m;tjzpfjzifY vufcaH tmifvyk &f ef[al om aqmify'k jf zifY vlrsK;d BuD;
tEdkifusifY0g'udk vufawGUusifYoHk;aeolrsm;ESifY axmufcH tm;ay;aeolrsm;?
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
16 ode;f azjrifY
aESmuf,SufzsufqD; aeMujcif;aMumifY tJ'DY ] &mZ0ifpOfvm w½kyfArm rdwfaqG

&if;csm } qdkwJU tajctae ysufjym;oGm;rSmavvm;[k txl;pkd;&drfrdw,fAsm }
wJY/ 1960 ckESpfavmufxd armfpDwHk;acgif;aqmifwJY w½kyfuGefjrLepfygwDrSm
tajccHtrSm;&,fvkdU uRefawmfrjrifrdbl;As/ 1949 ckESpfu uRefawmfa&;cJYwJU
] armfpDwHk; oifMum;csufrsm; } qkdwJY pmtkyfudk rMumcifu uRefawmf jyefzwf
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1949 ckEpS x f d w½kyjf ynfoUl vGwaf jrmufa&;wku d yf rGJ sm;udk acgif;aqmifraI y;cJYwYJ
armfpDwHk;&JU oifMum;csufrsm;[m rSefuefNyD; rsm;pGm wefzdk;&Sdw,f/ 1948 ckESpf
w½kyfjynfolUor®wEkdifiH wnfaxmifNyD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk ul;ajymif;&ef Mum;
umv vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&mrSm acgif;aqmifrIay;cJYwJY armfpDwHk; oifMum;
csuf rsm;[mvJ rSefuefNyD; vGefpGm wefzdk;&Sdygw,f/
onfhaemufawmY ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfwJY qdk&S,fvpfpepf vufawGUwnf
aqmufa&; jyóemrsm;ESifY ywfoufNyD; armfpDwHk;&JU yifukd,fta&;tom;rsm;?
rdefYcGef;rsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm; rawGU&awmYbl;Asm/
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uRefawmf vufrcHEkdifwJYtcsufawG awGUpjyKvmw,f/ r[m[ef; (0g ) r[m
w½kyf (Greater Hun ) [laom t,ltqw&yfudk wnfaxmifNyD; wdbufawG?
rGe*f akd wGukd r[mw½kyx f J xnfv
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awmfvSefa&;bufodkY ygvmcJYwJY wdbuftrsKd;om; tiftm;pktcsKdUESifY y#dyu©
jzpfvmw,f/ 'vdik ;f vm;rm; OD;pD;wJY ykeu f efrI jzpfvmwJYtcgrSm xkpd Ofu w½kyf
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vSefa&;orm;jzpfvQif Mum;rae&? w½kyfbufrS ae&r,f } vdkY ZGwfawmif;qkd
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olrsm;u Mum;aevQif onf;cHygao;w,f/ uGefjrLepftcsif;csif;qkdvQif? awmf
vSeaf &;orm;qkv d Qif olwYkd onf;rcHawmYb;l / tJ'D tcsed u f pNyD; qdAk ,d uf,el ,
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toif; ponfrsm;udkvJ rdwfaqGppf&if w½kyfudk axmufcH&r,fvkdY awmif;qkd
vmMuw,f/
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usifYoHk;cJYwJY ] &efolbuf ygaeoludk Mum;aeatmifvkyf? Mum;aeoludk ukd,fY
bufygatmif odrf;oGif; } qkdwJY enf;y&d,m,fa[mif;ESifY vGefpGmjcm;em;ae
aMumif; awGU&ygw,f/
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w,f/
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awmfveS af &;udk ,HMk unfvufcMH uw,f/ ,cktcg urÇmYt&if;&Sif pepfuaeNyD;
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trsKd;rsKd;ESifY jzpfyGm;vdrfYr,fvkdY ,HkMunfMuw,f/
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tq uGv J mw,f/ ,cifuawmY b,fA[ku d rkd S todtrSwrf jyKyJ ud,k YfawmfveS f
a&; udk,fvkyfaeolrsm;ESifY qdkAd,uf,leD,Hudk A[kd tjzpfjzifY todtrSwfjyKol
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
18 ode;f azjrifY
rsm;&,fvYdk &Scd YJw,f/ uGejf rLepfEiS Yf tvkyo f rm;ygwDrsm;u urÇmYawmfveS af &;&JU

trmcHtiftm;[m urÇmYqkd&S,fvpf tiftm;pkjzpfw,f/ tm&S? tmz&du?
vufwiftar&du EkdifiHrsm;&JU trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; awmfvSefa&;[m t&H
tiftm;jzpfw,f/ urÇmYqdk&S,fvpf tiftm;pk&JU ausm½dk;r@dKif[m qkdAd,uf
,leD,H jzpfw,f/ armfpDwHk;udk,fwkdif wcgwkef;u ajymcJYwJYtwkdif; ajym&&if
qkAd ,
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trSwfjyKonfjzpfap? rjyKonfjzpfap orkdif;jzpfpOf 'd|"r® tajctaersm;u
qkdAd,uf,leD,Hudk urÇmYawmfvSefa&;&JU A[kdcsufr tjzpfjzifYvnf;aumif;?
qkdAd,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwDudk urÇmYawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif tjzpfjzifY
vnf;aumif; wifajr§mufxm;onfvkdY tqkd&Sdygw,f/
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wiftar&du trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; awmfveS af &;BuD;odYk ul;ajymif;vmcJYNyD;
w½kyfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH[m xkd rkefwkdif;BuD;&JU A[dkcsufaAG jzpfvmw,fvkdY qkd
vkdufygw,f/
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uGejf rLepfygwDjzpfNyD; urÇmYawmfveS af &;acgif;aqmifBuD;[m Ouú|BuD; armfpw D ;kH
jzpfvmygw,f/
'DawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;opfudk tajccH tkwfjrpfcsNyD; armfpDwHk; yk*dK¾ vf
qnf;uyf udk;uG,frI 0g'udk xlaxmifMuw,fAsm/
armfpDwHk; yk*Kd¾ vf qnf;uyf udk;uG,frI 0g'twGuf tjcm; tajccH tkwfjrpf
wckudkvJ csvkdufao;w,f/
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,l½rkH u w½kyu f eG jf rLepfygwDEiS Yf Ouú| armfpw D ;kH udk urÇmYawmfveS af &;&JU acgif;
aqmiftzGJUtpnf;ESifY acgif;aqmifBuD; tjzpfjzifY wifajr§mufvkduf½Hkru w½kyf
jynfow l Ydk&UJ awmfveS af &;yHpk [H m tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;u waoGrwdr;f vku d ef mMu&rnfh
wckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;yHkpHtjzpfjzifY owfrSwfvkdufMuw,f/ armfpDwHk;
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
0g't& awmfvSefa&;[m wyHkpHwnf;om jzpfoGm;w,f/ 1924-27 rS 1949

ckESpftxd w½kyfjynfolwkdU&JU tawGUtBuHK? w½kyfjynfolUawmfvSefa&; orkdif;
jzpfpOfESifY ¤if;wkdYtay:rSm armfpDwHk; xifjrif,lqcsuf? oGefoifcsufrsm;[m
olUumv olYa'oESifY [yfrdNyD; rSefaom trSefw&m;rsm;om r[kwfawmYyJ
umv a'ora&G; tm;vHk;twGuf trSefw&m;rsm; jzpfoGm;w,f/
w½kyfjynfolYawmfvSefa&; erlemtwkdif; awmfvSefa&; wyHkpHwnf;jzpfwYJ
twGuf wpftcsuftm;jzifY vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; jzpf&r,f/ ESpftcsuf
uGejf rLepfygwDu vH;k 0acgif;aqmifrI &&r,f/ oH;k tcsuf uGejf rLepfygwDacgif;
aqmifwYJ jynfoUl nDnw G af &; wyfaygif;pk &S&d r,f/ av;tcsuf uGejf rLepfygwD
OD;pD; csKyfudkifxm;wJY jynfolUwyfrawmfESifY t&H ajymufusm;wyfrsm; &Sd&r,f/
ig;tcsuf awm&Gmaus;vufrmS tajccHNyD; awmfveS af &;[m NrdKUBuD;rsm;udk 0kid ;f rd
xm;onfrS odr;f ydu k rf o
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aom a'orsm; xlaxmif&r,f ponfjzifY w&m;ao pGJNrJ cH,lxm;Muw,f/
'DyHkpHtwkdif; r[kwf&if jynfolYawmfvSefa&; r[kwfawmYbl;vdkY owfrSwf
xm;Muw,f/ 'DypkH rH S ty tjcm;awmfveS af &;yHpk u H kd wDxiG q
f ifEMJT u&if b,fenf;
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olwUkd [m qkid &f mvkyo f m;jynfoal wGEiS Yf vkyo f m;jynfoal cgif;aqmifawGu
ud,k Yf umv? ud, k Yf a'o? uk, d Yf tajctaeMunfNh yD; awmfveS af &;yHpk uH dk csrSw&f ef
cGiYfrjyKMubl;/ olwUdk &JU awmfveS af &;yHpk u
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awmfveS af &; tpd;k &ESiYf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD Nidr;f csrf;a&;twGuf awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;MupOfwek ;f u aqG;aEG;yJyG sujf ym;NyD; Nidr;f csr;f a&;ratmifwm taMumif;rJY
r[kwb f ;l / w½kyjf ynfjyef uGejf rLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESiYf ocifoef;xGe;f wkYd [m
ArmYawmfvSefa&;jzpfpOfudk w½kyfawmfvSefa&;yHkpHtwkdif; MunfhjrifMuNyD; w½kyf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
20 ode;f azjrifY
uGefjrLepf&JU awmfvSefa&;wyHkpHwnf; oabmw&m;udk pGJpGJNrJNrJ vufcHusifYoHk;

oGm;Mujcif;aMumifY jzpfw,f/ 'gYaMumiYf olwYkd [m ygwDO;D aqmifr&I atmif tydk
jzpfwJY 6-c½dkif Nidrf;csrf;a&; qE´jyyJGBuD;rsm; vkyfMujcif;jzpfw,f/ 'gYaMumifY
olwYkd vufeufuikd o f ;D jcm;wyf? olwYdk oD;jcm;vGwaf jrmufa&;e,fajr ponfwYdk
udk qufvufxm;cGiYfjyKap&ef awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk wifjyjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifY
olwYkd[m olwUdk awmif;qkcd suu f o dk m awmfveS af &;tpk;d &u vku d af vsmvku d v
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t,ltqESiYf qefYusiaf eaom jrefrmenf;? jrefrmY[efjzifY qk&d , S vf pfacwfajymif;
awmfvSefa&; qifETJjcif;udk b,fvkdwGufwGuf atmifjrifrnfvkdY rxifMujcif;
jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifYvJ awmfveS af &;tpd;k &udk olwYdk&UJ vlwef;pm;oH;k oyfcsuEf iS Yf
awmfveS af &;tpd;k &qefYusiaf &; vrf;pOfrsm;[m ,HEk idk pf &mr&Sad tmif vGrJ mS ;aejcif;
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rxdef;odrf;rDu wrsKd;? xdef;odrf;NyD;rS wrsKd;? ESpfrsKd; em;vnfMu&w,f/
r[mypönf;rJY,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;qkdwm[m a[mif;jrif;aomtawG;
tac: t,ltq? a[mif;jrif;aom "avYx;kH pH? ya'o&mZfEiS Yf t&if;&Sif tawG;
tac:t,ltq? xHk;pH"avYESifY ,Ofaus;rI [lorQudk qefYusifwkdufzsuf&ef
jzpfw,fvYdk qkyd gw,f/ qdAk , D uf ,Ofaus;rIe,fy,frmS qdAk , D uf jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;0g' MoZmvTr;f aewJYtwGuf 'gukv d J qefYusiw f udk cf u dk &f r,fvYkd qkyd gw,f/
ya'o&mZf,Ofaus;rIukd t<uif;rJY okwo f if&iS ;f vif;&r,fqw dk YJ a<u;aMumf
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tarGtESpfrsm;udk ypfy,fqefYusifjcif; jzpfvmw,f/ t&if;&Sif,Ofaus;rIESifY
qkAd ,D ufjyefvnfjyKjyifa&; ,Ofaus;rIukd t<uif;rJY okwo f if &Si;f vif;&r,fqdk
wJY a<u;aMumfoH[m EkdifiHjcm;,Ofaus;rI[lorQ ( wkd;wufaom EkdifiHjcm;
,Ofaus;rIawG tygt0if) qefYusifwkdufzsufjcif; jzpfvmw,f/
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qifjcifo;kH oyfjcif; rjyKaMumif; awGU&jyefw,f/ ,aeYxd usef&pfwnfwYH aewJY
,Ofaus;rI a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfawG[m olUacwf olYtcsdef? umva'o
tavsmuf vltrsm;udk aus;Zl;jyKcJYvYdk odYkuvkd use&f pfwnfwYHaejcif; jzpfw,f/
,ckacwfval wGu uk, d Yfumv a'o taMumif;rsm;ESiYf avsmn f pD mG xkw, f jl yKjyif
NyD; oH;k pG&J efom jzpfw,f/ Edik if jH cm; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSmvJ olYacwf olYumva'o
tavsmuf wk;d wufwmawG &Sw d ,f/ 'gawGukd ud, k YfEidk if H umva'o tajctae
ESiYf avsmn f pD mG xkw, f l jyKjyif oH;k pGMJ u&efom jzpfw,f/ r[mypön;f rJY ,Ofaus;rI
awmfveS af &;qdw k YJ vufeufukd udik pf o JG l wyfevD il ,fuav;awG[m 'Doabmudk
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
34 ode;f azjrifY
'gYaMumifY wyfeDawG[m tvGeftuRHawG vkyfukefMuw,f/ r[mypönf;rJY

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tEkynmjywkdufrsm; 0ifNyD; a&S;a[mif;yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;? yef;ykvuf&mrsm;ESifY
tjcm;aom tEkynm ypönf;rsm;udk zsufqD;Muw,f/ Ak'¨½kyfqif;wkrsm;? w½kyf
&[EÅm ½kyq f if;wkrsm;ESiYf a&S;ynm&SBd uD;awG&UJ ½kyw
f rk sm;udk NzdKcGMJ uw,f/ aumif;
aumif;rGefrGef om;om;em;em; aeol [lorQudk t&if;&Sifazmufjyefa&;orm;?
odYkr[kwf jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;&,fvYkd orkwNf yD; olwYdktrd af y:rS pE´,m;rsm;
udk qGJcs? bDodkAif? rdkZwf paom q&mBuD;rsm;\ "mwfjym;rsm;udk ½dkufcGJ? OD;cRef
aom ½I;zdeyfudk tcRwfckdif; ponfjzifY tvGeftuRHawG jzpfukefw,f/
acgif;aqmifvyk o f rl sm;u renf;BuD; ywfrwkw, f &l w,f/ 'gESiYfawmif xde;f r&
csifao;bl;/
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oabmw&m;a&;? t,l0g'a&; wku d yf jJG zpfw,f/ 'DawmYum tu,fíom ppfreS f
aom ypönf;rJY,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;vkyfcsif&if ygwDtaeESifY vnf;aumif;?
vlxv k wl ef;pm; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;taeESiYf vnf;aumif; ynmay;a&; odr;f oGi;f
a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk wnfwnfNidrfNidrf? pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf onf;cHpdwftjynfhESifY
vkyf&rnfomjzpfw,f/ ckawmY 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/
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tac:? t,ltq ajymif;vJa&;? ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &; vkyjf cif;[m r[mypön;f
rJY ,Ofaus;rI awmfveS af &; rlrrSeaf Mumif;? vkyBf uHzefw;D rIw&yfom jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;apw,f/
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ukefxkwfvkyfrIqdkaom vlUabmif&JU t"duwm0efudk rxrf;aqmif&aom vlxk
om jzpfw,f/
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[m ypön;f rJYtvkyo f rm;twGuv f nf; r[kw?f ,Ofaus;rItwGuv f nf; r[kwf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
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r[mypön;f rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;rSm &nf&, G cf suf 3 ck&adS Mumif; ajymcYw J ,f/
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twGuf pdwf"mwftqifoifYjzpfatmif jyifqifay;xm;&ef (3) t&if;&Sifvrf;
vkdufaeaom jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g' 0ifaeaom w½kyfacgif;aqmifpkxHrS
tmPmukd jyefvnfodrf;ykduf&efwdkY jzpfw,fwJYAsm/
tifrwef&Sif;ygw,f/
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vuf&Sdkjzpfygvsuf tmPmukd jyefvnfodrf;ykdufaew,fqkdwm xl;aeygw,f/
'D&nf&,G cf surf sm;aMumifY r[mypön;f rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;ESiYf wyfeD
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vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;[m &efvw dk ,f? ppfaoG;ppfrmef wufw,f? pGmus,u f s,Ef idk w
f ,f/
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armfpDwkef;wkdU vlpk[m ygwDjyifyrSm tm;opfarG;NyD; ygwDwGif;wkdufyGJrSm
tEkdif&atmif vkyf½HkwGifru? w½kyfuGefjrLepfygwDukd zsufqD;ypf&ef BudK;pm;cJY
onfomru? vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJUrsm;udkvnf; zsufodrf;vkdufw,f/ w½kyf
jynfvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform;tzGJUcsKyfukd vnf;aumif;? uGefjrLepfvli,f tzJGU
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tqifYqifYaom ygwDaumfrwDrsm;? ygwD½Hk;rsm;? tqifYqifYaom tpdk;&½Hk;rsm;?
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
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vli,fawG[m t&ufu;kd armif;wku d x
f m;wJY emvm*D&q
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armfpDwkef;&JU tawG;tac:[m
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f ,f/
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k f
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w,f/ usew f YJe,fawGrmS tcsKUd u awmfveS af om olyek af umfrwDudk vH;k 0vufrcH
bl;/ ,cif &SdNyD;jynfe,f? odkYr[kwf txl;a'o uGefjrLepfygwDaumfrwDESifY
jynfe,f? odYkr[kwf txl;a'o tkycf sKyfa&;aumfrwDrsm;u qufvuftyk cf sKyfae
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uvJ tmPmvkyGJrSm ryg0ifyJ Mum;aeMuw,fvkdY Mum;&w,f/ wyfeDrsm;udk
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owif;pmawGESifY yDuif; a&'D,dkrSvmwJY owif;rsm;t& odEdkifjcif;yg/
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tBudwfte,fjzpfaeonfESifYtrQ wyfeDrsm;udk tm;udk;ae&w,f/
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uif;rJYpGm &Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fapw,f/ umva'o tquftpyfr&Sdaom tqkd
trdeYf rsm;udk *gxmref;ovkd ref;apw,f/ NyD;awmY rsufuef;wapäraMumufjzpf
atmif vkyfay;xm;w,f/
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jynfyrSm armfpw D ;Hk ta&; atmifjrifw,fqrdk S jynfwiG ;f rSm olwYkd ta&;vSrmS ud;k /
Ä aerif;ESifYwlaom armfpDwkH;&JU tawG;tac:tvif;a&mifjzifY urÇmY
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cktcg oabmw&m;a&;usL;ausmfrIrS um,uHajrmuf usL;ausmfrIodkY
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q&mwifMur,f ponfjzifY olwUdk arQmv f ifYMuw,f/ wynfw h yef;rsm;uvnf;
txdu k t f avsmuf &Ekid w f mrdYk arQmv f ifYcsu[ f m tajcmufwu dk af wmY r[kwyf gbl;/
armfpw D ;kH &JU urÇmUawmfveS af &; ñTeMf um;csufrsm;udk vufrcHo?l w½kyv f rl sKd;BuD;
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d Yf acgif;aqmif
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[dwfxkwfaeMuw,f/
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MuwJYtwGuf armfpw D ;kH acgif;aqmifpEk iS Yf wyferD sm;[m uReaf wmfwYdkEidk if rH mS olwYdk
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u jrefrmOya'u b,fvq dk qdk ?dk jrefrmYausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; b,fvdk owfrw S f
xm;xm;? vGwfvyfpGm wyfqifcGifY &Sd&r,f ponfjzifY oHwrefenf;ESifYa&m
tjcm;enf;rsm;ESifYyg awmif;vmjcif;? cGifY&& r&& ZGwfvkyfvmjcif;jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifYvJ w½kyjf ynfoYlor®wEdik if yH g tygt0if wurÇmvH;k u w&m;0iftod
trSwjf yKxm;wJY jrefrmEkid if t H pk;d &udk vufeufuikd f ykeu f efx<uaewJY olyek rf sm;ukd
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
40 ode;f azjrifY
olwYdk owif;pmud,k pf m;vS,?f olwYkdtpk;d & owif;pm? olwUkd a&'D,rkd S vGwv

f w
G f
vyfvyfBuD; axmufcHtm;ay;zkdY? uRefawmfwkdU jynfwGif;a&;udk BudKufovkd
0ifa&mufpGufzufzkdY tcGifYta&;rsm; olwdkYrSm tjynfht0&Sdw,f,lqNyD; ajAmif
vkyfaeMujcif; jzpfw,fAsm/
w½kyfuGefjrLepfESifY ArmuGefjrLepf qufqHa&;
ocifoef;xGe;f acgif;aqmifwYJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy)u w½kyf

uGefjrLepfygwDukd tppt&m&m rSDckdtm;xm;wm[m tpOftvmw&yf jzpfyg
w,f/
1948 ckEpS f Auy awmrckrd u D av;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f [m umvuwåm;
oGm;NyD; uGejf rLepftpnf;ta0; wufw,f/ tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f
ajymwJYpum;rsm;ukd uRefawmfrSwfrdao;w,f/ zqyv [m Arm udkrifwef
jzpfoGm;NyD/ w½kyfjynfrSm udkrifweftpkd;&ukd w½kyfuGefjrLepfygwDu vkyfovdk
uRefawmfwUdk vky&f awmYrmS yJ/ zqyv u wcsufcs&if uRefawmfwUdk u ESpcf suf
jyefcsr,f wJYAs/
qkdvkdwmuawmY w½kyfyHkpHtwkdif; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; vkyfawmY
r,fvkdY jzpfygw,f/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyf? awmckd? vGwfajrmufaom
a'orsm; wnfaxmif? NrdKUawGukd 0kdif;xm;? nGefYaygif;tpkd;& zGJU&ef jyifqif?
aemuf NrdKUawGudk odrf;NyD; jynfolY'Drkdua&pD wyfaygif;pk nGefYaygif;tpkd;&zGJU?
w½kyferlem twkdif;ygyJ/
Auy awG awmckpd u tcsKdU olw k Ydk a&muf&ma'orsm;rSm w½kyu f eG jf rLepf
rsm; tultnD a&mufaeNyDqNdk yD; [k[ d m vufnK§d ;xk;d jy? 'D[mvufnK§ ;d xk;d jyum
0g'jzefYMuao;w,f/
ocifAode;f wif? Adv k af Z,s? &JabmfatmifBuD; pwJY xdyw f ef;acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESiYf ygwD0iftrsm;tjym;udk w½kyjf ynfoYdk tultnD&&ef apvTwcf YJ Muw,f/
1950 w0ku d rf mS ocifoef;xGe;f acgif;aqmifwYJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
[m 2 ESpftwGif; ppfatmifEkdifa&;qkdwJY a<u;aMumfoHudk xkwfvkdufygw,f/ 'D
a<u;aMumfoHuawmY avvHk;xGm;jcif; oufouf jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ 'DumvrSm
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
Auy&JU tBuD;qH;k aom ppfa&;tm;xkwrf u I awmY jrefrmjynfajrmufyidk ;f rSm vGwf

ajrmufaoma'orsm; tckid t f rm xlaxmif&efjzpfygw,f/ tpD&ifcpH m wckxrJ mS
ocifoef;xGef;u ]] jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;rSm w½kyfjynfESifY tquftoG,f
aumif;aom vGwfajrmufa&;a'orsm; &Sd&r,f? tJ'Da'orsm;ukd ajcukwf,lNyD;
ppfatmifEkdifa&; wkd;csJUoGm;&r,f }} vkdY taMumif;jycJYygw,f/
ocifoef;xGe;f wkYd&UJ tBuHtpnfawG[m ratmifb;l / ud, k Yf jynfov l x l k
tay: tm;rudk;EkdifwJY? EkdifiHjcm;tm;ukd;wJY tBuHtpnf[m b,frSm atmifEdkif
ygrnfvJAsm/
txl;ojzifY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&[m tcsKyftcsm tmPmykdif
vGwfvyfa&;udk xdef;odrf;aew,f/ rnfonfhppftkyfpkrS ryg0ifyJ? b,folYppf
tajccHpcef;rS tjzpfrcHyJ vGwfvyfpGm Mum;aewJYEkdifiHjzpfw,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;
ekid if aH wGEiS Yf vJ oifYjrwfatmifaew,f/ w½kyjf ynfoYl or®wEkid if u H dk yxrOD;qH;k
todtrSwfjyKaom EkdifiHvJjzpfw,f/ NyD;awmY urÇmrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf tdEd́,
or®wEkdifiH? w½kyfjynfolYor®wEkdifiHwkdYESifYwGJNyD; Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifa&;
rl 5 csufukd aMujimcJYw,f/
w½kyfjynfolYtpdk;&[m xkdpOfu 'DtajctaeawGudk aumif;pGmem;vnf
w,f/ olwkdY vkdufemusifYoHk;aewmuvJ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;0g'? Nidrf;csrf;pGm
,SOfwGJaexkdifa&; rl0g'ESifY tdrfeD;em;csif;aumif; qufqHa&;rsm;jzpfw,f/ 'gY
aMumifY jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t H pk;d &ESiYf yHrk eS q
f ufqaH &;udk txl;wefz;dk xm;cJY
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w½kyjf ynfoYl tpd;k &ESiYf w½kyu f eG jf rLepfygwDwUkd [m jrefrmEkid if w
H iG ;f rSm AuyESiYf
tjcm;aom olykefxaeolrsm;ukd yDuif;a&'D,dku aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;
olwdkYvufatmufcH a&'D,dkuaomfvnf;aumif;? olwkYdpme,fZif;rsm;rSaomf
vnf;aumif;? 0g'jzefYray;cJYygbl;/ EkdifiHa&;tultnDray;cJYygbl;/ vufeuf
cJ,rf; pwJY ½ky0f w¬KtultnDrsm;vJ ray;cJYygbl;/ tultnD&&eftwGuq f Ndk yD;
'Du oGm;olrsm;ukd vlvcl si;f iJYnm§ axmufxm;&rnfh oabmt& Edik if aH &;ckv d cHI iG Yf
ay;xm;w,fvYdkom w½kyjf ynfoYltpk;d &u &Si;f jycJYygw,f/ w½kyjf ynfoYdk a&muf
aeolrsm;&JU pm&if;BuD;udkawmif ay;cJYygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmtpkd;&uvJ
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
42 ode;f azjrifY
olwkdYwawGu jrefrmjynfudk taESmuft,Suf ray;Mu&ifNyD;wmyJ? olwdkYudk

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w½kyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;[m tcgtcGiYfoifYwYJtcg jrefrmtpd;k &acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk ArmuGejf rLepfawGEiS Yf Nidr;f csr;f a&; vkyEf idk &f ifaumif;r,f/ nDnn D w G n
f w G f
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Nf yD; Nidr;f csrf;om,m zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom jrefrmjynfjzpfatmif
xlaxmifMuapcsifw,f ponfjzifY ajymwwfMuygw,f/ 'Dpum;rsKd;udk OD;Ek?
OD;baqG? OD;ausmfNidrf; polwkdYudkvJ ajymcJYw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ukdvnf;
ajymcJYw,f/ 'Dpum;rsKd;udk ajymwmawmifrS ]]cifAsm;wdkY jynfwGif;a&; 0ifpGuf
&ma&mufrSmpdk;vdkY rajymcsifygbl;? odkYaomfvnf; 'Davmuf&if;EDS;vmrSawmY 'D
pum;rsK;d ajymwm udprö &Sw d efaumif;bl;qkNd yD; ajymwmyg }} vkYd yv’icf MH uygao;
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vkyzf Ydk ? yl;aygif;aqmif&u G zf Ykd ajymwmr[kwyf gbl;/ Auy awGuv dk J Nidr;f csrf;a&;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;vkyfzkdY ajymw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/
'gawG[m w ½kyfuGefjrLepfygwD vkdif;rajymif;cifu tajctaeawG
jzpfygw,f/
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w½kyu f eG jf rLepf[m vkid ;f ajymif;vmw,f/ Nidr;f csr;f pGm ,SOw f aJG exkid af &; rl0g'udk
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awmfvSefa&;vkyf&ef ZGwftwif; pnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfvmw,f/
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w½kyfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH trsKd;om;aeYrSm Auy u ykdYwJY o0PfvTmrsm;ukd
yDuif;a&'D,dkrS zwfMum;cJYw,f/
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w½kyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;u onfupd rö mS ulnyD g&apvkYd awmfveS af &;tpk;d &
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vSeaf &;tpk;d &[m olwYdktultnDukd vufcv H u
dk w f ,f/ 'DawmY olwYdku Ekid if aH &;
ckdvIHcGifYay;xm;onfqkdaom Aodef;wif? AdkvfaZ,s paom Auy acgif;aqmif
wpkukd &efuek o f Ydk txl;av,mOfysjH zifY ykYday;vku d yf gw,f/ Nidr;f csr;f a&;udk ½d;k om;
pGm vkcd sifonfuwaMumif;? w½kyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;&JU apwemudk ,Ho k nfuvJ
waMumif;aMumifY awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&[m ArmuGefjrLepfESifY w½kyfuGefjrLepf
twGuf olyek af wGy?J olyek v f ufcaH wGyJ pwJY oabmxm;rsK;d awG rxm;yJ oHwref
qufqrH x I ;kH pHawG ab;csw d Nf yD; jyKrlaqmif&u G v f u dk jf cif; jzpfygw,f/ Aode;f wif
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apvTwjf cif; jzpfygw,f/ wenf;ajym&&if Ekid if jH cm;rS rD;pdr;f jyrS Nidr;f csr;f a&;pm;yGJ
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EkdifiH&JU tusKd;ukd OD;xdyfrxm;bl;/ ukd,fY jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH&JU yuwd
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vufOD;rIESifY acgif;aqmifrI &a&;? vGwfajrmufaom a'oESifY olwkdYukd,fykdif
vufeufudkifwyfrsm; xdef;odrf;xm;a&;? awmxJrSaeNyD; tpkd;&tmPmxJokdY
wku d ½f u kd f 0ifomG ;Ekid af &; ponfh &nfreS ;f csurf sm;udo k m w&m;ao qkyu f idk x
f m;NyD;
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44 ode;f azjrifY
Nidr;f csrf;a&; ajymqkcd YJ w,f/ awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tiftm;pktrsKd;rsKd;teufrS

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jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH tpdwfpdwftrTmrTm jzpfoGm;rnfudk olwdkU enf;enf;rQ
xnfh rpOf;pm;bl;/
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twkdif; awmwGif;rS aqG;aEG;&efvma&mufMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd olwkdY
ae&if;t&yfo f Ydk jyefciG YfjyKygw,f/ jyefEidk af tmifvJ ulncD YJygw,f/ Aode;f wifEiS Yf
tcsKdU[m yDuif;ukd jyefoGm;Muw,f/ cyfajymifajymifygyJ cifAs/
'DudpöawGESifY ywfoufNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY w½kyfArm rdwfaqGjzpf
qufvufwnfNrJa&;udk txl;vkv d m;wJY awmfveS af &;tpk;d &[m cGe;f BuD;cGe;f i,f
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w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&; tpdk;&udk Auy wkdY
jrifyHk jrifenf;? tuJjzwfyHk tuJjzwfenf; twkdif; a&;om;xm;w,f/ Nidrf;csrf;
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owfvQKdxm;w,f/
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
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vkid ;f ESiYf tJ'D pmtkyef yD g oabmoGm;rsm;[m a&SUaemufnw D ,fvYdk uRefawmfu
,lqcJYw,f/
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w&m;ukd aMunmcJYw,f/ jrefrmYq&dk , S vf pf vrf;pOfygwDudk wnfaxmifcYJw,f/
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
46 ode;f azjrifY
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