ionias-net 05. Biology The branch of natural science under which li their various aspect like morphology, Seoatne es beings (organisms) tion t i undings etc are studied collectively 1 ion, interaction wich the i ays called Biology. ina more distinet and transparent | "The Biology as.a branch was separated by Ari 205) snd that's why Aristotle is called the father Of Biology Ban pe epoca Biology was pronounced by two scientists Lamark (Pane) ts oe (Germany) in 1801. raverens Further Biology was classified into the two br tane- Herbs) and Zoology (Zoon-Animal, loge Das eee Theophrastus described about the varieties of 500 plants inhisbook Elston Plantarum and Theophrastus is called the father of Botany. Also » weal known zoologist Aristotle had discussed about 500 creatures in his book Historia Animalium and he is called the father of Zoology. ° 1. Classification of Organisms The classification of organism got the first scientific exposure by a scientist John Rey, but the main contribution and modern Snapper thesis does not occu the absorption jleted by ‘rasites. The ce ind so cells are | (iv) Fungi : In this kingdom JI walls ofsuch | and the phenomenon of photosy™ | ffauttition in such cells are ComP erotrophic, Thus these are 54PFoP” cells are made from chitin. 415 a) this goes to a Sweden based scientist Carolus Linnaeusin the later halfof 18th b) century. Carolus Linnaeus fully explained aboutitinhisthree books-Genera b) Plantarum, Systema Natural and Philosphia Botanica. Also he classified J the entire organisms into the two kingdoms-Plant kingdom and Animal ) kingdom in his book Systema Natural. First time the classification system. iH in the organisms commensed (begun) and that's why Carolus Linnaeus is , called the father of Taxonomy. i Butlaterin 1969 Linnaeus's bi-kingdomsystem wascompletely iepliond ») by a proposed penta-kingdom system of R-H. Whittaker and according to ) him entire organisms were classified into five kingdoms— _ ) (Moneta: In this kingdom the creatures of prokaryotiecells have been ) ept whose cell nucleusis incipient. Under this kingdom bacteria, bluegreen ) Igae etc. have been kept. sani WRC yj (i) Protista : In this kingdom unicellular creatures spacial ae ; are aquatic ike ‘Amoeba whose cells are eukaryotic an ‘eloped, have been kept ticellular plants Gi) Plantae: In this kingdom usualy all ole ed hse ) Which frequently exhibit the phenomenon of PROVES Cant, algae, ) cells h, been kept. The organism » | Root tt ae cgi ave the examples of plantae. ins are eukaryotic ) plants et the cells of the organiso 2 phe nomenon ) ] hytesor Pa! Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerWisionias.net www. General Science 46 imalia :In this kingdom all the multicellular creatures w coer ae Saiasyouccalls and theesan, ‘generally conse Se atowip ieseacncles cael Motazoa. The creatures ice ene Galifish Starfish, reptiles, amphabians, birds, mammaligc” havebeos under this kingdom. Miscellaneous = Mbecause ke had fates is called the fathie? of medicine; because Wien Sera cceay on tha barney iaeee ae exelts x Rh is an organism which exhibits ie aracteri: Plans Eid cries snd has boon kept in Protista ngdooy: \ stistotle is called the father of both Biology and Zoology. ‘As there is a lack of chlorophyll in the fungi and thus a heterotrophic nutrition takes place and food is stored up in the form of glycogen The fungi borns on the gobaur (waste residues of animals) i, called coprophilous fungi ( is Asubstance Aflatoxin which is deadly poisonous (toxic) is obtained from a fungi namely Aspergillus flavus. s Binacy system of the nomenclature of the organism : The binary system of the nomenclature of the organisms (including creatures) became * in practice in 1753 and on the basis of it the name of the organieee had been Pronounced by the help oftwo words-— first word~Genericname an second word-Species name. Ultimately the name of taxonomer (invent of the name) was added and a scientific name (nomenclature) pronounced, n kept Linnaeus), Organisms Scientific Name” | Organisms’ Scientific Name Man Homo Sapiens Frog Rana tigrina Cat Felis domestica BBE Canis familiaris Cow Bos indicus Housefly Musca domestica Mango Mangifera indica {Rice Oryza sativa . Wheat Triticum aestivum | Pea Pisum sativum Gram Cicer artictinum | Mustard Brassica campestris, 2. Cytology (cell, its structure and functions) The structural and functional unit of all the organisms or living beings is called cell and the shape and size of the cell are different. The shape and size of the cells are not only differen ¢ for various organisms but the cells ate of the different organs. Also unicellular The cell was firstly invented by i ienti: Hook in Y an English Scientist Robert 1665 and he asserted that cell has boon meng from a life saving substance. Seep Ee ES amedity Chui SeamneeHiotogy, ee poled thn urkinke potted out that th his tite : physical base of the tive prot be found, oe water Is to be found. Further protoplasm 43,2 toplasm near Bytopiaam ane Nucloo Inv the coll 3 8 84 Of two kyon, yloplasin is 'y cleus and cell membrane, white Neckeet Confined between Me Thus protoplasm which exists, a seplasm is ‘confined inside usle » Insidethenucleus of th Rie the feoplasm. of the eotliseatled Cell theory : The cell theory w. jenand 4 Zoologist Schwann in Scull theory were— “4, Every organism origi “2. The body of every organism is made 2. The body of every organism is made from one oF mone cells, ‘The cell is @ self independent uni 3, unit, although it takes part bolic activities ancl with other celts form an oneameane es Pkt the | 4,Theprocess through which thecellisformedhaacenoloxmoc ithe core of the cell is nucleus. nasa complex mechanism Cellstructure: The cells have various types ofstructurestike liptical, spherical, transverse ete. __ Almostall cellshavethree main components— Cell membrane, Nucleus d Nucleoplasm. " cond nike Components membrane : The cell membrane of the cell isa outer fom Lit is basically a semipermeable membrane. The main function (vork) ware ‘athe cell membrane is to control the molecular activities between the cell sia dits outer medium which interacts with the cell, Gell wall : The-call wall is only found in the plant cells, The cell jade from a non-living substance and in various plant commu: yposition of the cell walls are different. The cell wall of algaes and d green plants are made from the cellulose, while the cell walls of green pl “ , and fungi are made from the carbohydrate. The main function of wall is to protect nucleoplasm and cell membrane from the external (attack). - leus : The nucleus of the cell was invented by Robert Brown in 1831 sphericalorelliptical. The nucleusis confined near thecellularcentre I This is the controlling centre of almost all activities taking place ngs fe the cell. 7 a“ are various components of the nucleus of the cell like nuclear re ane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear network ete. he wo lear membrane : The nuclear membrane is sates Se Biembrane through which ee : ovay sundaes membrane lembrane is made of protein and nucleoplasm exchange in Roles exist through which cytoplast js connected through the I, The outer layer of the nuclear membrane is asmic reticulum of the cell, leoplasm: The nucleoplasm = om Gell. The nucleoplasm is basically mace home icleic acids which are abundantly fo Saving substance nel In prntep estes as jointly propounded Tear ao 4 by a botanist he main points regarding les from a cell, ylindrical, layer of the cell ftheinside nucleus the protoplasm rotein, Phosphorous Compiled By Hemraj a Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net é, aw General Science Nucleolus: There is one or more spherical structures inside the nucleus of the cell is called nucleolus. ‘The main functions of the nucleolus are— < 1. To synthesise rRNA in the nucleolus. 2. To assist in the synthesis of rRNA and in transportation of it from nucleolus to another place. 3. To collect ribosome inside the nucleolus. Nuclear network : The main body of the nucleolus is like a network structure in which thick particles are found which is called chromatin, According to modern Geneticists chromatin is a genetic substance found in the cell and it is basically composed of Histone (a type of protein), DNA (Deoxy ribo Nucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid). In chromatin the main component is DNA which causes the genetic characters in the organism, During cell division chromatin is shrinked (compressed) and divided into various smaller thick and consolidated form, and these are called chromosomes, In the cells of almost all species of various organisms (creatures) nucleus has a definite number of chromosomes. Various organisms and number of chromosomes in their cells Organisms No. of pairs of{Organisms No. of pairs of chromosomes chromosomes Human 23 (= 46) Monkey 21 (= 42) Housefly 6 (= 12) Chimpanzee 24 (= 48) Mosquitoe 3(=6) Horse 32 (= 64) Bee 8 (= 16), 16 (= 32) [Wheat ~ 21 (= 42) Dog 39 (= 78) ‘Onion 8 (= 16) Chromosomes : Chromosomes are the basic constituents of a genetic substance chromatin and in every chromosome there exists a dence jelly like substance called matrix and in it two mutually thin interconnected coiled shapestructureseemsto appear which iscalled chromonemata.Every chromonemata is called chromatid, thus every chromosome is composed of two chromatids. Also two chromatids mutually meet at a point (place) which is called centromere, On chromosomes various genes are located and this gene is a functional unit of DNA, Thus genetic characteristics of the DNA are caused by the gene. The characteristics which transmit from generation to generation is transported by the genes and these genes are carried out by the chromosomes, Thus chromosomes are called the vehicles of the heredity. Structure of DNA and RNA : DNA is a polynucleotide and almost all amount of it is confined in the nucleus of the cell but a very small amount is also present in the mitochondria and green plastids. In 1953 Watson and Crick propounded a comprehensive Double Helix Model. Both stands of this double helix are in the opposite parallel direction and each helix has a diameter of nearly 20A, Thus, the structure of DNA is a double helix. Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net — Biology a9 Polynucleotide Chain (DNA) Nucleotide (Monomer) Nucleoside Ea \osphate Sugar (Adenine = A (Thymi mine = T ae =G) Cytosine~ C) AsT, G=Cc controls (regulat ee Pere! Itaico, eaiete eee) te geet activities and its basic unit is Normally RNA is of single st ‘J stranded structure like ph cial raleaciay rages Virnoesit Has double in protein synthesis but in some pl: eee is to assist S plants and viruses it acts like a carrier of netic subste fos 8 r of BRA cr RNA borboth never: 2 we Broete mbetances ae eter In fact RNA is synthesised through DNA and in thi helical structure the nucleotide of RNA is attached and ths s temporary DNA-RNA is formed. Here on the behalf of nitrogen base thymine uracil comes into existence. Ultimately after sometime a homologous structure of RNA is separated out. Usually RNA is of three types = () Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) ; It is attached on ribosome and helps in protein synthesis and it forms from DNA in the nucleus of the cell. The r- RNA is nearly 80% of the total RNA. (ii) Transfer RNA (t-RNA) : It brings all types of amino acids on the ribosome where protein is formed. It is 10-15% of the total RNA and itis the smallest among all. It has. two dimensional structure like clove leaf. ie (iii) Messenger RNA (m-RNA): It carries the information of the protein synthesis from DNA of the nucleus to ribosome. It is3-5% of all RNA.Italso 4. helps in selecting amino acids. Difference between DNA and RNA RNA DNA. Ribose sugar is found in RNA. In RNA on the behalf of thiamine base of uracil comes into existence. ly to be found in ibose sugar is found in ‘DNA base Adenine, Guanine, e and Cytosine are found. t all DNA is to be found in the RNA is mainh s of the cell. cytoplasm. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerionias-net a = General Science mel asm : This is the part of the cell other than nucleus why Scena Loondaplasmic reticulum. golgi apparatus, ect has ribysome, centrosome, plastid, leucoplast, chromoplan smi¢ Reticulum (ER) : ER was firstly invented ead between cell membrane and nuclear m. ich is of twe types— {a) Smooth walled ER : At it no ribosome is to be foun respondent for the lipid secretion. (©) Rough walled ER : At it ribosome is to be found which helps in protein synthesis. | Golgi apparatus or Golgi body : This was invented by ¢ Golgi and it is basically composed of a group of tubul Golgi apparatus has a complex structure through whi synthesised and other substances are processed in the from of a Package and the packages are brought to their destinations. Thus Golgi apparatus is called a traific controller of the cellular molecules. Golgi apparatus alg forms the cell wall and lysosomes. x : Thiswasinvented by De-Duve.Itiscom in the form of a packet which is found abundantly in ev. there is a powerful hydrolytic enzyme which is able to substance. Thus lysosome helps in cellular digestive activities and thats why itis also called digestive vesicle and whose main functions ano— (@ Lysosome destroys every foreign substance like bacteria etc. inside the cell. by Porter rembrane in the id and it is ted by: Camilo and vesicles, ich the proteins are posed ofmembranes ery cell. In lysosome. digest every organic Gi) Lysosome replaces old and weak cel cellular organelles originate inside the cell. (ia) If there is need to destroy or replace completely damaged or dead cells then lysosome breaks its membranes and releases its entive fluid at a time. Also as lysosome destroys itself in such a Process so it is also called Suicide vesicle (bag) of the cell. lular organelles, so that new Mitochondria : This was invented by Altman and Benda. Altman called it bioplast and ia. But it was firstly seen into useable energy and stored up in the form of ATP molecules whichis the source of ene f the f energy i body of the organism. Thus in mitochondria all the metabolic activities occur and even protein is also synthesised upto some extent. Ribosome : This was invented by G.E. electron microscope. Nearly 80% of rRNA Palade in 1955 by the help of = is formed by ril It Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScanner gr £2 FF... Fac LEG = a SS > SS, mt S ae SRR & ‘A oo ERA ERE ie i it: wwwe-wisionias-net = General Science 20 = This is the part of the cell other than nucleus whi, _Cytoplasm : This is Oe Frjasmicreticulum, golgiapparatus, lyst various components il plas > lysosome. Tio eer, ribosome, centrosome, plastid, leucoplast, chromopia.” chloroplast, vacuoles etc. . . Endoplasmic Reticulum (FR) : ER was firstly invented by Porter jy 1945 aoa itis spread beween écolimenn al membrane in the cytoplasm which is a 2 7 @ Smooth walled ER : At it no ribosome is to be found and i, is respondent for the lipid secretion. (b) Rough walled ER : At it ribosome is to be found which helps jn protein synthesis, : 7 - Golgi apparatus or Golgi body : This was invented by Camitiy Golgi and it is basically composed of a group of tubules and vesicles, Golgi apparatus has a complex structure through which the proteins are synthesised and other substances are processed in the from of a package and the packages are brought to their destinations. Thus Golgi apparatus is called a traffic controller of the cellular molecules, Golgi apparatus also forms the cell wall and lysosomes. -sosomes:Thiswasinventedby De-Duve.Itiscomposedofmembranes in the form of a packet which is found abundantly in every cell. In lysosome there is a powerful hydrolytic enzyme which is able to digest every organic substance. Thus lysosome helps in cellular digestive activities and that’s why it is also called digestive vesicle and whose main functions are— a & Lysosome destroys every foreign substance like bacteria ete. inside e cell, (ii) Lysosome replaces old and weak cellular organelles, so that new cellular organelles originate inside the cell. (iii) If there is need to destroy or replace completely damaged or dead cells then lysosome breaks its membranes and releases its entire fluid at a time. Also as lysosome destroys itself in such a process so it is also called suicide vesicle (bag) of the cell. Mitochondria ; This was invented by Altman and Benda. Altman called it bioplast and Benda called it mitochondria. But it was firstly seen by Fleming in 1882. In mitochondria there are so many respiratory enzymes y the help of which electrons are transferred and Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) is formed. The shape of the mitochondria is elliptical and itis a semi autonomous organelle cell surrounded by two membranes. The extemal membrane is oily and smooth, while inner membrane forms finger shaped matrix inward called tubuli at various places. These finger shaped matrixis called tubuli for the plant cells and cristae for the animal cells. As respiratory eoames generate energy in the cell so mitochondria is called Power House tide jc mitochondria the energy of food stuffs molecules tense Soumeablecneniy and stored up in the form of ATP molecules whichis energy of the body of the organism. Thus in mitochondria all the narepolte activities occur and even protein is also synthesised up! some Ribasome : This was invented by G.E, Palade in 1955 by the help of *° electron microscope. Nearly 80% of RNA is formed by ribosome and the Scanned by CamScannerp em 1 ——_— Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScanner—s Wwwwse.visionias.net General Selenoe rr nbiotie and tis called Heotingy, ung an ane a yl Hibeny coe ncnly four on the ee. | structing 4 my fare mon Pon the bain of shape and structisre Jiche : oh M8 ee 4 rh Pe oe falyone, fruticone, : 7 i eproduction Th ce types of reproduction price Reproduction: The 0 ita, e nexuial, vexual and vegetative reproductions, h cour in lichen thone microorganism which Lien: Licherm are those 1 Bi 1 Ate Hyou4, onomle util we variouseconomicactivities can be ach dich! Tike rendior moss, iceland mons, Indocorpn, permiliya ete are tied joe stuffs, By the lichens orck Jacanora ete violet colour is prepara as Hechens loberia, bn nila ete p fusnes Prepared. By the woe pilepsy is manufacture peer et een Gasbua oo ant alld uate nek in papa ertain fungi which lack sexual reproduction are Calle ut there have been kept in a separate fungi bingy! called Deuteromycotina, Mincellancous : In 1927 firstly Alaxender Flemming madeanantibiotic Peni was prepared from fungi paricillium notatum, ‘The word lichen was firstly used by Theophrastus, “She lichen rocella is used in making the laboratory's litmus pi Machensare the indicators of theair pollution and forthe m. there exist no lichens. Lichens which appear on the bark of the trees are called corticoles, while lichens which appear on the empty open stones (rocks) ane ealey sexicoles. Some fungi (mushrooms) seem to aj amineta felordius, lusula, lacterius et icillin and which aper, xi pollution rpg ir ppear like ordinary mushrooms like tc. but these are deadly poisoness, 7. Plant kingdom : Onthebasisof modernconceptand cl fication almostall multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotic, reproductive and autotrophic organisms of the biosphere have been kept under this kine cao mecane tat epee his kingdom, Nearly 3,50,000 organisms Further this kingdom i: ided ii cs—I Biyophyis ones Ki one divided into three categories—Thallophyta, Also Tracheophyta is further di M vis er divided into three categories Gymnosperm and Angiosperm, Finally, Anglos fh Monocotyledona id Dicotyledonae. Plant Kingdom e2re me lophyta, divided into- een ene. Thallophyta lophyta Bryophyta ‘Tracheophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Angiosperm Monocotyledonae Dicotyl Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Biology ‘Thallophyta : Under it various types of my ae (p fd bacteria have been kept of microorganisms like algae, ‘Algae : Algae are chiefly water plants, dwel sakes, Po nds, ae 2 which have moist environments ¥ not subjected irect sunlight. Usually algae and which are tar autotrophic thalloid like mi ‘ Tied phycology: 4 ae are normally classified into : xe pies three categories— Red algae, Brown Ghief characteristics of algae 1. The cell walls of the cell of algae are made from cellulose. aZUsually sex organs of the algae are unicellular. . «Algae store their food in the form of starch. Reproduction : There exists three types of reproduction in the algae— 1, Vegetative reproduction : This type of reproduction takes place in algae through harmogone, protonema and akinetes. 2. Asexual reproduction : This type of reproduction takes place in algae through zoospores, aplanospore, hipnospores, autospore and endospore. 3. Sexual reproduction : There are three types of sexual reproduction— Isogamous, Anisogamous and Oogamous. Economic Utilities 1. Useful algae 1. In the form of food stuffs : Brown algae Ulva and algae porphyra are used as salad and food stuffs respectively by Japanese people. The algae rodomaria pulmeta is used (eaten) as tobacco. The algae Nostoc is used as food and the algae umblicus is used as food stuffs by the people of Indian subcontinent. Also the algae condrus is used to extract lerish agar which is used in choclate industry as an emulsifying agent. 2. In the field of agriculture : The algae like Nostoc, Anavina etc are used in nitrogen fixation and through it the fertility of the soil is enhanced. In order to make the desert soil fertile, blue-green algae is used. 3. In trade and business : In brown algae potassium chloride (KCl) is present and from it potassium salts are extracted. Insome algae siauberance alled aligen is found which is used in making type writers and non-volatile i i id is prepared. The substance films. By the fermentation of algae acetic acd 8 p pat at The Agar-Agar is produced by the red algae, whic} : t culturing, ates gel ete in the laboratories. This substance (Agat Aen) also used in making artificial fibres, sound resistor, thermal insula Itis also used in making various type of Syrups. h hlorella, 4. In biological research : The algae like chlore”’s etc are used a the discoveries af photosynthesis, Protoplasm of the cell etc respectively: . ne 5 Inthefodderof domesticanimals :A fewbrownish ralgne 8 and some red algae are used as the fodder of dome i an choral 6. In the form of medicines : An antibiotic medic! Compiled By Hemraj acetabularia, volonia nucleus of the cell, line is a rN Scanned by CamScannervisionias.net rae General Science 36 ufactured by the use of algae chlorella. By the Use of algae Lamy, edicine Iodine tincture is prep: - . = tn the tand forination’? By a specially calcified dead red alga, sed iy which turn the drinking water contaminated. Thus water wipe are completely spoiled these rotten by the algae. The algae celphale’ produces a disease called red rust in the tea plants. Miscellaneous ‘ Thealgae which. appear on the ice are called cryptophytes, while which appear on the rock are called Lithophytes. / The algae like microcystis, chrococcus, oscillaleria etc are deadly poisoness (toxic) coexist in ponds, rivers, Seas etc and due to their Presence fishes and others aquatic living beings die. \ditrainy season the ground surface of the land becomes steenish dive to the presence of blue-green algae. The macrocistus is the longest algae among all and itis nearly 50 meter Jong called Giant Marine Weeds. The smallest chromosome among all the microorganismsis that ofthe tae peat hlorellacan be used inthe spacecraftby growingitastronay can take proteincous food, water and oxygen. : The plants of bryophyta are found both on the land ibians. In bryophyta nearly $75 species these are basically very small in size sei there is a complete lack tissues in these bryophytaic plants. The plants like Liver warts, Hom warts, Moss etc are bryophyiaic and for the growth and reproduction water is needed. In the plants of bryophyta chloroplasts are Present thus these plants are autotrophic. The plant Gametophyte is the main bryophytaic plant, in w' the behalf of root, rhizoids are found, pophytale plant, in which on the There are three parts in the divisi The lack of vascular tissu, ic chief characteristice Bryony sa the formation of protonema are the The longest b; ‘ophyta is dysonia eels, ¢ aia smallest bryophyta is moore which is Nearly 47-70 cm long w: Plants of bry \yta are monoeci their \d female sex organs coexist he same plant, * Because their male an Scanned by CamScannerwwew.wvisi i -Visionias-net Biology qracheophyta : Under this sub-kin; “7 indy me gd: ie | developed vascul ; m those pli él pews Bore secular tissues and these eghlantsarekept which i syle a0 sub-kingdom nearly 2.75 lathe ved int te gityjzcovered. Tracheophyta is further early 275 lakhs species ha 2 ; be dophyta, (i) Gymnosperm, (ii) Angiospe into three sub sop gna t pteridophyta : Under this sub-group hesbae cate agplogamoos i nature have been Kept which aecous plants which ane Soferave temperature, In these plants there are the a aoe ere ers jack of seeds and ; ‘Chief characteristics ich 4. Vascular tissues are found and divided into xylem and 7 2. The main pteridophytaic plant is sporophyte. Th eee aly plans are produced in sporangia. phyle. The: spores of thepe met on veh sporangia produces is called sporophyll t f ametophyt is ue Beste cex ann exist a male sex organ antheridium and. fen 5, In these plants alternation of generation scems to be appear. : fs i these pa zygospores are formed through zygote. re ities : The plant of pterdium is used as a fodder for the ¢ animals, while the seeds of lycopodium plant are used Se eo call z ein be obtained from the plant equisetum. “ 2. Gymnosperm : The plants whose seeds are completely uncoated and ‘a there is a complete lack of ovary are called Gynunceparm, In the Sab ago “ ies ‘of Gymnosperm nearly 900 species have been discovered. : cle Chief characteristics Ss 1. Gymnosperm plants are perennial and xerophytic. aic 2. These plants have clear annual rings. of 3, The wood in cycas is manoxylic while pinus is pyenoxylic. nf i. These plants have wind-pollination and usually these have polyembryony-characteristics. S In embro along with radicle and plumule there exisis one OF more cotyledons. 6 Inalmost all plants sex organs are grouped 10 the forms of cones oF strobili and these sex organs are unisexual. The male cones or strobili form ty tmicro-sporophyll, while female cones oF ‘strobili form megarsporophyll re Economic utilities nt 1. In the form of food : By extracts the pulp from the stems of the m ‘gycas plant sage is prepared and thav's why eyeas plant isalso called SAR an palm. Chilgozas which is extracted from the plant pins js also used as an edible substance. i like pine. yew ef He substance. gtimber: The evergreen conller Ee ete provide enormous amounts ‘of soft wood (timber) which are used itt ne making various types of furnitures: ideephedrine 3.Intheform of medicine :By thejuil ofephedraan pape e se front ox soblained which is used as a medicine for the people = = Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerionias.net wwew.vi _ ip oil, cedrus oil and ced; ils : The turnip oil, sd cedits 4.In SE ous conifers plants like trees of pines, yey,” = oil are extrac! ‘ Siar ctively- . eodineaus ie wafer ing and resin: Tanning is used in making joy iieeemebe ony f tanning 4 fromsome cones plants and used in main punish, ish, plastic, paints ete. ; burnish, shoes oe denise use: There are various, SyMNosperms whic, so appear extomely beautiful and which are used for the decge th seer tee ned these plants are installed at garden, park, roof etc, of eyeas plant. Miscellaneous a [The longést’plant cikayaamong alls keptiniside Gymnosperm, i Igae anabaena and n oid roots of cycas plant blue-green algae eiog oan which exhibit like a symbiotic relationship. The plant cycas has the largest ovule and the largest pollination which belongs to a Gymnosperm. Chilgoza is the seed of pinus zerordiana which is used as an edible Sitatance: and itis called the best product of a Gymnosperm. 3. Angiosperm : The most important sub-group of plants which are flowering plants and whose seeds are coated and developed in an organ {ovary iscalled angiosperm. Therearenearly250,000speciesofangiosperes Our major food, fibre, spice and beverage crops are flowering plants (angiosperms). Angiosperms are also used as a medicinal plant and used in making the perfumes and latex products like rubber, chicle, gutta-percha etc. These plants are also used in making colognes, soaps and cosmetics from their oils. Chief characteristics }. The reproductive organ of an angiosperm plant is flower and double fertilization takes place. j = pe einen saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic. Some of these plants are au’ ic because they pre rf ii of sunlight ik hoe * Prepare their own food in the presence am, aie may these plants are to be found on the land but a few are i Monocotyledonae (Monocot) ; Chief characteristics 2 The S804 of monocotyledonacic plant one cotyledon is found. ~ The roots of these Plants are not develo 3. The plant flower has these : 4. In the vascular pool, camb, Until more than 50,099 ; oe, MONOCot species i al. Moni leaves are ach longer than dicotyledeets But wateg ieee te and hence Sat? Veins of the leaves An Stems of monacots lack cambiv™™ ce they increase a little Bitth, while palime are come 8 Ee ET ces by CamScannerWood Sang thes hing hich Wes toe t ‘ © wwwe-wisionias-net Biology jon. There are ManY Monocots like “ . : Brassey Gaats bananas: palms, lilles, orchids etc," ™°* bamboo, sugarcane ib) Dicotyledonae (Dicod : Chief characteris; 1 In the seed of dicotyledonacic plant twee 2 In the vascular pool cambium exists, 3 The flower of the plant has. multiples of fou 4 Thee dicots plants have secondary growth Until nearly 200,000 dicot species ar Ahnoeoty eden have peily os seed leaf in the ane two seed leaves. Dicots have veins tonne Shave almostall thehardwenadine gene a Neto nt cesctables, species, beverage crops and omameren owners ee _8. Morphology of Angiosperms Morphology : Under morphology the properties and forms of y tranches of plant like root, stem, leaf. flower. fruit et: siestitics Root: The branchor part ofthe plant which is formed from the vhony 10n frodicle during the sprouting of seedsand move towards the scl net ater against the sunlight and absorb mineral salt and water . Characteristics 1 Roots always move opposite to the sunlight inside the 2. As roots reside inside the land thus their colours are whit brown, 3. Buds are not produced on the roots 4 Node and internodes do not appear like the stems on the roots Function of roots 1 Roots keep the plants static inside the souls 2 The soft parts of roots and root hairs absorb water and trom the soil ; 2 The root transports water and mineral salts to the stem and ultimately ty the leaves, sé Roots of some plants like of carrot, radish wontigeney plants use these foods Types : On the basis of ori ntl asa main rect and (A) Tap root : The radicle of such root develops tee! *=h roots occur in dicotyledon plants yledons ate found, to be discovered, As embryo, while dice wyiedoe ni yellvwink salts store forts and in shape and size usually roots are of two Modification of tap roots ened towards base but this 1. Conical shape : This type of oot» thie “at the side of the plant. Example‘ arrot se ansavnctand scunen 2.Napiform: This ype of root isestremely thine) en the sf spherical at the base (bottom) but it bec’ Beet root etc ewe “Pot the plant. Examples lurup, « middle porto > inflated in the m 3. Fusiform : This type of rout ts nA Radish “ards bottom and top it becomes IBS TT salty sl type oth _gative ponropie Compiled By Hemraj “Pp, Thi vues taward Pe wed tor taraapiieen re activities tt unten Heamples- Rhizophora, plant surtitt —— s Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net 40 i ot : This type of root is found in monocatye, radicle with dicotyedones form a complex syitet ie lp FOO. Thus, monoeolyedones after some time the sont ofthe radices case ond gn the plumule of the lower base or column, internodes developed in the forms of fibre which is called adventitious root, Modifications of Adventitious roots Roots Examples Roots Examples Fibrous root Onion Aerial root Oreede Leafy root Briophylem |Assimilitory root Tinspora Climbing root Bete! leaf, pothos {Parasitic root —-Kascutta Buttress root —‘Terminolis Moniliform root Grapes, bitter gaued Sucking root Cuscuta Nodulose root Mango turmeric Respiratory root Juicia Prop root Banyan tree Epiphytic root Orcede Stilt root Maize, sugarcane Fasciculated root Dehlia Tuber: A swollen underground stem or root contains stored food and acts like an organ of perennation and vegetative propagation. Siem tubers ke potato develop at the end of underground stems by swelling of nodes and intemodes and form a round tuber that bears buds in the axils of greatly reduced scale leaves. The stem connecting the tuber of the parent plant ig ended. Roots tubers may develop in the similar way from adventitious roots like dahlia. Difference in the internal structure of monocot and dicot roots Monocot roots Dicot roots It forms root hair only. Butitforms both roothairand secondary growth, The number of vascular pools are The number of vascular pools ant’less normally more than si: than six, There is a lack of cambium in it, Cambium exists in it. The pitch is fully developed in it. The pitch is either less developed or absent. Angiosperms Parasitic plants Angiosperms Parasitic plants ee Incomplete stem parasite|Cuscula Total stem parasite talum Incomplete root parasit pain Miscellaneous Parasite |Orobanche Total root p Tap roots usually found in di ‘ aipie sustained growth of pram eo edones plants which are formed by ary Foot a ‘and tertiary Fools and form a tap root system, a BeNeTate secondary and tertiary The soft part an from the soil, The largest banyan tree 'd root hair absorbs Water and the dissolved mineral salts : Of Indian Botanical Garden, Shivpur, (Hows) isnearly 200 years old. At present thie wuss Diet this tree is 29 meter high. Pr this tree is installed at an aerial romp i By Hemra: eae aia Se a Scanned by CamScannerwww visionias.net Biology a ved, : This is an ascending organ of th, : Avert’ stemnof plumule. Thus stem is that eee Which is formed by the Thus cba jumule and goes towards the sunlight Coppedge Which originates nd weln im (Opposite to the pra nd from, aracteristics Bravity), Grass ——= Dect ——, Meet "order consumer) Es oducer) (1 order consumer) Eee reaps (Herbivore) (Carnivore) the possibility The most powerful hallucinogenic drugs LSD causes the pectlly of abortion, abnormal babies and chromosomal aberrs ; io e s, oe The ase of insecticides, pesticides and herbicides 10 contr the dane pests and abnoxious weeds, damages the main crops and thas Wy aes ad (usatern) nations discarded (abonded) the use of thes which also promote. desertness in the soil. - "3000 jue to the leakage of ieee ‘this gas is basically ce te ‘olatile, colourless tucing liquid which is highly ting to the skin, eyes and mucous membrane. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwww .visionias.net tion of animal kingdom ; 14. Modern classifica' ee : | i ification of animals aire Y Atistong j The scientific mmon characters and classify the eNtire. anit thes or groUps— a] Kingdom inte sald which lack blood in their bodies { (D Anaemia: é Odies are cy nevariousexamples of such animals grouplikeCodenats ore are Various : Ue lune, Arthopoda, spung etc. / aaa a aaa y The animals in which blood is present is called ) Enaima : The a bl see fone divided into two groups " and Under this group eggs reproductive anima jjg ii © been kept Inder this group offsprings reproductive a, eNaim, ; HiMals ti, Fee thuman cow phan) a boon Ee ele rventernth century (1693) firstly John Rey by defining the animals epeqe on the basis of natural structural relation, classify the entire Species. i. f on mes e aroleus Lincos explained about 4236 species in his book Systema | papier inthe 1Othedition(1758)of thisbookanextensiveclassifectns | are was adopted and which became the foundation of Moder clnsifcation of animals kingdom. Thus John Rey was called the fathe | af Maxtern Taxonomy who developed Binomial Nomenclature. In Isat ht | the nomenclature of international animal speci 's certain international laws were given and on the basis of an adopted consensus in 1961 scientific name came under existence in all over the world. Modern animal kingdom : Modern animal kingdom has two sub- kingdoms. (1) Sub-kingdom A- Protozoa, (I) Sub-kingdom B- Metavoa, (D) Sub-kingdom A (Phylum Protozoa) : Under the unicelluliranimals have been kept. The uawellulir animals and protozoa is the on the earth's surtace. Nearly 30,000 species of this phylum have “uel species were called protozoa by the Zoolo Chief characteristics 1. These 2 These: a2 common sub-kingdom A, phylum protozoa has microscopic, Most primitive and simple animels been until invented. In 1820 »gist Goldfus. estremely small (0.001 mm — 5 mm ) unicellular animals animals are autotrophi 3 The nutritional by holozoic, sap | 4 Inthe Of these are bodies Ymbiotic or parasitic. animals of this phylum are mainly tic and parasitic processes. isno Hssue or organ but the structure %, because these are the part of the animal | activities of the prophytic, holoph Protozoaic phylum there called organelle: | done Compiled By Hemraj dis kK eu fn a Scanned by CamScannerwwew.wvisi i s -Visionias.net Biology 4, The respiratory oF excretaie ae ACtiVvitie, peasiwned by the exterior pathway ore 9, The reproduction in these animal = qual andnexual, Asexiial reproduction uke eet Mpinary finsion and multiple fission or bu ae aes tikes place through the conjugation process ole. ere are va male "th ar sation examples of proton h faim 2 Hinolytica, Ecol, B. gingival Tee like Amocbs, {eishmania donovani, Plasmodium, Parameciam cede Bambiens, im, Euglena etc the woologist John Rey whe Nomenclature of various species of the antmale coop, ine Modern ‘Taxonomy, nimals is called the Father of Euglena is a unique living bei ‘i s beings which has the characteri Be andcnatiand it ia called Cater pests nota Sub-kingdom B (Phylum : ihe correoponding animale a pes igee) ender, thts ee Ringdoes Bi spherical or have no definite shapes In 828 RE, Gr tebe ceanis taxonomy and called th simile as porifera; All the anknals‘t this kingdom are multicellular. naxperileen AU aeons Chief characterinticn 1. The animals of poriferaic phylum are mostly found in seas (salty water) and oeceans, A few of them are also found in fresh and fast flowing, water (unsalty water). 2. Those are the most primitive multicellular animals and their cells are distantly attached to each other and do not form the tissues. 3, The body structure of these animals are cylindrica branched. 4. Almost all animals of this phylum places, 5.On thebodies of such ani which in called Ostia. Alno on the aps mouth which iy called Onculum. 6. Por the water transportation the e ystems which doeun't exists in other anit supply of food and oxygen are maintain’ . ; spicules or lit Py a cpaiaurwogauch vr composed of spicules oF spongin fibres. #, The reproduction in sel sexually, ‘the cykon, Euplectell in calles Ordinarily Buplectella Ta 11 io a collagen-like ‘The substance spong! sponge in only the skeleton. animals of thi respective oa Phylum Y both proces tagh the processes Sexual reproduction and female zygotes roUps of or spherical or » confined at the appropriate j there existsmall pin holes likestructure ows of the bodies there exist a larger sts a longer, thinner tube like als and through the water, the ime or of anienals a xually and animals take placed by both nimatsof the poriferaie phylumlike mmples of the re various © spongila, BuNper 4d the venus Flower Basket protein, whi the commercia! Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerisioni et Wwwvy.vVisionias.m = General Selene Phylum Coelenterata: riieinsaen namo! multicell ea te ee pe and ear 10000 sprcieno ty pylon have Chief chara: istics The animals of this phylum areamph imycetes or phycomycet . _ "2. This nnieate Fibvesineltal symmetrical siructures 3. The animals of this phylum have very special poison bited cell an, tenteal on their bodies. —— 4. The animals of this phylum are divided (classified) into tyq onents grdups (colonies)- Polyp and Medusa, The component stom pole inuniepecienor phycomjeslee and contined atadetinitespace, white Recampenest group Medusa is openly and freely floated, 5. In phycomyeetes polyp and Medusa come alternately in their life cycle and it is called generation alternation. 6.Inthe middle partof the bodies of such animals a hormona ional organ exists and it is called Coelenteron, 7. The reproduction takes place asexually in Polyp and sexually in Med 8. In various varieties of animals a limed hard external skeletons ate found which form coral. ‘There are various examples of the animals of this phylum like Hydra, Obelia, Orilia, Matrideum (marine animone), physalia ete, Miscellaneous Corals consist of Polyp colonies and each Polyp lays down a chamber of calcium carbonate to protect its soft ty body. The skeletal chambers havea regular form and these are added regularly which forms the setof geometric Poe Tre yaying with the species. Ultimately new corals are developed over the dead corals which Bive rise to the coral reefs, ‘These coral rvefs form stable marine ecosystems, The animal physalia appears like inverted warfare s is called Portugause man of war Ordinarily the animal pennutula is called sea pen, Cnidariaic animal matidium is called Sea Anemone, Phylum Platyhelminthes: Under this Phylum the animals like insects {germs almostall micro-organisms para, ticin natureand thevectorswhich use diseases in human bei » animals etc. come, Because of parasitic ip and that’s why it character, these animals develop their bodies Structure, locomotion and sense organs like heterotrophics, Chief characteristics 1. The bodies of such animals have are like of leaves or ribbon shaped. men 2. The equiperimeter Of the bodies of the animals are bilateral. 3.In the bodies of the animals of this : e. ‘sand hook: found to stick the nutrient Substanegs, Pym thesuckers nel be atten surfaces and whose shapes Scanned by CamScannerwww visionias.net Biology A The digestive system of such = ani amuses are found. Thus for the excretions are less developed and lacki ofcalls are developed which are called Flame Fibrin ; > ch yin functions of the blood stot bicod + Totransport nutrient substances, » Tobring the absorbed atmospheri to various tissues and to bring ba “xcretory substances and hormones, ic oxygen by the hel i ck released CO, othe ne Boe through the WBC. sesby phagocytosing viruses, bacteria : 5 é e 3 ir £ d To help in clotting and wound filling, To maintain a uniform moderate tem) of the body. Blood groups of the Human beings: i gs: A pathol Karl Landsteiner and his collegues in 1900 detected sia : bloods in all human beings are not same but are different. The as in diversity of the blood takes place because of presence of glicoprotei hich is a special type of protein existing i ed antigen, which is a spe: pe of protein existing in RBC and it is called antigen. ‘This antigen is of two types— (i) Antigen A (ii) Antigen B Two English letters A and B are the symbolical representation of two types of antigens. Each and every person's blood possesses certain inherent character which distinguish it from the blood of every other person. On the basis of these characteristics blood has been divided into various groups and the scientist came to understand the groups when they studied blood transfusion. There are four types of blood groups— perature and an osmatic pressure Blood Group Antigen (in RBC) ‘Antibody (In plasma) A only A only b 5 only B salva both A and B absen! o ° absent both aand b Jement (organism) enters en any foreign nism) radivectly orindirectiy some Prot ineous bil i Jraracteristics: of its hibits the speci ae the body fo#™ ‘and its appearance Antigen and Antibody + Whi inside thebody of human beings th compound is produced which ex! ‘ uunds entere own species. These proteincous compou tigen : . antigen. Consequently after the formation oF anvieate and synthesise the i activate . in the human body stimu ily ac commode: ‘Molecul f ther protei : be antigen oer Tae in Peustained way wl Globulinand which < Gamma antibody forma due to the synthesis of peotesn is transformed through Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net 480 General Science ion : The blood from an outer source is introduced ingy the iin bra toes in order to companset the lost blood oF to preyert the shock or to combat the infection etc is called blood transfusion. In thy human blood groups there is no agglutination because: ot Me of antibod to the corresponding antigen in any blood group, IF the Blond of a grog of a person is mixed up in the blood of a group of another person is such @ way that corresponding antigens and antibodies are present then REC agglutinats and blood of groups Aand B cannotbe cots | Because inthe process of agglutination RBCsticks to each other and sudden death can takes place. Thus in the blood transfusion a combination of antigen and antibody is accommodated in such a way that there must be no agglutination. In emergency the blood of group O can be donated to any body of any blood group because it lacks antigen but antibody exists and that's wh it is called Universal Donar. Similarly in the blood of group AB there is complete lack of antibody but antigen exists that's why it is called Universal Recipient, Thus normally in the blood transfusion the donor and recipient must belong to the same blood group. In many cases human plasmais utilised for the transfusions, specially to replenish deficiencies in blood proteins, to maintain the blood volumeand for the treatment of shock. The great advantage of such type of transfusion is that plasma from any donor may be used. The plasma can be safely stored up for a longer period and easily transported. The plasma fraction serum albumin has been proved its effectiveness in shock. Blood Group Antigen (in RBC) Antibody (In plasma) A Aand AB AandO B Band AB BandO AB ABonly All groups ° Alll groups O only Rhesus Factor (Rh—factor) : In 1940 Landsteiner and Wiener discovered and detected another type of antigen in the human blood. In fact this antigen was extracted from a monkey namely Rhesus and that's why it (antigen) is called Rh-factor. Thus thereare certain blood 8roupsin which agglutinogen is found during blood transfusion. The occurrence of agglutination takes Place in the red blood cells of many persons which is same as that of found ih he ied blood cells of rhesus monkey. Blood Possessing the Rh-factor is aul ont peat ee ), while the blood which lacks agglutinogen is called Thus if the blood from an Rh* person is tran: i person the serum of the blood of Rh- Beeson produces baie ah agian: But if the person receives another Rh” transfusion, then anti-Rh agglutinin will cause the red blood cells contributed by the donor to clump as soon as they enter the recipient. The same Phenomenon occurs when an Rh- womal becomes Pregnant with an Rh* baby whose inherent Rh factor comes from father. Also during pregnancy some RBC. of the foetus may pass into the mother's blood and cause her body to produce antibodies against the Rh factor. These antibodies can then pass into the foetal blood stream and cause the destruction of red blood cellsand this condition is called crythroblastots i By Hemra: ees SY Boned by CamScannerionias-net by means of a highly successfy} treatment ang lem: whichcanbersngt Miscellaneous an be cured. Ifthe blood of the father be Rh opting i be Rh“ and that of ee cenisthey diet ke U, while the later bomed oi fer be Rh then the Ee ¥ che in foetus in pre-born conditi rings die or even in Erythroblastosis foetalis. ion. This condition iscalled If the blood of a person wh, * the person which has Rh. blocs oan then fon eee Be donated to transfusion not = oe to appear. But in second time ance ee tenomenon igglutination Strongly come into existenceand the person ¥ Biology Eranhasbuil up oraehenly 2ttocar ing * ‘ tech hee ved Previously Rh annie Pregnancy un} ies in which foetus ISN producethepri codes buting . less the Possible/Impossible blood i aie spol ‘od groups of offsprings from parents of Blood group of Possible blood 2 group of Impossible blood parents offsprings ctisprisee ey 0x0 ° A.B, AB ' OxA OA B,AB OxB O,B AAB Ox AB AB O.AB AxA A,O B, AB AxB A,B, 0, AB No any AxAB A,B, AB o BxB BO A, AB Bx AB A,B, AB ° AB x AB A,B, AB ° 2 isa blood like fluid and in lymphatic plasma substances Be gots Guowe salt, water, amino acid and various lymphocytes, ilo cytes etc. are dissolved but due to lack of RBC it is colourless eh has also a clotting character like blood, but this process takes plese very slowly and steadily. In the lymph oxygen is presen! He er amount and carbonic acid is transported which forms a comme event: System. Lymphatic fluid only flows from various organs to the Heart At) « lymphatic cells form in Lymph node which is thin and op While it is closed at the another. Functions of Lymph ; _ The main functions of Lymph are given as beet To 1. To bring tissue's fluid in the mainstream aft ss ic eee h the lymphatic cells. 3. To absorb fats in the small intestine throug nthe La . h around the a the aqua 4: Duo to the present 0 ang eee is form , rand exterior of the cell. Compiled By Hemra: one = Scanned by CamScannerwWisionias-net www. General Science 5. Lymphatic cells extract the nutrient substances and eeyger, ¢ the blood cells through the process of diffusion and transport thes: 4 cellular tissues where blood cells are unable to reach. Also stich Iyer, cells transport CO, and other excertory substances from cellular tissue blood cells, Miscellaneous norder to promote the blood clotting during the extraction of the by from the veins of the human body to examine it for various digones n clinie/hospital or in testing Lab., some oxallates of soditsm opt mis mixed up. ma 90% water is available and in it micro nu ins (fibrinogen + albumin + globulin), some sugar, fat, inorgent- salt ete are dissolved. : The mast important chemical substance in the blood cell is haemoglobig which causesblood tohaveared colour. Basically haemoglobin iscompe of an iron-containing pigment called haeme and a Protein called globin, | The red blood cells extract oxygen from the lungs, transport it to the blood st it to the tissues which needed. Athigher altitudes the rarefied air contains less oxygen, sothe human by needs more red cells to carry the needed arnount of Oxygen to its cells and thus within limits, at the higher altitudes more haemoglobin is required, ‘The White Blood Cells (WBC) are alsocalled monocytes which seem to form the part of the body's defence against micro Organisms and are especially active in tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid ete ‘The number of eosinophils in the human beings increases, when some diseases like allergetic infections (hay fever, asthona a ) occur and in the case of certain parasitic attack including hookworm, trichinosis etc. Fibrin is not present in the blood but it is formed through the fusion of two substances fibrinogen and thrombin, Fibrinogen is always present in plasma, while thrombin is not always present though the plasma contains an inactive form of thrombin called prothrombin Vitamin Kis necessary for the formation of Prothrombin whichis necessary for the blood clotting Blood normally clots in one to five minutes Specially in a superficial flesh wound, while takes a longer time in a deep wound. fbr D Muscular or Muscle tissue : These tissues are made from muscle fibres whose contractions and relaxations promote the movement and Jocomotional activ Muscular tissue is of throw types— 1. Smooth or unstriped or involuntary muscles :‘The unstriped muscle cells are thin, longer, cylindrical shaped fibses which are arranged in 8 Consistent, cohesive and in the form cf a parallel branched bundle, In the middle of every fibre a conical type of nucleus xists and these muscles contract and relax automatically. | fe is no self control on the wishes and actions of the living beings and that's why these are called involuntary muscles. Such tissues are found im the walls of stom ich, intestine, ureter ete, Scanned by CamScannerody and orm ially ome | the n of atin ains sary lesh cle and the cles em tar! www visionias.net 2. Striped or Skeletal or Volunta, re longer, cylindrical and unbranchet’y sured strips are found, which met fatswhy itiscalled striped muscle eee are present and confined towards the exterioc eo number of nuclei which jecording to the requirement and ¢ org are also called voluntary 3. Cardic or Heart muscles : Thr Q z fou is i formed and itis involuntary. The cells erie ee only cardic wall is lindrical and in the middle of a. por Ree ee etand also take place in these tissues. (tv) Nervous or Nerve tissue : To accommodate the working of almost allorgans according to the specific composition is the main charecteristicot theNerve tissue. The organs likebrain, spinal cord, nerves eteane made from Nervous tissues. The nerve tissue receives and transmits information and messages in the form of nerve impulses. This tissue ie composed of neurons and neuroglia cells. The cell neuron is the basic unit of the nervous tissue. There are three main parts of the nerve tissue— 1. Cyton : This is the main part of the nerve cell in which nucleus and cytoplasm are found. In its cytoplasm various proteineous and coloured particles are found which are called Niss} granules (bodies) and which are folded aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Dendron: The thin fibre passes caten through the cyton which is one or a more is called dendron. 3. Axon : A longer but extremely thinnerve fibre which originates from cytonand whichactslikea messenger |. from one neuron to another is called d axon. Thus the process which carries k (q\—Neurilema thenerve impulses away from the cell A’ \ Myelin body is called axon. But there exists ssitgex —/ Cytoplasm Dendron ~ Nucleus a some other process whichcarry nerve Axon ———) ; impulses towards the cell body is f} talled dendrite. The axon thus forms Ga Node of intercommunicating junction, called (a Ranvier Synpass with dendrites and cell body or axon of some other neuron. ant Nerve or Nervous fibre aes AY Baan Nervous fibre is of two types (\\\—Nascle (a) Sensory or Afferent Nerve ) fibre: This is a fibre which carries 1 11 (ross sectional v6 j impulses from the receptor O64" nee ~ } the brain or spinal cord- _— ~ Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwWisionias-net www. General Sense ast és is a fibre which carries 6) Masher ie ttoront Nerwe Siiees FINE ES corsa sie from the brain ot spinal cond f0 the wo Be aki aan i y Special type of cell which isused = Sra Ratner Neco cells hold the neurons in such a position sshich the contd nervous system is condined 16. Nutrition of Animals / development. maintenance and almost all bi s are uniformly regulated by abso form of food. Th imals are fox, lion. tiger leopard e 3 Omniverous : in inition animais take dead bodies o: les of scavengers nu Od in which first F called host. The parasite is o: 1. External parasite : The paras the hos: ¢ which re: mains congin led external parasite Mosquito et ins confined inside to the ternal parasite. The examples and do nouris les of such parasites are bug. leech, louse tren 2Pe Of Autrition animals extract their living sub. Sstances in the form of Such nutritional animals are insects existing in dirty : Fre a8 mushrooms on the heap of Fotten and decomposed ‘ss. the growing microbes id oF pickles etc. utrients : The cubstances Which are needed for the conduction and completion of various biotic activi es in the animals are called nutrients of Rutrient substances Onthe basis of chemical ¢ can be classified as giv “©mPosition and calorificy, ‘en below— a ned by CamScanner} wwwe-wisionias-net Biology . Carbohydrate : The ¢, A retkithacne, Tse bohy date is co 5 andoxygenin iow anda tb: Sed OF carbon, fy is (CHO), The warpehydrates is the m, asictormutaotthecr drogen enemy Tequired to the body is pin Source of ener Mcarbodydrate tneesamplesot carbohydrates Fhe by it. The starch, sug i 50% 7, rice, maize, millet, potato, turnip, beet neource Of carbohyd OS¢ ete are The carbohydrate is of three type : 1, Monosaccharides : Thos. > e its SG are the = carbohydrate andits general fone) Most lucid (Simpl ofmonosaccharides like Trigse (en S(CH,O), Th ple) form of (Glucose, Fructose, Gla 2. Disaccharides made from the monosaccharides and its, gore, 4 examples of disaccharides like cael are RO Those Te a various 3.Polysaccharides: These are vena paltone, Lactose ete i molecules and its general for, ber of monosaccharides e extracted from the plants and these are incoih fiosin,_Polsaccharides are requirement these can be hydrolised a1 polysaccharicles is used as a Stored feel also so many examples of polysaccharides like Stare Chitin ete. Main functions of carbohydrate— 1. To supply energy to the body by the Process of oxidation. 2. To work like to store the food in the body. 3. To form nucleic acids and work as raw materials for the production of other substances. 4. To build the external skeletons in the animals. B. Fat : The molecules of fat are made from the combination of glycerol and fatty acid. Like the carbohydrate, fat is also an Organic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but in camparison to carbohydrate, the amount of oxygen is very small in the fat. The fat is completely insoluble in 08 (Clycera ge soi: Therearevariouesar se(G hyde) Tetrose Erthrose) Heres ttl the two molecules of 4 8, theie orous, Nimals itional ts and ‘orous of the tional ome rectly nal is de to it water, while it is soluble in the organic solvents like chloroform, benzene, Pertoleum etc. Fats can be emulsified easily through the alkali. © : x On the basis of the occurrence of the sources, fat can be classified in two iples at i 1. Animal fat : The animal fats are found in ysrioae substances like in i eit nilk, paneer, butter, egg, meat, fish etc in the fee 7 ane i. 2. Vegetative fat : The vegetative fats are foun es snags ny and these are extracted from the ground nut, coconut, ase : ; il Sunflower etc, The fat in the fluid form is called oi Fatty acid : This is of two types— fatty acid is animal = ee z tall saturated fat or fat acid is animal i aan pga tone some) taexiats in the in the form of Sol at an ordi 7 d is foun ents utter etc, id: The unsaturated fat or fatty acid 6 (b) Unsaturated fatty acid = - ™~ — fompi Hemra: eee Sy 3 seaned by CamScannerew fo =» wwwevisionias-net General Seienee a8 pyetati it of 5 a ae tats enengy must be taken ideal Main functions of fat . 1. The fat Is the stored source 2 Inonler te provide the resist stored up behind the kite tote oF er uo protect ane prowece eafery 10 various OFg9HS OF the hyn ino “ hodaainthe form of shock resistive IAYer | C. Protein: Thep' ally made from the smaller compong, sueetypesofamino aci animals nearly 2 in the of energy: ve layer in the human bodies, ¢, » Fats ana roteinsare basi ids, Inalmost all vesto form the proteins. The prote, este for proteins. The proteins of Jeids combine and compose themse! ‘atal for the physiological growth and various other activities of the hy not only the structural substances of the el nan bodies. Thus proteins are hecties but also necessary Types of protein Main functions Enzyme “Asbio catalyst which helps in various bio chemic activities of the human bodie: chemical ‘Transport various micronutrients of the blood various tissues. te Contractile protein Helping in contraction of muscles for the smooth movement and the conducive activities, Some hormones are proteins which are do metabollic activities. needed to To form the structural part of the cells and tissues. Defensive (protective) To help in combating infection and thus antibo protein is basically a protein tibody Miscellaneous 4.2 keal energy is obtained from the complete oxidation of 1 gm. gluco. The glucose is the only carboh i i e gh ydrate which provides an instantaneous eoersy to the human body. The chief sources of the glucose are graps and The caconiut oi i e on ‘onut oil and palm oil are the best examples of saturated vegeta? 9.3 keal energy it sm ‘al energy is released in the complete oxidation of 1 gm fat. Onthe consumpti acid is produc oh on of proteineous food-stuffs by the humanbeings#™” The word te i eth — el was firstly pronounced by a scientist Berzeleus in 198 Portion of the human body is composed of protein. Nearly 20 types . are synihested! by Peatein coexist in the human body in which owes food-stufts, and the rest 10 types are to be taken fo" for the nourishment purposes. ‘Transportable protein Hormone Structural protein Scanned by CamScanner= wWrwewevisionias-net Biology of protein : “i ree ee men ate are Various sources of protein like milk, egg, 's, paneer, meat, fish ete j protein is of three types Which these are found abundantly, Ususthy 1, Simple protein : The protein which « acids only is called simple oot Which is basically made from amino proteins like albuminus, sibuminads gta Cmmples gta ' 2 te “ ppolecales Of amine ned orn Prote® which is made not ony from th its spine in a homogen ent SMe another molecules of the substance 7 emples of such chine Berta is called conjugated protein. The re protein etc. nucleioprotein, glycoprotein, phospho- an a in: : ze the nairived Protein : The protein which is obtained and extracted from Eris called acid renin (hydrolysis) of naturally occuring the examples of derived prot. ine \e substances like insulin, fibrin ete. are i ‘Main functions of protein 1, It is necessary for the physiological i . causea dioraption oe ee Physiological growth ofthe body and its ack | 2. It takes part in the synthesis of cell i Paring, y) ells, protoplasm and tissues 3, The proteins act like bio catalyst and biotic regulator. 4. It helps in the development of genetical characteristics and in e controlling the heridetary activities. 5, In emergency it also provides instantaneous energy. a 6. Ithelps in the movement and transportational activities. D. Vitamin : The chemical substance which is not important from the energy point of view but which directly controls (regulates) the metabolic activities in the human bodies is called vitamin. The synthesis of vitamins doesn't take place directly by the cells in the human bodies so this is supplied through the vitamineous food. ; Generally vitamins are represented by the capital letters of English alphabet like A, B, C, D, E etc. | On the basis of the solubility of the vitamins these are classified into two groups— 1. Vitamins soluble in water: in water but these vitamins do not dissolve “ 2. Vitamins soluble in fat : The vitamin-“, vitamin-K are soluble in fat and organic solvents, insoluble in water. ., vit . ficiency of various Disease of human being caused BY Get ttn uace ‘The vitamin-B and vitamin-C are soluble dissolve in fats and organic solvents. vitamin-D, vitamin-E and while these vitamins are amins: Vit ical Diseases cause’ TT Nae of coresponding vam! Milk, egg, paneer 5 blindness, . tables, . al Night green vege Vitamin-A Retin: fro ot nections fo seropt . 5 ——_ Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerChemical Name Phomin ny Hs, ' www visionias.net Dineanon caused by lack Source of correnponding vitamin Her) Heri - 2 Liver, meat, amin 1b, Ribottavin —¢ al; Bree ™ : ; vegetables, | at cracking, in tongue v Hair to be white Broundnat, mental stupi Sugarcane, tomato ete K Vitamin, Nicotine Meat, groundnut, or Ni leaves vegetables, potato, tomato ete, Vitamin, Pyridesin: a, akin dinea Liver, meat, food * Brain ete, Vitumin BL Biotin Paralysis, body ache, Meat, BS liver, F fall etc, milk. | . se: possum 18 Vitamin B,, Anaemia (megalycytic Meat, liver, milk : anaemia) ete, Folic acid Teroil glutamic Anaemia, dysentry, Pulses, liver, bean, | Seurvey etc, vegetables, egg etc, | Vitamin-C Ascorbicacid Seurvey, swalling of Lemon, orange, gems tomato, sour substances chillies ete. Vitamin D Caleiferol —— Rickets (in children) Fish liver oil, milk, Bg etc. | Tr * | Vitanuin-k Filoqubnone Ty delay in blood Green vegetables, | clotting tomato etc. Gun abo E. Nucleic acid : Nucleic acid is basically the polymer of the nucletides | 12 of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. This | nucleic acid is found in the form of DNA and RNA in the cells \ Main functions of the nucleic acid *erhong }. To bring the genetical inheritance from one generation to another. 2 2. To regulate (control) the formation of enzymes and the synthesis of protein ' 3T form chromatin reticulum E Water : The water is the nearly 65%-75% part of the Main functions of the wat 1. Tocontrol the and vapourisation. main component of the human body and human body is water. er body temperature of the human beings by perspiration ea iled By Hemra: maim x Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net Biology +p To act a8 an important med 2 al substances of the human body," {"* ®%ettional activites ‘To regulate almost all bioch “ee yatic environment (atmosphere). "Hons which d-stuffs through which v: ted) in the human bodies,” ™*tabolic activites are controlled s and their functions Dail ie arn LN Chief source Function m(in2-5gm Common salt, fish, Itis form of meat, egg. milk ete. Sloe ees Of cations in external cytoplasm and does the work of contraction in the muscles, to transmit nerve impulses through nervous fibre, to maintain anelectrolytelevelbatance in the human body. Potassium 1gm Almost all citrous Usually it exists in the substances, form of cations in the cytoplasm and — does, the work as a catalyst in various biochemical reactions, does the work of muscular contractions, transmission of the nerve impulses, maintainance of the electrolyte level balance ete. ilk, cheese, egg, green It provides rigidity along er Teseatieg ocened food with vitamin to the bones “ae grains. fish, gram, finger and teeth, promotes millet ete. blood clotting, muscular contraction etc. Phosp! il neese, It provides a rigid ee em oe toot ae mechanical supportalong eiilet finger liver etc. with calcium to the bones and teeth, helps human body in maintaining the hysiological balance of the fluid saben i y to form or vullowish part of It is necessary 1D Ont on eH Liver er tingermlt haemoglobin a bis ae ane) = He, banana, potherb, is a eae sete Haul. aren vegetables ete. oxidatio tissue. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScanner— wwwe-wisionias-net General Science 490 ction Mineral Daily Chief source Function tance amount . in a mg Marine fishes, food, It is necessary for the Jo oe ctables, synthesis of green leat vegetables, #3 f f It jormone which iodised sal teough ‘the foe gland. Activate and regulate the — r onvegetables Magnesium Extremely Green veg: muscular and nervont ai systems. Zine Extremely Liver and fish Stimulate the insulin, low / Cobalt Extremely Meat, fish, water Synthesise RBC ang low vitamin-B,, Balance diet : The diet in which all the nutrient components are necessarily available is called balance diet and it is obtained from the balanced nutrition. Energetic/Nutritional requirement for human body Nature of work Male Female Light physical workers 2000 cal. 2100 cal. 8 hrs, working workers 3000 cal. 2500 cal. Hard core workers 3600 cal. 3000 cal. Nature of the Nutrient Energy producer Fat and Carbohydrate Metabolic controller (regulator) _-Vitamin, minerals, salt ete. Growth and productive substance Protein Genetic material Nucleic acid Process of Nutrition : The nutrition is a complex and tedious process which undergoes through a number of phases like below— 1. Ingestion : The first phase of the nutritional process in which food. stuffs are taken inside the body is called ingestion. 2. Digestion : The second phase of the nutritional process in which food is taken inside the body (in the form of complex organic substance) and decomposes into simpler and small molecules is called digestion. this phase and the corresponding process various organs like buccal cavity stomach, pancreas and small intestine take part and through these orga" complex organic compound (food) is transformed into simpler molecu! which are assisted by various digestive glands, 1 3. Absorption :The third phase of the nutriti inwhichusefy tional process in whic! components from the digestive food stuifs are absyrbed and this P ) in is done through a small struc Sipe 8c ae zi jocated) penall intestine, cture called villi which is confined ( Compiled By Hemraj BR freee 5 — z & Scanned by CamScannerBiology Assimilation : The fo dieorbed food stuffs when ease of the nutritional . athe cellular energy is formed antl wo “STOUS cells theongh yen hich sed by body arg ne Process of oxidation, PtOcess involved ig cellular energy is utilised by ‘assimilation. by the 5, Egestion : The fifth and | sch residual toxic substances ne Of the nutritio: expulsion of these substances through the — * after the dij ‘Miscellaneous ly is called e; enzymes are basically the protein, 1 i on er oe cen ne al pT ES Nr ¥ then the ymes are called coenayne a 6s. nal process in igestion and the gestion, vitamin was firstly used in Practice in 1911 by Si The word v s firstly by Si-Funk. ‘he vitamin-D and vitamin-K are the only vitamins co-existing in the human body which are completely synthesized in the body. — ‘The vitamin-D is the only vitamin which can be used like a hormone. Exch and every day an adult man or woman should take 45 litre drinking water. 17. System of Human body () Digestive system of Human beings : i : 1 ae cued ome beings : The human digestive system (A) Alimentary canal : There are various parts of the alimentary canal in the human body— 1. Buccal Cavity : The buccal (mouth) of the human beings is like a fissure which passes through both the jaws and opens in a cavity, called buccal cavity. The uppermost part of the buccal cavity is called palate. In the upper and lower jaws of the buccal cavity two separate sequences of the teeth exist and usually three types of teeth are found in the human beings— thecodont, diphyodont and heterodont. (a) Thecodont : These are the teeth which are embrodily trapped in the bones of the jaw. —_ (©) Diphyodont: These are the teeth which born two times in the whole eee th which are of four types. (c) nt : These are the teeth w . . Neceailp neath jaw there exists 16 teeth, thus totally 32 teeth appear in jaw is towards left while the rest the hi ings. Also the half teeth of the jaw is towarc half is tonearde Sgt. Every side of these teeth, there exist two incisors, one ‘h incisors are outmostly canine, two premolares and three Molars. The teetl i the food. But the Jy sharp which helps in ie opt aeaoenl eraser fe which erack and spit the food, while teeth premolars and molars grind the food 9 asin their entire life. carial in the human beings born two times If! NE ao teeth In ern a appear and these are called Milk feet. Ba os developed an in Tet human beings are called perm ees beg ene Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net General Science an For the exact calculation of the human tee! is given as below— 2 m—3 5 c-} ™—3 M3 where, [=Incisors, C= Canine, : - Part of tooth : There are three parts in the tooth— (i) Upper part-apex (ii) Middle part- griva (il) Lower part root Pulp Cavity :A cavity existing in the middle of the tooth is called pulp cavity. . ; Dentine: All around the pulp cavity a layer of cartilage exists and itis called dentine. ‘ At the apex or upper portion of the tooth a shining layer is ‘uk ied on gE PES REED sy ‘Tongue: On the surface of the buccal cavity there existsa longer, thicker, tuberous organ which is called tongue. There exists various little nodes on the tongue and these nodes are called taste villi, Due to the appearance of these taste villi the taste and the nature of the food like sour, sweet, salt ete are realised. Through the apex part, rear part (the portion near to the throat) and the side part of the tongue, the tastes of the sweet, bitter and soure flavours are detected respectively. The tongue also helps in eating and masticating the food by mixing the saliva in the food stuffs. 2. Oesophagus : This is basically a longer tube which opens in stomach and by the help of which food stuffs proceeds forward and in the wall of it various mucous glands coexist. The secretion of fluid makes the oesophagus oily (smooth) and moist and due to these appearance food stuffs easily move forward. 3. Stomach ; The stomach is a bilobed sac like muscular bag in which meal (food) is temporarily stored and it is nearly 30 cm long. The width of thestomach is decreased or increased according to the quantity of food taken inside the human body. The rear part of the stomach is extremely narrow and it opens in the form of thick hole in the duodenum. In the wall of the stomach various secretion glands exist and these are called gastric glands through which gastric juices are secreted. The gastric ae paceally digestive juices and in these HCI, renin and pepsin like = aes fond nd: Themuscles ofthe wall of the stomach crushes smoothly tanstora ta ee the gastricjuices, consequently the food stus and along wit thee ashe Partial digestion and storation of food ocsus ‘ater, it acid (HC) present in gastricjutse Pee tee absorbed. The hydrochloné material, Ult 8astric juices kills the microbes if any exist in the se u ee Partially digestive food goes to small intestine. » intestine : The entire intesti i ied Ctasstying it into two groups— ‘ine of the human body is studied by a) Small Intestine : imi 5 ine is bended like U shape and “ “The preliminary Portion of this intestine is bendot duodenum. The rest spiral shaped pat ® th a suitable, dental formutg Bx2 16 3x2 16 PM=Pre Molars, M=Molars Compiled By Hemraj hE \ Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Biology, called ileum. Thus small intestine basically has two parts duodenum (25 cm) and ileum (30 cm). In the inner layer of the wall of the ileum finger shaped structures are found which is called Intestinal Villi. This intestinal Vili abruptly increases the absorption layerofthewall of the intestine. The organ pancreas exists between the organ duodenum and stomach. Two ducts—bile duct and pancreatic duct compose a common duct whichopensinduodenum. The small intestine opens behind the large intestine x towards the rear side. The SY smal intestine helps in ‘Appendix Ay Anus eine Human digestive system (Cross sectional view) (b) Large Intestine : : This intestine comprises wall of two parts—colon and rectum. The colon : i the form of swellen smaller bag towards the exterior. The wall of “ rectum is also swellen at the small distance and opens through the annus. A thick tube is developed through the outlet of the small and large intestine and it is called caecum. At the end of caecum a narrow and small , : vermiform appendix exists. At the joint of ileum and colon a valve exists \ which is called ileocical valve which prevents the food-stuffs to go back to the small intestine. (B) Associative digestiveglands: canal which help in food digestion are ca areata ds : The digestive glands which are found . 1. Insaco ee a = called internal digestive glands. Under | in the wall of alimentary canal are called in er ee ese sands i this glands almost all mucous glands, wall 0! Ut brunners glands of the wall of the intestine ets n 2, External digestive glands : In the huma external digestive glands— an i ds: In human beings the hich are cont glands Se erate of it is called sublingual oe cl et gabmaxillay =n bot the seco ifm een both sides of oe ek lower jaw between both sides ° ich are confined in tl Compiled By Hemraj “Theglandsassociated withalimentary led digestive glands. The digestive 224, me. beings there are three ’ ee pairs of salivary ar wie rece Fe contd Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net ne — General Science so ' ; hich are confi ! pone, while the third pairs called parotid gandsw ned below the ears. e coexist. The and 1% enzyme coex enzymes In the salivary nearly 99% oe valtval ry which help in digestion, The wt ane ue or catalytic substances like mercury, lead, iodides salivary also secretes “ i d of the human body which iver : The liver is the largest glan: : oat Liver i The diaphragm of the stomach cavity and through which paid eat the stomach is also covered. The average weight of the human See ae eee. allaround thelivera thin ayer ofa membrane of peritonium diate lowe by the liver which is collected and confined 10 be found. Bile is se . nfine ‘ | in ee sail bladder Bile transforms the food stuffs alkaline by changing its acidic character. Main functions of the liver 1. The liver helps in keeping the level of blood sugar (glucose) constant, | which in turn helps to keep the osmotic pressure of the blood | constant 2. The cells of liver transform the excess glucose into the glycogen and o ft store it within themself. 3. The liver secrets the substance Heparin which helps in preventing the | blood clotting within the human body. 4. This synthesizes the protein fibrinogen which helps in blood clotting exterior to the body. 5. The amino acid in excess amount is easily transformed by the liver into pyrubic acid and ammonia, This process is called Deamination. 6. The liver synthesizes vitamin A and vitamin A, C and D are stored up : init sal 7. By the help of bile, the liver changes the chemical composition of the i fat. 2 |] 8. The liver forms the bile pigments and urea (ammonia is transformed into urea), Hl 9. poe sugar is transformed into fat, while vital fats are stored up by \ e liver. 10. The liver also regulates (controls) the te insi ibehumen boss (controls) the temperature of the blood inside (©) Pancreas : The pancreas is the second an fied hint largest gland of the hum oo this s the only gland of the human beings which is of both endocrine intestine The Pes: This is located inside a U-shaped portion of the small pancreasous juce hea made from the cells called asinus which in thecelly often aving various enzymes and it helps in food digestion- Pancreas some yellow coloured cells in the form of groups L . Compiled By Hemraj emulsior also mix: Scanned by CamScannerlene, terial. Later “hile lisozy: m ter me di iposed the residual maltase enzym lestroys the bacteria transforms multose substan, ‘ces present in the salivary act acidic effect of the a ‘ely. Consequently ee juice and makes the trans! and thus ly a defensive la formed food a Strong effect of thi ayer is formed on the muco material (limentary canal. in the stomnz digestive mercenaries us membrane appears I. In the stomach now transf ‘ar on the | wee digestive is called ane, formed food material which eusts ee : bileby te ieeeaiy aha reaches to the duodenum, itis basi 2 ly mixes up. Butas i . gh 2rd tis besclly anattatine ag STEN Ecat entices, Ermision Dy racing the water with he ie. Hee aadicct mete Salto mixes wi vater with the bile. Here the j q vith the chyme. juice of the pancreas | Thus the enzymes | is and + ymes found in the pancreas directly react with the P Baimiteit anextreme uid and reaches into the ileum Se 7 intestinal juice also mix up and react. enyoes Miscellaneous Anenzymeis basically e of an organism. jutice of the pancreas is basical | “Bnylase and lipase. f human organs—Caecum and Vermiform Appendix are the residual ~ ‘of the human body because these organs were primitively active. These two organs are at present passive and Through which cellulose were ‘sumed to be digested. ly in vertebrates which The organ liver is found onl: “Substances into the harmless substancl rare whose pH value is 8 and through an H vata juice releases protein which acts like a catalystin the metabolic m three enzymes—tripsin, lly made fro convert all the toxic Scanned by CamScannerwww .visionias.net General Seienee 496 Functions of various enzymes found in pancreas ‘Trypsin : Trypsin converts the protein and pepton into polypeptictey ang amino acid. Amylase ; Amylase converts starch into the soluble sugar. Lipase : Lipase converts the emulsified fats into the glycerin and fatty acids. . The enzymes coexing in the intestinal juice and their effect Erepsin : Erepsin converts the residual protein and pepton into the aming acid. Malltase : Maltase converts the maltose into the glucose. ‘Sucrase : Sucrase converts the sucrose into the glucose and fructose. Lactase : Lactase converts the lactose into the glucose and glactose, Absorption : The digestion work is completed in the small intestine and thus food material is transformed in such a form that the wall of the alimentary canal can absorb these food material or chyme. Thus the absorption activities of the chyme is completed in small intestine. The cells of the Villi which are located in the small intestine absorb the suitable fluid chyme and transport these fluid chyme in the blood and lymph, Thus the glucose and amino acid of the digestive chyme are absorbed through the blood cells and transfused in the blood, but fatty acids and glycerin are absorbed throughthelymph.Laterthrough theblood circulatory mechaniern these fluid chyme (micronutrients) are transported to various organs of the body. Indigestive chyme is transported to the large intestine from the small intestine, The large intestine absorbs the water from the chyme and the residual chyme appears in the collected form of excreta (faeces) in the rectum which is pumped out through the annus, Digestion mechanism Gland Juice Enzyme Food Stuffs Reactional product Saliva/Salivary Tylene, Maltase Starch, Mallose Multose, Glucose Juice Gastric Juice Pepsin, Renin Protein, Casin Peptons, Calcium para casinate Pancreatic juice Trypsin, Protein, Starch, Polypetides Sugar, Amylase, Lipase Fat Fatty acid and glycerol Intestinal juice Erepsin Protein Amino Acid Maltase Maltose Glucose Lactase Lactose Glucose and Fructose Sucrase Sucrose Glucose and Glactose Lipase Fat Fatty acid & Glycerol 2. Respiratory system Oxygen is needed for the every living being (organism) to remain ti ing on the earth's surface. It provides energy to the organisms by the process of oxidation (dissociation) of the complex organic substance (food), The i Hemra: peer ted By Sx by CamScannerwwew.wvisi i -Visionias-net a Biology rocess of oxidatis a aiding renee food stutts anganic substance (ead gers the liv wae respi inthe presence oF sta tlfs) decomposes pn 8® iN Which Thus under the control of th OX¥BEN at an H0 Simpler molesnag oP decomposition, simpler food snag on2Z™eS by telinary body tempenstoO4 Process ature, asubstantial amount ffs, CO, 8 of energy is relenge rt Water ( oF chronologi The process of inhalation or released which is Caley wecbained and 'Piration, tem. Each and ever, ygen is d sys . ery cel “ye lone by process of oxidation eneegy soe 3 living bei 'Y a complex respi ie Ing acqui Pirator TBy releases, Wire oxygen and by ry The com; . plex. respi following groups — PTY mechanism can be classifi ‘i tg Premal respiration ; Thy oi which living being ex + The external respiration j surrounding, Thus in Ben BCS respiratory gases (CO. any Press It and carbondioxide goes See ey Process oxygen miei ee respiration, le from the body which is called eee nea ly which is called external o sect scant? Breathing : In ae aaa found in the body and air i immals a pair of elasti. breathing, Th peel sohate anal outhaleata defintereie whch eet Wtusptration: in thisphascthe anal tee en = and consequently lungs . Sed u aenasptiarie air enters inside the luny ihe chestcvity. Thue tn thie eee because of the increase of volume of flings andl that's why atncophoricaiccnele The cree pee the atmospheric air continues inside the lungs up to that time until the roncore of the atmospheric air is equal to that oo she a Sete preaine ae ee of inside and outside pressure of the (ii) Expiration : In this phase the absorbed i 3 atmosphi ail is Pumped out and due to the contraction of the intra real ae . ribs again come back to their origina! position. Consequently the volnae of the pleural cavity decreases and thus inside pressure of the lungs causes contraction and the absorbed air of the lungs is pumped out. This pumping, of the air from the lungs is called expiration. Air composition in breathing Gases ied under the Nitrogen Oxygen Carbondioxide Air inhaled during inspiration 79% 21% 0.03% Air outhaled during expiration 79% 17% A% (b) Exchange of gases : The ‘exchange of gases (O, and CO) take place inside the lungs due to the developed pressure difference of the gases by the process of simple diffusion. The pressure of the oxyge) 100 mmf Hg inthe alveolar air, while in the blood of venous capillary the pres bes ‘Oxygen is 37 mm of Hg. Due to this pressure difference. eqns ees towards the venous capillary. Similarly the pressure of s Oe aque? mm of Hg while in venous cap lary it is 46 mm of Tk Paris SA, hich moves (0 SHOP eo ie of the oxygen and pressure difference causes CO, V i directions of the diffusio capillary. Thus the direction ide are opposite to Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net General Science 498 tation of gases: The processin which the gases (O.and Co, gota the call crtha bode inrough the hanes andagait ete tod from i, lungs is called transportation of the gases. The process of transportaties of the respiratory gases is completed by the help of a blood circulatory system. ae {a) Transportation of oxygen : The oxygen is mainly transported by 4 red pigmented substance which is called haemoglobin. In fact during the Process of oxygen transporiation, the haemoglobin of the blood directly. reacts with the oxygen and forms a unstable compound oxyhaemogiobin which is just a physical change. Hb + 0, + HbO, Haemoglobin Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin Now this complex compound (oxyhaemoglobin) reaches to various cells of the body in which the partial pressure of the oxygen is low and due to it, oxyhaemoglobin decomposes into the: ‘oxygen and haemoglobin. Thus oxygen is released and goes to various tissues, (b) Transportation of carbondioxide : The transportation of CO, by the haemoglobin takes place in which CO, is reached from the cells of the body to the lungs, but only 10-20 percent CO, is transported through it. rhe transportation of CO, other than above also takes places by the help of blood circulatory system— @ By dissolving in plasma : The CO, dissolves in blood plasma and forms carbonic acid. In the form of carbonic acid nearly 7% 'CO, transported. * CO, + HO = H,Co, Carbonic acid Gi) In the form of bicarbonate : Nearly 70% CO, is transported in the form ofbicarbonate. In fact CO, directly combines (reacts) with the potassium Of blood and sodium of the plasma and forms potassiven bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate respectively. Formation of carbonate in RBC Carbonic anhydrase CO, +H,O Enzyme H,CO, —» H+ HCo-, Carbonic acid Carbonate CO, +H,O+ Na,CO, ——> 2NaHCo, Sodium bicarbonate Gi) In the form of carbamino compounds : The gas CO, directly combines (reacts) with an amino group of | haemoglobin and plasma protein which forms the complex compounds carboxy haemoglobin and carbamino haemoglobin respectively. CO, + H,O— NHCOOH Carbamino compound HbNH, + CO, > Hb NHCOOFt Carboxy haemoglobin Thus nearly 23% CO, is tram ‘d through this Process. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwe. wisi z -vVisionias.net Biology _ 3, Internal respiration : The = flood and tissue fluid inside a body genes, takes pl internal respiration occurs £3, POY 1 called internal feaphnion ration, While gaseous exchange takes calls 60a ternal respiration. ge takes place inside There exists various activiti ‘ities io for the internal respiration like the (i) Dissociation of O; wet xyhaemoglobin : Duri rculation oxyhaemoglobin aula tet fine the prbesis oF bioad Bcoocates where oxygen hana low prescie cells and oxyhaemoglobin HbO, > Hb + °. Oxyhaemoglobin Haemoglobin omen te ues 25% oxygen reaches inside the tissues. ii) Oxidation of food stuffs : The oxidati p : ti . i en Se ee econ calamecaoeed consequently energy is released. eel Usually the internal respiration is of two types— (2) Anaerobic respiration : When the phenomenon of respira ion takes place in the absence of oxygen then it is called anaerobic respiration. In it glucose (cellular fuel) is partially fissioned (split) through the chains of a complex chemical reaction and it occurs by the help of 12 different enzymes in the cytoplasm. The entire process js called Glycolysis. The last product of theanaerobic respiration is pyrubic acid. During the entire process: energy of (ATP of four molecules is formed in which energy of ATP of two molecules e rest energy of ATP of two is utilised in completing the process and th moleculesis gained. Butnearly 7% energy is released only during the partial dissociation of the glucose molecules an n fined (stored) behind the molecules of pyrubic acid. The enensy 6 released due to it by the complete dissociation of pyrubie acid in the pen of ~ gen: But if the molecular oxygen is not available then this phase becomes i id is it ic acid or ethyl alcohol. stable and the pyrubic acid is transformed into epee = Horan ‘The process of anaerobic respiration is also eal i i c pyrubicacid is 2 jants, tuber fruits, bacteria, fungi ete pyY™! Examples? In the Pa ol and CO, gas is release transformed into ethy! alcohi ee ak] + CHO, 2C,H,OH +200, Glucose But in animals the P: into lactic acid. sspiration. also called cellular the lungs is called id found in the muscles #5 transformed 4 2CjH,O, + 150) CoH1206 Glucose Lactic acid tly occurs in the tissie® of i occurs ; 5 erobic respiration Ustt yc he ts ms Thee ed nae teenth in the Sprouted seed yee i takes for a shi n of time. no ration takes a shorter Sp2! ; When the phone reeobie fespiration- st thi jiration Bids tb) Aerobie yee of oxygen then tS Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerVisionias.net www: " Goneral Science ji jeacid)iscompletely oxidised andconssayg, ear 0 fo sr puctaes emu se pi ier releases which is confined (stored) in the form of ATP, In theend of an aerobic respiration 36 energy of ATP is released, Thus in the entire internal or cellular respiration through a sj molecule of the glucose, 38 energy of AT P, is released and 55 to 60 per fast Efe Only being available for the living beings and the reat energy i, Jost in the form of heat, C(H,,0, + 6O, + 6CO, + 61,0 +2830 ky Mechanism of respiration The respiratory activities and their mechanism is explained by the tye Processes— Glycolysis and Krebs cycle. (2) Glycolysis : The term Glycolysis was firstly invented by three German Scientists Embendeon, Mayorhoft sci Parsn and that's why it ig also called EMP path, Jn the Glycolysis from a single molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyrubic acid are formed in which oxygen is not needed. Thus in th. reent oe Consumed and thus two ATP molecules on This respiratory mechanism was firstly detected and discovered [3,2 British Scientist Hans Krobs in oo Almost all biochemical reactions of the Krebs Cycle oceur in mitochondria in the cakepoute conuction of Energy + By the organisms and on. the act complete oxidation of a molecule of membrane “of the ‘prokeyat Pyrubicacid one molecule of ATP. five euBanisms.Initacompleteoxidation ™oleculesotNarns andonemolecule takes place in the Presenceofoxygen Of FADH, are obtained, But in the pyrubicacid oftwo molecules Molecule of NAD) obtained from the Glycolysic ties ATPand fromonemoleculeofFADH, following changes take Place in this 2 moleculesoF ATP are obtained, Thus Phase— f the pyrubie acid from one molecule glucose (two sonzymes A and molecules pyrubie acid) we get 2 x forms an acetal coenzymes 1, 18 = 36 molecules of ATP: But during 2. Now this acetal coenzymes 4 Ceolysis2moleculesATPareyained directly reacts withan oxzalloascetic Thus by the respiration Of 1 molecule acid present in the cel] andwaterand glucose we Bet2 +36 ~ 38 molecules forms citric acid. of ATP. Obviously in our respirato 3.Now this citricacid di, iates S¥8tem the maximum Number of ATP. in Krebs cycle in a cydlic wat Molecules are produced through the y by the means of various biocheried ‘i. : Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Biology onsslowly and steadly. ¢, zellocynicacid,c-Kitogluter are formed. Ultimately duri tight atoms of hydrogen 4, Now finally malic another Human respiratory system : «from vanions ore aeatOry aystem : The human respiratery system ie as ‘ lungs is the main organ where th [Bases CO, and O, exchange, Under the respiratory systens ah oe _ come through which gaseous exchange takes plane wen ae human respiratory systems are ees nasal holes open in a ca nostril and it is called Nasal cavity. nthe waleron Ne holes mucous glands are found through which mucous is « . average value of its everyday secretion is nearly half litre. In thee mucous the incoming dust particles and the microbes are trapped and become unable to come inside the lungs. Despite it the temperature of nasal cs like the body temperature and due to it no loss is appeared in The organ nasal cavity opens behind the throat (pharynx), Gi) Larynx and Trachea : The part of respiratory track which connects throat (phayrnx) to the trachea is called larynx and its mein function is to produce the voice. The larynx is also helpful in coughing, in \ swalloing and in the safety of | Nosal Cavity ) respiratory tracks. Rosa passa At the entrance point { of the larynx a thin blade Nosteit like structure exists which is called epigtotis. Whenever _— something is to swallow then fates epiglotis closes its entrance point due to which food stuffs do not enter into the trachea and process occurs naturally and automatically. The larynx is connected to the trachea which is 12m long pioural having a tube like structure. cayity The trachea is hanged like , an inverted tree in the chest of Lungs cavity of the human bed) Ne Here the both main branch CF ape Be tne ecrioto. Sng Human Respiratory SY" rimary bronchiole. The fight ne bronchiole is divide 9 three branches and enter Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net sn General Science into the right most hung, while the left most bronchiole is divided into two branches and enter into the leit most lung. (ii) Lungs : In the chest cavity of the human body there exists a paiz ‘of cylindrical shaped fungs which are connected to the trachea and throat (pharyrrx) and from the structural point of view lungs are spongy. In every arly 300 crore tiny alveolar ducts filled with capillariesor small blood, vessels and whose surface is nearly 90 square metre. The right lung is longer while the left lung is smaller and flattened. The right lung is made from three lobs, while the left lung is made from two lobs and each lung is surrounded by a membrane which is called pleural membrane. This membrane protects the lungs and inside the membrane some fluid is filled up. The process of expansion and contraction takes place in the lungs and even if we pump out the trachea the lungs appear like an inflate balloon, Due to the expansion and contraction of the ribs of the chest cavity, its volume increases and decreases by means of air inhalation and exhalation, (iv) Diaphragm : The lower most floor of the chest cavity which is closed through a thin screen shaped structure is called diaphragm. Animals Respiratory organs Fish, Prawn, Sheep Chiome Lizard, Bird, Human, Snail Pulmonary skin Grass-hopper, Fly, Cockroach Trachea Miscellaneous During breathing nearly 400 ml water comes out everyday from the human body. The colour of the haemoglobin is violet, while the colour of the oxyhaemoglobin is shiny red. The amount of the oxygen which combines with the haemoglobin, depends on the partial osmatic pressure and the pH value of the blood. The normal breathing rate of human beings is 12-15 times per minute. During normal breathing nearly 1500 ml air are filled up inside the lungs and it is called functional residual capacity. Anaerobic respiration is also called sugar fermentation. lungr 3. Exceretory System The biological process through which the toxic residual substances formed inside the human body is pumped out is called excertion. To maintain a balance between the suitable amount of water and ions in the human body is called osmoregulation. The process of excertion and osmoregulation proceed simultaneously and various organs of the human body like kidney, lungs, skin, liver, intestine etc are the core components of the human excretory system. Various organs of the human excretory system 1. Kidney : In the human beings and various mammals the main excretory organ is a pair of kidneys which are used in removing excretory substances through the blood circulatory process, and these kidneys also Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net a Brology gaintain an adaptable balance ood in which micro nutriens 7 SS blood is preserved. The kidney is appeareg Bs seed shape of beans and have “Mf 2 brown oval structure. The Kidneys are atached to the dorsal side srs abdominaleavity. Thusthehidecns® teeated to the both side of the sac? cord in the human body and cop hal towards the back in the regen? waist (loin). All around the Karen! membrane is located which is called peritoneum. Each and every kidney of human being is 4-5 inch aong Dae wide or flat and 1.3 inch thee Tee average weight of every kidney ic Human Excretary nearly 140 gm. The outer surface of Cressecoral Soe) every Kidney is convex. while its inner (inte nor) length wise separation of every kidney divides ton ng coment The (2) Cortex— exterior part (b) Medulla— interior pore The medulla is filled up with a cone shaped structure called pyramid tubules are found which are called Nephrons. The nephron is assumed to be the functional unit of kidney and it is also called excretory unit, The nephron is the rea] controller of the chemical composition of the blood. Structure of Nephrons : In every nephron e small conical shaped structure exists which is called Bowman's capsule and it is located in the cortex region. Through the Bowman's capsule a micro coiled tubule onginates which enters directly by erecting into the renal pelvis. Now this tubule by being filaten forms a loop which is called Loop of Henle. Now this tubule after entering into cortex portion again being coiled and then it opens in larger duct which is calied collecting duct. The collecting duct isa straight thick tube in which a number of nephrons tubules open and soesite Al collecting ducts open in renal pelvis and through it ureter originates, whic opens in urinary bladder. Working process and mechanism of the Nephrons secpabalonceof Toremoveall the toxicsubstances from the blood and tokeep hron Recessary micro nutrients in the blood these works are done by the nep! Present inside the kidneys. wo phases— The toxic substances of the blood are removed in two phase (a) Filtration (b) Reabsorphon- ed in Glomerulus, in : Pet ehich 300 ml plasm= i 3 rocess of filteration is completes ta hinserarear ee tre blood isfiltered outin Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerom wwwevisionias.net ~ 4 General Science sw ny ent arteriole Blood supply through the ki, . nek coms, The after vents senal artery orings the Blood ey The oe rshose diameter sieand thus in Kidneys. The renal artery afters the eh s | of efferent arent jood pressure in every kidney isdivided into meee urine Glomerulus the Oe cantly of thin branches and these brane ple, is enhanced Sieration is are called Arterioles, Thece cats | re rol toe eee tahigh pressure the enter into the Bowman's Copan is str complete aia aienofthe blood. the nephron which are called ‘Afferent ain process of filteral Through Arteride. These afferent arteriohs tt an is called ultrafiltration. Ig andl f divide ter iItrafiltration water, glucose, again and again and form the Broup op 5 Wy Serre ete. are fltrated a thin, micro capillaries, whichs an fat, BY mineral viema of the blood by Glomerulus. ‘The capillanes "Ue 05%" fe tne Pete blood cells and. glomerulus onwards again recombine invery . sion protein do not filtrate: ane fori ‘Hirent Atiencte The like em Peal eradin confine in the blood eflerent arteriole after originating fron ae and the filtrated fluid is called Bowman's capsule and on dividing nitrO8' Filtrate. Thisfiltrateiscollected in again and again form a complex net of 2 the cavity of Bowman's capsule, thin capillaries which covers the ca systen feom where it goes to tubules different tubules (part of the nephee lungs hron. Due to such filtrate These micro capillaries again recombine some § some most benitited substance and form Renalvenules which opens to comp is also filtrated and in the next the Renal Vein. This renal vein collects 3. phase such substances again the blood from the kidney and carne, wit ‘mix up with the blood. Thus the forward this blood again to the hem | abet Process ofsuchselective filtration Thus the blood supply is completed by is called Dialvs the kidneys. 4 (b) Reabsorption : After the filtration of the blood through Bowman's tee fabaule itflows through the net of micro cells present outside the nephron | SUBSE During the flow of filtrate from the tubules of nephron, the nutttisnd cells substances present in the filtrate is absorbed by various blood cells present haem all around the tubules. Now such micro nutritional absorbed substances ane $ go back for the process of blood circulation and this phenomenon is called Inthe Reabsorption. Almost all water of the filtrate is absorbed by the processof the ce hormais. Some other absorbed nutritional elements are glucose, vitamin (resic hormone, mineral salt etc. The excretory substances undergo from nephron pum to renal pelvis and from here through the ureter goes to urinary bladder like ¢ Where it is collected. Now from here it is Pumped out time to time by the urethea from the human body. This excretory substance is ealled urine ‘ ‘ecent research and developme: conti 10) mt filtrate nearly 9 ml uid is reabeorbed es onemed that throug! ae woe ae ni composition of urine : The filtrated water and the residual the, urine. The normal han ot8htheblood ofnephronsorrenel tubulescomprss Spin: colour. The light pelle ei 5 3 liquid of transparent and light yel® and | Pigment whch yo" Olour ofthe urineis appeared due tothe urcchome esas | Forde y blained by the dissociation of the haemoglobin. Th bitter strong ordour of substances, Ina norm, Generally the a on the. ‘al person nearl Mount Of urine varies amount of water absorbed by Compiled By Hemraj son and it depends he urine is due to the presence of various orga" ly 1.5 litre urine is form from person to n. the body, the nature of the food tae ed in 24 hours q Scanned by CamScannerwww .visionias.net Biology ; thephysicalandmental position ‘ 505, * of the person, atmospheric Various animals ang thei temperatureetc. Generally fresh ®xeretory activities urine is acidic in nature whose Animals Ex oe value varies from 4.5 to §.¢ Uni : eto | The relative density of the urine C cite animals By diffusion is slightly more than normay C¥!entrats By cells drinking water: In the urine of Flattened worm 5, i anadult person there exists 95% anelida ad ie ue a Mercoce ee 13% Protein, Phylme ips ed BY the Nephrida fat, glucose and other collidals, Anna cd 0.5% uric acid. Alongwith thes, Meee Tre naamountsubstances Molsceanimal By sirine organ like creatinin, sodium, calcium, Verterbral animal By kidney assiuum, magnesium, chlorine, 4 pest aang Pasian 50, PO, NHy lead arsenic j By malpian tubules: components exist are also excreted by the Iu . Skin : The glands like oily glands and sweat glands secrete sibum and sweat respectively. Alongwith sibum and sweat some other excretory lory Substances pump out from the skin of the human body. : pump 4. Liver : The cells of liver transform the excessive amino acids and the ammonia of the blood into the urea which is the main excretory Substance. Apart of it the cells of liver and spleen split the damaged blood cells and separate these from the blood flow. The cells of liver also: split the haemoglobin and separate it from the flow of the blood. __ Sdintestine : A complex net of blood cells coexist on the wall of intestine. in the cells ofthe blood, some digestible substances are absorbed through Cees he process of diffusion. Ultimately these substances Feiac ee pee of the intestine and formed excreta is (tesidual) are brought to the cavity SE ae eawie pumped out. Thus intestine helps in pumping idual waste). excreta (residual ‘Nero : beings conceive, wel a +h which human id have a good balan ee ee ah i accommodated and have + seal ng various organcofthehumanbody te ans like nerves, brain, ong various organs of t ts of various sensitive oe ro earecontrolied _ the nervous system oe The \workingactviesoftheneresareco i Pinal cord,nerve cellsete. Te ee inly done throug = their accommodatio! «vied into three ports “ord, «the human body is div The nervous system 0 1. Central Nervous System == 2 reaper Nero * 3. Atitonomic Nervous Sy: Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net General Seience “ he nervous system whi, tem ; The part of the ne e chic pa pate haee dhe nervous system itself is Li Central Nervous System. The Central Nervous System is. located (confined) at the main axis of the human body. The Central Nervous System basically consists of two organs— brain and spinal cord. ; Brain : The brain is the main controlling chamber of the entire human body and the nervous system itself. The human brain is basically confined and closed in the system of hollow bones called cranium which Protects it from external hammering. The average weight of the human brain is nearly 1400 gm. All around the brain a thick coating of meninges is found which is composed of three layers. The exterior layer(membrane)is called durameter, middle. layer (membrane) is called arcnaid while interior layer (membrane) iscalled payameter, The interior layer payameter carties forward the oxygen and food-stuffs. There are various parts in the human brain. Various Parts of the Brain Brain Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon mF? OTF TF : ibret Cerebellum = Medulla Ceribrum Diencephalon Corporaqu- Ceribrel adrigenina Pendical Oblongata Thalamus Hypothalamus (a) Prosencephalon : This is the most front part of the brain. The prosencephalon is two third part of the brain. This is composed of two parts—Cerebrum and diencephalon. In the cerebrum a large number of folds exist which is called Gaery. Inside the cerebrum there exists a cavity whose exterior part is called Grey Matter, while its interior Part is called White Matter. The diencephalon coexist behind the Cerebrum and which is located below to it. The cavity of the diencephalon is called Diocil. The curved surface of it is connected with Payameter and forms a fold free structure which is called Prosence Coroid Placsus. It is the most sensitive. It has two parts— thalamus and hypothalamus. 2s function of Thalamus: Thalamus has basically two spherical structures hich are used in detecting and identifying the pain, coldness and hotness of the human body, UThe function of Hypothalamus : Hypothalamus basically controls the hormones which secretes through the: endocrine glands. Also the hormones secreted through the pituitary glands are controlled by By hypothalamus the phenomenon like control, love, hate etc are controlled (regulated). The metabolic activities of the carbohydrate and fat are also controlled by it in the human body. The blood pressure, Osmosis of water, sweatness, angre, pleasure etc, also come under the control of hypothalamus. Starvation, thirst, temperature Compiled By Hemraj ‘tis basic exterior St are called middle. 0 filled up 3 of the spi Grey Mat made fro: while the compone Ther Lit, Kt Sonduciy an Made lied j Be ex; (ny i Pc "Vous "Ses The. Scanned by CamScanner= www.wisionias.net (b) Menoncephalon hh omponed OF WO Parkin ayn Nhe Corporadiadiigny, 2M OF the Phe function of corporag and Cerin and these are jointly © gudio and video powe “nr brain whieh in el Pendical, here are rl genniey fourwlidopitent Object NLOL th "HW an opleentre of an the fasctlon of c Cribrel Pendicat; fibres which conneets the ¢ i of optlent rain and spinal cord, rts of the: () Rhombencephaton ; +) basically composed of Cerebettaiy The function of Ce: 118 IN Ube mont pe aF part of te by nd Meulla obleg i Hatha bellum : the f paints balance tn the human ily a eth auto Muscles of the hu body. 11 neeiye me the balance part of the interior of the wan” Mt MnatIVe mannanpen from ~The function of Medulla Oblongata: This therwar mos part of the human brain. Medulla oblongatabasiealy conteale ten en Para he metabolic activitios, Ihesive contraction in alimentary nal, gland secrotions heart beat ete. of See uman body, Spinal Cord : The HF Part of medulla oblongata form» the npinal cord. The last end of the spinal cord is in the form of a thin stringy All geound the spinal cord there exists a membrane of durometer, arconoid and payarneten Mis basically cylindrical, hollow slim ptructure which in flationed at t exterior surface. At the both layers there exist separate empty (rane whi ty ‘ae called Dorsal and Ventral Fissure, Thete : lin i » spi called central canal. The cerebro spinal fluid. is middle, of the spinal cord called centra sia filled up dnaifio top rental antl an the spinal cord is divided into two n Matte hile exterior layer is called White Matter Th ati en Jendrons and from neuroglia compe de from the nerve cells, their de LE ee een cecton lle the white matter is made from meduls oe aro ions of the spinal cord= ‘egal odie pete Teale of the reflex actions. 1. Itcontrols and accommonn lie signal ofthe brain in a very 2. It carries forward the incoming P | and Ste jpheral nervous system is Sonducive and transparer tem : ‘The peripheral reo rele ous Syste the brain and spin ad shih g nein spectively. In the husns aE al nerves. nal ed 31 pairs of spi 1 an oe : autonol , Theron oi 192t-tasically it Jed by led carnial nerves and ves of carrtial ere exists 12 pairs of cara! on ed Ai The autonome {ILD Autonomic Newer propoun jay Lan hte y' fem was firstly cone so file b ain eee “ roalmosts ous system supp! . on a ee autonomic me ‘There are two parts OF hone Nervous SY! Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannervisionias.net www. General Science (ii) Parasymphathetic Nervous System. ii) Parasy the heart-beat of the human body and secretion in th uman ey) id the i human eye expand due to it an talder cortrace ft lowers the Sines Nerves of the intess toit the number of RBC is abruptly increaseg, Whe honteaee a due to its collective effect pain, fear, angre cic . the human body. The function of Parasymphathetic Nervous System ; The function of it is reverse as that of symphathetic nervous System, It yw the cavity of the blood vessels except comary blood vessels. The the human eye contract due to it and enhance the secretional act ities the saliva and other gastric juices, It also Produces the contractions jn nerves of urinary bladder and in the wall of intestine, The collective eff of parasymphathetic nervous system Provides relax and pleasure 1, human body. Miscellaneous _eurons: The nervous systemisan organized for the conduction of a stimulus impulse from a sensory receptor through the nerve cell network to the reabonding site. The nerve tissue is prima ser Posed of cells called neurons which are specialized to reecis and conduct electro chemical impulses, is neurons bound together by the connective tissue. Usually nervous systems are of two The diffuse type is invertebrates like among coelen ferates (jelly fishes, hydras etc) which oc tadially symmetrical. In the diffuse-type of system there is no brain and Butin es 2 distributed throughout the organism in a net like pattern. Butin vertebrates and mammals well developed spinal cord exists by the help of a centarlized Nervous system, Broupof cells specialized commonly found in lover Various specific sen. ns (A) Tongue : The tongue has usually four types of taste a ee al by CamScanner= www .visionias.net ag Biology gsebuds toidentify and det xa i raste receptors are located st gens Vath x he taste like for the swag vous Posttn fOed stuffs and dei ce Abb for the bitterness near the lageget tn OR! m of the tongue to deter ts, tongue. larynx and for the sal auemess near the ry © B) Nose or Ol e middle ofthe - nell receptor to aoe and ident, or Nasal Chamber : Th z iso called olfactory receptor, the specific smell. The nasal cavier The human smell rec : mell receptors (olfacto while mammal: ny Recep ls mammals like dog, cat ee havea well developed eon ceat 'ye or photo receptors : Huma ped smell receptor, in which light reflects from thi N eyes are the photo recepto: pupil of the eye, forming an a surface of objects and passes through the age n sa spherical structure which vale sen eee inside a ditch made in the skull which is called Eye Obit thee eee fatves for the proper functioningof the eyctoser ol mad tererk ne fora comfortable accommodation. The exterior: side isu on Bis cormac of hie exteciot aide of upper eye id there exists hein ae through which ears are secreted which are lbaling inane At des e eye lids there exist mibomian glands th: ‘ichollya baa of fluid is secreted which helps in the revere tan ccenmenen of oe lids. In the internal structure of the eye, eye ball has a fluid filled spherical structure whose front part is concave and transparent which is called Cornea. During eye donation cornea is donated to any needy person. rms a thin transparent layer or membrane 1a the wall of the rest eye ball is iris and pupil coexist ‘The inner layer of eye lids fo which is called conjuctiva. Other than come: composed of three layers— (i) Selerotic (ii) Choroid- (iii) Retina Behind the iris, a lens is atta! eye through which light rays pass and is formed at the retina. The inverted image is the visionary sense organs (photo receptors). (D) Far : The human ear is an acoustic receptt receive the sound waves but also maintains th body. poe Every human ear is made from three components () External ear or pinna. (i) Middle ear eure ada leat like ‘ tes "Through the base of & ( External ear : Around both si ° structure exists which is called external eat or pin Theough i the tached which Preriae) there exists ceruans vax like fluid the external ear a nerve is 3} exterior middle car. All around the wall of the ear (ex! hare ex “dust particles ete: t© i Tike fluid is being secre glands through which a wax UTA organs sas in Prevents the foreign ele come inside the ear- | of the ear which aPP= (ii) Middle ear : This is tion OF te This cavity i filled the form of cavity only and with air which opens i ched in the suspensory ligament inside the ‘teal and inverted image of the object ‘seen by making it erected by or (organ) which not only balance in the human ‘ustetiantube- Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwsevisionias.net General Science ” ed by the nerves ench tube are clos . te soe inetod ashe rpiulows or during loud sound Producti these holes are being open. Whenever a loud sound or an extremely sir cracking sound produces thento diminish the intensity of the incidentsour Wwave from the surface of the ear air rushes from the usteckian tubule to th timpanic cavity by equalising the interior and exterior pressure and Protects the ear enclosure. That's why our buccal cavity remains open whenever an extremely loud sound is produced. In the middle ear, between the car enclosure and phenestra ovalis there exists three skeletons — ‘malieus, incus and stapes. The skeleton stapes is the. smallestamong all in the human body which is found in middle ear, (ii) Internal ear: The internal ear appears in the form of a bag of semi Permeable membrane which is called membranous labyrinth. It is basically confined in the petrus part of the periotic bone of the head. The perioticbone formsanenclosure all around theinternalear which is called cartilaginous or bony labyrinth. In this bony labyrinth a fluid of perilymph isfilled up which is called Endolymph. The endolymph is b ically made from the floating Particles of calcium carbonate. The main middle portion of the inner ear is called vestibuls which is composed of utriculus and sacculus. Through the utriculus three semi lunar tubules originate whose last end is tuberous and itis called Ampula. The rear part of the sacculus is being in the coiled form Reflex and Voluntary Actions : The: activity of reflex actions was firstly and Spontaneously are called reflex action, In reflex action like the above examples there is no time of thinking and understanding and these occur action. The path through which a stimulus passes for the teflex action is called reflex arc. The reflex arc has five distinct components— _~ i el a by CamScannerear is sh the Sand form of the terior ‘mph gs. In tures stical wwwe-wisionias-net Biology 1. Receptor (sense organ) ; an 2, Sensory neuron : It co, receptor to the spinal cord. It receives the stimulus. nducts or transmits the impulse from the aad inet brain os wlbeers a reflex action has its origin outside the 5. Human Circulatory System __In the human body there exists a developed, closed and double circulatory system and itis made from two parts— Blood Circulatory System and Lymph Circulatory System. Blood Circulatory System : The blood circulatory system was invented by William Horway. The main vascular substance of this system is blood, The main body components of it are Heart and blood vessels. Heart : The human heart is located (contine!) in the sills both lungsof the chest cavity. Allaround the heart, there existsa membrane calle Pericardial Menken in which pericardial fluid is filled up through which any exterior hammering is resisted and the heart remains safely protected. Thehaman heart isa four chambered organ in which there exists two upper ‘cle and two lower chambers called Ventricle. The right cflambers called Auticle ar hile the left auricle getsit through auricle obtains the blood fos on He idstenches in the ventricle by pulm ins. The blood throug! ' , the small holes on which valves are attached. Between the rightauricle and < i ile between the Tricuspid valve, whi veen th Tight ventricle there exists a valve a ie ety Vehich is called Bicuspid left auri enti , itedirection. Through Pe tee vents the flow ofblood in| aaa One theright ventricle the blood gor nee various human organs by i he through the left ventricle te pe ss tes of the Aorota. There te ed through the aorota, which bring tl jin doesn’ raat the aorota again ¢ ee then work wo the heart is done by Compiled By Hemraj the coronary artery: Scanned by CamScannerwwwevisionias.net General Selenoe Pulmonary Vein Aorta Pulmonary Artery Fore venacava Left Avricte Right Auricle Post venacava Right Auricle- Ventricle pore Tricuspid valve Right Ventricle Human Heart (Cross sectional view) culation in the human body : The right auricle of the juen citar toe topes blood (blood containing CO,) from the entire hus, body through the Venacava. The right auricle now pumps out the blood to the right ventricle and through it impure blood is Pumped o the lungsby the pulmonary aorota to purify the blood. The purified bac o the lungsis now reached (brought) to the left auricle through the ulm Yeins. The left auricle now brings this blood into the left ventricle. ‘Ine ventricle now pumps out this pure blood to the entire arterivs of the he body. Thus the blood is pumped out to the entire body through the ind again from the body, the blood is brought to the hesrt arct this ss continuously repeated again and again. Working function of the Heart : The heart which is the pumping station of the blood of the human body operates in ten phases— In the first phase ventricles of the heart contract and the blood is Pumped Gutto the aorotas and this phase is called Systole. But in the second phase the ventricles of the: heart expand and ‘obtain the blood through the auricl and this phase is called Diastole. The. composite form of systole and diay is called Heart beat, In an adult or h Ith: Se Ci 1 Secale’ Heart es ealthy person the heart beat is poss im @ group of small tissues Jocot icleand itis called sino auricular led pace-maker. Inside the heart luce the impulses in the form of ; 7 m the sino-atria) node and go up ‘canbe eas BES appear due to the heart beats and eraphical a 1ordedthroughadeviecealieg Electrocardigraph This inthe Gove “ay mentee called Electrocardiogram (ECG) which is the cardiolopions diseases. P'S and private nursing homes to diagonise Scanned by CamScannerfionias.net egu lation of the aepity which levomment vats The process of Tis 2 (regulated) by a controlling congo MeSino-artialnore et 8 28 automat thombencephalon. This conor: cated in the oe anditiscontrees hormones like thyroxine and adrene je? is called Cats Slongata of thannervesand horomonal regulatio ¥ Control the hi me theblood also control theheartbeat Thee “hemical subst the PH value and increases th due to acidity the heart beat an Sart beat. ‘Thus, it can be due to acidity the creased he concluded that Blood vessels: The pr / The process of the blood ne by thi ji ope citeulation i sess ad win. Tha te te Dh aps ae : . . 1 a nnect bot veins and blood capillaries form the erty. Components terion Arteries : The blood vessels whi a F ich trans; to various organs of the body are call fon Then gate teat led arteries. i pure blood (oxygenated blood) flows, but through the; Pienra ne ries only impure blood (deox ee oteae ‘Y¥genated blood) flows. Also in the arteries, valves Veins : The blood vessels which brin, ig back the blood fro organs of the body to the heart are called veins. Through the iinonky impure blood (deoxygenated blood) flows, but through the pulmonary veins only pure blood (oxygenated blood) flows Difference between Artery and Vein Artery Vein 1. The blood is brought through the 1. The blood comes back from the heart towards the organs of the body. _ organs to the heart. www wi 2. Itis of red colour. 2, It is of deep red colour or violet blue colour 3. The valves do not exist. 3. The valves exist. 4. It is located at the depth in the 4. It is located at the upper layer of body. the body. Cs d 5. The walls of it are thicker and 5. The walls of it are thiner ani muscular. elastic. a 6. Its cavity is narrow. 6. It cavity is flatten a ; It is shriveld on being empty. 7. On being empty it doesn’t shrivel 7 An pulmonary vein the 8 Other than pulmonary artery, the 8 OT geoxygenated) blood - ’ pure (oxygenated) blood “Howe ws through = through it. le of the heart the pre : Through the systo! .d more appropt on enond Pressure : THOSE. lled blood pressure action of ventricles. TRE n the walls of the ar! ‘developesdue to the contrac 97 the column Systolic pressure ae aie ‘of contraction is equiv ure which is Numerical value of the P’ it there is ite to i of 1 . Just opposite tricle, Beanpot Et e We diastole of the ven Compiled By Hemraj re exerted Scanned by CamScannerwww .visionias.net General Science 54 icle to the ventricle. This 1 iis estering Phare toe eee vd dic tothe rehuanoren mim re Lerma fo- iy rlionang entertain ernest 120/80, 14 healthy (adult) person the systole and di iene hers The device which mensure the blood presmare le called Sphygnomanomete;, Lymph Circulatory System : The lymph is a eiyculet fluid substance Which is collected inside the tissues and comesin the ymp) veells. Thelymph, is basically a yellowish coloured fluid in which the de! foe lymph cells exist. The flow of lymph takes place towards the heart from ik: unidirectional tissues. | Structure of the lymph circulatory system 2 The basic structure of the lymph circulatory system is made from various: micro organelle, components like lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs ete Various organelle components 1. Lymph Capillaries : There exists a complex net like structure all around the tissues and other than cartilage and brain such structures are found everywhere in the human body, called lymph capillaries. The lymph is collected by it. 2. Lymph Vessels: The lymph vessels are basically made from the capillaries of lymph. 3. Lymph Nodes : The lymph vessels at some places become flattened and form a bag shaped ) Structure which are called lymph nodes. Actually it is the tuberous Part of the lymph vessels, In the lymph nodes White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) and some (Cross sectional view) ales eras The lymph nodes are abundantly found in arm-pit, eckan eer Ne Pete¥er any infection in the human body occurs then to Ny OF te microbes (virus, bacteria etc.) the lymph and WBC are Ph nodes of the infectious places and which causes 4.Lym, ae eae Hee eee Pe ay nto lymph organelles which coexist and Tora are Lymph Follicle, Spleen, Thymus Gland Working functionof the} n yh: i i “elymph incur uman bay at ee ONY working fnctonsol 1. Temporai J ese are given as below— bod ae accumulation of the Water: For the water entering in the ¥ the lymph vessels Work like a temporary reservoir. 'r: The lymph absorbs the water from itinto the blood circulation. Lymph circulatory system Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Blology _ 3: Transportation of the macro, molecules of protein, hormone eta leet : Throy circulation but these Macromolecu| ought and are ee the lymph jinn plood capillaries. Thus th les do : Pped in th Bln Postma ot en ted 4. Transportation of the 'Y reached in the blood fat: So; is transported by the | me mok iit undergo to the boePh: After the digestion tt the food-stufts like fat these are transported to the ae undergo toc Saint Blycerot do 5. Protectio: ‘ Ph system, ctial, from where kill or destroy the mieapin ction: Thelymphocyte . from the infection, © bacteria and virus and preven: a our ly Miscellaneous Theheart whichis the pumping stat; its average weight foren mang ftationof the bloodis its weight is 255 gm. “ies ie blood in the human body flo ie tw why our heart is called a double circulatory ae eee theheart ond that's The micro inner organelle com ' . ° a ponents aurick ei ‘veins, while the ventricles pump out the blood into the arenes —_ The blood vessels that carry the bloo i ! ; df 5 5 Pilied the hepatic pox ay from the intestine to the liver is The average pulse rate for the adults who are mentally and physical relaxed are 65 to 70 for the men and 70to 75 for the women. Thepulieraiais too high in babies, low in sleeping stage and abruptly enhances in fever. contraction of the muscles and the closure of the valves during the The f thi he cl th 1% heart beat produce sounds of the heart and it is listened by the aid of a Stethoscope whose sounds are appeared like lub-dup-lub-dup-lub. To measure the accurate blood pressure of the human body the most ‘common device sphygmomanometer is used. r jastolic pressure over 100 is assumed to The systolic pressure over 140 or as ood pressure (hypertension) be abnormal and it is said to have 2 high bon oneal and then such But in some persons the blood pressure is lower Han oor Persons are said to have a low blood pressure (hypo! WBC) while phagocytes are cells that lymphocytes are white blood cells ( : attack and engulf invading microbes. ecmpnsnat nie Beet en caring Ss fom a malignant geod ! iT cancerous ioe throughout the body ey ipa cancers HS odes neat the cancerous growth are often r= 6. Skeleton System caincesp whit at en body is called Skeleton and orgal 315 ‘a muscular organand 340 gm, while for an adult wong The frameof thehard are made from the bones System. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerVvisionias-net . www: General Science | 516 keleton : By the help of the skeleton , i eth ich the inner stronge "84 Working function of the “led due to whi “4 | and balanced support i is +e vertebrate has ines pody Eame: e ee eleten th aa ees a balanced sopert 9 the otle: porte of tie meat Te wl : nite ; ; seine Fee oon and valuableorgans lkeskulloftheb at skeleton also protects v ete Trom the external hammeringe 9 sede Een ie lie work orlives duc 80 which the locomotion Fee eM ic lununtemgebeconeaiy and smooth. Intheskeleton the revoir aislndieable placet conned! nyaacdon,| le MAFTOW cavity ofthe a scioy calecs the The skelelons ofthe ear help in carrying formers Tb toes at nhe ssund op tothe tnterial eae The living endo skeletac form the Re Blood Corpusces (RBC). The elements lke Bossier algun mencoouinia ita aalerns vith kee eee supplied fe pee of skeleton system : On the basis of the skeleton present in tne body it is of two types— . 4. Bie Sheletre ‘The skeleton found on the exterior layer of the body is called exo skeleton and it basically originates from embroyic actoderm o- egodterm. The exo skeleton protects and preserves the inner organe or skeletons are covered through the muscles. From the structural point of view the endo skeleton is made from two basic components— bone and cartilage. Ne ¢ fibreous connective tissue and it is ‘ a called re eae igh this membrane Some other muscles, ligaments, In the thicker and longerbones ahi i id long ollow cavity is f vhich is called Banton ain this cavity a fluid substance fee as bone En bone marro Yellow in the middle but itis red at the ends reper ch are called yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow B ¥: The red bone marrow forms RBC, while yello bone marrow ng, WBC. But RBCs only tounge mammals, Pome Iypes of bone: i le two types °f POR€:On the basisof gro and development the bone is of 1. Investin : ’ tissues found fiheaed ; This bone is made Gf Membranes of connectiv? jumestallattened bones atthe ats RY is alsa coh een Beane Pte bones, eskull are of investing bones or membranes Scanned by CamScannerionias-net Biology 2 Cartilay : “ossification Beketee ? zie bones which a sy replacing bone. The Neh Sintlage in the emt, formed by he: cartilage bones. ttebral column, legen tsalco cane, B. Cartilage ; 7 © exam; Se Be + The cartilage is Biries iples oF skeleton tissues and it ig by the support of ae I is basically made from the mance of connective tissue. 1h transparent and elastic substance, BY°°PTtEiN which fy on cette The matrix is an extreme| : eee places some small ba, Human skeleton system (C Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannervVisionias.net www. Convers 900 raheem of the entire Mutat gy, Human Skeleton ey ished lem are approx tay 1,0 fiers eo ey ct Teter. ena-inlereoncia ech ben Cr ee eed qnccermcxtsie emma in nuchs a toe tnty emer reclaced to 206, In the husnan being the sy uenber of bomen ane “rum scaly 17 he acotason oiblebs experts the ari iv OF he sealed arial eeeieen, The Benes of theptall vertebral column, chy body in called axial skeleton, cece BU eek AhaMadO oat 168 furan skut 9 bones in uch & bomen raly prove the nal y tothe human bray Gaial wed ees homens coorion through the suturess, The reat ne jointly orm the humnan lace in uihich 14 bonen are remarkably important, Westebal cdlounn s On the hack arti ule surface of the in the middle from the head to the waist (loin) a lon like the rod ecxints, which in ca stebral column, Th coluinn is made from 33 vertebrates and it ix develope sinvathly by the Notochord. The first vertebrate of the v led Atlus on which human head is kept, Sternum : The bone which connects the ribs mutually is called sternum and it is located in the middle of the chest of the human body. Rib : The fibre like structure of the bone is called rib and inthe body 12 pairs of ribs are found, 5 of Nhat elton HN there huma body rand thicker bone human vertebra, rd cohesively and, tebral column ig human 2. Appendicular skeleton : Under it the bones of girdles, hands, leg ete come. @ accommodate the forelimb and hindlimb on the skeleton two arcs types structure coexist and then: are called girdles, The ardle ofthe forelimb in called pectoral yridle and that of hindlimb is called pelvicgirdle, The beme of the forelimb inghe pectoral girdleand thehindlimb in the pelvic girdle are connected through humurus and femur spectively, Theses bores are suitably accommodated in the cavities which are called Acetabutisn, h parts of the Pectoral girdle ch part only one flattened and fisher bone cenezinte which is, called scapula. The pectoral irdle connect cathe joint In (4) Upper arm (b) Fore arm (4) Valen (¢) Finger Phe bores of the Upper arm, for *pecial name and ire ¢ Phalanyes respect FA148 ulna Of fore fetatinws free, ™, wrist, palm and fingers have theit radius ulna, carpals metacarpals and Peculiarity is veer and it is that the bone nN body are not attached to each other ed humuriy, “ly. But hereone arn in the burn, ee nl by CamScanner= wwwe-wisionias-net Makyyy. Yarloun bones Wh Hanan 1) ‘Axtal Hhototon Mision riot Harlot ty lon Ny, hay the ena ame and No, ‘Total ’ neteton Mf the bone the region ort et Hleail Mull Nall Osypotat 4 Varta 2 ‘Temporal 9 Vrontat 1 4 Athintde 4 Sphinoit 4 Vaclal Newel ‘i Vibinal 9 lacrimal —g Vou 1 2 Gygomatic 2 Is Masia 2 Platine 2 Manttible 1 Bonen of Malleus 2 oor Ineus 2 6 Stapen 2 Hiden part Hide 1 1 Backbone Spinal Neck Surbycle 7 Cord Vertebrate Chest Thoranile jy » vertebrate: Lumber 5 3 26 Vertebrate Sacral 1 1 Vertebrate ‘Tail Cadel 1 1 vertebrate \ ‘ “Chest Sternuim - seen M4 ‘a 98 Riba 2. Appondicular Skeleton Scanerens ‘Total : Til ; fe region the part body the endo skeleton Seapala 2 4 a Shon ie Calivical 2 - Girdle: sa Partof Region Nunn ines ores u Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScanner520 Partof Partof Region Name and No. ‘Total Total | of| ofthe bones bonesin boner Ankle Pelvic — Aas 2 : . Girdle cnamentum 2 Forelimb = — — Upperarm Humurus 2 Forearm Radius UIna 4 Wrist Carpals 16 60 oo Palm Meta carpals 10 Fingers Phalanges 28 Hindlimb — Thigh Femur 2 Calfof leg Tibiafibula 4 Knee Patella 2 60 Ankle Tarsals 14 60 Sole Metatarsals 10 Fingers Phalanges 28 Bones of pelvic girdle and legs The pelvic girdle of the human body is basically composed of three bones—Ilium, Ischium and Pubis. In theadult these threebonesare mutually connected to each other, On the planar base of the pubis, another pubis is connected, while ilius is attached towards the forward by the Sacrum and towards the planar surface of the ischium another ischium is connected At the joint place of ilium, ischium and pubis there exists a narrows ditch which is called Acetabulum, in which the end of the femur bone is attached. The pelvic girdle provides the joints to connect the bones of leg with itself. In the leg of human. beings various bones like femur, tibia fibula, tarsals, meta tarsals ete. are found. In these bones tibia fibula is free and at the joint of femur and tibia fibula a round bone is found which is the knee-bone and it is called petla, At this joint the human leg only turns one time. The tarsals which is longer forms heel and the bones of the sole are called meta tarsals. In the thumb only two bones while in the other fingers three bones are jointly found. Joints: The place where the bones meet mutually to each other in such a way that there exists a smooth and easy movement (locomotion) is called joint. At the end of every joint composition of the bone there exists a layer Of cartilage and between both the bones a cavity is found which is called sinovial membrane. Also both bones are attached to each other through the elastic ligaments and which helps in smooth turning of these bones. .__. 1YPeS of joint : On the basis of movement (locomotion) the joint is divided into rfect joint, Imperfect joint and Fixed = three categories— Pe, A. Perfect joint : The joint of the bones in which joint making bones fan be moved in different directions and in which movement occuts simultaneously is called P erfect joint, On the bones of such joints, thin layet Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerAg™ www.visionias.-net = « — ny 3 we se is to be found at ie: Am The perfect joint is pt Pei ends. at thes. 2 + vas. feintis further divided inne ints Of the : . Joint: Inthistypeojs © sub-catepenes igaments : ture and anot Joint. oneendof ee ‘ Portion of the ams 4 SUP sha =e san turn or move in any directs ae cavity, Such type of joints frequently exes TOUugh the sumurus bone. at the j. . tly exist like at the; i joint of femur joint of pectoral firteang hs and pelvi Sine ene Moved or tumettn seal that _, Hinge joint: The bones ofthis type of; int = ‘one direction. The joints of elbor and 4. Gliding joint : In this type of joint the bones can slid t 3 joir ; le to each other IC Sefinite limit but never tum or bend. The joints of radian Une 7 and Carpals, Zvgapo physes of vertebrates, ete are the examples of gliding we want : 5. Saddle joint : In this type of joint the bulge of one bone is completely xcommodable in the gap of another bone but it doesn't move or rotate easily and smoothly, The joint of Carpals and Metacarpals of the thumb is F the example of Saddle joint. i B. Imperfect joint: In such type ofoint the sinovial cavity and ligaments do not exist inside the bones and some eee one fesind in + is type of joint is found in the pubis bone of the pelvic girdle ene Tits ype ob ei imperfect joint gE found between the joints of vertebrates. ; Fixe joint: In such typeof bi ra ere barcra a “ lace that's why it is cal ix r ches jount, are in the reas interactive fashion. The bones of skull and girdles 2re the examples of fixed joint. mp 7. Endocrine System . many specific gh Under the endocrine system so mal < pla ‘oud ary scion arts ofthe human bod: Through hex gandssome spec of ude are secreted hich ae ale ‘deorendocrineglands. \ types of fluids are secre! ined a itess gar renin gland Prag hormones 2s -sjex chemical Substance whith cage : ompiex x vs the key massa; a ceteines ana eos Py pee fhe or or Meieoset oe which circulates } the . "aluable chemical substance *1ire eye sce of the human body and font fu ok pond ody. The hormone> indias lands come which are .glandssomespecial iled By Hemra: ae a 5 Scanned by CamScanner_ wwwe-wisionias-net — General Science 7 a2 0. ge d behaviour, sexual characteris i Orch i pee ae inten bode The moet ieapoes worker a Hee Les maintain a balence fn the Innes ervironcont OF the bogy ff a ‘ is to maint 5 in soimetbelia activities, osmotic pressure etc. donot disturb in the changing ef 2 i situation. stacy gland c Pineal gland Pituitary gh 4 jnete Hypothalamus 3 Pineal gland hy Para Thyroid gland Thyroid gland cont ‘Thymus gland 4 Adrenal gland func ¢ repre ‘Pancreas in the Ovary ( 10} Male Female aa . Human Endocrine system (Cross sectional view) work ‘Types of glands : There are various types of glands which exist in the 6 human body. A brief description of these glands has been given below: arteri J. Exocrine gland : The glands of the human body in which secreted enhar fluids are transported through the duct to various organs are called exocrine the w glands. Thus in the exocrine gland ducts areavailable to bring the hormor B tovarious organs. Alsothrough these ductsenzymesare secreted, The gland of the like milk gland, sweat gland, salivary gland, mucous gland, tear gland The h are the examples of exocrine gland. 5 abune 2. Endocrine gland : This is basically a ductless gland and the sec: hormones are brought b through the blood plasma to variens parts of Ma human body. The glands like pituitary sland, thyroid gland, adrenal gla mt tc are the examples of endocrine gland activit 3-Mixed gland: Thereexist someglands which areofboth typesexoer ee and endocrine and through these glands both the secretion of enzymes tthe hormones take place that's why these vs called mixed glands. The panen p Mitta of the human body is the best example of a mixed glavd, i i Main endocrine glands and secreted hormones, their worl Piseas functions and effect on the human body— 1 The glandslike Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal etcareendo thy glands which secrete various 'ypes of hormones in the human, body. A 5 Sony description of these glands can be 8iven as below— : zy A. Pituitary gland ; This Bland is located in a n, i i i ‘row ditch s] ang structure of the bone of skull ecffot sphenoid. The complete systeas ta Pltltary gland pppoe Phenoid bone of the skull com Sellaturci ; i a ‘ average weight of the pitui land is 0, i is al : Master gland, tary gl '8 0.6 gm and this gland is tis os? J yy tie SED ned by Ceawwwe-wisionias-net Secreted hormone its work 5 ki A 5 1. Somatotropic Hormo,,, function "changing _ forthe growth and developma; ott! _ controls (regulates) the suman of the hu Of STH causes disorder (deren owt ‘Gigantism or Acromegaly, Thamation) in increased. But the lack of STH height of : 2. Thyroid Stimutat; uf artism i relent thyroid gland to secrete heemiormone (rst: Thy the hum, ‘a . Adreno Corti Cotropic Hg, d controls (regulates) the secretion action (ACTH) : This ho: 4. Gonadotropic Ho, wiles of the adren, functions of the reproductioa sot ‘This hormoneen 6) Follicle Stimutatin Hone snd itis oft wacking feproduction of the seminiferous tuba er shormone helps i sary hr a? Shr i (©) Luteiniging Hormone (Lia ~ estrogen in the mate and female ere jibe UH secretes testastitone and 5. Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) this aps the work isto secrete milk in the fern mili hormone and its main ini 6. Antidiuretic Hormone ‘Sion 7: (ADH) e 7 arteries and duc to it the blood pressure of the hone the a Blond Dcrine gahanced (increased). This hormone is also uscial nate abeuptly ane the water level and osmotic prossure of the home (akin balan lands B. Thyroid gland ; This rigs lads of the renner: This land is aed befovs the layne ath sides iene sce eps ie nan abundantly found. ‘a ‘ine in which iodine ceted E rie Working function of thyroxine and its effect land _ This hormone activates and abruptly increases the collular res; activities and which is directly responsible for the renal ard balances a Browthof the human body specially bones, hairsetc. The normal unetioning oat the sex organs depends on its activation. Along, with the hormone of eas pituitary gland the thyroxine controls (regulates) the water level balance in ing — 1. Cretinism : This disease occurs in the children which causes the lack, Se ofthyroxine hormone. The mental and physical de elopmentof the childre FE f completely disrupted in the erctinism, ie! 2. Myxodema : This disease occurs in the adultphave in Iman bens 4nd init the metabolicactivities are disturbed andconsequently a. reli 4 the heart beat and in the blood pressure takes place in U airs ae x is is di is caused by the lack of secretion of ne PEE Ptr 0 a ein ow duration Tn this disease normal ext ae thyroxine harmone from a long. i i bacon - ities are disrupted and sometimes due to it hums Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerionias-net www wi General Science al the lack of iodine in 1 is disease is caused by the e 4, Simple Goiter : This id Sead is PD icaaly increased. That's food stuffs and the size of the thyroid gl f ; why to take the remedial measures iodised edible salt is recommended to the people suffering from Ca 7 Disease caused by the excess of thyroxine— | ee a is caused by the excess secretion of the 1. Toxie Goiter : This disease is couved Te ot Diced plese nok thyroxine in the human body and in it the heart Peal | the rate of respiration of the body are sharply increased. ; is caused by the excess secretion 2. Exophthalmic Goiter: This disease is caused F wine in the human body and in it swelling in eyes take place and Sooteas ves tare detached from their cavities. Below the eye ball a fluid substance mucous is accumulated. ; ; C. Parathyroid Gland : The parathyroid gland is located in the throat (pharynx) just behind the thyroid gland. Through it two types of hormones are secreted— | 1. Parathyroid Hormone : This hormone is secreted through the parathyroid gland because of the deficiency of the calcium in the blood. 2. Calcitonin : When the amount of the calcium is excessively increased 7 inthe blood then calcitonin hormone is secreted which is used in controlling the amount of the calcium in the blood of the human body. D. Adrenal gland : The adrenal gland of the human body has two componental parts— exterior (Cortex) and interior (Medulla). Secreted hormone through the Cortex and its working function 1,Glucocoriticoids: Theglucocoriticoidshormonecontrolsthemetabolic activities of the carbohydrate, protein and fat of the human body. 2 2. Mineralocorticoids : The mineralocorticoids hormone is mainly associated with the reabsorption of the salt through the kidney tubules and _ to have a balanced control of the another salt level in the human body. 3. Sex hormone : The sex hormone controls the sexual activities of the human body. : Cortex : The cortex is vital for the human life and if it is detached from the _ human body then human beings hardly survive one or two weeks, If any disorder appears in the cortex then the metabolic activities of the humay body are disturbed and it is called Addison's disease. : Secreted hormone through the medula an Through the medula two hormon are secreted and both are basically sustained and cohesive manner an. and promote the growth of contra abruptly enhanced. The hormone epinephrine h heart beat of the human body. in Fight and Fleight Hormone : through the adrenal gland is id its working function— ‘es — epinephrine and norepinep! amino acids. Both the hormones work’ id combindely stimulate the heart mu: ‘ction. Consequently the blood presst helps in reactivating the stop The hormone whose secretion takes p called fight and fleight hormone. Scanned by CamScannervVisionias.net www. Repreauctive, Bland of, the human organs Ovary 4 GOP ad: Under there 33 A. Ovary; Pay hay, 4m long and below the kid bout the ovary— Various hormones ane wed oa roy 1. Estrogen: The of the oviducts, “gen ho, 2. Progesterone ; Th hormone combinedly help wStFOne hormone along with the estrogen 3. Relaxin: The hormon, respondent for the inhibition pe uced BY the corpus lutenand itis directly : N of uterine contr. in the femal. : ‘action. During the y a aes le ee hormone relaxin is presentin the ovary and itera rou on Tider, Thos “ ey ™physis is made soften and the uterine cervie besore - vie bea child birth, tS 8itdle becomes Smooth and flattened which helps in liver and its metabolites (androsterone) being excreted in the urine. Testis (Testicle) : This is a male reproductive Organ of animals, which Produces spermatozoa. In the vertebrates there exists a pair of testes, Which are responsible to produce sex hormones and these are developed in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys. But in almost oll mammals these migrate downwards during the foetal development. These come to lie outside the body cavity within a pouch of skin (scrotum) situated behind the penis. These testes usually remain there through out the life but in few cases remain inside during the breeding season. , cture and it is about 2 ea festie hat an phen albuginea) which surrounds ae ‘of setilalferontd tubules separated into the compartments by the em long and fibrous tissue. 8, Reproductive System biosphere has the most natural and A furidameneal ; y forward the gen isti roduce like themselves and carry form endear tion Shersciesicite we continuously through @ proces called proton, The ses “i mod oductive organs form deme emceata nematee organs and all the repro done are called reprodu @ reproductive system. on ilization © w Seti Pniexual animal and the fertiliza pesee ings are uni s epoke tak ele ne allopian tube, while embry es p Every organism of our growth and devel ow—_- Seep EE ES amedity Chul Seamnerwww.wisionias.net General Science 525 beings are vi arous whi, occurs in the uterus of the female. Also tehild). The reproductive organsin | # implies that they born their direct baby in the male and female, Th, y seapre ; 7 ¢ different ages 7 iia jnt the humans beings activate al fe of 15-18 years while in the female i ie activation occurs in the male at Ede eS organs also secrete some hormone | 8? jeccurs at the age OF a ot For their bodily change. Due to such changes which are directly respondent id structure (breast) and soft hair on the sey ti the appearance of bulge shapes arance of moustache and grinder in the #2 or male and female reproductive organs in the human beings ; i nt. m 5 vue emce rem vom seongps tte | ididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, urethra, penis, prostate and isc gnc epididymis, vas le reproductive system. h cowper's gland etc form the male reproduc ay wi Fs tal Sac: In the male a pair of testis exists between both the bac ae ae eclirotded below the pera. Tn the testis's uid ike eubaisnn tents fonted endl the bag of the akin in which festies ane hanged is cate] scrotal sacor Scrotum, Also the formation of the sperm takes place at lower on temperature and that's why these are found exterior from the main body. at 4 From the structural point of view the testis hasan oval shaped structure es surrounded by a membrane of peritoneum in which so many seminiferous stim tubules coexist. Between the seminiferous tubules, interstitial cellsare found coex which are respondent for the secretion of the testosterone hormone. | alon Epididymis : A long narrow coiled tube attached to the surface of the carbs testis which is called vas infrentia. Almost all vas infrentias form a complex 1 net after coming out through the testes which is called testis network. Thus a pai through this testis network a narrow thickned coil shaped tube outwardly fema exists and it is called epididymis. The last end of the epididymis becom narrow and forms vas deferens. It acts like a temporary storage organ of th c Spermatozoa received from the seminiferous tubules, until these are relea: Ovari to the vas diferens and the exterior during the masturbate, These Vas deferens : The vas deferens does the work of transportation of Kidne spermatozoa from the epididymis to the seminal vesicle. nerve Seminal Vesicle : The seminal vesicle is located just above the prostat “very glandand through tswallsan oily fluid isreleased through whichnutriti Wall ¢ Broseising cf te Spermatozoa is done. In the released oily fluid of semin Work « ae — . Parts of the seman is to be found. Both sides of the: semini Proges ip caligdnie na ¥ crane junction and forma composite narrow tube whi Salso, opening te ren hs net This duct passes through the prostate gland Pal renal pelvis, Pelvis. Thus spermatozoa (sperm) is transported 0 hose Urethra : This j { af pumped out fra’ the uanlmuscular tubule through which the wi these Penis and further in the fib adder. It opens at the apex node 5 np seminal vesicle stimulati it meets at a junction where throus) When is Ng tubule meet, aor Pelvis two different Works—urine pum, Thus through the urethr nd masturbate are done. Ping and semen stimulatio ‘compiled By Hemra: a _ * a Scanned by CamScannerwww Wisi i = eto oy Vvisionias-net ae Fad Biology nich Penis : This is an exterior sex 827 Sin special type of spongy tissue, *8an of the male which is his which is extremely senstive a? er tuberous node eo ote 1 i i ion i; a leit intercourse. The penis does the work of saws 0” intenily seek the sexeal one ‘sex organ. Semen transportation to the fe os female a Prostate and Cowper's glands - ve stimulating tubule opens out, sah is all around the urethra where the si gland. Through it a Nuid is secreted which ens ei I called prostate Italso provides a way of transmisei is 15-30 percent of the semen, oH odour in the semen. Below the preie, _ the spermatozoa and a Specific ma the save like a pea grain structure is foray sna Bol sides of the urethra is called Cowper's gland. Through thi ¥ where and existing gland a which diminishes the density of the Hs gland an alkaline fii ected bacterialess. ¢ ‘atozoa and makes the urethra nce led Semen : The spermatozoa, seminal vesi, . ; J vesicle fluid, and the pr ver cowper's glands are the basic constituents of the camer, Th weep y. at the end of the sexual intercourse through the penis of the mal een, x emis of the male which are undergoes to the vagina. Usually through the penis ofan adult male in each us stimulation 2.5-3.5 ml semen i releases in which 20-40 crore spermatozoa nd coexist. But for the fertilization one spermatozoa is enough. In the simen along with the above some other substances like calcium citrate, Protein and he carbohydrate are also found. lex Female reproductive system : Various sex organs like a pair of ovaries, us a pair of fallopian tubes, an uterus, vagina and vaginal organelles form a Aly female reproductive system. he Ovary : There exist two ovaries besides both sides of the uterus. The aa ovaries has a cream-coloured oval structure and which is about 4 cm long, These are attached to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity below the : kidneys, Each consists of connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels, _ herve fibres etc. and numerous follices, containing ienoatare orn: Ro fi i yuscles of misoverium of 5 every ovary is attached with the muses ff the uterus, The main ate .d bod ligament of a‘ wall of the abdominal cavity an st two hormones oestrogen and 7m Work of the ovary is to produce ovum andl two hesmons bot it a Progesterone are secreted through it. The me as fs also controlled (regulated) by the ovaries ns oneby one nd Fallopian tube : Through each oe ers and it is called oviduct he whose other ends are attached throug] nsports the ovum into the uterus. or fallopian tube. The fallopian tube transpor® 1 Ct then it is not When tum comes into the eva through Jace in the fallopian tube is ever Ov its full maturity takes pla » pair of ducts in he Completely matured and i takes place: One of tr Pe on ova he Where the process of fertilizer oyiducts and which er ciliary nal Be female mammal ep (uterus) ‘with the aid of mus ins m the ovary to actions. Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannervisionias.net AA Coneral Science so : -wall muscular structure between the bt, ae inelenalocmmenr sis called uterus. It may be found in inci hecaar bags nakighe overall par ahapped cepeer emlongenists.Itheads art and ends outwardly if fertilization of an ovum occurs, it pro” nourishment for the Vagina and Vaginal Orga: in their collective form is call wall is made from the m: ex organ) and another end is attached through the uterus. The 7 ¢ female body is called vaginal vi glands exist through makes the v: hole (fernale se hole of the han 2gina oily and smooth and e of the vagina and the uretera hich is called clitoris. The ile and on touching it adult female becomes ual pleasure is perceived. At the moment of cn comes out from the penis and goes ly Drought to the uterus, ain shaped » extremely sensitive sex orgar senually excited a: wna to th clitoris is an ¢ (Female reproductive cycle) : Th, f Sat the age of 1243 years. During Tus ani ¢ normal reproducts ars and his reproductive period other * internal wall, blood and mucous ys after cach 26-28 days or female reproductive mae Of menstruation cycle the process of Pee Occur in the female only ane time mane nate? Place in both ovaries one by 808% to the fallopian can time if the female um is fertilized and goes to it is pumped out (Pregnancy : The Pregnancy in the female Uh the xual intercourse but for it some other “™Portart which make the circumstances continues upto than pregnanc the agee wrulation the hat resid vs and at th then ov struation cycle Suitable circumstances of the doesn't occur always th factors are respons suitable For the pregnancy 14th days or afte must takes place either on the days of the menstruation cycle. free from any type of infection bers Of spermatozoa (sperm) must be Compiled By Hemraj the completion of 11-15 TUS must be normal, Scanned by CamScannerMechaniom of sy the wepeedctirn fertilization atid the meionis cel} Bivision of fitter www visionias.net nid such proce tates Plc Predictive cut, + © duri ad OV he tentin and tlenmesecanne seria, fortran fap wompertively, Pepe Tes and Oomren ‘The Comparison of Sperm, atoHenesis and Oogen AL Similarities mn i Spermatoyencais Oogenenis 1, The formation of spertn taven 1. The ovum formation tak Place due te the: cell division of nee 1 the cell division af an the reproductive epithelium reproductive epithelium Zz init mulliplication, 1 VBFowth and 2. The proceso mesantpSieaton, Process of multiplication, 3. Twodivisionoceursin prophase 4, svatuirity, 4, The cells ate fultiplied at 4, prophase during them cell divinion jonin 5. During, the first mature divinion 5. the nurober of chromosomes remain hall 6 The Kame B, Dinimilaritien Spermatogenesis 1. Through one spermatogenesis four sperm form, 2. Init no polar body bi formed. wl product ia a mal nN 3. The ans are formed in the spermatogenesis which directly take part in’ the fertilization Procens 4. The yperm are tiny and active. he process of {07 amale y 2, Fertilization : Mutual interaction neon weohue (ovum) is called fertilization, the ba Place becaune the ovum and sper Compiled By Hemraj 4 srowth and maturity also exist, Similar division takes place as of spermatogenesis, Similarly cells are multiplied ay spermatogenesis through the meiosis cell division, Similarly in Oogenesis like the Spermatogenesin the chromosomes remain half, But the last product is a female gamete. Oogenesis But through the one Oogenia only one ovum forms, But through it two or three polar cells are formed, The ovum (ova) is formed through the Oogonia which takes part in th liga but polar slls do not take plo che overage a . rp of the zygote through the mote (aperm) witha females being internal feetilizat takes: i fe the female body. The process wramnaitic Scanned by CamScannerVisionias.net www: General Science 530 a in the oviduct of the female. In the p; ertlieator only sucteus of the mate gamete takes place, while the gamete takes place in it. ae ) Embryonic tlerlopeee 3 After the fertilization formed zyg, becomes divisible fastly through the meiosis cell division and ultimately 4 fully developed child (baby) appears in the uterus. The developed zyso4 up to the fertilization of 10 week is called embryo and through the zygore the occurrence of various cyclic changes is called embryonic development, Up to the 5th week three reproductive levels (layers) are formed in the embryo and these reproductive levels (layers) are—Andoderm, Mesoderm, Actoderm. Through these three layers various Organs are now form and in the 7th-9th week after the embryonic formation hand, leg, respiratory system, nervous system and digestive system start to develop. In the 3rd month skeleton system is developed in the embryo, while in the 4th month the soft hair roots start toappear on the head and body, in the 5th month. alimentary canal, blood and bone marrow and ultimately in the 6th month the embryo takes the form of baby. In the 7th month almost all organs of the baby starts to work, in the 8th month fat in the body of the baby start to accumulate and in the 9th month baby becomes ready toborn. The nourishment activities of the embryo takes place through chorin, amnion and Placenta. The gestation Period (duration) in the human being is that of 280 days and after it by the delivery the baby comes outt from the body of the female. The vaginal cavity of the virgin girls are closed through a thin membrane and this membrane is broked down during the first masturbate or sexual intercourse and on breaking unlimited bleeding takes place through the vaginal cavity of the girls. But this membrane can also break down durin, playing, running bicycle, on Setting any physical hurt ete. Thusit would be povtOns estimation (prediction) about Rewly married girl (bride) about her virginity in the absence of such membrane. chromosome. Mendel called the Gene by anew name factor. — i el a” by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Wolony CeSS of Mendel’s Experim, . 8 ent s Cry "entire themethod crossbrevding sa HCHOF Monde ate oT of genetic heredity whichy jy. cay eee an ete sag “Y Bote randomly selected the rey ryan eke ately a that the inheritant characteris, of Inheritance, a ‘YEote characteristic of the another pa. pole name HCH wean me YBote her pa PPrewed tee meen a # as Dominant and another jysir IMENL Heated ne nt ment. which are directly reapongy an it! Recennive and Incest has pay the followed a convention ty cin ot Hie heredity ania perenne Mee factory derm, while recessive factor by, lt dominant factorby the 1 He AY Mb. Heshun by’f etc, *Y Hhe Mall Letter, Hike tallnesn hyp aia eter, n the so cies why 7 and Awartnens stem, 5 Domina onth Shape of the seed. tee characters Recensive characters 2 Soft Colour of the evtyledon Sui ‘aL MOL seed, Weinkled Heed, a Mow cotyleden . e stacy Colour of the flower, Red dem Green cotyledon, oe Shape of the fruit, ; White tarts z Smooth Shri "and Colour of the fruit, ea Shrinked 2s of Position of the flower, Cloned! Yellow tion Length or height of the plant ‘Tall mel the Accordin; wart 1g to Mendel there aretwo factors tow characteristic in every reprod: Are two Factors toexpres the sameinheritant th Ty reproductive cell and whenever thene two f ane fesame then itis called Homozygous but when thet Aare are ‘ai itis called Heterozygous, meio arecnpoalte tien the The cross breeders 17; tta 1 /, and Th (Tete.are the exatmplesof he si ng and heterozygous ropecvecin examples homozygous e " ore Also Mendel studied firstly one pair specien of oppouite characteristic and then two pairs species of opposite charac hereditary characteristics of the cross breeded species. He called such one peerrcrossbrender Monohybrid Cross while as that of two pairscrons breeder hn brid Cross. ce. Monohybrid Cross : Mendel selected two plants of different taliness fic ‘say— Tall plant (77) and Dwarf plant (10). He used these plants in the form ie of their parental plant (?,) and through the artificial pollination these plants = are crossed then all the plants obtained of the first generation (/)) were nt Tesembled in the tallness like all the parental plants. Thus in only the he acteristic of tallness appeared, while if the auto (wl) pollination ix m done through the crossing to the ple ts of th generation Geni bee of Zeneration (F,)75% plants are found tobe tall and 25% fu be war ne required ratio of these plants is 3: 1-Now when Mendel ext 4 " ybtainedt plants ty After the crossing and pollination teres sent Ferrel fore that the 1 25% pure dwarf. Thus we can say pont! vm had the genotype ratio of 12: ts of the Fi, generation Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerGeneral Science Dwarf plant 12 species take place. Mendel Wwrinkled seed and crossed selected a spheric: visionias.net www. | Tol plant “ Sioned (ul) Artificial Pollination pollination ee F, Generation (All plants hybrid tall) Self-pollination 1 Ay Generation Pure Tall (77) Narrow Tall (Té) Pure Dwarf (16) (25%) self poiimation (50%) sett pollination (25%) self pollination Pure Tal 375%) Tall :1(25%) Dwarfs Pure Dwarfs Fo ke Pace atthehy bridization of two pairseplantsof dics ‘al, yellow Parental plants t Us suppose he displayed two different plants by RRYYand rryy respective! inthe gameteaf first plant RY factor and inthe another plant be present. When the artificial cross Pollination was done then through the produced seeds all the obtained plants we yellow hybrid seed. Thus the wrinkled and green had a ree, and it was hidden in the F, generation. Bu a. dominant character that’s wi F, generation the generation were o seed were obtained in the following ratios — (Spherical + Yellow Seed) 9 (Spherical + Green Seed) 43 (Wrinkled + Yellow Seed) 3 (Wrinkled + Green Seed )— 1 usly this concludes that the ratio of spherical-yellow seed and ly. Obviously. ty factor would on these plants Te spherical and How seed is 3: 1, while the ratio of spherical-green seed and Wrinkled-green seed remained 3 i RRYY ay ao Spherical and yellow Wrinkled and green Parental Plants/ P, | Y ' (ey) (Gamete) (Gamete) Cross pollination Spheri F, Generation ical i yellow (Hybrid seed) Self pollination Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwww.wisionias.net Biology Males + ry SPERM is RRYy ‘a Ei RRYy spherical sphere’ Reiy is and yellow “P yan spherical sj my (ure) impure) yellow. on eo P RRYy pis (impure) “(i,Yellow. S Ry sPhericar RY Rey oy 3 and yelow *PMercaland —spheny OP (impure) §reen, yellow, Fee = (pure) Gy ae 6B ese pure) (impure) ino - Rryy wryy 2 ry spheric) i in andyelloy —2pheric wrinkled and winked Cimpure) yellow yellow. and yellow, pure) (Pure) (impure) ty Ry rr¥y my o spherical spherical wrinkled wrinkled and andl yellow: and green, and yale, green. (impure) (impure) (impure) (pure) Mendel's laws : By the process of crossin, inati and dihybrid crosses were obtained by Mendel ee ieee On the basis of the collective conclusions of the above cones breedin; these laws were called Mendel's law of Inheritance, " Mendet's first law (Law of dominance) :According to ita pair of factors Present in the born offsprings one factor comes through the male whiis another comes through the female. In these factors the character of onciacvs issuppressed the character of the another and thesuppressing factoris called dominant character while other factor is called recessive character In the generation only the dominant character is visible, while the recessive character is hidden and it appears in the next generation. Mendel's second law (Law of segregation) : According to this law during the gametes formation the factorof pairsof factors becomesegregated and out of these factors only one factor is reached in theguinete oth actors Never come at a time in the gamete. This law is also called the Law of purity of Gametes. ; tment) : According to error apt en aen ie nye penrecero i is law various pairs ofthe factors (genes) which evistin ony Orgies Pe independent to each other and rT vow face complexion may born. aeaeabinaha comune beings: In the human being 46 23 pairs) ‘ ination it man beings: ome of the every Fasano nc In every ofapang one chromosems oe Sy iromosomes a: M is supplied obewel pai s chromosomes is supplied throug esis ia oi ore ioe Saper through the sperm of the. me Bey The male Bo gmale and anotye’ natopencals two tyes tos in which twounpaired Cell division in # Feed hora ologous chromosome ‘Hat the female (XX) has GM has only 2 Pat yexist while each somatic ce! romosomes Xan a josomes. 23 pairs, including a pair of X chrom: Hemra’ een aa Ey a Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Gornwral el ou stun thoreare half Xchromosomenand ; staining, an Xchromonerne pannel OF aormininmn is produced, But ifa mal with a fer nate: parent thus determines th me ne it t vatradtiets the primitive and Pin Jorthenon-pregnancy and disrupted reproductives inthe human male ehromoncmen, Ha aval vale th h Ui witha | contalninygas Yel woul Loe minke, Th ‘hls tage bt erin renpy andl “ attepae (ew bornehild). ; « Genetien (Genetical terminology) ‘The terma related to t a i ieristiow of the organism which are directly ang aalled phenoty pe- a position of the organism in which all ge watype 1 The genetic iF Min the body of the organism are studied and the nature of the genes (dominant or recessive) are ected or identi d. vs) which are represented in the Aleten: The characterintic factors (se diveruified form but which exhibit the same character are called alleles thw i Homozygous + If the factor (gene) exhibits the same character pecially during, the crowbreeding, through the pollination then it is called hon wey KOU. tall plant (71, dwarf plant (1) ete are the examples 9 Heterozygoun : If in the pairs of the homologous factors, both fact nen) in just Opposite to each other in which one factor is dominant an veanive then such pair is called heterozygous. plant (17), tall narrow plant (76 ete are the examples another in 1 ‘he narrow ti heterozygous. j une Ree we Bierce characters tie up on thesame chromoso: ry which in called linkage: the cone ees atone with th ved by Morgan and he ena ted ence OF the linkage was firsi dhioer linked oh he asserted that those genes which carry forwa Tinlon i « ‘5 nara ters from the one generation to another are called sex nenbetaune netlect cee eed on the X-chromosome is sex ie mee i ect dominantson the both male and female. Inthe hu Baldness ete which, my, examples like colour blindness, Haemophili Cronsing eee me t . indicators of the sex-linked characters. metonlncel dienes it he late propha 1 of the diplotene in which mia ly attached to each bikes erie is observed that the chromosomes Chainona, Alo here amon teem Points and these points areal chromatid material talee one k2mologous chromosomes an exchange called crowsing over, ‘Thus ue by the formation of chiasmata whic and behaviours in the orpanine ouch Bene exchange the new charact anism appear to be visible and some remark! diversity comes into , existence which f helps in biotic growth. in : TOMONOMES : The chromonne chromosome was firstly pronounced PY © has a group of thre, ° of differ 'p of thread like structures a length and wh "Btw aNd shapes in nucle} they are lightly salted wae of eukaryotic cells, During the nuclear div Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannereer er ionias-net ww vv.vi ie ~ooBy . alter aivision they — uncoil and invisible The Organi ‘a 4 le ism see SOMES control the ae ane Oreanism x, activity ‘ause they carry Mosquity " Noor A even and have ONG House, © Pea e. RNA and protein, Thus the ly 22 Onion u number of chromosomes per 16,32 Mai 6 nucleus is the characterinet Frog 26 Toma 2 of the species, lormally Cat 3g omato 24 one set (haploid) or twe oe, Chimpanzee zt Lemon ig ie (diploid) of the Somes Hi Toba, a are present in the Nucleus, Dog Potato, é In early prophase OF mitosis : 78 Wheat é § and later Prophase of meioay Escaris 2 Pigeon o the MOsomes spi, Hare 4 Home lengthwise into thetwo identical, In diptoid cells there is a pair of sor Shomoaen es Yee sera Peontéin ore chi molecule Which is folded ang coiled Ones chro: toss HAP loid is also called of the chromosomes (Diploid) form in the somatic a ehraae types— including human beings 2. Autosomes : The Paired somatic chromosomes which have no role = in the sex determination but found equally in both male and female. . chro: substantially among the species but are fairly Sg ne! s the Biological representation of the entice ‘constant within the species. Thu: © enti chromosomes found within the species of the organism (plant or animal) is called Karyotype. / «ene The word gene was firstly entific coil ese by] Johanson in 1909. The gene is a unit of hereditary mai a gee hs semen which by itselfor vi ofhey ge defenring teers xl he ongane ist in a number of forms terme x overall congo Be the - seal changes called mutation ec separ new al ba nes be defined as the smallest ee : cable either‘ recombination or maton Cnt capable either o! " bout the gene was propounded k nee e has a functional unit cal . gent function, . d perceptis The modern concept and perceptio fof recombination | y Benjer ini, AD eaiied Maton and the wit theamallest nt ‘istron, the unit o! i tia has sl iscalled Recon. The research with bacte: y ee Seer Scanned by CamScannerwww visionias.net General Science 536 ination or mutation has one base pair, while a unit of function ceatedateroiinel by the cis-trans test. Thus the structural, eegulatoral and operational genes coexist. ~Mutation : The process through which the structure or the number of genes or chromosomes are altered immediately in which the hereditary changes take place is called Mutation. Thus due to it new hereditary characters appear and are carried forward generation to generation. Thus the mutation isnot sustained continuous affair but it appearsimmediately and abruptly and itis of two types— 1, Chromosome Mutation : Under it the number of present gene or location of the gene isaltered and sometimes innovative changes occur in the number of chromosomes or the structure of the chromosome is changed, 2, Gene Mutation : Under it a change in one or more of the bases in DNA takes place which results the formation of an abnormal protein. The gene mutations are inherited only if they occur in the cells that give rise to the gametes and then somatic mutations may give rise to chemaeras and cancers. The natural rate of mutation is extremely low but its frequency (occurrence probability) is increased abruptly if the invisible radiations of X-rays, U/V rays or y-rays directly affect the cells during the meiosis cell division. 10. Human Diseases The word disease implies that dis-ease (not easy). Thus by the means of disease we simply say that any disorder (irregularities) found in the body of the human beings comes into existence and through which the metabolic activities, body functioning like all the parameters which are necessarily needed for the good health and physical appearance are disrupted. ‘Types of disease : On the basis of its nature, character and causes of its spreadiness the disease is of two types— A. Congenital disease : The congenital diseases are those defects or disorders which are present by birth and it occurs from the errors of metabolism or from a defective body development. Such diseases attack during the pregnancy on the mother womb (uterus) in which the fertilized ovums of the female reside and due to the defect in the choromosonal Structure or any external physical hammering disease prevails. The diseases like Harelip, Cleft Palate, Club foot ete are the examples of Congenital diseases. Also because of the imbalance in the chromosomes the appearance of Mongalism, to born the blue baby due to a cardial disorder, pin ee of temporary blindness due to an abnormality present it nerves etc are the examples of congenital diseases, B. Acquired disease : The acquired diseases are those defects oF disorders which are not present by birth b ious factors. The acquired disease is of two types tt CatSeS by various factors. . 1 Infectious orCommunicabledisease:Theinfectiousorcommunicable diseases, are caused by the harmful micro organisms (microbes) like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa etc. These vectors (microbes) transmit through the ait water, food and by the physical touch of one body to another. That's why such diseases are called infectious or communicable diseases. Scanned by CamScanneron Biology 2. Non-Communj, or communicate through re sea3e: diseases like dia Ja) Degenerative diseasa 3°! rious yn disease, diabetes m, Hite. ote Sled a degenerative diseases (M% atthritis, allergies ete, (b) Deficiency disease - a3 pathological stare seee8* ? The deficiency . wil ie iseases. rm, deficiency of thenutrienth, tnalinical sign character of whi eficl ie diet, missing nutrients, naemia, pie Scurvy etc are the examples of fe defi notsuitable for every human bod; id which have the reactionary impact sai oh substan allergy. Stcare the examples of genetic diseases Main Human diseases, Symptoms, treatment (remedial measures)— A. Congential diseases 1. Congential heart defects :The human heart sometimes find the micro holes in it which are the most common defects. The both chambers of the heart are separated by a membrane called artial septum. A hole in the atrial septum that permits the abnormal Passage of blood from one atrial chamber defect they may be closed by Suturing or sewing the edges together or in some cases by sutuing the synthetic material around the may expect to live and enjoy a normal life. i : The haemolytic disease which causes the eure Den the motherand foetus in the newborn infants. In theconventional formitoccurswhenanRh Gch esate wits fatries an Rh* (Rh-positive) foetus. This happens when RE woman "Marries with an Rh” man and during the pregnancy i eeylesyte oes the iby cross the placenta and immunize the Rh~ mother, il juced in the woman in turn Produces anti-Rh. Thus the antibody prede Ce ters foetal circul pwd and _ deat ut the blood group incompati ion at the birth. | alii oe : This isa form of congenital defect w! reditary marked by the abnormal cleftbetween Compiled By Hemraj visionias.net www. + 3 The dj. 3 infectious por i255 which gy ; Person te O not ty, non-communicable dies et heart attack, arias Maly mee i 1250: Th, SartOus Organs OF the boc, nn? ME disease which cou Ces are highly se ind appear like the disease fc the upper lipand the base a lich Pets, — defect. Thus patient appearssometimes Scanned by CamScannervisionias.net www. General Science SS ° ¢ harelip occurs in association with the, he: OF Wie noes: hag mary concn ty Sian of cleft palate. The aurgiec, ee cine mon cociaonly propriate time. measunes should be undertaken at the approp ; te-cell anaemia ; The disease which directly affects the Black A‘ricans in which the red blood cells have a tendency to assume a spikes or sicklelike shape when the blood i deprived of the supply of oxygen, The disease appears from the inheritance of a defective allele coding for betrglobin which produces an abnormal type of haemoglobin Gickle haemoglobin), Thus theaffected blood cellsare removed from the circulation leads to anaemi Albinism : The disease albinism is caused by the failurity of the development of the skin pigments. In almost all mammals the albinism is commonly caused by an autosomal recessive gene. & Phenylketonuria : The phenylketonuria is one of the amino acids of the proteins and it causes the inability to metabolise the amino acid. Also this gives rise to the accumulation of poison in the embryonic body which es the disruption in the growth of the body and mind. Such defect may Sometimes induce the micro or macro muta tion, B. Deficiency diseases 1. Protein deficiency diseases (2) Kwashiorkar : This disease is caused by the deficiency of amino- acids which are needed for the protein synthesis. In it the body growth ceased and sometimes the bone growth is delayed. Oedema, muscle wasting, dermatosis, hair changes (the hair of the head becomes rough and tough), enlarged liver (which leads to cirthosis), diarrhoea, mental laziness, decreased pigmentation, sadness Of expression etcare the common Symptoms of this disease. Infants receiving sufficient breast milk hi Problem of protein calorie malnutrition. This disease is very common in Affica and a few parts of South Asia. (b) Marasmus : This disease is caused by the muscle degeneration, thin Tree of limbs and abdominal wall and in itthe ribs become prominent. Thisdiseasemainly occursin the babyofoneyearbelowageand thesufficient breast feeding is the best Way of treatment. aEMineral deficiency diseases can be cured by adding iodine to the table salt Potassium iodide. (b) Anaemia : This disease is caused by the deficiency of iron which causes the haemoglobin deficien, the blood. The people affected to it look pale, loss appetite and tire easily. Indian women are found to be the Prone of anaemia. (c) Hypokalemia ?Hypokalemiaiscaused by thedeficiency, ofpotassium andit results to give heart-beat, kidney damage, weakness and the paralysis of the muscles. ned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net ees Biology € other (d) Hyponatremia tTtis Urgical causes the state of Joy. Pp catse Vitamin deficiencs” 2° presse’ *Y the deficen al 3. Vitamin deficiency diseas, Te 1088 OF the pon’ OF sodium Whi > Black (2) Night blindness 1,0 Ody weight ea” Which Spikeq in the dark or dim light. In this diseace the pay “gen. The vitamin A forms the at $35 cau ent be es ne for and in the absence of it -> ht bling ePsin in ge eNcy of vies ickle ar! itami ont blind, in the I . ne early symptom of vitamin 4 NESS O¢, ‘AYer of the ation San ar The colour of the tticiency ana, THE night blindness ie 7 dry and the bones become «© Skin changer P to dry comea ant >» the (b) Beri-berj ; This di. Weak, 'S membrane bee, sm is B, (thiamine) and i 88 is caused 1 it 7 sed by 7 is milled rice and which 1. je 7YY in the © th Aeficiency of the vitamin 4 ich lacks this yin t'® ™munities wh ds of disease are extreme wea ean tus vitamin, ese staple f Also headache, iy a § hich may ‘d yeast, © Ariboflavinosis is dle Measures of the diseooes wheat, vitamin B, (riboflavin, The most en, is caused by the deficien of the a blurred vision, burning and Soreness in te nPOME oF this dissace oe the skin at the angi, f an the eye and tongue, ex: Ki atk vegetables, mg Ss of MOU ete The nes aNd including the pect scle ene milk, liver, yeast etc may be the cureable meas igh (@) Pellagra : This disease j ital jacin) a vine, his disease is caused by the anes (niacin), no in irs iet including milk, ; Yeast, liver ete. qi i (e) Pernicious anaemia or: Megalycyticanaemia: This disease is caused the deficiency of vitamin B (cabalamin). In fact the haemo; lobin content 2 8 is reduced in the blood caused by the appearance of some disturbance in the formation of RBC in the bone marrow. The common symptoms are is headache, fatigue, increased pulse rate and the heart palpitation, ts (6 Scurvy : This disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin C @ (@scorbic acid). The ascorbic acid plays an important role in the tissue g Buidation, collagen formation which provides a Supporting matrix forthe _ Blood vessels, connective tissues, cartilage cae untimely teeth h _PmPtomsofit areswollen gumsbleeding rout ce ‘healing. As the t breaking, haemorrhages into the skin and delay: — ok) anid green e “Smedial measures the citrus fruits (lemon, orange, egetables should be taken. . — &g). Rickets :Thisdiseaseiscaused by the taco eaters d phosphorus tabolism which indirectly caused by the deticeny of tain Din. bones of chil dren of two years age. In the Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScanner—— Wwe. vwisionias.net General Science sw » common symptoms of rich, ones. The com Te chet ary or a pale, dincries et the Seu, “plesanes, face being hw-legs). The vitamin D antizachiye » i rd limbs (howe he action of U/V (ules 8 c, pelvis Gre isa Te ion dees the vitamin from the ergostere}, Hight on the shin aise adiacase is caused by the deficiency of vitarni Mat) Ostemalacia : TH ot nese and pain in the bones, which front, in the adults It Citing in the vertebral column takes place. It can be can ren Ve ee mnilk etc in the diet. aking, liv é fp acer dee a uyp vibriocboleree) : Thin isease ta transmitieg (a) Cholera (caused by food and water and mainly spread p. theough tie contaminate Net he human body is diminished A ao eee clawed tava’ The. kxcibation period of it varies iron oe ee 5 lays: ie conmonaymplomacl Wir dieessrareven eT uaculercoimips etal The preventive measures canbe tots heated food, boiled drinking water, careful disposal of the waste ¢ the vaccine may provide a temporary immunity. (b) Diptheria (caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae) = This disexs. is transmitted through the droplets sprayed from mouth and nose du talking, coughing etc. The incubation period of this disease is near days, The common symptoms of this disease are mild fever, sore thes patches of false membrane in the throat. The preventive measures can te take immunization vaccine or to take the injection of antitoxin diphth within 12-24 hours of the appearance of the symptoms, (€) Tuberculosis (caused by myobacterium tuberculoses): This disease istransmitted through the air or milk, the nose and throat discharge irom person suffering from an active stage of the disease. The common symptom: of the pulmonary TB (tuberculosis) are fever, cough, sputum contain Cloed, chest pain, weight loss etc. The preventive meastires of itare Baro frllmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination, avoidance of insanitary conditions treatment of itis done through tal '8 Fest, controlling the diet, by taki Canty dean attePtomy cin, surgical operation (radiation) etc. Alse dunne he carly detection of this disease the medicines like para amino salysilic and isonecosied are used as a mouth freshner. The newly invented drug c the tuberculosis is velicine, . doesn't accumulat ples) dose lapeeay, (caused by myobacterium leprae): This is not a heredit sed part f2nsmits only through the prolonged contact wit diseased parts in which thet e tis: ,) a symptoms of it are okt sue start to damage (decay). T incsoyn ae, wd ingers and toes. The reme sease are: Hs : MDT ete “ast are to use medicines like streptomycin, sulphores (e) Tetanus (caused by. . directly or indineds used by clostridum or bacillus tetani) : This dise ly < und The incubation period spits and causes by the inoculate of the wou! itis a veeks an somet; 8enerally varies from th to four weeks 2 SUS asocaled Lock aw The corn ee PF @eveoe ‘ompi a: a eines eS Scanned by CamScannerBiology cam ration ins rrsscles, ‘usually of therncle unuscles. Infect’ cccnctana perrecdiat Mensures are to inculate an. ed f antibiotics ad of tervace ne ATS, in the esi of the accidents oF the big, Infection, °F OF inj 8 Typhoid (caused 1 : tranecits Deus the Contaminagea Shi Fee ae amebing in the spleen aneie Alseave ae eve ae 2 etestina lane ‘ever of intestin he proper commun ioe eee immurization etc. The sullen " Of food from flies He Injection of chlorcrmyeetin & PROMS Of the typhoid shor fO™ lc, inoculate (Plague (caused by Siseave: which infected rats, trarvsmite in the hy from the confined dise: suffering people must impiratory crow (the whoop) as the child attempts to regain his breath. The preventive measures are the immunization of infants with the immune serum and vaccine, inoculation of DPT ete. () Pneumonia (caused by diplococcus Pneumoniae) : This disease fransinits through the air borne droplets and the affected people suffer from a chronic fever and respiratory problems. The lungs of the patient me Med out, The common symptoms of pneumonia are chills, pain in the _ thea lati hemliect cll bdominal pain, jaundice ete, Under dhest, rusty sputum, rapid breathing, abdomi - pain, fund Ses the remedial measures it is suggested that sat fering patients thernwelves from the coldness and antibiotic drugs et im ce () Syphilis (caused by ueponernnpallche) pets area tas . by the sexual intercourse made throug! sf eonimon aya ptomnbioh ane basically » xual contact disease. The mee vagina after the sex, The hard eres ov a bapa ee ee Euiotese wore on the genitalia, skin eruptions penicillin suffering people takers place in any part of the body. By the tolaned. isseria sgenorthoeae) + This disease . tka Gonorthoea (caused by neisserie Been erson in whic 7 : through the sexual intercourse of ctive tract becomes infected. Iiscoun contineg betaveen the urine-repordu u con Compiled By Hemra} Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net “== o General Science The common symptoms of this disease met ies eaten ee pus discharge through urethra, frequent an z na this disease causes the pregnancy in the WORE: ee ie pepsures of this disease are to avoid the sexual relation from the infected person and the drugs like penicillin G, tetracycline, spectinomycin ete are used to cure the disease. ¥ Viral diseases . 7 (a) Influenza : This is an acute viral infection, usually epidemic in nature and transmits through the air borne droplets in the respiratory tract This disease is also called Flu. The common symptoms of the influenza are inflammation in respiratory tract with fever, chill and muscular aches etc. The preventive measures of it are to use attenuated live virus vaccines like teramycine, tetracycline antibiotics. Also by doing the mouth wash through the solution of potassium permangnate the patient of the influenza get relaxed (b) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome): This isa Sexually ‘Transmitted Disease (STD) which is caused by the HIV virus via the blood and sperm through the sexual contact, directly into the blood by the intravenous drug use or through the transfusion of the infected blood. ‘The immune power of the AIDS infected person is completely damaged and any external attack of the virus and bacteria due to which a number of diseases appear which do not cure and ultimately patients die. The common symptoms of the AIDS are loss of 10% or more weight of the body, fever of unknown origin, pneumonia, brain tumours, haemorrhages, swelling of lymph glands, mouth ulcers etc. Under remedial measures the medicines like Suramin, Cychlosporin, revavaerin, ultra-interferon etc are used. Recently medicine Azidothymidine (AZT) is used frequently which is directly effective in stopping the abudent multiplication of the HIV virus, (©) Small pox : This is a highly infectious disease spread by the virus and which transmits directly through the air borne droplets or indirectly through the infected articles. The common symptoms of it are high fever, headache, backache, skin rashes on the third day passing through bright red spots, papules vesicles and pustules and scabs which fall on leaving pitted pock marks. Under the remedial measures vaccination is done and the patient should remain isolated from the other people. _(d) Dengue fever (Break bone fever): This disease is caused by the virus which transmits through the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex fatignsus. The common symptoms of this disease are sudden high fever, appearance of the rashes on the face and head, occurrence of severe pain in eyes, muscles and joints etc. Almost all time this disease spreads like an epidemic and it is confined up to a very large area. The remedial measure of it is to kill (eliminate) such mosquitoes which specially reside and accumulate in various dewellings and moist atmosphere in rainy days- The dengue is also called break bone fever. (e) Poliomyelitis (caused by filterable virus): This disease is transmitted through the intestinal discharges, contaminated food and drink, flies etc which has a direct effect on the central nervous system and the cells of the backbone and intestine are completely damaged. It generally occurs in the Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerVvisionias.net www: 4 Pus children. The comme, me indicati ng eid indication, @PPearance a an the paralysis follows ang and Preventive measures of are vac Salk vaccine is suppl, in fed 10 the chy liomyelitis th, roe Ey sat, though the proce’ cildren as a Albert Sebine inves 2ct nted i through which mass poit? Poliomyelitis going on, weation (O Rabi i bite of abbas dephobia): ry de drop in 1957 ag ) an oral vacei compaign among the children is uman beings. Thy rabies are sey, ji ‘8. The common, sreheadache high over wie aerating stages oferta ee rabies vaccination must be tedby LiousPasteur. Under svn’ e This sinver + Under remedial me, a series of inoculated injections of antibodies are given, daily upto lt dare, The wound of the rabies (bitten oo ti t ° pure carbolic acid or nitricacid TiSn uat he Washed See (g) Jaundice : This is basical abnormal (excess) bile pigmentation in the liver, Pigmentin theliveris inexcess amount bur thelivercells donot complete the work of exertion of the formed bile pigment, consequently the bile pigment enters into the blood eotigh ine veins. Thus the urine of a jaundice affected Person becomes yellow and the amount of bile in the blot is substantially enhanced. Under the preventive measures people should be protected from chilled cold and should take light nutritional diet, and should avoid the oily or fatty food. The jaundice affected person should take complete bed rest until in the Serum amount of bilirubin does not reach 1.3 mg for every 100 ml. i : its through the contact with the infected (h) Chicken pox : It transmi erst Gi Deseo ae ee Person, clothing or other articles. or eae are fever (appearing about 14 days after the contac of disease), os iy appearance of reddish spots turning into the pearly pee oc morn sbdomen back and face, itching, scabs from shout io tos mae ee fever etc, Under the remedial measures to check d patient should remain Of calamine lotion is used on the affected skin and pi ‘solated. : 4h the seribro spinal fluid : This disease transmits throug) medulla eit belo, co the wpper located membrane Ot non syeplone ae oe in and the mos ne : the brain an \ortnal pate pone a ae yen hesdacher backache and sever abdomi Pearence o 1 jito bite ete. . mits through the mosquil? sasrihuwdibenne frais toms of Viral enc ee days. The cOmON 37 ™P and whose incuba! a Scanned by CamScanneraoa wwwe-wisionias-net General Science cn fever, headache, vomiting, generalised pain, drowsiness, eT necks eoruisiand: mental confusion, may lead to blindness, deatness, paralysis ete. do) Mumps : This disease is caused by the infected saliva by means of spread of virus mumps. Thus the salivary gland of the patient is directly affected. The common symptoms of itare fever, swelling of glands or organs where the viruses are confined, swelling of parotid glands, a sever pain j produced when the mouth is opened. The incubation period of itis 15-25, days, The remedial measures of this disease are the immunization with an attenuated live virus vaccine like teramycin. The mouth wash with a salty warm water relaxes the suffering people upto a great extent. (l) Measles (caused by morbeli virus): This is highly infectiousair borne disease occurs specially in the children, The common symptoms of it are fever, inflamation of respiratory mucous membranes, sensitive to the light, oss of appetite, vomiting, rashes on the skin which are eliminated in neatly, 10 days. The preventive measures of it are inoculation of gamma globulin Also by taking a complete rest, light food, boiled drinking water etc patient can relax too much, (m) Hepatitis : This is an infectious disease of the liver and which is commonly identified by one of its primary symptoms, jaundice. There are two types of viral hepatitis each associated with the infection of the liver by the different strains of virus. One virus produces type A hepatitis (previously called infectious hepatitis) and other produces type B hepatitis (previously called serum hepatitis). The less dangerous infection is type A hepatitis, which is transmitted through human waste. The virus makes its to the body in tainted shellfish, contaminated water and food. Once invaded the body, it begins to destroy liver cells and within a month the victim begins to experience the symptoms associated with infection. Once a victim has experienced infect the subsequent infections. The type B hepatitis is sometimes become fatal because of receiving the contaminated blood transfusion with type B virus. The initial symptoms of both the hepatitis are comparable to those of the common cold or flu and gradually become more debilitating (weak). An initial fever and weakness associated with it give way to overwhelming lethargy, chronicnausea, stomach pains and liver: swelling. Alsoas the liver's aility to filter the blood is hampered, bile builds up in the blood stream Thus due toit the white eyes and normal skin become yellow and it is called jaundice, Some of the bile spills over into the urine causing it to become dark yellow or orange in colour, The best treatment of it is a careful regulation of the diet and a complete bed rest, (n) Herpes : This disease is a mild vesicular eruption of the skin or mucous membrane caused by a virus. The most familiar form of itis seen as. cold sores or fever blisters. The preliminary infections are chiefly invisible and the commonest clinical form of the first attack is acute herpetic, a severe febrile disease with mouth eruptions. The virus of this disease transmits through the contiminate stools. tt : Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerionias-net This disease. Preventive so2 {he contact of ni SSIS prea rane iS complete kiN on the groin. . Physical isolati, The rouge i sfoot ee, Eat Se temas Soon way DOM vontins Thine = Seabian eS Sian of eats Which poopie Setransmitg Gsease ang 5 % snes SE SPeCally hetown de eet The omsequmndy hte rashes apes takes pe, oP aI an ny {2 Dhobie ites - SS Belles br She ings Sted through the i contac Sich Se San Of Bey sed rea eee The most commen ge of the © angworm, Sally ithe groin and inner fark PRVERSve meascres : Seaton of such mosquito System is available, so. the ; fala Teemeasure. Thetreatment of like chloroquine. i DOP) Kalezas (cats by inicio ania donovant the bite of. a Vani): This disease: spe a ant seal The commen sapien tae ed Be panenaes endioe nd ull sn bese Ee Sa eeing, Sickness (caused by iypanosoos brucei : 1 dzetly . dee fever, sever headache, enlargement of glands at the hack of he nae Sashes on the back and chest pain in the joints, swelling of eyelids, ankle nd hands, toss of appetite. lethargy, mental disturbance ete. By the use of " cites tse-tee fly con be destroyed and the inoaulation of tripsermide Bijection con be used. : (8) Dysentery (coused by entamocha hystolitica): This disease is also alle amoxbiasis and transmits through the contaminated raw fruit and Cher food and drink The common symptoms of it are mild diarrhoea, nor ae Severe cases mucous and blood appear in the stools. The preventive 2 Fit are envizonanental sanitetion and safe drinking water. There — immunization n method. There are various mode of treatments like rest ‘esa ety of canies sad the medicines like antrichonol io form, mexaform w frequently used. By Hemra: Seen Be 3 Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net Gerieral Science 40 a 1a gingivalis): This disease occurs jn CA ements rayne a ier rms s of the teeth and sometimes serious wounds the teeth of the human being: pus emerges through the es . is of the teeth. . a i oe ne ae wt ee giardia intestinalis): This disease is directly smitted through the ingestion of cysts in water, food contaminated with neces Thecommon symptoms of this disease are persistent looseness of wialabparption of fat, yellowish, greasy stools, fever, anaemia and stools et manifestations ete. G. Genetical diseases ; ; (al Hacmophi Haemophiliaisa rare hereditary blood disorderoccurs ale and in it excessive bleedin, heaps Thi is Gesoieiied Gs Socclntial mendsln eee tral mula hora sticedmelethroghantnatiocur or very mildly affected cae oat peat again in a grandson. Normally blood clotting takes place in 2-5 minutes but in haemophilia affected person the blood clots in longer time. Because of lack of some special protein and ultimately due to 4 longer time bleeding person may die in the absence of quick and Proper treatment. (b) Colour blindness : This is basically a sex linked disease due to the impertect perception of colours which carries forward generation to generation. Mainly in it males are affected and females are carriers. The affected person cannot identify (detect) exactly whether colour is red or seven. Thus the red and green colours are not easily distinguish by the colour blindness person. Whenever both chromosomes XX of the female are affected then this disease also occurs in the female which is an extremely rare incident, Usually one X chromosome of the female has the gene of colour blindness and plays the role of carrier but never becomes a colour blinded person. This disease is also called Daltonism, {c) Down's Syndrome (Mongolism): Down's Syndrome is a type of development disability historically known as mongolism because of the characteristic appearance of the eyes, But this disease is caused by the thera Of irregularities in the meiosis cell division. In this cell division sion of otosome doesn’t take place properly consequently thenumber of chromosomes become abnormal in the Zygote. The most common type of abnormality in Down’s Syndrome is caused by the appearance of an extra chromosome, T hus such Persons have 47 chromosomes on the behalf of 46 avd the bred olfsprings are stupid or abnormal by birth. The features of the teats cote eee almond-shaped eyes and a rounded skull with aati aa sepa region, an enlarged, fissured tongue, broad hands with bes iY inge *’, hyotinic muscles development, a short nose and depressed aaah Pridge, thick everted and cracked lips, dry, rough skin, sub-normal height ete. Down's syndrome does not like a hi y disease following a typical per appear li a ereditary disea '8 9 typical genetic pattern, H. Disease caused by Helminthes or Worms (a) Filaria (caused by wuchereia b; i is dit its a5 2 ancrofti) : This disease transmil through the biting the infected Mosquitoes having the filarial worms. Se eee Scanned by CamScannerwwwe-wisionias-net The repeated of certain parts of het Such Mitoes lymph channels ang oY && le Bia it deny, 28: legs inte Y result of Hetrazan medicine, Ney inflammatige easis, These he this disease up toa grantees dications Ventive mene () Tapewen tent, st mosquitoes ete wake 3 Tt tre symptomsare gastricdigg tts through jy is done by various snnaturbanceandaree infected pork and its The tapeworm attaches farinthic Medicines preeteatment afthisdiseee beings. Heelf to the wall of thee Tey the sian mall intestine in 1 These diseases ay Ire Cat human body and these may te remritmetg of some (a) Heart Attack : He; i ‘pes ailments * Nitart attack is caused by a wide vari ap gestive rene ine ater Bldgs to “uncontroled honey (oxygen and other vital substances) to the nats ae hye giver blood ents: organs of the Thisoccurs when the coronaryarteri i i m the lungs to the heart muscles Recor sarees een onygenated blood If the blood has no alternative rout to the myocardium (heart muscley g section of the muscle dies (the death of tissue resulting from blocked blood vessels is called infraction). Such a condition may lead to death because of various causes like shock, inadequate circulation, weakened pumping action, hemorrhaging in the blocked area, or through the rupture of the heart wall at the point of the infraction etc, ) Allergy : Allergy is a specific condition in which a person reacts in a hypouensie ian to any substance taken or eatenand the abnormal activities begin in the human body. Because of allergies mainly skin and mucous membrane of the human body are severely affected we — substances which generate allergy may be foodstuifs: drugs fabrics, dust, i heat, cold etc. The main types of allergy are hay pollen, plants, animals, heat, co tama and eczema or allergic dermatitis fever (seasonal or perennial) att hee. iy an allergy) Hay fever cinectly kin broug said epper respiratory tract, (inflammation of the 3 ie affects the mucous membrance of nose, The respiratory system. Ce car nadeceelse metabolicactivities i + This disease is cau: pmol ete Nf en o = a A in which the sugar glucose ¢an nol En i calls nd eeneite in the blood in high con ny i. i gar in , the excretion of SUB ri f large amounts Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerwwwevisionias.net General Science . esults in dehydration and intense thirst. Although blogg of urine, fe eae cannot enter the appetite-regulating cells of the glucose is high. i is great, so that the diabetic person tends Rypothalomus: Ths honey Beer Or enter and inedsish the cells, body, Fae ae oe ee ie teak eanditions of Wie aiatvaty mand a rapig issues ane subjected we ion Thusdi tary management hasalwaysbeen the serie diabetic Uerapy, including weight reduction and carbohydrate part of the di cid rats used asa temporary mode of treatment. The ee nye pancreas related disease. oe (2) Arthritis: In the arthritis there exists severe Paine in various joints » body. The word arthritis means joint inflammation. The painfy) See coe aris major characteristic of different arthrine related conditions that include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritisand gout, Onteoarthitis occurs as a result of one-time or repeated trauma or injury The football players commonly have arthritic knees. Osteoarthritis often affects only the single joint of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is systemic its affects the entire body which sometimes causes fatigue and weight loss and it is a chronic disease. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is complex and tedious in which the use of drugs like pain killers and anti, Mlammatory agents as well as the rest and physical exercises are involved Gout is a metabolic disease associated with the acute attacks of arthri Gout patients have too much acid in their blood and it can be crystallized Gut During an acute attack of gout, the uric acid crystals become free from the joint and where the big toe join a favourite target. fe) Cancer : Cancer is an abnormal growth of the cells which occurs through a malignant tumour, The common symptoms include wounds that pnost he 2 Aaualbleeding ordischarge,alump or thickening in the brevet clsewhere, hoarseness or cough, indigestion or difficulty in swallowing ete. Itis vitally important to root out a cancer completely at its starting point before it invades nearby tissues or sends malignant tumours are perfectly treated with various kinds of radio therapy or radiative treatment, For it X-rays or radiviactive substances are employed to use in various cases to supplement the other treatments, Physicians classify the cancers according to their tissues from where originate. The. Carcinomas originate from the cells of the skin, the lining branes from the internal organs and glandular organs. The sarcomas develop in the muscles, bones cartilages and connective tissues. The cancers originating in the network of su porting connectin; the brai Sentral nervous system are called glimas, whi Probl ‘Pes of pigmented moles found sulting cancers me oat iTitated, they may been malignant and the the lymphatic system give cay. The lymph nodes and other tissues of condition is called ren 150 cancerous 8rowth called lymphomas. This At the present state He oe setae hich is now known as lymphoma. the Cancer. Although thers

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