Solutions Manual INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY FIFTH EDITION Warren Viessman, Jr. University of Florida Gary L. Lewis Consulting Engineer Prentice pe Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458‘Acquisitions Editor: Laura Fischer Supplement Editor: Erin Katchmar Executive Managing Editor: Vince O'Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Barbara A. Til Supplement Cover Manarer: Daniel Sandin Manufacturing Buyer: llene Kahn NTMI © 2003, 1996, 1989, 1977, 1972 by Pearson Education, Inc. Biel Pearson Education, inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Al rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ‘The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. ‘These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. 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Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New JerseyContents 10 u 12 13 Introduction Hydrologic Measurements and Data Sources Statistical Methods in Hydrology Precipitation Interception and Depression Storage Evaporation and Transpiration Infiltration Surface Water Hydrology Hydrographs Groundwater Hydrology Urban Hydrology Hydrologic Simulation and Streamflow Synthesis Hydrology in Design ii 26 33 34 37 42 46 92 103 109 1261d 12 13 14 1S 16 7 18 CHAPTER 1 100*10%0.02 = 2*10° m? 1 acre-ft = 43,560 cubic feet cubic meters*35.31 = cubic feet (2*10*35.31)/43,560 = 1,612.2 acre-ft volume/volume per unit time = time (500,000*0.3)/(0.5) = 300,000 sec. 300,000/3,600 = 83.3 hours (450 + 5009/2 - (500 + 5302 = avg. inflow - avg. outflow the change in storage is thus - 40 cfs -40*3600/43560= -3.31, the change in storage in acre-fi The initial storage is thus depleted by 3.31 ac-ft 3.31*43,560/35.31 = 4,083 cubic meters 125/365 = 0.34 cm/day = 0.035 cm/day 0.34/2.54 = 0.13 in./day volume = 5280*5280*0.5 = 13,939,220 cubic feet V/Q = time 13,939,220*3600/12 = 1,161,600 sec, or 322.7 hr, or 13.4 days ET=P-R R = (140*3600*24*365)/(10,,000*1000") = 0.44 m/yr or 44 em/yr ET = 105 - 44=61 em/yr This is a crude estimate, equivalent depth = vol/area inflow = 25*3600*24*365 = 788,400 cubic feet/yr inflow/(3650*43560) = 4.96 flyr E = 100*365/3650 = 10.0 fe/yr Hence there is a drop in level of 5.04 ft Iavg. - Oavg. = change in storage per unit time (20 18)*3600 = 7,200 cubie meters The storage is thus increased by 7,200 cubic meters resulting in a final storage of 27,200 cubic metersCHAPTER 2 Problems in this chapter are to be developed by the instructor.CHAPTER 3 3.1-3.4 To be assigned by instructor. 3.5 For the James River rainfall: Interval in. f =f PCO) Fox) (36-37) 2 2 0.057 0.057 (38-39) 4 6 ond 0.171 (40-41) 7 B 0.200 0.371 (42-43) 9 2 0.257 0.628 (44-45) 5 27 0.143, 0.77 (46-47) 4 31 o.114 0.885 (48-49) 2 33 0.057 0.942 (50-51) 2 35 0.057 0.999 1.000 a) P(MAR 2 40) = 1.000 -0.171 = 0.829 = 82.9% b) P(MAR 2 50) = 0.057 =5.7% °) P(40 < MAR s 50) = 0.942 - 0.171 = 0.771 = 77.1% 3.6 Using the curve data for a standard normal curve (Table B.1) requires standardization of the limits of the integral, z= x-x =8-4 =2 Ss 2 From Table B.1, the integral is the area to the right of F(z = 2), or 0.5 - 0.4772 = 0.0228. 3.7 For the data given: a) The area under the curve must be 1.0 to qualify as a probability density function, A= (fxdx = b= 1.0 8 This gives b = 2.0 b) This is the area between 0.0 and 0.5, or 0.5°/8 = 0.016 3.8 The histogram is symmetric, has zero skew, and mean = median = mode.yi mode. Sketch for Prob. 3.8 Since area to right of mode is 50%, F(mode) = 50% and T = 2 yr. 39 Givenx=103, s=1.1, C,=0.11, n=20 S.E.(x) = sNn= 1.1/N20 = 0.245 S.E(s) = sn = 1.1/N40 = 0.0174 SE(C)-CVIF2CN2n =0.11V1 + 201140 = 0.017 95% CL: 1.96 X+ 1.96 (S.Ex) = 10.3 +048 = {10.78 10 9.82} 3.10 Because the median divides the area in half, most of the area would be to the right of the median, The distribution is probably skewed right. 3.11 Sketch: f@) Sketch of p.d.f. for Prob. 3.11a) Left skewed b) Negative because Pearson skew = (mean - mode)/sy 3.12 For the 30,000 cfs value: T= 60 yrs_ = 20yrs 3 times 3.13 Frequency analysis: a) m Peak mn rank value F=10 T=VE 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 0 100 3.33 25 BORE CeIanaune By interpolation, 4-yr value is 800+ 4-3.33 (100) 33 = 840 cfs b) Using Table B.1, Qasr = Q+K sq = 550 + 67(300) = 750 fs 3.14 Foran annual precipitation of 30 in. a) P(«230)=GGo) 2= (30 -27.6V/6.06 = 0.396 F(@)= 0.15392GG0) = 0.5 - 0.15392 = 0.346 b) Risk in3 years= 1 - (1 - G(30))° ©) Pall three years) = G30)? = 0.041 P(E1) + P(E2) - P(E) 9 E2) a) If Ey and F; are independent, P(E,|E2) = P(E) and — P(E;ME2) = P(E) x P(E2) P(E, U Ex) =0.3+03-03x03=0.51 b) _Ifdependent, with PE,|Ey = 0.1, P(E Ea) and P(E; U E; 1x03 = 0.03 0.3 +.0.3 -0.03=0.57 3.16 P(A) = 0.4, P(no A) = P(A) -04=0.6 P(B) = 0.5, P(no B) = P(B) = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5; A and B independent a) ANB) = P(A) x P(B)=0.4x 0.5 = 0.20 b) (AM B)=P(A)x PB) = 0.6 x 0.5 = 0.30 3.17 P(E:|E2) = 0.9, P(E3|E1) = 0.2, P(E 0 Ez) = 0.1 P(E\) = PE 0 Ex PEE; 3.18 Two random events that are: a) Mutually exclusive: A: Precipitation today exceeds 4 in. B: Precipitation today does not exceed 3” b) Dependent: A: Precipitation today exceeds 4 in. B: Runoff today exceeds 1 in. ©) Mutually exclusive and dependent: A: Precipitation teday does not exceed 4 in, B: Runoff today exceeds 6 in. 4) Neither mutually exclusive nor dependent: A: Today's precipitation exceeds 4 in.B: Groundwater pumpage this year will exceed 3 acre-feet per acre 5 3.19 P(A)=0.4, P(B)= a) P(AMB)=P(A) PBA) = 0.4(0.5) = 0.20 b) PAA B)=0.6(0.5) = 0.30 ©) PAN B)=P(A) P(B) = 0.6(0.5) = 0.30 3.20 For the given data: a) Only if BIA) = P(B) Now, P(B)= 0.6 P(BJA) =_P(A and B) PCA) Since P(A and B) = 0.2 and P(A) = 0.4 PQBIA)= 0.2 04 .5, Dependent 'b) No, mutually exclusive if P(A and B)= 0, but P(A and B) = 0.2 c) P(B)=0.6 d) P(A)=1-0.4=0.6 ©) P(A and B) = P(BIA) P(A) From data, P(both) = 0.2 Check: P(A and B) = 1 - P(E) - P(E2)-P(Es) Possibles: Warm Mar Cold Mar Warm Mar Cold Mar Apr Flood Apr Flood AprDry Apr Dry P=0.2 P=04 P=02 P=02 f) P(@B/A)=0.5 g) to make them independent,P(BIA) = P(B) Since P(B) = 0.6 P(BIA) = _P(A and B) P(A) Change P(B) to 0.5, without changing P(A and B) 02: 0. 3.21 A: Flood B: Ice-jam P(A and B) = P(AJB)P(B), thus P(A and B) < P(A|B) and P(A and B) < P(A) Also P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) Also P(A) < P(AJB) because B < S Ranking: Largest = P(A or B) Second = P(A|B) Third = P(A) Fourth = P(A and B) 3.22. For the information given: a) Both statements say the same thing when n orT,~1 yr b) First: (-D"=0-_ 1" =(2 P= _4 = 0.444 T 3 3 9 Second: P = Probability annual precipitation value will not be equaled or exceeded in any single year, P=1-Fy nt__PM(Py¥=__31_ (21-2) = 49 1! (n-t!) Va! 3 3 3.23 For risk = 50%, R= 0.5 = 1-(1 - 1/T)” for 2 consecutive yr Solution gives T= 3.41 yr For risk = 100%, R= 1 = 1-(1-I/T, T= 1 yr 3.24 For the temporary cofferdam:a) Povertopping in any yr) = P(F) = 1/T= /20 = 0.05 b) —_P(non-exceed in yr 1 and non-exceed in yr 2 and exceed in yr 3) = P(F) x PE) x P(F)=0.95 x 0.95 x0.5 = 0.451 ©) Risk = 1-1/7)" 1-(1 - 1/20)°= 0.226 d) —_P(non-exceed in 5 consecutive yr) = (1 - 1/20)°= 0.774 3.25 For N=33, median = 17th largest flow. Defining Q as the annual peak: a) P(Qexceeds median) = 17/33 = 0.515 b) T= 1/G(Q) = 1/0.515 = 1.94 yrs. ©) G(Q)= 0.515 in any year. d) 1-GQ ABS ©) P(Q 30 in.) = area right of 30.0, or 1.0 - area left of 30.0, = 1 - 30°/2400 = 0.625 Using Table B.1 ©. bad a hi 6 107 518 L 3 Sie ain a 2 September precipitation statistics: 5.5°, s = B93 = 627 a) Approx. limits are x +s. F(z) = 0.33, 2=409 X78 = 65.5 +0.91(6.27) = 65.546.1 = {71.6 and 59.4) 5.5 + 1.96(6.27) 778 and 53.2} ©) F(z) = 0.80 - 0.50 = 0.30; 2.0.84 8.5 + 0,846.27) 708° Xgo =X +75 = 65.545. 4) 10-yr F(z) = 0.50 - 0.10 = 0.40, 2= 1.28 X50 =X +25 = 65.5 + 1,286.27) = 73.5° 100-yr F(z) = 0.50 - 0.01 = 0.49, z= 2.33,339 3.40 3.41 X09 =X +28 = 65.5 +2.33(6.27)= 8.01° X = 3275; s (computed) = 442, graphical est. at (xe41 - X1s9)/2 30-min intensity from 60 yrs record 45 values > 2.5 in /hr 5-yrs, none > 2.5 in./hr a) T, of 2.5 inJhr by P-D series: 100 m/N+] 85 100 Fina 100(61)_ = 0.72,yrs b) 7, of 2.5 inJhr by annual series: = 100= 100661) = Lit vs F535 For the peaks given: Annual Partial Order Series Series @ @ @ 1 800 800 2 700 700 3 400 700 4 300 400 5 100 300 6 80 100 7 80 90 8 60 90 9 40 90 10n) 30 80 Qioo (Annual Series): T= 2.20 yrs Qioo (Partial Series): T = 1.83 yrs For the data given: a) Annual series: Yr Value 0 o n ” 68 4a 66 3” 63 a" (a4 1m 11.0 5.50 3.67 275 2.20 1.83 1.57 1.37 1.22 1.10 T,=N/m = 10/m 10 3.33 25Thus, 2" value has T, = 2years b) _Partial-Duration series Value 10/m 10 3.33 3.33 25 2 1016 Thus, 2" value has Tr = 10/6 yrs = 1.67 yrs °) Value _T, 6" 10 ” 3.333 Interpolating, Xs 6 in, ~ 2/6.67 (1 in.) = 5.70 in, If interpolate by frequency x & or 7 x 125 5 3 Giving, Xs = 5+0.175/0.2 (1) = 5.875 in. (Either answer OK) 3.43 For the data given: a) For partial series, the 30-min value was equaled or exceeded 85 times, thus T=ntI/m= 61/85 = 0.72 b) For annual series, m= 55 and T= 61/55 = 1.109 3.44 The function would be linear on: a) Probability (Normal) paperb) °) 4 °) Extreme-value (Gumbel) paper Rectangular coordinate paper (Y =3X+4) Log-probability paper (Lognormal) Probability (A Pearson III with g = 0 is normal) paper ff) Log-Log (Q= 43 4°”) 8) _Log-probability paper (same as log-normal = Log-Pearson III with gio h) None (Pearson III with ¢ = 3) 3.45 Cs, = 0.879 Csy = 0.2775 Log normal Est. 50- 100-yr K(G=0) 2.054 2.326 y=y+Ksy 3.490 3.531 3171 cfs 3483 cfs Log Pearson II] K(C,=028) 2201 2.530 y=y+Ks, 35119 3.5611 x=log"y 3250 cfs 3640 cfs Gumbel K(n=20)= 3.179 3.836 X=X+KS,= 3453 cfs 3832 cfs 346 R=14in, s=3in. P(R <8 in. in yr2 of 3 yrs) =P(R>8AR<80R>8)=PE) PE) PE) P(R <8 in.) = F(R) 8 in.= 14 in. + KG in) K=(8-14)/3 = -2.0 Thus F(8 in.) = P(E) = 0.5 0.4772 = 0.0228 Thus P(2nd yr only) = (0.9772)(0.0228)(0.9772) = 0.022 347° Q=Q+Ks3.48 3.49 3.50 32,000 = 30,000 + K(1,000) K=20 Thus F(Q) = 0.5 + 0.4772= 0.9772 GQ 0228 T,=43.9 yrs For the precipitation data given: a) by) The graph would plot as a straight line on probability paper, with the mean of 27.6 having a 50% exceedance probability. A second point, or any number of points, can be generated from xr=x+2rs Where zr is the standard normal variate (Table B.1) corresponding to the value T = 1/G(x) where G(x) is the exceedance probability. For example, an exceedance of G(x) = 0.33 corresponds to z = 0.44 from Table B.1. The corresponding Tis 1/.33 = 3.03, and x= 27.6 + 0.44(6.06) = 30.27 Assuming the 1972 drought was the smallest value in 80 years, it has an apparent frequency of 80/81 = 0.988. For a value of 14 in,, the corresponding z is -2.24. From Table B.1, F(z) = 0.4875. ‘Thus the probability of exccedance is 4875 ! 0.50 ~ 0.9875. The apparent recurrence interval for the highest value is 81 years, using T = N+I/m, where m is the rank. The normal distribution gives 2= (42 - 27.6)/6.06 = 2.376. This gives F(z) = 0.49122, and G(x) = 0.00878. Because T = 1/G(x), T= 114 years. For normal distribution, T = 2 and P= 1/2 = 0.5 occurs at mean: X = 40,000 cfs For T = 10 and P = 1/10 = 0.10, F(z) = 0.50 - 0.10 = 0.40: z= 1.282 ‘Therefore, X= X + zs 52820 = 40000 + 1.28s, s = 10,000 cfs: For T = 25 and P = 1/25 = 0.04, F(z) = 0.50 - 0.04 = 0.46, thus z= 1.75 Xs = X + zs = 4000 + 1.75(10000) = 57,500 cfs Find 25-yr flood:3.51 3.52 Q=QtKs Qw=Q4+ Kis 40,000 = Q + (0)s 52,820 = Q + 1.2825 Q= 40,000 cfs. 2,820/1.282 = 10,000 cfs ‘Therefore, Qos = 40,000 + 1,751 (10,000) = 57,510 cfs Qs0 = Q+Ksos Q = 500 5 (0,-0))2 N-T s = (200,000)? = 200 5 Qs = 500+ 2.054(200) = 911 ef For the 80-year record: a) P(x < 14 in, ("8 fodx= (7 J = 0.5 -.4810 = 0.019 b) Ty = VG) G42)= f° @x)dx_[* f(e)dz = 0.5 - 4993 = .0007 2 3.208, 1,429 yrs c) Theoretical T, = 140.5 -0.5; & (actual) Apparent T, = once in 80 years3.53 Log-Pearson III distribution, C= 00 s=10 y = 2.946 Table B.2 gives K(50, 1.0) Tog Qso = 2.946 + 2.054(1.0) Qs0 = 100,000 cfs 3.54 Log Qso=LogQ +K Stops =3.0+ K(1.0) for skew of -0.1, T, Log Qs =3 +2(1) Qs0 = 100,000 cfs A=10mi? 0, K = 2.000 (Table B.2) 0 = 16,128 cfs 3.55 From Table B.1, and using z= (8- 4)/2, or z= 2.0, the area is 0.4772. A Pearson III with zero skew is normal. 3.56 logx = 2.946 Slog = 1.000 Log-Pearson with zero skew = Log Normal log x100 = 2.946 + 2.326(1.000) = 5.272 x10 = 187,800 cfs 3.57 For the given data: a) K(G,=20,T=25) = 2.219 for Log Pearson Ill log Qos =Tog Q + KSixg = 3.52 + 2.219(0.50) = 4.6295 Qs = 42,600 cfs b) — K(n=20, T=25)=2.517 for Gumbel Qs = Q + KS = 7000 + 2.517(1000) = 9,517 cfs ©) K(C,=0,T=25)= 1.751 for Normal3.58 3.59 3.61 Qes=Q+ KS = 7000 + 1.751(1000) = 8,751 efs For the given data: a) Log-Pearson III Jog Qos = 3.52 + 0.96(0.5) =3.52+0.48= 4.00 Qs = 10,000 cfs b) Gumbel, N = 25 yrs Qes = 7000 + 2.44(1000) 9440 cfs c) Log-normal = log-P III using g = 0: log Qes = 3.52 + 1.75(0.5) = 4.395 Qos = 24,830 cfs For the Elkhorn River: 8) Quo by Log-Pearson III: Jog Qiao = 4.0923 + 3.8461.3045) = 5.263 Qio0 = 183,275 cfs b) —Qioo by Pearson III (which is a Gamma Distributicn) Quoo = 16,900 + 2.891 (17,600) = 67,782 ef x = 16155 y= 3.18245 S, = 5778 S,= 0.14925 From the table: Tremp. R. Bow R. James R. x 4803.7 7507.0 64,261 Se 3406.8 1920.2 29,346 Cay 1.839 0.07208 0.748 y 3.58476 3.85093 4.76168 Sy 0.30298 0.11599 0.21035 Cy -0.2493 -03277 -0.3925 Error limits from Table 3.9 for n= 33 yrs. % e 9 9 50 10 1 0.47 0.34 0.30 0.48 0.70Three examples are given from 12 possible fitted distributions. Plot % vs. X in all cases ‘Tremp. R. (Log Pearson III) ay % 99 90 50 10 1 (2) K(Cr-.25) 250 131-0041 1.25 214 2.8275 3.1881 3.5974 3.9638 4.2334 686 1579 4065947417663 2.9699 3.2911 3.6883. 4.1092 4.4455 954 2003 5013. 13257-28828 2.6851 3.0851 «3.5065 3.8184 4.0213, 494 12453295 677210821 Bow R. (Normal) a % 9 90 50 10 1 QK(C.=0) 233 128 0 128 2.33 @)x=x+ Ks 303350497507 96511981 (Anse = x45, 3936 5702. 8083.=«(10887—13325 (S)xose=x-Sie 2130 43966931 9043 10637 James R (Pearson III) Qa % 99 90 50 10 1 QK(C,=.75) “L770 1.170.124 1332.86 @)x=x+KS, 12317 29926 60622 103291148191 AXse=x+ See 26110 39904. 69426117377 168733 (S)Xose = Se (1476) 19948 51818-89205 127649 3.62 Gumbel frequency factors for n= 33: Kso = 3.001 Keo = 3.623 a) Tremp. R: xs) = 4804 + 3.001(3407) = 15028 cfs Xigo = 4804 + 3.623(3407) = 17148 cfs b) — BowR: xs = 7507 + 3.001(1920) = 13269 ef X1o0 = 7507 + 3.623(1920) = 14463 of ©) James R.: xsy = 64261 + 3.001(29346) = 152328 cfs Xoo = 64261 + 3.623(29346) = 170582 cfs3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 Q, cfs Showing only 7-day low flows - the following graph gives the solution: loo so # &, criginal data o Bx Qn-g> Q-49, Ceplot data 0 we 2 5 10 so 40 aa Percent Non-exceedance. Sketch for Problem 3.63 - 7-day low flow frequencies See graph in Prob. 3.63 solution. The fitted line doesn't pass through every point, The data contain the original “information” and the fitted line only accounts for part of the information. The variance in the dependent variable is sy’. Variance is a measure of the amount of variation in the values and the explained variance is a measure of the variation in the predicted values of Y. "Explained" is a relative term meaning _ "accounted for" or "described by”. Best described as "retained" Oe Intercept = 3d ab Ast Mean Ann. Discharge in 1000 cfs 5 0 50 Drainage Arca in 100 Square Miles Problem 8.14 Area-Discharge RelationFrom graph for Problem 8.14, s= 0.69, r= 3.4, and Qo33 = 3.4 A°® 8.15 From Fig. 7.14 the runoff for a6 inch rain on a watershed with CN = 75 is 3.28". From Eqn. 8.10, C = 16.39 + (14.75)(3.28) = 64.77 From Eqn. 8.9, Qu=CA*®= 115 cfs From Eqn. 8.11, Qos/Qos=2~ 0.43 log (1280/640) = 1.87 and Qos = 216 cfs (about half the TR-55 value in Example 11.2) B16 Qsp = SSSA°? S927 Qioo = 6280 5028 A=043 $= 62 fvmi Qs0 = 876 cfs Quo = 1027 cfs 8.17 Graphical solutions: (1) for a single station, A and $ constant, plot Q vs. T on probability paper; (2) for the region, plot Q/A vs. T on probability paper, neglecting S, or plot Q vs. A*S? fora family of T-curves on log-log paper. Many other solutions are possible. 8.18 and 8.19 Shen. R. @ Maury R. @ Cootes Store Lexington (A=215 m?; (A= 487 mi; Discharge S=44.3 filmi) S=21.1 fi) Qu 3636 cfs 6292 (-) Qs 6853 11012) Qs 10259 16193 (15370) Qo 13650 21351 (19930) Qs 18693 29016 (26670) 8.20 To be discussed with instructor. 8.21 Use Eqn. 8.19 M=Hy/203.2Q8.22 8.23 8.24 (a) (b) © @ @ (b) © @ @) () 135/203.2*0.87 .76 in. Convection melt, 6 hr D=KV(T -32) (Eqn. 8.24) D=2*0.7+0,00184*84(50 - 32) = 0.37 in. Condensation melt, 6 hr D=KiV(e.- 6.11) (Eqn. 8.22) D= 2+0.00578*8%(12.19*0.65 - 6.11) = 0.17 in. Radiation melt, 12 hr Diz = Da(1 - 0.75xm) (Eqn. 8.20) Dj = 0.424(1 - 0.7540.5) = 0.26 Rainfall melt, hourly M=P(Tw - 32)/144Q, (Eqn. 8.27) (0.04* 12*(48 - 32))/[144*0.97] = 0.05 Total melt is thus = 0.85 in. From Appendix Table A.2, ¢, = 23.3 mb for a relative humidity of 25%, e, = 5.82 mb Condensation will not occur since the air is unsaturated. Cold content We = WoT,/160 Temperature = 22°F We = 0.248*1245.6/16 The snow pack is not ripe since its temperature is below freezing M-=(0.029 + 0,0084kv + 0.007P,)(Ts - 32) + 0.09 M = (0.029 + 0.0084*0.5*15 + 0.007*0.2)(44 - 32) + 0.09 1.21 inJ/day M~=(0.074 + 0.007P,(T, - 32) + 0.05 M= (0.074 + 0.0070.2)(57 - 32) + 0.05 M= 1.94 in/dayCHAPTER 9 9.1 a) The graphical solution is: Crest, Seqment — Recession ~ L Limb i ie s 10 Tene Che) 15 Sketch forProblem 9.1a b) Time of cessation of direct runoff is t= 12 hrs (see semilog plot) (See next page)loot hat Ee aay SES ems Peco S607 LEE EL aR ETE EUS, Prolo. 4.4 i i | atl bite i HH H 6 Hh E Bie Coseation D.R. “Li, Near ~y iS FS Time Che 10 1s Sketch for Prob. 9.1b - Semilog plot to find point "B" ©) q=aK (aa.)"=K 4, Dy, ad, E K 54 60 09 1 0.9 48.5 34 0.898 1 0.898 43.5 48.5 0.897 1 0.897 48.5 60 0.808 2 0.899, 435 34 0.806 2 0.898 BS 60 0.725 3 0.898 Averaging, K = K/6 =5,39/6= 0.8989.2 Graphical Solution: Sketch for Problem 9.2 9.3 Q,= (2.75 in/hr - 0.25 inJhr) x 10 mi? x 640 ac x _1.008 cfs-hr mi ac-in. Q, = 16,128 cfs ~ 16,130 cf t,=t, +1, = 200 min + 100 min = 300 min94 Qp? 16,128 cfs oO 100 200 300 Time, min Sketch for Problem 9.3 ) t= tend otrnott~ fed of sem = 8 hrs- 5 hrs=3 hrs b) © =[(0.3 in/hr)5 hr- 1.0 in.V/5 hr = 0.10 ihr ¢) 100% of basin was contributing att = 4 hrs, The time of concentration for the basin is 3 hours, since the rain continues for 5 hours the whole basin is contributing to runoff from t = 3 his to t = 5 hrs. 4) Q = Tree Q,= 0.20 in/hr x 4250 ac x 1.008 __cfs-hr ‘ac-in. Q, = 856.8 cfs = 860 cfs €) The time of concentration for this basin is 3 hours. At t= 3 hrs the whole basin is contributing to runoff, and it continues to do so until rain ceases at t= Shrs. This value is the peak runoff rate that can be attained by the basin for this net intensity because outflow equals net inflow after the time of concentration. ) At7pm Qz=_0.50_(U.H. att=6hrs) 0.20 + (0.50/0.20) (U-H. at t= I br)= (0.50/0.20) (400 + 200) = 1500 cfs 9.5 and9.6 Partial solution (Instructor may provide own data): 97 Time, days 0 1 2 3 4 Flow, fs. 2,720 2,340 34,300 25,000 14,000 Time, days 5 6 7 8 9 Flow, cfs 8,960 5,740 4,300 3,230-2,760 Time, days 10 n 12 13 14 Flow, cfs 2390 2,060 1,770 1,520 1,320 39, b00 30, 000 25, boo 20 bo Volume, of Ditect Runoff 15,00 : = 1.973 10,000 S000 /° 2 4.6 8 10 Time, days oO 12014 Sketch for Problem 9.5 and 9.6 a) Direct Runoff began at 9:00 am, Direct Runoff ceased at 6:00 pm. b) Gross Rain = 2.75 in/hr x 2 hr= 5.5 in. Net Rain = 5.0 in.Losses = 5.5 in. - $.0 in. = 0.5 in Derive 2-hr unit hydrograph: Rate of, Direct 2-hr Time TotalQ Baseflow Runoff UH. (hrs) (cls) (fs) (cfs) (cfs) 8am 100 100 0 0 9 100 100 0 0 10 300 100 200 40 1 500 100 400 80 12 700 100 600 120 1pm 800 100 700 140 2 600 100 500 100 3 400 100 300 60 4 300 100 200 40 5 200 100 100 20 6 109 100 0 0 7 109 100 0 0 Check Net Rain. = ZQAt = 3000 cfs-hr x _ac-in._= 4.96 in. ~ 5.0 in. Area 600.ac 1.008 cfs-hr Qu = Lin. Qorn) Sin. ) t= time gesaion not ~ HMC session an = 1800 hrs - 1100 hrs = Zhrs ©) HME ecaion nnatt = TMC in + tHME,epcearaion = 5:00 pm + 7 hrs = 12:00 Midnight ) Derive an 8-hr Unit Hydrograph from 2-hr U.H.:98 Time — Q#1_ QU QB — Q#4 TotalQ Shr 0 0 oO 0 0 1 40 0 0 10 2 80 0 80 20 3 120 40 160 40 4 140 80 0 220 55 5 100 120 40 260 65 6 60 140 80 0 280 70 7 40 100 120 40 300 why 8 20 60 140 80 300 75 9 0 40 100 120 260 65 10 20 60 140 220 55 i 0 40 100 140 35, 12 20 60 80 20 13 0 40 40 10 14 20 20 5 15 0 0 0 Pa =4 in., therefore Q, for 8-hr U.H. = 1/4 Q for RH. Check for 1" Pyq for 8-hr UH: Pya= _ZQAt = _ 600 cfshr x _acci ‘Area 600ac ‘1.008 cfs-hr = 0,992 in, = 1.0 in. Pyq for 8-hr storm of intensity of 2.75 in/hr: Pye: = (Ips ~ ®) x time = (2.75 inh - 0.25 in hr) x 8 hr = 20 in. Peak discharge rate = (20 x 75 cfs) + 100 cfs = 1600 cfs Direct Runoff = 20 in. To be assigned by instructor.9.9 For the given times: Ti] Base} Direct} 12-HR| —S-Hyd. Lagged Flow} Runoff UHL for] S-Hyd. cfs cfs cfs} 1/12"/h 315 0 0 0 0 375 450 234 234 0 1825 951 951 234 3275 1706 1940 951 3525 1836 2787 1940 2825 1471 3411 2787 2000 1042 3820 3411 1350 703 4ul4 3820 875 456 4285 414 525 273 4387 4285 275 143 4428 4387 115 60 4447 4428 35 18 4447 4447 : 0 0 4447 4447 315 0 0 4447 4447 9.10 To be assigned by instructor. 9.11 a) Direct runoff began at 9am b) Solving Time Ques Qoe 8 100 0 9 100 0 10 300 200 ul 450 350 12 3000 200 1 150 50 2 100 0 3 100 0. Sum = 800 efs-hrs Net rain = 800 cfs-hrs x _1 mi ___x acre-in/hr = 0.50 in. 2.48 mi? 640 acres_—‘1.008 cfs Gross rain = 2.6 in hr x 2 hrs= 5.2 in,©) 2+hr U.H. is Qog above multipliee by 2, or 1+ Q 0 0 1 400 2 700 3 400 4 100 5 0 @) 4-hr UH. is: t Ist 2nd 4-hr UH, 0 0 0 1 200 200 2 350 0 350 3 200 200 400 4 50 350 400 5 0 200 200 6 0 30 50 7 0 0 0 9.12 Combine the contributions from each increment: e Qa Qa hrs) (cfs) (cfs) 0. 0 0 0 2 2400 0 2400 4 3600 0 3600 6 1200 1600 2800 8 600 2400 3000 10 0 800 800 12 400 400 14 0 0 9.13 Fora$-hr storm, the 5-hr unit hydrograph is directly applicable to the net rain. The net rain rate is 5.0 - 0.5 = 4.5 inJhr. The net rain that produced the 5-hr U.H. is 0.20 in./hr. Thus, the runoff rate for the storm is 4.5/0.2 times 300 cfs, or 6,750 cfs. 9.14 Given: t,= 8 hrs Q, = 4032 cfs when I, = 2 in./hr for 10 hr Area contributing = 100% (t,> 1.) = Qu, = 4032 ef x___ac-in. = 2000 ac 2inhr 1.008 cfs-hra) 4 inJhr for 12 hr (12 hr>t.) Q=hA = 4 in Jar (2000 ac) x 1.008 cfs-hr/ac-in. = 8064 cfs Time base =t, + 1,= 12 hr +8 hr=20 hr b) 4 in /hr for 8 hr (8 hr=,) = 4 ihr (2000 ac) x 1.008 efs-hr/ac-in, = 8064 cfs Time base = t, +1, = 8hr+8 hr= 16 hr ©) 1, =4 inh for 4 hr Assume 50 % of the area is contributing AQ in./hr (1000 ac) x 1.008 cfs-hriac-in = 4032 cfs Time base = t, + 1.=4hr+ 8 hr=12 hrs 9.15 First subtract 100 cfs baseflow: Time Total Q Baseflow Runoff hrs) (cfs) (fs) (cfs) 8am 100 100 0 9 100 100 0 10 300 100 200 i 600 100 500 12pm 400 100 300 1 200 100 100 2 100 100 0 3 100 100 0 a) Direct surface runoff began at 9 am b) Net rain = 1000 cfs-hrx _mi?__x efs-hr/ac-in. = 0.50 in. 3.10 mi? 640 ac 1.008¢) (2.60 in/hr - ) 2 br = 0.5 in. 2.5 inJhr - © = 0.25 inJhr = 2.35 inJhr ) Q, for 2-hr U.H. = (1/0.5\(Q, for DR.H.) This is tabulated as follows: Time 2-hr UH. hrs) (cfs) 0 0 1 400 2 1000 3 600 4 200 5 0 ©) eoncenation = fend soem ~ fndrain =Shr-2hr=3 hr £) Derive a 4-hr UH: Time Qi Qe Qa hr UH. (hrs) (cis) (cf) (cfs) (cfs) O=1pm 0 0 0 0 1 400 0 400 200 2 1000 0 1000 500 3=4pm 600 400 1000 500 4 200 1000 1200 600 3 0 600 600 300 6 0 200 200 100 7 0 0 0 0 Q(4-hr UH.) = % x (Q for LRH) Check for 1 in. Pye: 2200 cfs-hr__x x _ac-in. 3.10 mi? 640 ac 1.008 cfs-hr Py, = 2 inJhrx 4 br=8 in. = Ll in, = 1.0 in,9.16 Q, for D.RH. = 8x (Q, for 4 hr UH.) Time DRH. (hrs) (of3) 1pm 0 2 1600 3 4000 4 4000 Direct Runoff Rate a) Find runoff from 5 in./hr storm: Time 2-hr U.H. D.R.H. (hrs) (cfs) _cfs) 0 0 1 60 600 2 200 2000 3 300 3000 4 200 2000 5 120 1200 6 60 600 7 30 300 8 10 100 9 0 0 Quan. = 10x (Q for 2-Hr U.H.) b) Direct Runoff = 5 inJhr x 2 br = 10 in, #1 = Tyq = 4.5 inher - 0.5 in Jhr= 4.0 in Jr 2 Tyg, = 6.5 in hr - 0.5 in./hr = 6.0 in hr This tabulates as follows: Time Qn Qn 0 0 0 0 1 480 0 480 2 1600 0 1600 3 2400 720 31209.17 Time Units CmudAMELNAo 9.18 emu aus os Qa = 8x (Q, for 2-hr UH.) 1600 960 480 240 80 0 0 0 Qe = 12x (Q, for 2-hr UHL) 2400 3600 2400 1440 720 360 120 4000 4560 2880 1680 800 360 120 The six successive U.H ordinates are 0, 1/6, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, 1/12, and 0. Applying the U.H. to the storm pattern gives: Storm 0 0 1/6 1 13 1 V4 4 1/6 2 wiz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ix UG. 0 1/6 V3 1/4 1/6 wiz 0 0 0 0 Lag 1x UG. 0 0 6 18 1/4 16 12 0 0 0 Lag the 2-hr unit hydrograph by 2 hrs: Time (hrs) eUYAuRUNHS Q#l fs) 0 50 300 400 200 50 0 Q# cf 0 0 0 50 300 400 200 50 0 Lag Lag 4x 2x UG UG. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2/3 0 4/3 V3 1 2/3 23 1/2 1/3 13 0 V6 0 0 Q Total (of3) 0 50 300 450 500 450 200 50 0 Composite Hydro- Graph oO 1/6 12 114 21/2 1iwi2 1a 2/3 1/6 ° 4-hr U.H. (cfs) 25 150 225 250 225 100 25Qu ateun = 4X (Q, for Total) 9.19 Solving, the six 3-hr storms have net rains and DRH contributions as follows: Hr | Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Sth 6th Total “hr 2"/hr O"/hr 2.5"h S"/hr 1/br DRH 3xUH__| 6xUH 7.5xUH | 15xUH | 3xUH 0 oO 0 1 30 30 2 120 120 3 180 0 180, 4 240 60 300 5 300 240 540 6 270 360 0 630 7 210 0 8 180 0 9 150 0 0 10 120 0 75 i 90 0 300 12 60 0 0 13 30 0 150 14 0 . 0 600 15 120 0 0 16 60 0 30 17 0 0 120 18 0 . 19 0 20 oO 21 22 75 23 0 24 25 26 0 27 28 The student should fill in the dots in this table. 9.20 Develop S-hyd and lag 5 hrs:Zin She Zin the H] oto” | = | atpatiat - ofS of fF oe ‘Sketch for Prob. 9.20 - Subtrection of storms for S-hr difference Time 1st 4" 2nd4" 3rd.4" S-hyd Lagged Soln, 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 1 200 0 0 200 0 200 2 800 0 0 800 0 800 3 1200 200 0 1400 0 1400 4 800 800 0 1600 0 1600 5 600 1200 200 2000 0 — 2000 6 400 800 800 2000 200 1800 7 0 600 1200 2000 800 1200 8 2000 1400 600 9 2000 1600 400 10 2000 2000 0 9.21 a) Peak occurs after 3 hrs Since Duration = 2 hrs, peak is proportional to peak for UH. 1in.rain_=__10in. rain Therefore, X = 3000 cfs 300 cfs peak «XX b) Direct surface runoff = net rain = 2 hr x 5 inJhr = 10 in. ©) A 2-hr U.H. represent runoff for 0.5 in/hr and duration of 2 hrs. Therefore, for 0.5 in fhr and duration of 4 hrs, runoff= sum of two U-H. lagged by 2 hrs, or at 8 pm, Q=200 + 200 = 400 cfs9.22 The S-hydrograph for continuous rain at a rate of 1-inch per time unit is: Contributions from each 1 time-unit rain: Tim: a CerAnERUNHKS ss ws Flew unite. v4 16 42 ard 1/6 3 14 6 Wiz 4th 6 13 va 6 12 16 13 4 1/6 wi2 6th 16 u3 1/4 16 wi th TOTAL S-HYD. 16 12 3/4 12 1/12 12 Sketch for Prob. 9,229.23 To solve, find a 1-hr U.H., then apply to two 1-hr storms. L-hr U.H. determination: Average = Time Q Qu AchrU.H. 1st2" +2nd Total 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 1 10 0 5 0 0 10 2 40 10 25 50-1060 3 5040 45 % 50 140 4 60 50 35 110 90 200 5 80 60 70 140 110 250 6 100 80 90 180 140 320 7 80 100 90 180 180 360 8 20 80 50 100 180 280 9 10 20 15 30 100130 10 0 10 5 mW 30 40 1 0 0 0 ¢ 0 0 12 ¢ 0 (0 9.24 Method 1: S-hydrograph: Find S-hyd for given I-hr U.H. by cumulating Q - values at At = Thr. Lag by 2 hrs, Subtract lagged from original (gives DRH of 1 inJhr for 2 hrs). Multiply by 1/2 (Divide by 2). Method 2: Sum ordinates of a I-hr U.H. plus a second 1-hr U.H. lagged by | hr, and divide by 2. 9.25 Given the following: A= 100 mi, C,= 1.8, L= 18 mi, Ley = 10 mi a) Findt,: t,=C,(LLe,) = 1.8 (18 x 10)" = 8.548 hrs b) Find 4: = 4/5.5 = 8.548/5.5 = 1.554 brs ©) FindQ,: C, = average = 0.6 Q, = 640 C, Alt, = 640 ((1.6)(100)/8.548 = 4,492 cfs 9.26 To be assigned by instructor. 9.27 From Eqn. 9.18f(x) = xte® Tar) a) The local optima (maximal, minima, inflections) occur where f(x) = 0. Solving, £0) = 1 [xte “(1/ 8) +e “a x") Be Tat] for f(x) = 0, ae™ x"! = 1Be*® x* Ife ** = 0, then x = af gives local optima. Student should prove that this isa maximal. b) The first moment of f(x) is given ty: M, aka f(x) dx. and the centroid is x= M/A thus, the moment is M= _1 rx e™* dx B@' Tart) J, Since fr e™dx = Tint) a For n>-1, a>o, Tatl)=al(a) M,=__B"*1(a+2) = (a+1)B B*'T(a#]) Area= 1 = [* xte* dx B'Taty J, M,=__8"'Totl) = 1.0 8°" Tat)Thus, the area is 1.0 (as expected), a8 is the mode and the product of (a+1)8 can be estimated by the centroid of the unit hydrograph. 9.28 For the given conditions: A= 60 mi, D=2 hr, t, = 1.44A"° 1, = 1.44(60)°* = 16.80 hrs t, = D/2 +t, = 2hr/2 + 16.80 = 17.80 hr Q, = 484(A) = 484(60) = 1631 cfs 178 From Figure 9.18 (Table 9.6) t q vy Q/0, (1, = 17.80) (Q,= 1631) 0 0 0 0 0s 0.43 89 701.3 10 10 17.80 1631 15 0.66 26.7 1076 20 032 35.6 $22 25 0.15 445 245 3.0 0.075 53.4 122 35 0.036 623 59 40 0.018 n2 29 45 0.009 80.1 15 350 0.004 89 7 9.29 Using Eqn. 9.33b A= 60 mi, D =2 hr, t,= D/2 +, t, = 1 + 0.54 (A)"* t= 1+0.54(60)"* = 1 + 0.54(11.67) =7.30 hr Q, = 484A = 484 x 60 = 3,978 cfs t 730 From Figure 9.18: t 4 uty Q/Q, (= 7.3) (Q,= 3978) 0 0 0 0 05 0.43 3.65 1711 1.0 1.0 7.30 39789.30 931 9.32 15 0.66 4.82 2625 2.0 0.32 14.60 1273 25 0.15 18.25 597 3.0 0.075 21.90 298 35 0.036 25.55 143 4.0 0.018 29.20 R 45 0.009 32.85 36 5.0 0.004 36.50 16 The triangular hydrograph used in deriving Eqn. 9.39 has a base of 2.67 t,.. ‘Therefore, the time from peak to end of runoff is 1.67 t,. From Eqn. 9.41 and 9.42 we find t, = 1.5 ty. which is slightly less. From the ciscussion in Sec. 9.2, the excess rainfall release time is the time from the end of rain to the end of runoff. If this is equated with t, (see Sec. 9.2), then D + t, = 2.67 ,. Comparison with Eqs. 9.34 and 9.35 shows that the SCS. triangular hydrograph has an excess release time of approximately t, + t,, or 2.47 ty Because t, = 0.665 t, (Eqs. 9.35 and 9.36), then the SCS release time is 1.64 t,, which is somewhat longer than the time of concentration. It would suggest that once rain stopped, outflow of the remaining direct runoff would occur over a longer interval than te Fora right triangle with base of t, and height of q,, the area is 1/2 t, q,. For the whole triangular unit hydrograph, the area is 1/2(2.67 t,)q,-. Thus the ratio of areas is 1/2.67, or 37.5%, The student should verify the same ratio in Fig. 9.18 by plainmetering areas. Q,= 484A (SCS method) T, 484(_400.ac__) Q (640 ac/ mi 4hr 5.7 of for UH. To find Q, for the 10 in. storm: Dain for UH: T,=D/2+t D=2(T, -t)=2 (4-3)hrs=2 hrs Since 10 in. fell in 2 hr, Q,=_10in._ (75.7 ofs) = 757 ef in. By Eqn. 9.28640C,A where C, is between 0.4 and 0.8 t Using C,=0.4 640 (0.4) (400 ac) Q= 640 ac/ mi?_ = 54 cfs for UH. 3 hr Using C, = 0.8 Q, = 107 efs for UH. Q,=_10in_ (54 cfs) = 540 cfs Vin to 10 in._(107 cfs) = 1070 cfs Tin, 933 Error— this is a repeat of Problem 9.32. 9.34 Area under triangle with base of 2.67 t, and height of q, = 1.0 in. 1/2(2.67 T,) q,=1 in. q7=__lin.Q) =__2 in, 2.67 T, (hrs) 2.677, hr For cfs units: q,=__2__ _in._x Ami? x _640 acre_ x __1.008cfs_=_484.A 2.677, br mi acre-inJhr TT, where 4, = peak, cfs, A = area, mi?, T, = time to peak, hr 935 Given: Q,=0.75 Vit, = __0.75(1.0 in) _ = inner t, (hr) Therefore,9.36 937 Q, (cf) = 0.75(1.0 in.) x A(sq mi) x _1,008 efs-hr x 640 ac b 1 sq mi Q, (cfs)= 484A QED. 4 The Snyder, Espey and CUHP methods are similar. Each gives several points on the hydrograph, but assuring a unit area under the curve requires graphical or numerical integration. ‘The SCS and Gray's methods give direct solutions (to a lesser degree with Gray's) of the unit hydrograph, but not for a selected duration. An S-curve would be required to convert to any duration. Clark's IUH method is the less complex as it requires only the time-area curve and lag time. It results in an IUH, which is easily converted to any duration U.H. Nash's method gives a direct shape (and a unit area) if K and n can be estimated. These are not easily determined. Nash's and Gray's methods are probably the most computationally complex. Given: 8, =K [xl +(1-)0,] a $,=K fx, (1-90) Q T=0+asiat 6) Since: T= (1,+0,)/2 and O=(0,+0,)/2 and: AS=S,-S, substitution into (3) gives: 0, [0.5At+K - Kx] , [0.5At-Kx] +1, (0.5Att Kx] + 0, [-0.5At+ K(1-x)] dividing by [K - Kx + 0.5Aq] gives 0,= Cyl +C,1, + C,0, where Cy), C,, C, are given by Eqs. 9.56-9.58 Assume reaches have equal lengths with equal travel times, i.e. if N subreaches are necessary, each would have a K value of 2 hr/N. Try N= I: K=2; At=0.5 does not exceed K/3. Try N=2: K=1; here At=0.5 falls in the range from K/3 to K, so two subreaches ‘would be sufficient.9.39 Given: K= 12 hrs,x=0.2 Reasonable value of At is any value between K/3 and K. (See Eqn. 9.53) 9.40 Given: since I-O=(S,-S,)/ At then substitution for S, and S, gives: -0,[0.5At + b] = Lla- 0.5At] + I,(-a - 0.5At] + O,f-b + 0.5At] or 0,= Cyl; + Cl, + C,0, where Cy = -(a - 0.5A0)/(b + 0.5At) C,= (a+ 0.SAt)(b + 0.541) C,=(b- 0.5AtV/(b + 0.5At) 9.41 To find K and X: (See Example 9.10): Eqn. 9.53 is solved, in successive time steps, for S,. The initial S,, is zero or some arbitrary value. The value of S, for the second time step is S, from the initial step Inflow and outflow values that correspond to each S, are entered in XI, + (1-X)O,, using a trial value of X between 0.0 and 0.5. The corresponding pairs of values of S, and XI, + (1-X)0, are plotted. This process is repeated until one value of X produces the straight line theorized in Eqn. 9.52. Once the velue of X is chosen, K is the slope of the line as indicated in Eqn. 9.59. If inflow and outflow are cfs units, X will be dimensionless and K has units of At 9.42 — Given: Inflow hydrograph a) K=11hrs,X=0.13 IfAt=6 hrs, C,= 0.1249, C, = 0.3524, C,= 0.5227 0,=C)1,+C,1+C, 0, Table performs the routing:6am - 1000 - 100 n 100 300 «©6100 )=:125 6pm 300 680 125-256 m 680 500 256 436 6am 500. 400 436454 n 400 310 454 417 6pm 310 230 417 356 m 230 100 «356 = 280 6am 100 100-280-194 n 100 100 «194 149 6pm 100 100 149 126 m 100 100 126 113 6am 100 100 113 107 n 100 100 107 104 6pm 100 100 104102 m 109 100 «102 «(101 6am 109 100 101 100 a 100 100 100 100 ‘The student should continue this routing until O, = I, as shown above. b) lotto be completed by student, ©) Repeat if X= 0.0: C,=3/14= 0.214, C = 3/14=0.214, C, = 8/14 = 0.572 The routing is as follows: Hour h & fe) Hour q b Q 6am - 100 n 100 300 143 6pm 300 680 292 m 680 500 419 6am 500 400 432 n 400 310 399 6pm 310 230 343 m 230 100 267 6am 100 100 195 n 100 100 155 6pm 100 100 131 m 106 100 18 6am 100 100 110 n 106 100 1066pm m 6am a 100 160 160 100 100 100 100 100 106 103 102 101 9.43 Foreach subreach, x = 0.13, K=5.5 ats, At=6 hrs From Eqn. 9.55: 0,=CL+C,+C,0, where C,=0.477, C,= 0.294, C,=0229 Upstream Subreach Hour I b 6am 100 300 n 300 680, 6pm 680 500 m 500 400 6am 400 310 n 310 230 6pm 230 100 m 100 100 a 100 159 379 558 484 393 305 209 Oo 159 379, 558 484 393 305 209 125 103 102 101 100 Downstream Subreach 100 159 379 558 484 393 305 209 159 379 558 484 393 305 209 125 a 100 17 214 394 499 461 383 295 o uN7 214 304 499 461 383 295 204 Compare Problem 9.42a 125 256 436 454 417 356 280 194 ‘The outflow values from the second (downstream) subreach are all within 10 percent of the values from Prob. 9.42a. 9.44 a) To find K and X, assume storage at 6 am is zero cfs-days. Calculate other storage values: Use S, = IAt- OAt +8, (Eqn. 9.53) ” Route in table with At = 0.25 days: 10 30 68 50 40 Q 10 12.9 26.5 43.1 44.9 lat, cfs-days 49 87 11.0 S., S, ofsedays 0 22 22 95 95 15.6 156 158a 31 413 89 108 188 13.9 6pm 23 353 68 96 139 1d m 10 27 41 79 ul 73 6am 10 19.4 25 59 73 39 a 10 15.1 25 43 392 6pm 10 127 25 34 210 12 m 10 115 25 3.0 12. 07 6am 10 10.8 25 28 07 04 Calculate XI + (1-X)0 for trial X= 0.10: Hour XI+(1-X)0, ef S.cfs-days 6am 10 0 n 14.6 2.2 6pm 30.6 9.5 m 43.8 15.6 6am 444 15.8 n 40.3 13.9 6pm 34.1 na m 25.9 73 6am 18.5 3.9 n 14.6 21 6pm 124 12 m 113 07 6am 10.704 From plot below, a straight line is formed. Therefore X = 0.1 is satisfactory and K = AS/AX, or K = (13.8 - 4.9) cfs-days/20-ef3 = 0.445 days = 11 hrs.1s Plot for x= 0.1 BS= 8.9 cls-cays x= O41 1 Ke AS. £8 = 0 Ke ax zo xs 20 cfs = 0-445 days = IT hours o 6 70 30 46 50 1+ (1-X) 0, ef Sketch for Problem 9.44a b) Find outflow if K = 11 hours, X = 0.1, 0.5 and 0.0: At= 6 hrs 0 X=01 X=05 Cy 214147 294 Cy: 214 318 1.000 Cy: 571 535 294 Xoo Xor Xos Hour, L h a ® ® 6am : - 10.0 10.0 10.0 n 30 10 14.3 12.9 41 6pm 68 30 29.2 26.5 112 m 50 68 49 43.1 56.6 6am 40 50 43.2 44.9 54.8 a 31 40 39.9 413 47.0 6pm 3 31 34.3 35.3 38.0 m 10 23 26.7 27.7 313 6am 10 10 19.5 19.4 16.3 n 10 . 10 15.4 15.1 19 6pm 10 10 13.1 12.7 10.6 m 10 10 118 1S 10.2 6am 10 10 11.0 10.8 10.1 ‘The student should continue routing until 0, = I, and plot the three calculated hydrographs with the measured hydrograph. Root-mean-square computations for Problem 9.44, in cfs:Hour Deviation Square Deviation Square Deviation Square 6am 0 - 0 - - n 14 20 0 0 774 6pm 27 13 0 0 234.1 m “12 14 0 0 182.2, 6am “7 29 0 0 98.0 n “14 20 0 0 32.5 6pm “1.0 10 0 0 73 m 10 10 0 0 13.0 6am O 0.0 0 0 96 n 03 01 0 0 10.2 6pm 04 02 0 0 44 m 03 on 0 0 17 6am 0.2 0.0 0 0 05 SUM: 18.0 SUM: 0.0 SUM: 670.9 Root-mean-square: 1.2 cfs RMSE: 0.0 RMS: 7.5 cfs 9.45 Storage in a river reach is a function of both inflow and outflow. Other reasons exist. 9.46 Instructor should provide watershed data from local data sources. 9.47 a) Assume storage at 6 am is 0.0 cfs-days. Continuity gives S, + TAt-Oat+ 8, (Eqn. 9.53) Use At= 0.25 days Solving by table: Hour Tat - Oat + S$ = Syefsdays 6am : - - 0 a 25 25 0 0 6pm 5.0 29 0 21 m 12.5 49 21 97 6am 15.0 8.6 97 16.1 a n2 110 16.1 163 6pm 88 10.8 16.3 14.3 m 62 95 143 110 6am 38 79 11.0 69 n 25 39 69 35 6pm 25 42 3.5 18 m 25 3.5 18 0.8 6am 25 3.0 08 03 2 25 2.6 03 02Try X=0.1 and X= 0.2, in cfs: Hour XI(1-X)0ifX=0.1 X14(1-X)0 if X = 0.2 6am 100 10.0 a 10.0 10.0 6pm 147 16.4 m 304 34.8 6am 43.7 44.4 n 445 44.0 6pm 39.9 38.8 m 33.5 32.0 6am 262 24.4 a 18.1 172 6pm 14.5 14.0 m 12.7 12.4 6am 10.9 10.8 n 10.0 10.0 These are plotted against storage as follows: Best Line 2201 20.2 5 Loop AS= 725 cfedys = 1-6 hours io 20 30 40 =o XI +(1-x)0, fs Sketch for Prob. 9.47 - Determination of X and KFrom the above plot, X = 0.1 and K = 0.483 days = 11.6 hr b) To route given hydrograph use X= 0.1, K = 0.483 day and At = 0.25 day. Error — this is the same as Problem 9.47. a) Try X=0.1, At= 0.25 days, Plot S vs. XI + (1-X)O: R O= rising loop A= falling lop Nn Ss Laop for X20.) OK hpe= K =0.457 Shpe= K ape oc MRM ee DH w Sketch for Problem 9.49a1 10 30 68, 50 40 31 23 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10.0 129 26.5 43.1 44.9 a3 35.3 21.7 19.4 15.1 12.7 11S 10.8 XIU-X)0 10.0 14.6 30.6 438 44.4 40.3 34.1 25.9 18.5 14.6 12.4 13 10.7 TAt 5.00 12.25 14.75 11.25 8.88 6.75 413 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Oat 3.72 4.93 8.70 11.00 10.78 9.58 7.88 5.89 431 3.48 3.03 2.19 2.60 From Sketch for Prob. 9.49a, X= 0.1, K = 0.457 days b) Route using X=0.0 and 0.5, K =0.457 days, For X=0.0 Cy = 0.125/0.582 = 0.215 C, = 0.125/0,582 = 0.215 C, = 0.332/0.582 = 0.570 Using 0, = Cy 1; + C, 1, + C, 0}: L 10 30 68 50 40 31 23 10 10 For X=0.5 Cy 0.72 7.32 6.05 0.25 -1.90 -2.83 -3.75 “3.39 -1.81 -0.98 -0.53 0.29 -0.10 0.104/0.354 = 0.293 C, = 0.354/0.354 = 1.000 C, = 0.103/0.354 = 0.293 18.3 25.2 25.6 23.5 20.1 15.6 14 10.0 41 M13 36.7 54.9, 47.0 38.0 312 162 a 0 -0.72 6.60 12.65 12.90 11.00 8.17 4a2 1.03 0.78 -2.58noon 10 9.0 118 6pm 10 16 10.5 mid 10 68 10.1 6am 10 64 10.0 Gam bpm Gam bpm Gam bpm am Sketch for Prob. 9.49 9.50 a) Outflow: Check C,+C, + C, = 1.000 K=11 hrs, X= 0.13, At= 6.0 hrsHour 1. cis GA GO Octs 6am 10 - - - 10 noon 30 37 35 520 124 6pm 68 84 10.6 65 25.5 mid 50 62 24.0 13.3 43.5 6am 40 5.0 177 227-0 45.4 noon 31 38 14.1 23.7 41.6 6pm 23 29 10.9 218 35.6 mid 10 1.2 81 186 27.9 b) These are plotted as follows: Inflow Hydrog raph X= 0.13 X= 0. Gam 1 bpm m bam n bpm m Time Sketch for Prob. 9.50 - Outflow for X = 0.0, 0.13 c) For plotting with X = 0: K=11 hrs, X= 0.00, At= 6.0 hrs At-KX, ) +05 At 34C,=_0.5 At+KX = 3/14 K(X) +05 At C,=_K(-X) -0.5 At = 8/14 K(-X) 05 At The resulting table is: Hour Lefs Gh © © 6am 10 : - : 10 noon 30 6.43 2.14 5.71 143 6pm 68 14.57 6.43 8.16 29.2 mid 50 10.71 14.57 16.66 41.9 6am 40 8.57 10.71 23.97 43.2 noon 31 6.64 8.57 24.71 39.9 6pm 23 4.93 6.64 22.81 344 mid 10 2.14 4.93 19.65 26.7 9.51 Muskingum K = 12,X=0.2 For routing, use K/3 < At Snyder's | 140 |5-min ont hydrogtoPh 1s a, cfs 8 oo! 2 3 4 5 67 8 Time, Hr. Sketch for Prob. 9.572, Snyder 15-min U.H. ») 30-minute U.H. to be found by student by lagging or S-hydrograph method. ©) Storm hydrograph — treat as three 15-min storms of 0.9”, 0.9” and 0.63” 15-minute Time Unit Hydrograph Ordinates, 0.9xUH, 0.63xUH t=1 32 28.8 20.2 2 975 87.8 614 2.55 149.4 134.5 94.1 3 133 119.7 83.8 4 75 675 412 3 375 33.8 23.66 2 19.8 13.9 7 14 126 88 8 8 72 5.0 Storm hydrograph ordinates ( 0.9 + 0.9 lagged + 0.63 lagged) Time Q 8 0 8 57.5 8g 193.8 8 338.8 8 213.8 8 106.2 8 56.3 8 33.8 8 22.5 Q, cfs 140 0.9" in 1S mis 1s in 1S min 90 0.63" 1S min 6s 40 IS ol 2 3 f 5 6 7 8 Time , he. Sketch for Prob. 9.57¢ — Storm Hydrograph4) Storage Indication Curve: Storage = O at El. 980 (Loitally full) 0 S00 1000 1500 2009 2500 Feo 8500 Oo, cfs Sketch for Prob. 9.57d - Storage Indication Curve ©) Problem 9.57 Routing Table: 28, Time 15 min 2S /At /dte Inenal on, Lthy 20, On Qu 0 1 0 10 0 - 0 1 2 10 32 10 10 0 2 3 22 60 42 42 i) 3 4 38 95 102 102 0 *4 5 ‘57 140 197 197, 0 5 6 83, 198 337 337 0 6 7 115 263 535 535 0 7 8 148 342 798 798 0 *8 9 194 434 1140 1140 09 10 240 530, 1574 15740 10 11 290 620 2104 21040 i 12 330 670 2524 2724 100 "12 13 340 7 2814 3194-190 13 14307 582 3001 3461-230 14 1s 275 520 3063 3583 260 15 16 245 458 3063 3583 260 +16 17 213 398 3041 3521-240 17 18 185 341 2989 3439-225, 18 19 156 284 2910 3330 210 19 20° 128 235 2814 3194190 +20 21 107 192 2709 3049170 21 22 85 1s4 2621 2901 140 22 23 69 127 2555 2775-110 23 24 58 106 2482 2682 100 24 25 48 1 2408 2588 90 25 26 43 81 2337 2497-80 26 27 38 B 2298 2418 70 27 28 35 67 27 2351 50 *28 29°32 62 2258 2338 «40 29 30 30 37 2240 2320 40 30 3127 st 2217 2297 40 31 3224 46 2208 2268 30 932 33-22 2214 2254 20 *Time, even hours. Discontinue routing when majority of inflow hydrograph is covered and outflow hydrograph is established and well past peak. 9.58 Same Problem as 9.57 except the reservoir is empty. Find: Elevation vs. Storage Curve (not shown). Elevation vs. Outflow Curve (not shown). 2S/At + O vs. O Curve:Storage = 0 at EL 9% (Laitially empty) 2s/st + O, cfs w 8 Sketch for Prob. 9.58 - Storage Indication Curve Routing Table for Prob. 9.58: Sn Time 2syat Att 15min n 1, Ltha -O, Oy, Om Interval (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) o 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 2. 10 10 0 2 3 2 o 40 4 1 3 4 38° 98 80 100 10 "45 S7 400115 175 30 5 6 3 158 165 25545 6 7 us 263 243-363 60 7 8 148 342 346 506-80 +89 194 434488 «688100 9 10 240 530 642 922 140 10 i 290 620 792 1172 190 uo 330 670 912 1412 250% 2 1B 340 647 1042 1582270 1314 307 582 1129 1689-280 1415 275 520 1141 1711-2851516 245 458 1105 1661-278 *16 17 213 398 1033 1563-265 17 18 185 341 9211431255 18 19 156 284 «872 1262195 19 20 128 235° 786 «1156185 *20 21 107 192 721 1021 «150 2122 85 154 637913 138 22 23 69 127, 571791 110 23 24 58 105 498 698 100 +24 25 48 91 424 604 90 25 26 43 81 353 S15 81 2627 38 73 294 434 70 27. (28 35 67 247-367 60 *28 29 32 62 210314 52 29 30 30 57 176-272 48 300 31 27 51 153-233 40 3132. 24 46 134204 35 #3233 2 120 180 30 “Time (even hours) Discontinue routing when majority of inflow hydrograph is covered and outflow hydrograph is established and well past peak.10.1 10.2 10.3 CHAPTER 10 Use Eqn. 10.6 From Table in Appendix A, v is found to be 1.21*10 Converting velocity to fps yields, 1.16*10° mean grain diameter in ft is 0.0054 Substituting in the equation, NR = 1.16*10°*0,005/1.21*10% = 0.00479 Darey's Law applies Equation 10.7 gives the Reynold number as From Table A.2 in Appendix A, vis found to be 1.21 x 10° fsec. Converting the velocity q into units of ft/sec gives q = 1.2/86,400 = 1.39 x 10°. The mean grain diameter in ft = 0.08/12 = 0.0067. Substituting these values in the equation above, we obtain 1.39x10* x0.0067 1211 = 0.0077 Since Ny < 1.0, Darcy’s law applies. Using Eq. 10.11 Ky x{ ] and the values of the kinematic viscosity given in Table A.2 in Appendix A for the 60 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit, 1.21 x 10° and 1.41 x10°, respectively, we get 3.78x10'x1.21x10 ; 141x10° 324 spdift Note that the absolute viscosity and the kinematic viscosity are related as shown in the following equation,x ete Pp and given that the density of water over the range of temperatures in this case is virtually constant, values for the kinematic viscosity may be used in place of those for the absolute velocity in Eq. 19.11. 10.4 Use Eqn. 10.10 in this case m-60 = m-f Thus, K,=K, 10.5 Use Eqn. 10.72 K = 0.000287 b= m=8 15 0.000287*8*43/15 = 0.006582 Total Q is thus, 50*0.006582 = 0.325cfs 10.6 = 0.000084*8*22/15 = 0.000986 Q = 0.0007872*35 = 0.0345 m’/s 10.7 Refer to Fig. 10.19 and use Eq. 10.98. _ K@j= hi) 9° OL q = 0.5(3.25x10°)(20x20 - 3x3)/50 q= 0.012cfs, the flow into one foot of the infiltration gallery 10.8 = [Kxmx(h, - hy) /528l0g,(120/45) (600x100x8)/528log,(120/45) ,132 gal/min 109 K,=S28Qlogie(ey/,)/m(h, -b,) K,=528x1200xlog,,(500/75)/100x12.8, K,= 407.62 gpd/ft? 10.10 T=264Q/ah From plot of drawdown vs t, drawdown per log cycle is 28.2 - 10.5= 17.1 Q= (1/264)x17.1 = converting T to gal/day/ft T=5100 100x17.1/264 = 330 gpm10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 u=187rSJTt = 1,87x1x6.4x107/(630x7.5x30) = 8.5x10° interpolating, W(u) is found to be about 17.99 'S = [114.6x59000x7.5x17.99]/[630x7.5x24x60} = 134 ft Use Eqn. 10.106 K, = [(528x1300x(1n500/65))[130x10.8] = 433.2 gpditt? (a) Using Eq. 10.112, u can be computed as follows, 100x100x0.001}/[4x3600x0.0028] u=0.25 Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is found to be 1.07 Applying Eq. 10.114 the drawdown can be determined, (0.004x 1.07Y[4xxx0.0028] s= 0.12m (b) Follow the procedure used in (a) 100x100x0.001}/[4x24x60x60x0.0028] ).01 Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is found to be 4.04 Applying Eq. 10.114, the drawdown can be determined, s = [0.004x4.04]/[4xx0.0028] s~0.46m (a) Using Eq. 10.112, u can be computed as follows, 150x150x0.001/[4x12*60*60x0.0028] 46 u=0 Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is found to be 0.62 Applying Eq. 10.114, the drawdown can be determined, .003x0.62)/[4xnx0.0028] s=0.05m (b) Follow the procedure used in (a) '500x500x0.001)/[4x12*60*60x0.0028] u= 0.023 Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is found to be 3.24 Applying Eq. 10.114, the drawdown can be determined, = [0.003x3.24)/[4xxx0.0028] s=0.28m Eq. 10.102 is applicable, and for the given units this is Q K(i}-m) 1055log(7, In) log(235/100) = 0.37107h,=100-21=79ft h, = 100 - 22.2= 77.8 ft 0 1320(79' - 778°) 1055x0.37107 34.44 gpm 10.16 528Qlog(r, /7;) mh, - h) 528x850x10 ~ “90x(10-1) = 554 gpd/ft? 10.17 From Eq. 10.116, u can be computed, 1877", Tt w= [1.87x(200)°x3x104Y[3x10°x15] = 6.23x10% us Referring to Table 10.3 and interpolating, we estimate W(u) to be 9.1. Then using Eq. 10.115, the drawdown is found to be 11460 ;e™ Fi J “d = [114.6x300x9.1)/[3.0x10"] = 10.41 ft 10.18 (a) Using Eq. 10.112, u can be computed as follows, rs 4tT '90x90x0.00098)4x1000x0.0028} 71 Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is found to be 0.36 Applying Eq. 10.114, the drawdown can be determined, QW(u) Ant ).0038x0.36)/[4x2x0.0028] s=0.039m (b) Follow the procedure used in (a) '90x90x0.00098/[4x72,000x0.0028] 0098Then from Table 10.3, W(u) is fourd to be 4.06 Applying Eq. 10.114, the drawdown can be determined, 10.0038x4.06)/[4x7x0.0028] 44m 10.19 Q= Kxmx(hy - hy)/528xlogio(tyt1) Q = 600x100x9/528x0.8451 Q= 1210 gpm 87PSJTt .00011 W(u) = -0.577216 - In(u) substituting and solving using log, u W(u) = 8.537 $= 114.6QW(u)T 114.6x280x8.537/3.1x10" 84 ft 10.20 10.21 Use Eqn. 10.103 logi0 (ta/r,) 0.41683 Q= [1300*(79.4*79.4 - 77.5*77.5)(1055*0.41683) = 881 gpm : 10.22 Use Eqn. 10.118, 10.119 Refer to Fig. 10.22 (see next page) T = 264*300/14 = 5657 gpd/ft From Fig. t, = 1.25 min. = 0.0037 days S,=0.345657*0,0087/55*55 =4.88*10* 10.24 Use Eqn. 10.106 log of the ratio = 0.1856 K,=528*700*0.1856/80(97-95) = 428.8 gpd/sq.f. 10.25. Use Eqns. 10.115 and 10.116 Refer to Fig. 10.25 (see following pages). Determine s and rt from figure, 1.36 and 20,000. Determine u and W(u) from the figure, 0.09 and 1.9. T= 114.6*500*1.9/1.36 = 80,050 gpd/ft S, = 0.09*80,050/1.8720,000 = 0.192630 Drawdown, feet 20 «10 to= 1.25 min = 0.87x10" Figure 10.22 Sketch for Problem10.22Average drawdown h - feet Wu) Lo 10.0 match point $=136 P/t= 20,000 10.0 1 5 100 Pit in f/day (1000's) Figure 10.25 Sketch for problem 10.25 match point “a u=0.09 W(u) = 1.9 0.01 Ol 1.010.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 Use Equation 10.118 Find the change in head of 1.13 ft from Figure 10.26 (See following page) T= 264*570/1.13 = 137,800 gpd/ft 0.3*137,800*12/180"180*1440 = 0.001064 Use Eqn. 10.103 See Figure 10.27 on next page a.. K = 1055*1700*log(10)/1700 = 1055 gpd/sq.ft. b. S=[vol. pumped}/favg. drawdown" surface area] [1700*1920days*1440min/day]/[10*Pi*1*10*] =0.20 Use Eqn. 10.103 50/66 = (100? - 607)/(100° - y1?) yl? = 1560, yl = 39.5 drawdown is 100 - 39.5 = 60.5 ft on the west, flow toward stream Q=T*0.00024L on the east, flow away is Q=T*0,00095*L L=8 mi. from continuity, -QW + QE =8 cf hence, T(0.00095 - 0.00020)*8 =8 T= 1333 efvmi, Refer to Figure 10.30 (following pages). 1° = 300*300 = 90,000 calculating rt values for the data in the given table and plotting them versus the drawdown z results in Fig. 10.30a. Using this in combination with the type curve, Fig 10.30b, yields ‘match point values as follows: ‘w= 0.10, W(u) = 1.82 2=1.36ft, Pit = 6500/hr Then, using Eqns. 19.13 and 19.14 ‘T= 500*1440*1.82/4*Pi*1.36 = 76,700 gpd/ft 76,700*0.10/1.87*6500 = 0.0263 S = 128,000/10*100*640 = 0.20 S = 0.0002 = vol of water pumped divided by the average decline in piezometric head times surface area. 0.0002 = v/400*100 V = 0.0002*400*100*640 = 5120 acre-feet‘Drawdown - Feet Ah= 1.13 10 100 1000 Time - Minutes Figure 10.26 - Sketch for problem 10.26 1700 gpm for 1920 days 24 in. wells = oy 50 fi original water table Figure 10.27 - Sketch for problem 10.272, feet 05 3.0 1.0 O1 1,000 match point fy 10,000 ritin f/hr Figure 10.30a Sketch for problem 10.30 100,000Values of W(u) 0.01 _~ match point Values of u Figure 10.30b Sketch for problem 10.30 W(u) vs..uWa 12 113 4 CHAPTER 11 Q=CIA Q= the peak runoff rate (cfs) C= the runoff coefficient (assumed to have self-canceling units of ef-hr/ac-in.) 1 = the average, gross rainfall intensity (in/hr), lasting for a critical period of time (the time of concentration)A = the area of the drainage basin (acres). Only for durations less than t, might the design Q for the same frequency increase. However, not all the area contributes when D t.) Q= 32,180 cf b) att=5 (te<5 t2) a) 600 ac alone t= 60 min From Fig. 11.6, 1,= 2.75 in/hr (T, = 25 yr and duration = 60 min) Qp = Tn Acontivating Q = (2.75 in./hr - 0.5 in./hr)(600 acres) x 1.008 cf-hr Q = 1361 cfs “ b) 300 acre alone te= 10 min From Fig. 11.6, 6.9 inJhr (T, = 25 yr and durasion = 10 min) Qp = In Acontibting Q) = (6.9 ihr - 0.5 in/hr)(300 ac)x 1.008 _ cfs-hr ace Qp = 1936 fs c) Combined areas; duration is to be selected to give greatest possible 25-yr flow After 10 min of I, = 6.9 in /hr, Q, = 6.4 in/hr (300 + 100) ac x 1.008 _cfs-hr_ = 2581 cfs ‘ac-in. This is the solution, because it’s the largest possible 25-yr flow rate. ‘Try other possible storms: After 60 min of I, = 2.7516 7 us Q, = 2.25 inJhr (900 ac) x 1.008 efs-hr = 2042 cfs ac- After 20 min of I, = 5.0 in/hr Q) = 4.5 in./hr (300 + 200)ac x 1.008 efs-hr = 2268 cfs After 30 min of I, = 4.0 in/hr Q, = 3.5 in Mir (300 + 300)ac x 1.008 efs-hr = 2117 cfs Area: 1.0 mi? = 640 ac, C= 0.8, t. = 40 min a) Storm: 4 in./hr for 10 min Assume 1/4 of area is contributing Qp=1nA contributing = 0.8 (4 in/hr) (640 ac) x 1.008 _efs-hr_ = 516 cfs ac-in. b) Storm: 1 in/hr for 40 min All of area contributes when D > t. Qp_=InA conti = 0.8 (1 in/hr) (640 ac) x __1.008 cfs-hr _= 516 cfs (Same result as part a) ac-in, c) Storm: 0.5 inJ/hr for 60 min Qp = In Aconirit = 0.8 (0.5 inMnr) (640 ac) x 1.008 cfs-hr = 258 cfs acs Engineers must use large discharge values for design work. If the time of concentration is stable for large discharges, engineers can feel confident in using a given time of concentration to determine critical values of rainfall intensity for use in the Rational Formula, 8) Q=CIA is valid because D> t. p= 0-4 (2.75 in hr) (10 mi?) x 640 acimi? = 7040 cfs11.9 b) Since 150 min is greater than the time of concentration for the basin (100 min), and since itis still raining (1; = 200 min), Q= 150 = Q = 7040 cfs ) From the time-area curve at t= 40 min, 60% of the area is contributing to runoff. Qy = 0.4 (2.75 inJhr) (10 mi”) [640 ac/ mi? (.6)] = 4224 cfs. te= tend not = fendi t= 12hr-4hr=8 hr tc=D for peak runoff rate in design Fora storm with a Tr = 10 yr, 1=5.6-0.2D=5.6-02t T= 5.6 -0.2(8)= 4.0 in/hr © are Sketch for Problem’11.9 hr |__¢ sO Time Qu (Cf) Qa (ef) Qua (cf8) (ars) 12xQun 12xQun = Qu+Qn 0 0 0 0 2 4800 0 4800 4 12000 0 12000 6 9600 4800 14400 8 4800 12000 16800 10 2400 9600 12000 1 in-/hr11.10 Mal 12 14 16 0 4800 4800 2400 2400 0 0 Using unit hydrograph theory, the peak runoff rate is predicted as 16,800 cfs. Using the Rational Formula: Qp = Ine A Qp= (4 inJr- 1 in,/hr) x 5600 ac x 1.008 ofs-hr ac-in Q) = 16,934 ef ~ 16,930 cfs Rural, CN = 70, 36% impervious Before After P =6.2in P=62in, CN=70 CN=80 Q=3in. runoff —- Q=4 in. runoff. Increase = 1.0 in. in runoff or 33.3%. From Fig. 7.6 f= 3 in/hr f= 0.55 inthe k = 0.0697 For bluegrass, Type D Soil, f= 2.8 in/hr f= 0.1 inJhr att=1, £=0.5, thus: 0.5=0.1 + (2.8-0.1)e* 1.1481k=191 11.12. From Table 11.1 fy 5.5 inJar 3 inJhr k=2 £=0.5+(15.5-0.5)e* The student should solve this for t-values in Table 11.13, 11.13 The student should make this comparison.CHAPTER 12 12.1. The solution is: © ANALYSI8 PONT © hs oOjyapD Sketch for Prob. 12.1 Solution 122 Tobe completed by student. 123. To be completed by student. The student should apply the HYMO equations to any local watershed and compare the actual and synthesized unit hydrographs. 12.5 From Fig. 12.10 L = length of watershed = 29.6 mi W = width of watershed = 13.6 mi A=258 mi? SLP = (1661 - 1122) f/57.03 mi = 9.451 fi/mi Eqs. 12.2 and 12.3 give: (note that this is extrapolating) K = 27.0(258)71(9,451)°77"(29.6/13.6)"74 = 18.7 br ty = 4.63(258)*"(9.451)"*°(29.6/13.6)" = 19.0 hrKit, = 0.984 From Fig. 12.5,n=4 From Fig, 12.6, B= 360 From Eqn. 12.1 (here Q = 1.0 in. for a unit hydrograph) Gp = 360(258)(1.0)/19 = 4888 cfs Between t= O and t= 1.6 ty = 1.6(19) = 30.4 hr = 4888(1/19)° e20"™ Between t= 30.4 and t= 3.3(19) = 62.7 hr = qn eente Where qo = 4888 (30.4/19)° e°°°*") = 3309 cfs From t = 62.7 hr to t= 0 gu quel Where qi = 3309 e478? = 588 cfs 126 — Given: 12 hr storm at 0.1 in/hr E=0.7,Ko=0.6,C=3.0, AK=0.0 Find hourly L, and total and percent losses From Eqn. 12.6 1 =0.6(3.0)°°4"9 (0,197 Actual t CUML Ly 0 0 0.120 0.100 1 0.100 0.118 0.100 2 0.200 0.117 0.100 3 0.300 0.116 0.100 4 0.400 0.115 0.1005 0.500 0.113 0.100 6 0.600 0.112 0.100 7 0.700 oll 0.100 8 0.800 0.110 0.100 9 0.900 0.108 0.100 10 1.000 0.107 0.100 i 1.100 0.106 0.100 12 1.200 0.105 0.100 For this problem the losses are 1.20 in, or 100%. A better example would be found using P,= 0.2 in./hr. 12.7 Using CUML, = 0.5 in Prob. 12.6 gives 1, 10.6(3.0y°™™" saxyo.1"? where AK = 0.2(0.5)[CUML/0.5} 20 Because the addition of CUML, = 0.5 to problem 12.6 creates even greater loss rates (see the dashed line in Fig. 12.9) the losses will be 1.20 in. as in Prob. 12.6. For example, where t = 0 then CUML = 0 and L,= 0.140 in./hr. As in Prob. 12.6 the problem becomes more meaningful if P, = 0.2 in/hr. 12.8 From Prob. 9.44: Lagged (Supposed Measured ‘Time Inflow Average Outflow) Outflow 6 10 - - 10 a 30 20 - 13 6 68 49 20 26 m 50 59 49 B 6 40 45 59 45 n 31 35 45 4 6 23 27 35 35 m 10 16 27 28 6 10 10 16 19 1 10 10 10 15 6 10 10 10 13, ‘The agreement between the routed and actual flows is very good. 12.9 From Prob. 9.44:Lagged Lagged Actual Time Average Average Outflow 6 10 - - 10 hn 20 15 - 1B 6 49 34 24 26 m 59 54 44 4B 6 45 52 533 45 n 35 40 46 41 6 27 31 35 35 m 16 22 26 28 6 10 13 17 19 n 10 10 u 15 6 10 10 10 13 This method of routing gives very gocd agreement with the measured outflow rates. 12.10 NQis the number of time intervals for which Q is calculated. JOPER is the job parameter specifying which of the 5 options is used. TAREA is the drainage area of the subwatershed in sq mi. NP is the number of precipitation amounts to be applied. STORM is the total depth in inches of precipitation applied. TP is the time of hours from beginning of rain to peak flow of U.H. CP is Snyder's Unit Hydrograph peaking coefficient from Eqn. 9.28. TC is the subwatershed time of concentration. Ris the storage coefficient for the watershed, Clark's K. RAINis the depth of precipitation in each time increment. EXCS is the excess (net) rain amount in each increment. COMP Qs the direct runoff rate at the end of each increment. 12.11 a) The time increment is NHR and NMIN, or 0 hr and 30 min, b) Snyder's C, for subarea B is 0.80 ©) The peak U.H. flow rate for area A is 5864 cfs.12.12 12.13 d) 8) ) i) ‘The total excess rain from area A is 7.80 in. ‘The peak outflow rate from area A is 34,475 cfs, ‘The peak routed flow is 25,622 cfs at time = 8 hr and 30 min. The peak flow at point 1 is 34,475 cfs at time = 5 hr and 30 min. Hence the lag is 3 hours. ‘The percent attenuation of peaks in routing from point 1 to 2 is (34,475 - 25,622)/34,475 = 25.7 percent. The subarea B peak outflow is 17,310 cfs. ‘The combined peak outflow from B is 30,092 cfs. a) Fractions b) Snyder's ©) 30-min 4) Only in depth - area A receives 7.8 in, while B receives 4.3 in, ) Since NSTPS = 3 Method 1 - two runs Treat entire watershed as one subarea Run 1: Find hydrograph at 8 Run 2: Find hydrograph at 9 Route to 8 Subtract from result of Run 1 ‘Method 2 - one run of HEC-112.14 12.15 12.16 Treat as two subareas Find hydrograph at 9 without reservoir Route to 8 Find hydrograph at 8 (dark border) Add at 8 | and point 8 new point 2 Now call point 9 new poi Route hydrograph at 9 thru reservoir Route to 2 Find hydrograph at 2 (dark border) Add at 2 ‘Compare with 8 From Table 12.4, the TR-20 model best fits this need. Approximate percentages for each of the zones and components in Fig. 12.11 are to be determined by the student for a local watershed (a) initially after the storm and (b) after 30 days. Given: 3.0 in./hr for 60 min .0001 fuft L=500 ft 0.014 (concrete paving, Table 12.17) At=5 min Procedure: D) =D, + AD-q At for each interval (D, = 0.0) 1.486 $'? (D/L)*? (1 +0.6(D/ De) nSubstituting into Eqn. 12.27 and 12.25 0. 94¢s00y (0.0149"3_ = 30.86 min (0.00017 3) te __0.000818(3)° (.014)° (500)"® = 40.28 cu f/ft (0001) The routing equation is, for any At: q = 3.3698x10" (D)(1 + 9.1808x10° D3)? (1) where D = (D; + D2)/2 The increase to surface detention during the storm is AD. For solution, itis set equal to rainfall rate during the 60-minute storm and then made equal to zero afterwards (assumes infiltration and interflow are negligible). For a S-min routing interval, AD = (3.0 in./hr)(500 ft7/ft)(f/12 in.)(5 min)(hr/60 min) = 10.42 f/f Thus, during the first 60 min, for each At, Dr=Di+1042-qAt 2) giving two equations in two unknowns, q and D2, The solution can be found by trial or by Newton's method. Eqs. (1) and (2) can be solved by a trial procedure: 1. Guess Dy 2. Calculate q = (D1 - Dz-+ 10.42)/ At 3. Calculate D = (D, + D,)/2 4, Check q from Eqn. (1) Because the slope is so flat, no runoff occurs for a significant time until detention storage accumulates. Using a 5-min interval and writing Eqn. (2) as = (Dy - Dp + 10.42y/.08333:Time, min Do 5 ‘741.04 10.42 0.00 10 20.84 1541.67 41.68 20 52.10 52.09 25 62.50 30 72.90 72.89 35 83.28 83.24 40 93.56 93.52 45 103.74 103.67 30 113.59 55 123.00 123.1 60 132.02 132.1 3.50 5.21 0.00 0.12 0.03, 0.0 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.36 0.84 1.20 1.68 2.40 3.24 6.00 12.00 10.8 18.0 16.5 lor 0.0 0.0 15.6 36.5 36.5 46.9 52.1 $73 677 617 78.1 781 88.4 88.4 98.6 98.6 108.6 1183 118.4 127.6 127.6 q (Eqn. 1) NG. 0.0 0.03 NG. 0.03, 0.07 NG. On 0.15 037 NG 037 082 NG. 0.82 1.68 1.68 3.25 NG. 3.25 5.90 10.13 NG. 10.8 16.5 NG. 16.5 From now on, q= (Ds - Dz)/.083333 by Eqn. (2) Time, min Dp 65 1311 130.4 130.5 70 © 128.5 128.8 129.0 78 127.7 127.6 80 © 126.3 85 125.1 125.0 90 123.8 95 122.6 122.7 100 121.6 12.0 20.4 19.2 24.0 20.4 18.0 15.6 16.8 15.6 14.4 15.6 144 14.4 13.2 13.2 131.6 131.2 131.2 129.5 129.7 129.8 128.4 128.3 127.0 125.7 125.7 1244 123.2 123.2 122.2 20.0 NG. 19.8 NG. 19.5 18.0 NG. 18.1 NG. 18.1 17.0 NG. 16.8 16.0 15.1 NG. 15.2 14.2 13.2 NG. 13.2 125 NG. cofs/ft 0 0 0 60 1.04 2.32 4.18 7.62 13.98 19.02 an 2q- a1 cfsift 19.98 16.22 17.38 14.62 15.78 12.62 13.78121.7 12.0 122.2 125 11.22 105 120.7 12.0 121.2 11.8 12.38 Detention continues to discharge for some time. This solution reveals the effect of a very flat slope, and other slopes should be assigned for more immediate runoff. 12.17 From problem 12.16 the time of equilibrium for overland flow on the parking lot is 30.86 min. (Eqn. 12.27). ‘The Kirpich equation (Table 9.1) gives = 0.0078 | 500 077 = 32.38 min (o001y T, These need not agree. The Kirpich equation is not derived nor intended for overland flow computations. It is intended for use on natural watershed with drainage areas greater than 15 acres. 12.18 Among other comparisons, the following are evident from the text HSP has a hydraulic reservoir routing routine. HSP has a kinematic-wave river routing routine. HSP simulates both water quantities and quality. 12.19 Equations 12.31 and 12.32 are: -KSI@-0,) KS1=__(K- Av2) (K+ Av2) Starting from Eqs. 9.53 and 9.80: T-O=As/Mt S=KO Since AS = S; -S; T- (0; + 02)/2 = (Sp - S))/ At = (Op - 01) K/At Multiplying by AUK and solving gives: Op(1 + AU2K) = IAUK - (At/2K - 10;__AVK +0) _1- AU2K. 1+ AUK 1+ AV2K At +0) K-Av2_ K+ Av2 K+ Au2 =T _(K+Av2)-(K-Av2) +01 _K- Av K+ Av2 K+ AW2 K-av2 O2=1(1-_K-Av2_ +0, K-Av2 K+Av2 K+ Av2 0)=1-KSI (1-0) Because KSI = (K - AU2)/(K + Av2) 12.20 Yes, as the caption indicates, the response depicted in Fig. 12.16 is typical. The net infiltration increases rapidly with small increments of rain up to a point when net infiltration levels off. Similarly, interflow storage should increase gradually to a "satwation” point when it becomes constant. The surface detention makes up the difference between total rain less infiltration and interflow, and grows slowly at first and becomes quite large after infiltration stabilizes. a Surfece 2 Detention g H Lnterflow Net Lnfiltration Moistare Supply. % Definition Sketch for Prob. 12.2012.21 To be completed by student. 12.22 From Example 12.3: Year: Inflow: Year: Inflow: Year: Cum. I: Year: $ 8 Sgmaeave aie { 1 19,000 5 11,000 1 19,000 5 73,000 slope = 200 a6 ny 14,000 23,000 33,000 96,000 21,000 10,000 54,000 103,000 Son T nesinning of Dry Feria Mass Curve for Prob. 12.22 maximum dericit “gece af here. and invyeor 8,000 9,000 62,000 115,000a) From the above graph, maximum deficit = 5000 af, thus a 5000-af reservoir would be required. To verify its adequacy: Assume it's full at the beginning of year 1, and from continuity Srai = Sitai + Inflow - Draft - Excess Release Excess Year _Sisiin ‘Inflow Draft Release 1 5000-19000 12000 7000 5000 2 5000 14000 12000 2000 5000 3 5000-21000 12000 9000 5000 4 5000 8000 12000 0 1000 5 1000 11000 12000 0 0 6 0 23000 12000 6000 5000 7 5000 10000 12000 0 3000 8 3000 =. 9000 12000 0 0 9 0 19000 12000 2000 5000 10 5000-14000 You are now back to year 2 b) Maximum yield possible is the mean inflow, or 14,375 af which would require a reservoir with capacity = 9,570 af. 12.23. By Rippl's method, the rain depths during the first 10-year period (1978-2000) are the last 10 values from Table 3.1 or Rainfall Rainfall Year (in) Year (in. 1 47 6 37 2 49 7 36 3 83 8 38 4 4 9 4 5 4B 10 36 12.24 Using random numbers from Table B.3 gives the following sequence of numbers between 49 and 67. Reading across rows from Table B.3: Random Random Number Year Rain Number Year Rain 23 1 49 06 6 47 28 2 43 26 7 38 24 3 a7 23 8 49 19 4 40 o7 9 49 09 5 34 12 10 3612.25 From annual rain of Table 3.1 (Richmond) Hence X =X +K S, where K is the normal frequency factor from Table B.2 (using only two significant figures) Random, No. Number G(X) kK@, XGn, 1 53 53 -0.075 41 2 74 74 -0.643 37 3 2B 23 0.739 46 4 99 99 2.33 26 5 67 67 -0.440 39 6 61 61 0.279 40 7 32 32 0.468 45 8 28 28 0.583 45 9 69 69 -0.496 38 10 84 84 -0.995 35 12.26 For Richmond (Table 3.1) mean of logs = 1.61 std dev of logs = 0.0707 skew of logs = 0.0066 Jog X = mean log + K(G, skew)(std dev of logs) where K is a Pearson III frequency factor, from Table B.2. Using frequency factors gives: (skew = 0.01) No. GQ) K log X x 1 53 -0.10 1.60 40.1 2 74 -0.67 1.56 36.5 3 23 0.76 1.66 46.1 4 99 -2.33 145 279 5 67 -0.48 158 377 6 61 -0.31 1.59 38.7 7 32 051 1.65 4438 23 0.76 1.66 46.1 9 69 -0.53 1.87 372 1084 -1.02 1.54 34.5 12.27 To be assigned by instructor from water supply paper. 12.28 Mean of logarithms is not equal to the logarithm of the mean. 12.29 Use an exponential fit for time between storms and duration of storms. Flow chart should look something like: Random Number| Time Between — Random Number] No Generation Nes Print 1230 For the given mass curve (see Sketch for Prob. 12.30), flows in the first 6 years + are 2000, 2000, 4000, 1000, 6000, and 1000, which repeat themselves for the second 6 year sequence. a) Assuming the second 6 years repeat the first, the flow in year 11 is 6000. b) Fora yield of 2000 ac-fi/yr, the line from point A to B has a slope of 2000 and a maximum vertical difference of 1,000 ac-ft. This size reservoir is required for 2000 aflyr yield. Because the inflow each year always exceeds the 500 acre-feet demand, no storage is required.©) From line CA, the apparent maximum yield is the greatest deficiency, or 3000 ac-ft. However, extending the curve to year 12 results in a lower yield of 2,667 ac-ft that can sustained indefinitely. ‘This demonstrates the importance of plotting two full cycles. The significance is that 2,667 is the mean annual flow. No amount of storage can increase this yield. of LLL 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year . Mass Curve for Prob. 12.30 12.31 Sampling from a standard normal distribution gives a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1.0. Defining the random variate z as P-P % allows development of a distribution with mean P and standard deviation sp12.32 12.33 The procedure involves random selection of values of z, then determining P from PHPt2g=4432 From Table B.3, values of the first three random numbers are 53, 74 and 23. ‘Treating these as decimal fraction forms of exceedance probabilities gives: Ge) FQ Table C.1,z P, 0.53 (0.03) 3.77 0.74 (0.24) 2.07 0.23 0.27 6.22 Use P=P + Ks, skew=-2.2, use Table B.2 for K: P=258 Random No. GQ kK +K(4), in, 20 20 0.752 28.8 o1 1 0.905 29.4 90 90 “1.284 20.7 03 03 0.889 29.4 80 80 -0.574 23.5 Quay = 10,000 sq= 1000 g=-06 1=0.50 Find five flows: Markov: Q=Q+1Qin-Q + Kiso Ve = 10,000 + 0.5 Qi. - 0.5(10,000) +K; 1000V1-.25- = 5000 + 0.5 Qi + 866 Ki starting with Q:12.34 12.35 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.39 Ki Ty, (Pearson 1 Qix (random) G(x) I) 866K, __Q 1 10000 2 5 099 85.7 10086 2 10086 100 Ol 1880162811671 3 11671 10 1 1.200 103911875 4 118750 2 5 0.099 85.7 11023 5 11023 50 02 1.720 1490 12002 To be completed by student To be completed by student. To be completed by student. To be completed by student. Both methods are used to produce a sequence of stream flows. Synthesis accomplishes this by using only the statistical properties of an existing record or regional estimates of the parameters. Simulation is an imitation of the real system, and relies on much more than statistics. a) Select design frequency. b) Determine design storm (amount and duration). ©) Deduct losses. 4) Synthesize a unit hydrograph. ¢) Add base flow, if any.BA 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 137 CHAPTER 13 To be completed by student. To be completed by student. The steps should follow the procedures outlined in Section 13.4, using the aids presented (or similar resources) to determine the duration, adjusted depth, net rain, and its temporal and spatial distribution. Then appropriate synthetic hydrograph methods or regional rainfall-runoff relationships can be used to develop the hydrograph. Risk = 1 - (1 -_1)" = Definition of risk T 0.19=1-(1-1¥ 0 years ‘Wanted: P(3000 cfs will not be equaled or exceeded in 3-yr period): (3000 will be equaled or exceeded in any single yr) = F900 = 0.10 P3000 will not be equaled or exceeded in any single yr) = 1- F300 9° = 0.729 (3000 will not be equaled or exceeded in any 3-yr) = T, of "flood" is 50/20 = 2.5 yrs a) Risk = 1 -(I-_1_)"=1-(1-_1_)°= 0.784 T 2.5 b) (flood in any year) 4 ©) P(flood at least once in 3) = risk = 0.784 d) —_ P(no flood in year and year 2 and year 3) y= 0.216 75 yr record gives Q= 5.2, s=2.0 Find PQ < 12 in all of 10 yrs) = [P(Q<12)]"°= (1 - 1/T,)!” For extreme value, Table 3.7 gives 12 = 5.2 + K(2), thus K=68/2=3413.8 13.9 13.10 Therefore, T, 100 yrs P(Q< 12)! = (0.99)"" = 0.904 P(power failure) = 1/5 = 0.2 = P(A) P(power failure given a flood) = 0.4 P(flood) = 0.1 = P(B) a) P(A)=1/5=0.2 P(AB) = 0.4 Not equal, thus dependent. b) No, because P(A andB) 0 c) P(Aand B) = P(A/B) P(B) = 0.4(0.1) = 0.04 4) P(AorB)= P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) = 2 +.1-04=.26 e) — P(Ain both of 2 yrs) = (0.2)°= 0.04 Duration, Ratio, Table 13.10 Ratio, Table 13.9 Hr TVA USBR 6 1.00 7.00 12 113 1.43 24 1.24 1.80 ‘Area, Ratio, Fig. 13.15 Ratio, Fig. 13.13 sq mi TVA (24-hr) SCs 20 0.86 0.88,0.95,0.98 40 0.80 0.76,0.88,0.96 60 07 0.65,0.83,0.94 80 0.75 0.59,0.81,0.92 100 0.73 0.54,0.78,0.91 The TVA 24-hr curve would plot just below the Humid and Subhumid Climate curve in Fig, 13.13.13.11 From Fig. 4.7, the 10-yr rain depth for a 1.2-hr storm duration is 1.9 inches per hour, giving 2.28 inches. imme = 2P/D = 2(2.28)/1.2 = 3.8 in /hr To find the time of peak intensity, tyD = t/D= ty/1.2= 0.4, giving ty = 0.48 hr ‘The hyetograph is a triangle with height 3.8 in./hr occurring at 0.48 hr, and a time base of 1.2 hr. 13.12 From Fig. 4.7, Duration Intensity Depth 20 min 43 1.57 40 min 3 2.07 60 min 23 23 80 min i 2.27 100 min 1.5 25 120 min 13 2.6 For a time of concentration of 1.2 hrs, the 10-yr design storm has a depth of 2.28 inches (see Prob. 13.11). For the six 20-min increments of time, the highest possible 20-min intensity of 4.7 in./ar is placed in the middle of the histogram. For the 40 min rain of 2.07 in, only 2.07-1.57 = 0.50 in. can fall in the second 20- min, Thus, Dur. 10-yrDepth Already Remainder 20- forDuration Used Intensity 20 1.57 0.00 1.57 4.70 40 2.07 157 0.50 1.50 60 2.30 2.07 0.23 0.69 801.70 230 0.00 0.00 100 1.50 230 0.00 0.00 120130 230 0.00 0.00 ‘The design storm would be a 60-min, 2.28 in. rain with a 4.70 inJhr rain in the middle 20 minutes, and a 1.50 in/hr rain on one side, and a 0.69 in./hr rain on the other.Lakensity , in /he so 20 Time, min 4-70 to 0.69 bo Sketch for Prob. 13.12 - Balanced Method Blocked IDF Hyetograph 13.13 Select a storm duration, and determine a depth. For minor structures a duration of 6 hrs is common. Use the 100-yr, 6-hr rainfall map in Fig. 13.4, p=5.2in. Adjust this value for an aerial distribution using the graph in Fig. 13.13 (A=33.4 mi?) Ratio: ‘map rainfall aerial rainfall = 0.79 ‘Thus, aerial depth = 0.79(5.2in.) = 4.11 in, Determine the time distribution using the 50% probability (median) histogram for first quartile storms in Fig. 13.17. Cum. % Storm Time 0 10 20 30 40 Cum. Time (hrs) 0 0.6 12 18 24 % Total Depth 0 175 30.0 215 9.0 Depth (in) 0 0.72 1.23 0.88 0.3713.14 13.15 50 3.0 65 0.27 60 3.6 40 0.16 70 42 32 0.13, 80 48 32 0.13, 90 34 25 O11 100 6.0 25 O11 5= 99.9% D=411 in, For areal, A= 82.9 mi?, L = 23.24 mi H= 1633 - 1235 fi, Location: Lincoln, Neb. The choice of duration is difficult with no additional information. Kirpich's Eqn, produces a time of concentration of 9.8 hr. The 6-hr PMP of Fig. 13.5 could be used along with the multipliers in Table 13.9. To illustrate, the 10-hr PMP is 1.31 x (-hr PMP) = 1.31 (25.5) = 33.4 in. From Fig. 13.13, a multiplier of 0.90 applies to area = 82.9 mi’, giving an adjusted depth of 30.1 in. From Fig. 13.5, Neb. falls in Zone C. Thus the curve labeled C in Fig. 13.20 applies for a 6-hr storm. Assuming that a similar shape applies to a 10-hr storm produces the following design storm mass curve: ZoneC Rainfall, ‘Rainfall, Time, Fig.1320 in in % of 10-hr Hour i0 Cumulative Incremental 0 0 0 0 0 6 1.67 0.50 15.0 15.0 26 3.33 0.65 19.6 46 316 5.00 0.76 29 33 46 6.67 0.85 256 27 516 8.33 0.93 28.0 24 6/6 10.00 1.00 30.1 21 Total: 30.1 in. From Fig. 12.10, Area = 258 mi?, CN= 73, DH = 1661 - 1122 ft, L = 57.03 miles. From Table 12.6, Time of concentration = 24.6 hr. To use Fig, 13.23, the 24-fr SPS depth is needed if a storm with duration equal to time of concentration is, adopted. From Fig. 13.5, the 6-hr PMP is 25.5 in. From Fig. 13.6, the 24-hr PMP is 1.8(25.5)= 45.9 in, As an estimate, the 24-hr SPS is 50% 23.0 in, Using the 24-hr curve of Fig. 13.24 produces the following isohyetal pattem:13.16 13.17 Isohyetal %of of Rain Isohyet_ Area SPS for SPSfor Depth No. Enclosed 96-hr 24-hr 100% = 23" A 16 mi? 140 116 26.7" B 100 130 106 24.4" c 320 120 96 2.1" D 800 110 86 19.8" The isohyetal map can now be drawn using the scale of Fig. 13.24 and then enlarged to the scale of Fig. 12.10 and positioned over the watershed in various orientations. The outflow rates for each orientation can be determined and the most severe becomes the design value. This would likely occur with the major ellipse axis parallel to the longest axis of the basin and storm center near (but upstream) of the outlet at point 8 Design storm: Duration = t. = 5 hrs Gross Intensity = 5.6 - 0.2(5) = 46 in hr Net Intensity = 4.6 - 6 = 4.0 in/hr Need S-hr U.H. (or I-hr U.H): Lag Ist SS Time rain 2nd 3rd Cure Curve o 0 0 0 0 0 1 400 400 400 160 3200 2 1000 0 1000 1000 400 8000 3 800 400 1200 1200 480-9600 4 300 1000 «0 ~— 1300 1300 520 10,400 t=5 200 800 400 1400 oO 1400 560 11,200 6 100 300 1000 1409 +400 1000 = 400-8000 7 0 200 800 1409 1000 400 160 3200 1200 200 © 80-1600 1300 100 40 — 800 1400 0 0 0 Ifall other conditions are the same, Type D soils will produce a higher curve number and more direct runoff than a Type A soil. See Section 7.9.13.18 To be completed by student. 13.19 To be completed by student 13.20 A=3.75mi*,L=5.8mi Elevation to bottom of the spillway = 1160.0 ft Spillway width B = 500 fi Spillway coefficient C= 3.0 a) Storage-elevation curve computations: Area x ft x 10° sift Elev.ft 10°, ft Avg. Area Ine. Stor. x 10° 1110 0 0 0 0 1120 85 425 425 425 1140 3.75 230 46.0 50.25 1158 98 6.775 121.95 172.15 1160 10.8 103 20.6 192.75 1162 118 113 26 215.35 1164 128 123 24.6 239.95 1166 13.8 133 26.6 266.55 1168 14.85 14325 28.65 295.20 1170 16.0 15.425 30.85 326.05 1175 200 1B 90 416.05 1180 25.0 25 112.5 528.55 ~ < SS ez Side. Prin View Sketch for Prob. 13.20a - Diagram of Procedure Used to Calculate Storage:b) Storage-indication curve computations using At= 0.2 hr: For the spillway, Q=C BH*? Using B = 500 ft and C = 3.0 gives: s+ Q=1500 Qau2 Ss Qav2 Elev oH xH? Q2. ft ° fe (Hof cs x08 x0 x 108 0 0 oO co 0 192.75, 192.75 2 283 4245 2122.5 5.73 215.35 221.08 4 8 12000 6000 «16.2 239.95 256.15 6 14.7 22050 11025 29.77 266.55 296.32 8 22.7 34050 17025 45.97 295.2 341.17 2 31.6 47400 23700 63.99 326.05 390.04 58 87000 43500 117.45 416.05 533.5 89.8 134700 67350 181.85 528.55 710.4 1160 1162 1164 1166 1168 1170 1175 5 1180 20 ‘The student should plot this curve to use for routing the hydrograph. ©) Route through reservoir: TAt + Sy- O; (AU2) = Sar + Qeeat(AU2) Si - Ot 0 & Tat ft 2 Time Inflow (ff ee? (hr) (cfs) x10°)" x10%) x10%) ~—x10°) x10%) x10%) 0 0 490 172.15 0 17705 0 177.05 0.75 3630 24.54 177.05 0 201.59 .001 200.24 1.50 10916 29.21 200.24 135 228.1 006 220 2.25 10722 21.26 220 81 233.16 007 223.71 3.00 5028 8.94 223.71 = 9.45. -222.71 .0045 216.64 3.75 1596 278 216.64 6.08 213.34 003 209.29 450 460 0.76 209.29 © 4.05 206.0 002 203.3 5.25 1060.16 203.3 2.7 200.76 001 199.41 6.00 12 0.0008 199.41 1.35 198.07 0 198.07 675 0 198.07 0 7350 0 Serve heer vee § sexel see myer Sketch for Prob. 13.20c - Inflow and Outflow Hydrographs 4) Elevation for top of dam: Max outflow = 7000 fs Q=CBH® H=(Q_" cB H=(7000_)*=28 ft 1500 Therefore, max elevation of water surface = 1160 ft + 2.8 f= 1162.8 ft Fetch = 8000 ft + (2.8/20)3500f) = 8474 f= 1.6 mi From Fig. 13.3:f+ (0.6/1.5) )=5.4 A Normal F.B. = Therefore, elevation at the top of the dam = 1168.2 ft ©) Design adequacy of the spillway for B = 500 ft (Though not assigned in the problem, the instructor may wish to discuss the adequacy of the spillway regarding permissible velocities). Vave = QUA Vo 7000 5 fps (2/3) (500 f)(2.8 fi) SCS permissible velocities for vegetated earth spillways are: Slope of Exit Channel: 0-5% 510% Bermuda Grass 8 7 erosion resistant soil 6 5. easily erodible soil Buffalo Grass 7 6 5 4 Crabgrass 35 Don't use Kudzu 25 Don't use 13.21 To be assigned by instructor.