Group Members

Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction of Curve in Surveying ........................................................................................... 4

Types of Curves ......................................................................................................................... 4

Horizontal Curve........................................................................................................................ 5

Types of Horizontal Curve......................................................................................................... 5

Vertical Curve .......................................................................................................................... 12

Significance of Vertical Curve................................................................................................. 12

Types of Vertical Curve ........................................................................................................... 12

Complex Engineering Problem ................................................................................................ 14

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 20

Comments ................................................................................................................................ 20
 Abstract

There is a growing interest in our built heritage, the subject matter ranging from
prehistoric monuments and historic townships to more modern military or industrial
sites. Studying a subject can include carrying out documentary research and looking
at extant remains. The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as
construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon surveying
measurements. Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along
the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all
Civil Engineering projects. In this report our project deals with survey of an area consisting
of Reverse Curve in Quaid-E-Azam College of Engineering & Technology Sahiwal play
ground.
 Acknowledgment

I thanks My Allah for helping me in every field of life. I also thanks to my all the group
members and teacher who help and guide me in this survey. Thanks to my parent for
giving encouragement, enthusiasm and invaluable assistance to me. Without all this, I
might not be able to complete this subject properly. Thanks also to Sir Qasim Sultan
Sahib helped to manage matters related to this Survey. A paper is not enough for me too
express the support and guidance I received from them almost for all the work I did there.
Finally I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good
training
 PROJECT REPORT

Introduction of Curve in Surveying

Curves are regular bends provided in the lines of communication like roads, railways etc. and
also in canals to bring about the gradual change of direction. They are also used in the
vertical plane at all changes of grade to avoid the abrupt change of grade at the apex.

Curves provided in the horizontal plane to have the gradual change in direction are known as
Horizontal curves, whereas those provided in the vertical plane to obtain the gradual change
in grade are known as vertical curves. Curves are laid out on the ground along the centre line
of the work. They may be circular or parabolic.

Fig of Curve

Types of Curves

There are two types of curves provided primarily for the comfort and ease of the motorists in
the road namely:

 Horizontal Curve
 Vertical Curve
Horizontal Curve

Horizontal curves are provided to change the direction or alignment of a road. Horizontal
Curve are circular curves or circular arcs. The sharpness of a curve increases as the radius is
decrease which makes it risky and dangerous. The main design criterion of a horizontal curve
is the provision of an adequate safe stopping sight distance.

Fig Horizontal curve

Types of Horizontal Curve

 Simple Curve
 Compound Curve
 Reverse Curve
 Transition or Spiral Curve

Simple Curve

This curves have the shape of a circular arc. It is connecting the two tangents at an
intersection. It has constant radius throughout the length. Degree of curve, D is termed as
central angle that will be subtended by an arc for one station. To setup the simple circular
curve, use the three known elements like point of intersection PI station and Intersection I
angle. Generally, it is used for the case of large radius curves, where the vehicles need to
slow down. It is designed either by degree or curvature or radius of curve.

Fig of Simple Curve

Elements of Simple Curve

 Intersection Angle
 Deflection Angle
 Curve length
 Tangent length
 Long cord length
 Chainage of Starting Point
 Chainage of End Point
 External distance
 Mid-ordinate.
Intersection Angle I = 180-∆
Deflection Angle ∆=180-I
Curve Length l=(πR∆)/180
Tangent Length T=Rtan(∆/2)
Long Chord Length L=2Rsin(∆/2)
Chainage of Starting Point T1=Chainage of I.P-T
Chainage of End Point T2=T1+l
External Distance E=R(Sec(∆/2)-1)
Mid Ordinate O=R(1-cos(∆/2))

Significance of the simple curve is as given below

 To provide a maximum allowable speed for vehicles in a smaller radius with an

increased super elevation,
 It is used in roads and railways to set the circular pathway and
 It is helpful in several ways to lay pipelines depending upon their radius and length.

Compound Curve

It is defined as the curve, which is made up of the two or more circular arcs with successively
longer or shorter radii. The successive arcs are joined tangentially without the reverse of
curvature and is used to provide the changeover from the straight lines to curve. Compound
curves are mainly used in rail roads, and most of the compound curves are found in design of
the interchanging loops and the ramps. The typical compound curve is as shown in the below
figure.

Fig of Compound Curve

Compound curves have seven geometrical elements as below

 .Radius of curvature for two arcs is denoted as R1,R2

 Tangent length for two arcs is denoted as T1,T2
 Ordinates of the compound curve Q1,Q2,
 Vertex of the curve V.

Uses of compound curves

 These curves are used in direction change for the roadways and it includes the
interchange ramps and intersection curves for the right turning vehicles,
 Loop configurations of turning roads are frequently used in interchanges. It consists
of combinations of curves and tangents,
 It is used to provide the layout of canal alignment,
 Compound curves perfectly fits the topography comparatively better than the simple
curves. Such curves are easily adapted in mountainous terrain areas.

Reverse Curve

A reverse or serpentine curve is made up of two arcs having equal or different radii bending
in opposite directions with a common tangent at their junction. Their centre lie of opposite
sides of the curve

Fig of Reverse Curve

The curve 1 will have the concave downwards shape, and curve 2 will have concave upwards
shape. It is important to avoid discomfort to the driver of the vehicle using the reverse curve.
The tangent line in the middle of the curve where point of reverse curve exist should be kept
straight in alignment. This will give time to adjust to the reverse curve for the user.

Significance of Reverse Curve

The roadway planning requires that the road connecting the two places be along the shortest
route, which is the direct connection formed in the space between them. It is not always
possible to connect them with perfect straight line, due to the presence of fields, lakes,
buildings and forest areas.

The horizontal curves are used along the roadways to connect the two points located not in
the same direction along the existing alignment. The curves are desired to take the road with
the need to circumvent any obstructions that fall along the straight route.

When there is an obstruction present on either side of the straighter road alignment at shorter
distance, it is preferred to choose a reverse curve. The reverse vertical curves will have 2
circular curves in succession, with second curve having curvature in opposite direction,
compared to the first one. Consider the example of reverse curve as shown below in Figure
(1).

The reverse vertical curves are used in mountainous roads. The vertical reverse curves will be
a combination of sag curve followed by a crest curve or a crest curve followed by a sag
curve. The road stretch along the curve, where the stopping sight distance becomes important
is from the transition point from sag curve to crest curve.

The available sight distance will be lesser compared to the required distance. This will be
predominant in case of two lane hill roads. The reverse vertical curves are to be avoided as
far as possible. In case of unavoidable situation, a straight horizontal portion for providing
adequate sight distance is to be given.
Transition Curve

To connect a straight line with a circular curve, a horizontal curve with varying radius is used
and this curve is known as a transition curve.

Requirement for Transition Curve

 The radius of the curve at the origin must be infinite,

 At the point where a horizontal curve meets the circular curve, radius of transition
curve must be equal to the circular curve
 Difference between rate of increase of super elevation and rate of increase of
curvature must be zero.

Types of Transition Curve

Types of transition curves are as given below.

 Cubic spiral
 ,Cubic parabola
 Lemniscate curve.

Fig Types of Transition Curve

Uses of Types of transition Curve

For railways, where turning is very critical, the cubic parabola and the spiral curve are used.
Minimum rate of change of curvature is required for both heavy and light vehicles on the
highway, and this necessitates the use of Lemniscate curves are used in highways, for which
the radius relates to the sine function.
Vertical Curve

Vertical curves are provided to change the slope in the road and may or may not. be
symmetrical. They are parabolic and not circular like horizontal curves. Identifying the
proper grade and the safe passing sight distance is the main design criterion of the vertical
curve, iln crest vertical curve the length should be enough to provide safe stopping sight
distance and in sag vertical curve the length is important as it influences the factors such as
headlight sight distance, rider comfort and drainage requirements.

Fig Vertical Curve

Significance of Vertical Curve

Vertical Curves are the second of the two important transition elements in geometric design
for highways, the first being Horizontal Curves. A vertical curve provides a transition
between two sloped roadways, allowing a vehicle to negotiate the elevation rate change at a
gradual rate rather than a sharp cut. The design of the curve is dependent on the intended
design speed for the roadway, as well as other factors including drainage, slope, acceptable
rate of change, and friction. These curves are parabolic and are assigned stationing based on a
horizontal axis.

Types of Vertical Curve

 Sag Curve
 Summit Curve
Sag Curve

Sag Curves are those which change the alignment of the road from uphill to downhill,

Fig Sag Curve

Summit Curve

Summit/Crest Curves are those which change the alignment of the road from downhill to
uphill. In designing crest vertical curves it is important that the grades be not] too high which
makes it difficult for the motorists to travel upon it.

Fig Summit Curve

 Complex Engineering Problem

Title

To Layout Simple Circular Reverse Curve By Rankine Method or Deflection Angle Method

Reverse Curve

A reverse curve consists of two circular arcs of equal or different radii turning in opposite
directions with common tangent at the junction of arcs. The junction point is said to have
reverse curvature. The reverse curve is also known as a serpentine curve.

Reverse curves generally used to connect two parallel roads or railway lines, or when two
lines intersect at a very small angle.

These curves are suitable for railway sidings, city roads, etc. But they should be avoided as
for as possible for important tracks or highways for following reasons.

 Super elevation cannot be provided at the point of reverse curvature.

 A sudden change of direction would be dangerous for a vehicle.

Apparatus

 Theodolite
 Ranging Rods
 Pegs
 Mallet
 Tripod stand

Procedure

 The theodolite is centered over T1and leveled properly. Then the deflection angles for
the chords of short curve are set out serially and points P1, P2 …………P17 are
marked until tangent point t is reached.
  The theodolite is shifted and centered over t. then the deflection angles for the chords
of long curve are set out serially and all the points are marked until tangent point T2 is
reached.
 All the points are joined to get shape of curve.

Short Curve Data Calculations

Deflection Angle ∆=67 ̊

Curve Length l=(3.14*71*67)/180=82.98m
Tangent Length T=71tan(67/2)=46.99m
Long Chord Length L=2*71sin(67/2)=78.37m
Chainage of Starting Point T1=1053.32-46.99=1006.33m
Chainage of End Point T2=1006.33+82.98=1089.31m
Radius 71m
Peg interval 5m
Chainage of intersection angle 1053.32m
Initial chord=P1 1010-1006.33=3.67m, 82.98-3.67=79.31
P2-P16 5m
P17 79.31-75=4.31m

Tangent Angle of Chords

δ1st =90P1/πR (90*3.67)/(3.14*71)=1̊ 28 ́ 54 ̋

δint=90P2/πR (90*5)/(3.14*71)=2̊ 1 ́ 7 ̋
δLs=90P17/πR (90*4.31)/(3.14*71)=1̊ 44 ́ 24 ̋

Deflection Angle of Chords

∆1 δ1 1°28´54˝
∆2 ∆1+ δ1 3°30´1˝
∆3 ∆2+ δ2 5°31´8˝
∆4 ∆3+ δ3 7°32´15˝
∆5 ∆4+ δ4 9°33´22˝
∆6 ∆5+ δ5 11°34´29˝
∆7 ∆6+ δ6 13°35´36˝
∆8 ∆7+ δ7 15°36´43˝
∆9 ∆8+ δ8 17°37´50˝
∆10 ∆9+ δ9 19°38´57˝
∆11 ∆10+ δ10 21°40´4˝
 ∆12 ∆11+ δ11 23°41´11˝
∆13 ∆12+ δ12 25°42´18˝
∆14 ∆13+ δ13 27°43´25˝
∆15 ∆14+ δ14 29°44´32˝
∆16 ∆15+ δ15 31°45´39˝
∆17 ∆16+ δ16 33°30´3˝

Arithmatic Check

∆n = ∆/2 =67/2=33 ̊ 30 ́ 3 ̋

Calculation & Observation

Station Chord
Chainage δ ∆ Remarks
Point Length
T1 1006.33 S.P
2 1010 3.67 1°28´54˝ 1°28´54˝
3 1015 5 2°1´7˝ 3°30´1˝
4 1020 5 2°1´7˝ 5°31´8˝
5 1025 5 2°1´7˝ 7°32´15˝
6 1030 5 2°1´7˝ 9°33´22˝
7 1035 5 2°1´7˝ 11°34´29˝
8 1040 5 2°1´7˝ 13°35´36˝
9 1045 5 2°1´7˝ 15°36´43˝
10 1050 5 2°1´7˝ 17°37´50˝
11 1055 5 2°1´7˝ 19°38´57˝
12 1060 5 2°1´7˝ 21°40´4˝
13 1065 5 2°1´7˝ 23°41´11˝
14 1070 5 2°1´7˝ 25°42´18˝
15 1075 5 2°1´7˝ 27°43´25˝
16 1080 5 2°1´7˝ 29°44´32˝
17 1085 5 2°1´7˝ 31°45´39˝
T2 1089.31 4.31 1°44´24˝ 33°30´3˝ E.P

 The lengths of the reverse curve are normally small. So the curve may be set out by
taking offsets from (i) the long chord or (ii) the chord produced. If the length of the
curve becomes large and chaining along it difficult, the curve may be set out by the
deflection-angle method (Rankin's Method).
  All the necessary data for setting out of the curve are calculated in usual manner. The
setting out table is prepared.
 Tangent points T1 & T2 are marked on the ground. A theodolite is centered over T1
and done all permanent adjustments related to theodolite. Theodolite is set at 0˚0’0”.
Chord lengths are provided so we calculate angle of deflection. Then length of the
curve is calculated. Ranging rods are fixed at given chord length and bisect all the
ranging rod with the help of theodolite so the ranging rods come in a straight line.
Tangent length is marked at the half of angle of deflection.
 Then theodolite is again set to zero. And then at initial sub chord the angle of
deflection is set & measuring the length or peg interval by tape set out the angles and
fix the peg on the ground so that each peg will be bisected properly by theodolite. By
marking pegs we reach at the pt. of tangency or pt. Of reverse curvature. And then
now same procedure is adopted on the either side of curve. The angle of defection is
noted down and pegs are marked so that we reach at final point T2.

Calculation & Observations

Deflection Angle ∆=77 ̊

Curve Length l=(3.14*91*77)/180=122.23m
Tangent Length T=91tan(77/2)=72.38m
Long Chord Length L=2*71sin(77/2)=88.39m
Chainage of Starting Point T1=1089.31m
Chainage of End Point T2=1089.31+122.23=1211.54m
Radius 91m
Peg interval 5m
Chainage of intersection angle 1053.32m
Initial chord=P1 1090-1089.31=0.69m, 122.23-0.69=121.54m
P2-P25 5m
P26 121.54-120=1.54m

Tangent Angles for Chords

δ1st =90P1/πR (90*0.69)/(3.14*91)=0 ̊ 13 ́ 2 ̋

δint=90P2/πR (90*5)/(3.14*91)=1̊ 34 ́ 30 ̋
δLs=90P26/πR (90*1.54)/(3.14*91)=0 ̊ 29 ́ 6 ̋
Defection Angles for Chords

∆1 δ1 0°13´2˝
∆2 ∆1+ δ1 1°47´32˝
∆3 ∆2+ δ2 3°22´2˝
∆4 ∆3+ δ3 4°56´32˝
∆5 ∆4+ δ4 6°31´2˝
∆6 ∆5+ δ5 8°5´32˝
∆7 ∆6+ δ6 9°40´2˝
∆8 ∆7+ δ7 11°14´32˝
∆9 ∆8+ δ8 12°49´2˝
∆10 ∆9+ δ9 14°23´32˝
∆11 ∆10+ δ11 15°58´2˝
∆12 ∆11+ δ11 17°32´32˝
∆13 ∆12+ δ12 19°7´2˝
∆14 ∆13+ δ13 20°41´32˝
∆15 ∆14+ δ14 22°16´2˝
∆16 ∆15+ δ15 23°50´32˝
∆17 ∆16+ δ16 25°25´2˝
∆18 ∆17+δ17 26°59´32˝
∆19 ∆18+δ18 28°34´2˝
∆20 ∆19+δ19 30°8´32˝
∆21 ∆20+δ20 31°43´2˝
∆22 ∆21+δ21 33°17´32˝
∆23 ∆22+δ22 34°52´2˝
∆24 ∆23+δ 23 36°26´32˝
∆25 ∆24+δ 24 38°1´2˝
∆26 ∆25+δ 25 38°30´8˝

Arithmatic Check

∆n=∆/2=77/2=38 ̊ 30 ́ 0 ̋

Observation & Calculations

Station Chord
Chainage δ ∆ Remarks
Point length
T1 1089.31 S.P
2 1090 0.69 0°13´2˝ 0°13´2˝
3 1095 5 1°34´30˝ 1°47´32˝
4 1100 5 1°34´30˝ 3°22´2˝
5 1105 5 1°34´30˝ 4°56´32˝
6 1110 5 1°34´30˝ 6°31´2˝
7 1115 5 1°34´30˝ 8°5´32˝
8 1120 5 1°34´30˝ 9°40´2˝
9 1125 5 1°34´30˝ 11°14´32˝
10 1130 5 1°34´30˝ 12°49´2˝
11 1135 5 1°34´30˝ 14°23´32˝
12 1140 5 1°34´30˝ 15°58´2˝
13 1145 5 1°34´30˝ 17°32´32˝
14 1150 5 1°34´30˝ 19°7´2˝
15 1155 5 1°34´30˝ 20°41´32˝
16 1160 5 1°34´30˝ 22°16´2˝
17 1165 5 1°34´30˝ 23°50´32˝
18 1170 5 1°34´30˝ 25°25´2˝
19 1175 5 1°34´30˝ 26°59´32˝
20 1180 5 1°34´30˝ 28°34´2˝
21 1185 5 1°34´30˝ 30°8´32˝
22 1190 5 1°34´30˝ 31°43´2˝
23 1195 5 1°34´30˝ 33°17´32˝
24 1200 5 1°34´30˝ 34°52´2˝
25 1205 5 1°34´30˝ 36°26´32˝
26 1210 5 1°34´30˝ 38°1´2˝
T2 1211.54 1.54 0°29´6˝ 38°30´8˝ E.P

Fig of curve
COMPONENTS OF REVERSE CURVE

NOTATION

t Common tangent
Δ1 & Δ2 Defection Angles of common tangent
O1 & O2 Centers of Curves
R1 & R2 Radius of curve
T1 First tangent point
T2 Second tangent point

Conclusions

In this project we understood who reversed curves exist where there are two changes in
direction, with the second change going in the opposite direction. In other words, two curves
are attached to each other and the centers of the curves are on opposite sides of the proposed
route of travel. There are basically two different ways in which the reverse curve can be
constructed: parallel and non-parallel tangents.

Comments

After performing this project we draw sheet of this whole procedure. We understand basic logic
of the curves why they are important in every route? We also knew that in what conditions
reverse curve is necessary. During this project we knew all the basic operations of the curve.
We also understand who reverse curve designs by Rankine’s Method.
Group Members During Project
 Quaid-E-Azam College of Engineering and Technology
Sahiwal
Affiliated with
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
Surveying & GIS RS Application(Pr-1)
(CE-201)
Submitted To: Engr.Qasim Sultan
Submitted By: M.Awais Shahadat | EN-18218
Waqar | EN-18259
Haider | EN-18230
Saqib | EN-18216
Semester: 3rd(2018-2022)
Department: B.sc Civil Engineering

Signature: