You are on page 1of 8

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534

7UDQVSRUW5HVHDUFK$UHQD±(XURSH

&DSDFLW\DQG/26IRUXUEDQDUWHULDOURDGLQ,QGLDQPL[HG
WUDIILFFRQGLWLRQ
&KHWDQ53DWHOD'U*--RVKLE 
D
$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW691,76XUDW*XMDUDW,QGLD
E
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW691,76XUDW*XMDUDW,QGLD



$EVWUDFW

7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\LVDQHPSLULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWKHEHKDYLRXURI PL[HGWUDIILFVWUHDPVSHHGDQGIORZUDWHRQDQ
DFFHVVFRQWUROOHGXUEDQDUWHULDOLQ6XUDWFLW\LQ*XMDUDWVWDWHRI,QGLD)LHOGWUDIILFVXUYH\VDUHFDUULHGRXWWRFDSWXUH
WKHFODVVLILHGYROXPHDQGVSHHGGDWDWKURXJKPDQXDODVZHOODVYLGHRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXH0XOWLUHJLPHVSHHG±IORZ
UHODWLRQ LV GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ WKH PLQ GDWD H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH ILHOG VXUYH\ 8QREVHUYHG GDWD LV VLPXODWHG E\
DUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNPRGHO7KUHVKROGVRIOHYHORIVHUYLFHEDVHGRQYROXPHWRFDSDFLW\UDWLRDUHHVWDEOLVKHGE\
FOXVWHU DQDO\VLV DSSURDFK 7KH UHVXOWV DUH YHU\ XVHIXO IRU HYDOXDWLRQ RI WUDIILF TXDOLW\ IRU DFFHVV FRQWUROOHG XUEDQ
DUWHULDOVLQPL[HGWUDIILFFRQGLWLRQ

‹3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI75$
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the
Transport
 Research Arena 2012 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
.H\ZRUGV)ORZUDWH$11.PHDQ&OXVWHULJQ9&&DSDFLW\/26

,QWURGXFWLRQ

0HWURSROLWDQ FLWLHV LQ ,QGLD DUH ZLWQHVVLQJ YHU\ KLJK UDWH RI SRSXODWLRQ LQFUHDVH DQG KHQFH ULVH LQ
WUDIILFRQWKHLUWUDQVSRUWFRUULGRUV,WLVLPSHUDWLYHWRPRQLWRUWKHTXDOLW\RIWUDQVSRUWVXSSO\LQWHUPVRI
OHYHORIVHUYLFH IRUDUWHULDOFDWHJRU\RIURDGVIRUHYDOXDWLQJYDULRXVWUDQVSRUWLPSURYHPHQWSURJUDPPHV
RQVKRUWWHUPDQGORQJWHUPEDVLV&DSDFLW\RIDQXUEDQURDGIRUPVDFULWLFDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQDIIHFWLQJ
PRELOLW\DQGPDQRHXYUDELOLW\RIYHKLFOHVLQWKHWUDIILF5HODWLRQVKLSRIWUDIILFVWUHDPVSHHGDQGIORZUDWH
JRYHUQV WKH FDSDFLW\ RI D JLYHQ URDGZD\ VHFWLRQ XQGHU SUHYDLOLQJ WUDIILF FRPSRVLWLRQ 'XH WR QRQ



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVVFUS#FHGVYQLWDFLQ

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research
Arena 2012 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1031
528 Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534

FRPSOLDQFH WR FODVVLFDO FDUIROORZLQJ WKHRU\ E\ WKH KHWHURJHQHRXV WUDIILF SO\LQJ RQ ,QGLDQ URDGV WKH
DQDO\VLVRIWKHIORZEHKDYLRXUEHFRPHVPRUHFRPSOH[DQGFKDOOHQJLQJWRKDQGOHPLFURVFRSLFDOO\

5DPDQD\\D   LQ KLV VWXG\ RQ FDSDFLW\ FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH FDSDFLW\ VWDQGDUGV DQG QRUPV
GHYHORSHGLQZHVWHUQFRXQWULHVDUHDSSOLFDEOHIRUKRPRJHQRXVWUDIILFDQGGRHVQRWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKH
PL[HGWUDIILFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSUHYDOHQWLQ,QGLD6DUQDHWDO  HPSKDVL]HGRQWKHQHHGRIGHYHORSLQJ
KLJKZD\FDSDFLW\QRUPVIRU,QGLDQKLJKZD\V.DGL\DOLHWDO  REVHUYHGWKDWVSHHGIORZUHODWLRQVKLS
KDGFKDQJHGEHFDXVHRIFKDQJHLQYHKLFXODUVSHHGVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRQ,QGLDQURDGV3DUNHU  REVHUYHG
WKDW WKH WUDIILF FRPSRVLWLRQ SOD\V D YLWDO UROH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ FDSDFLW\ RI DUWHULDO URDGV &KDQGUD HW DO
  VWXGLHG WKH HIIHFW RI VKRXOGHU FRQGLWLRQ RQ WKH VSHHG RI GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI YHKLFOHV DQG WKHLU
SODFHPHQWRQWKHURDGGXULQJSDVVLQJDQGRYHUWDNLQJPDQRHXYUHVDIIHFWLQJWKHFDSDFLW\YDOXHV7KHVWG\
VKRZVWKDWWKHEDVLFFDSDFLW\YDOXHDQGYROXPHJRYHUQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHWUDIILFIORZDQGKHQFHEDVHGRQ
WKDWOHYHORIVHUYLFHRIURDGFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKDWWHPSWVKDYHEHHQPDGHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\
EXW YHU\ OLPLWHG VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW LQ ,QGLDQ KHWHURJHQHRXV WUDIILF FRQGLWLRQ  0DLWUD HW DO
 PDGHVWXG\RQGHYHORSPHQWRI/26FULWHULDEDVHGRQFRQJHVWLRQOHYHOVRIVHUYLFHKDYHEHHQ
SURSRVHGZLWKLQDVWDEOHIORZ]RQHDV$±(DQGRQHUHSUHVHQWLQJDQXQVWDEOHRSHUDWLRQDV)0DUZDK
HW DO   KDG VWXGLHG WKH OHYHO RI VHUYLFH FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU .DQDSXU FLW\ )RXU UDQJHV RI OHYHOV RI
VHUYLFH DUH SURSRVHG EDVHG RQ MRXUQH\ VSHHGV RI FDUV DQG PRWRUL]HG WZRZKHHOHUV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG
URDG RFFXSDQF\ 6XUDVDN HW DO   GHYHORSHG D QHZ PHWKRG WR PHDVXUH OHYHO RI VHUYLFH E\ XVLQJ
SODWRRQPHFKDQLVP)URPWKHVWXG\RISODWRRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVIRXUOHYHOVRIVHUYLFHFULWHULDIRUURDGXVHUV
EDVHGRQSODWRRQSDUDPHWHUVDUHSURSRVHG7KHVSHFLILHGIRXUOHYHOVDUHFRPSRVHGRIIUHHIORZFRQGLWLRQ
SDUWLDOFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQDQGFRQJHVWHGFRQGLWLRQ(DFKOHYHOFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG
IURPHLWKHUDYHUDJHSODWRRQVL]HRUSHUFHQWRIIROORZHUV5DKPDQHWDO  KDVGHYHORSHGDPRGHOIRU
/26XVLQJSDVVLQJRYHUWDNLQJPDQRHXYUHVLQWHUPVRIWRWDOWUDIILFYROXPHDQGSHUFHQWRIULFNVKDZV7KH
PRGHO LV DSSOLFDEOH WR XQGLYLGHG XUEDQ VWUHHWV ZLWK UHODWLYHO\ KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI ULFNVKDZV 3UDVDQWD
NXPDU HW DO   KDV GHILQHG VSHHG UDQJHV IRU OHYHO RI VHUYLFH FDWHJRULHV RI XUEDQ VWUHHWV IRU ,QGLDQ
FLWLHV 8UEDQ VWUHHWV DUH FODVVLILHG LQWR QXPEHU RI FODVVHV EDVHG RQ WKH IUHH IORZ VSHHGV JHRPHWULF DQG
VXUURXQGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VWUHHW VHJPHQWV &OXVWHU DQDO\VLV PHWKRGV DQG WKHLU
YDOLGDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVZHUHXVHGRQDYHUDJHWUDYHOVSHHGGDWDIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQRIXUEDQVWUHHWVDQG/26
FDWHJRULHV7KHVSHHGUDQJHVIRXQGLQWKLVVWXG\DUHSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ORZHUWKDQWKDWPHQWLRQHGLQ+&0
+RZHYHU QRQHRI WKH VWXG\DWWHPSWVWKHDFFHVVFRQWUROOHGXUEDQDUWHULDOLQ PHWURSROLWDQFLWLHV LQ
,QGLDZLWKSUHGRPLQDQFHRIPL[HGPRWRULVHGYHKLFOHVWRWKHH[WHQWRIRIWRWDOWUDIILF

,QWKLVFRQWH[WSUHVHQWVWXG\LVFDUULHGRXWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFDSDFLW\EDVHGRQVSHHG±IORZEHKDYLRXU
XQGHU PL[HG WUDIILF FRQGLWLRQ DQG DOVR WR HVWDEOLVK OHYHO RI VHUYLFH WKUHVKROGV IRU WKH SUHYDLOLQJ WUDIILF
FRQGLWLRQ $FFHVV FRQWUROOHG VL[ ODQH GLYLGHG DUWHULDO URDG LQ WKH 6RXWK :HVW ]RQH RI IDVW JURZLQJ
PHWURSROLWDQFLW\6XUDWLQ,QGLDQVWDWHRI*XMDUDWLVVHOHFWHG

6WXG\6WUHWFKDQG6WXG\/RFDWLRQ

7KHVWXG\LVFDUULHGRXWRQRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWWUDIILFFRUULGRURI6XUDWFLW\NQRZQDVµ*DXUDY3DWK¶
,W LV DFFHVV FRQWUROOHG VL[ODQH GLYLGHG URDG SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH UHVLGHQWLDO ORFDOLWLHV HGXFDWLRQDO DUHD
UHFUHDWLRQDODQGVKRSSLQJDUHDV7KHPDLQFDUULDJHZD\LVODQHGLYLGHGZLWKVHUYLFHURDGVRQHLWKHUVLGH
WR SURYLGH DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR ORFDO WUDIILF DQG HQVXUH XQLQWHUUXSWHG PRYHPHQW RI WKURXJK WUDIILF
&DUULDJHZD\ZLGWKLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQLVP

Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534 529

)LJXUH D 6WXG\/RFDWLRQRIDUWHULDOURDGLQ6XUDW )LJXUH E $IWHUQRRQRII3HDN ±SP

)LJXUH F 0RUQLQJ3HDN ±DP  )LJXUH G (YHQLQJ3HDN ±SP 

)LJXUH D WR G VKRZWKHWUDIILFVWUHDPFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRQXUEDQDUWHULDOURDGIRUGLIIHUHQWGXUDWLRQRIWKHGD\LHPRUQLQJSHDN


HYHQLQJSHDNDQGDIWHUQRRQSHDN

7UDIILF)LHOG6WXG\DQG6XUYH\V

7UDIILFVXUYH\VDUHFRQGXFWHGWRJDWKHUGDWDRQFODVVLILHGYHKLFXODUYROXPHDQGVSHHGRQWKHVHOHFWHG
URDGVHFWLRQ,QYHQWRU\VXUYH\VDUHFRQGXFWHGIRUJDWKHULQJSULPDU\LQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJURDGJHRPHWU\
LQFOXGLQJ QXPEHU RI ODQHV ODQH PDUNLQJV PHGLDQ VHUYLFH ODQH HWF 2Q WKH EDVLV RI LQYHQWRU\ VXUYH\V
GHWDLOHGWUDIILFVXUYH\VDUHSODQQHG7KHVXUYH\VDUHFRQGXFWHGRQQRUPDOZRUNLQJGD\VGXULQJPRUQLQJ
DQGHYHQLQJSHDNDVZHOODVRIISHDNKRXUVFRYHULQJZLGHUDQJHRIWUDIILFFRQGLWLRQVDQGIORZEHKDYLRXU
0DQXDODVZHOODVYLGHRJUDSK\WHFKQLTXHDUHXVHGIRUWKHWUDIILFVXUYH\V

7UDIILFYROXPH

7KH WUDIILF YROXPH VWXG\ LV FDUULHG RXW IRU  KRXUV WRZDUGV 'XPDV GLUHFWLRQ RQ *DXUDY3DWK RQ
QRUPDO ZRUNLQJGD\7KHGDLO\WUDIILFYROXPHV KRXUO\ YDULDWLRQLQWUDIILF YROXPH YHKLFOHFRPSRVLWLRQ
DUHREWDLQHGIURPWKLVVXUYH\7KHKRXUO\IORZUDWHYDULDWLRQWRZDUGV'XPDVGLUHFWLRQRQ*DXUDYSDWKLV
VKRZQLQ)LJXUH)URPKRXUVVXUYH\LWLVREVHUYHGWKDWZFDUDQGZFRQVLVWDERXWRIWRWDO
WUDIILFYROXPH
530 Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534


)LJXUH+RXUO\WUDIILFYDULDWLRQRQ*DXUDY3DWK WRZDUGV'XPDV 

'XUDWLRQV IRU YLGHRJUDSKLF VXUYH\ DUH LGHQWLILHG IRUP WKH  KU WUDIILF YROXPH SURILOH  DP WR
 DP LV 0RUQLQJ 2II 3HDN 023  KRXU ZKLOH  SP WR  SP LV WKH $IWHU QRRQ 2II 3HDN
$23 KRXUDPWRDPLVVHOHFWHGDV0RUQLQJ3HDN 03 KRXUDQGGXUDWLRQRISPWR
SPLVVHOHFWHGDV(YHQLQJ3HDN (3 KRXU,QRUGHUWRFDSWXUHKLJKHVWGHQVLW\WUDIILFWKDWRFFXUVRQ
ZHHNHQGV6XQGD\(YHQLQJ3HDN 6(3 GXUDWLRQVRISPWRSPDQGSPWRSP
DUHVHOHFWHGIRUYLGHRJUDSKLFVXUYH\V

9HKLFXODUVSHHG

6SRWVSHHGLVPHDVXUHGE\WKH'LUHFW7LPLQJ3URFHGXUHEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHIHUHQFHOLQHVO\LQJDWP
LQWHUYDO)RUHYHU\PLQLQWHUYDOYHKLFOHVRIHDFKPRGHDUHVHOHFWHGUDQGRPO\IURPYLGHRJUDSK\7KH
IUHHIORZVSHHGVWXG\LVDOVRFDUULHGRXWLQPLGQLJKWDPWRDP7DEOHVKRZVWKHYDULDWLRQLQ
WKHYHKLFXODUVSHHGRQGLIIHUHQWGXUDWLRQRIGD\

7DEOH2EVHUYHGVSHHGGDWDRQ*DXUDY3DWKURDG 7RZDUGV'XPDV 
7LPH 0D[6SHHG NPSK  0LQ6SHHG NPSK  $YHUDJH6SHHG NPSK 
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
DPWRDP         
023 
DPWRDP         
03 
SPWRSP         
$23 
SPWRSP         
(3 
SPWRSP         
6(3 
SPWRSP         
6(3 

$VVKRZQLQ7DEOHZ VSHHGUDQJHV IURPGXULQJ 6XQGD\(YHQLQJ3HDN KRXUWR NPSK
GXULQJ(YHQLQJ3HDNRQ ZRUNLQJGD\6SHHGYDULDWLRQLQZLVOHVVHUFRPSDUHGWRZVSHHGZVSHHG
Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534 531

UDQJHV IURP  RQ ZHHN HQGV WR  NPSK GXULQJ ZHHN GD\ HYHQLQJ SHDN KRXU 6XQGD\ HYHQLQJ
SHULRGVKRZVWKHFUDZOLQJVSHHGDVFRPSDUHGWRDOORWKHUSHULRG

7UDIILF6SHHG)ORZ0RGHOV

7KHWKHRU\RIWUDIILF IORZHQDEOHV XV WRGHVFULEHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWUDIILF IORZGHQVLW\DQG


VSHHG*UHHQVKLHOGVWXGLHGWKHWUDIILFIORZUHODWLRQVKLSVIRUWKHILUVWWLPHDQGSURSRVHGDOLQHDUIXQFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ VSHHG DQG WUDIILF GHQVLW\ V  7KHVH UHODWLRQVKLSV KDYH EHHQ XVHG DV D WRRO WR GHWHUPLQH
GHVLJQ FDSDFLWLHV WR GHWHUPLQH OHYHO RI VHUYLFH WR FKDUDFWHUL]H GLIIHUHQW RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQ RQ D URDG
QHWZRUN ,Q WKLV VWXG\ PXOWL UHJLPH VSHHG IORZ UHODWLRQVKLSV DUH HVWDEOLVKHG E\ FDSWXULQJ YDULRXV
FRQJHVWHGDQGXQFRQJHVWHGVLWXDWLRQV7KHUHDUHREVHUYHGGDWDSRLQWVRIIORZUDWHDQGVWUHDPVSHHGV
IRUWKHSHDNDQGRIISHDNGXUDWLRQV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVSHHGIORZUHODWLRQVKLSRIREVHUYHGGDWDSRLQWV



)LJXUH6SHHG)ORZ5HODWLRQVKLSIRUXQFRQJHVWHG&RQGLWLRQ

,W FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH ILHOG VWXG\ KDV QRW EHHQ DEOH WR FDSWXUH IORZ UDWHV IURP QHDUO\  WR 
YHKKU DQG  WR  YHKKU DQG FRUUHVSRQGLQJ VSHHG YDOXHV ,Q RUGHU WR IXOO\ XQGHUVWDQG WKH IORZ
EHKDYLRU DFURVV WKH UDQJH RI YROXPH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR JHQHUDWH PLVVLQJ VSHHG GDWD IRU WKHVH IORZ UDWH
JDSV$11LVDQHIIHFWLYHWRROIRUVXFKSXUSRVHDVLWUHFRJQL]HVWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQSXWDQGRXWSXW
YDULDEOHV ZLWKRXW H[SOLFLW PRGHO VSHFLILFDWLRQ $OVR WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR PDNH DVVXPSWLRQ DERXW WKH
PDWKHPDWLFDO IRUP RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ LQSXW DQG RXWSXW +HQFH $11 PRGHO LV GHYHORSHG IRU
JHQHUDWLQJPLVVLQJVWUHDPVSHHGGDWDIRUXQREVHUYHGYDOXHVRIIORZUDWHV

)RUSUHGLFWLYH$11PRGHOGDWDSRLQWVDUHXVHGIRUEXLOGLQJWKHQHWZRUN9ROXPHLVXVHGDVLQSXW
YDULDEOHZKHUHDVVSHHGLVSUHGLFWHGEDVHGRQWKDWLQSXW7KHGDWDSRLQWVDUHUDQGRPL]HGDQGQRUPDOL]HG
EHIRUHIHHGLQJLQWRWKHQHWZRUN$11DOJRULWKPRI0$7/$%5DLVXVHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH
PRGHO7KHQHWZRUNLVWUDLQHGXVLQJWKHWUDLQHGGDWDSRLQWVDQGWHVWHGXVLQJWKHWHVWHGGDWDSRLQWV)LJXUH
VKRZVWKHQHXUDODUFKLWHFWXUHIRU$11PRGHOLQJRIGDWDVHWV



)LJXUH$11$UFKLWHFWXUH
532 Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534

7KH)HHG)RUZDUG%DFN3URSDJDWLRQQHWZRUNLVDGRSWHGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\/RJVLJDQG3XUHOLQDUH
FRQVLGHUHGDVWUDQVIHUIXQFWLRQIRUKLGGHQOD\HUVZKHUHDV7UDLQOPLVFRQVLGHUHGDVWUDLQLQJIXQFWLRQ7KH
ILQDOFKRLFHRIQHWZRUNLVEDVHGRQWKHFRQYHUJHQFHWRWKHVSHFLILHG0HDQ6TXDUHG(UURU 06( ,QWKH
SUHVHQWFDVH06(LVWDNHQDVSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHQHWZRUNDQGLVREWDLQHGDV

%DVHG RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH SDUDPHWHUV WKH ILQDO PRGHO FRQILJXUDWLRQ LV IUR]HQ DQG EDVHG RQ WKDW
QHWZRUNVWUHDPVSHHGVDUHSUHGLFWHGIRUWKHXQREVHUYHGIORZUDWHV&RPSDULVRQRIPRGHORXWSXWIRUHQWLUH
GDWD ZLWK WKH REVHUYHG GDWD LV DOVR FDUULHG RXW DQG LV SUHVHQWHG LQ ILJXUH  7KH FRPSDULVRQ SURYLGHV
LQVLJKWLQWRDELOLW\RIWKH$11PRGHOWRUHSURGXFHREVHUYHGYDOXHV



)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRI)LHOG2EVHUYHG6SHHGDQG$11PRGHO3UHGLFWHG6SHHG

7KHREVHUYHGVSHHGVDQGVLPXODWHGVSHHGVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHREVHUYHGDQGXQREVHUYHGIORZUDWHV
DUHSORWWHGWRSURILOHWKHVSHHGIORZEHKDYLRXURIWKHPL[HGWUDIILFRQVHOHFWHGURDGDQGLVSUHVHQWHGLQ
ILJXUH



)LJXUH)LHOG2EVHUYHGDQG3UHGLFWHG6SHHG)ORZ&XUYH

&DSDFLW\DQG/HYHORI6HUYLFH

0XOWLUHJLPHVSHHGIORZUHODWLRQVKLSLVGHYHORSHGXVLQJWKHILHOGREVHUYHGDQGVLPXODWHGVSHHG±IORZ
GDWDDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH6SHHG±IORZPRGHOVIRUWZRUHJLPHV 5HJLPH, ,, DUHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUIUHH
IORZFRQGLWLRQDQGWZR 5HJLPH,,, ,9 DUHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUFRQJHVWHGIORZFRQGLWLRQ6HFRQGUHJLPHLQ
Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534 533

IUHH IORZ FRQGLWLRQ LQGLFDWH IDVWHU GURS LQ WKH VWUHDP VSHHG ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ IORZ UDWH FRPSDUHG WR WKH
ILUVWUHJLPH6SHHGIORZHTXDWLRQVIRUWKHIRXUUHJLPHVUHSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWWUDIILFFRQGLWLRQVOLNHVWDEOH
XQVWDEOHDQGTXHXLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFDSDFLW\RIWKHURDGZD\ ODQHVRQHZD\ LVIRXQGWREH
YHKLFOHVSHUKRXU YSK 



)LJXUH6SHHG)ORZUHODWLRQVKLSFXUYH

%DVHGRQWKHVSHHGIORZGDWDSRLQWVWKHWKUHVKROGYDOXHVIRUGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIVHUYLFHZLWKUHVSHFW
WRDUHGHULYHGXVLQJWKH.PHDQFOXVWHULQJWHFKQLTXHV7KHYROXPHWRFDSDFLW\UDWLR YF UDQJHVIRUOHYHO
RIVHUYLFHFDWHJRU\LVREWDLQHGFOXVWHULQJPHWKRG7KHRSWLPXPQXPEHURIFOXVWHUVRIYFIRUWKHJLYHQ
GDWDVHWLVEDVHGRQNPHDQDOJRULWKPV$FFRUGLQJO\OHYHORIVHUYLFHRIWKHURDGVHFWLRQLVFODVVLILHG
LQWR VL[ FDWHJRULHV IURP $ WR ) )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH YDULRXV OHYHO RI VHUYLFH LQ WKH IRUP RI LQGLFDWLYH
VSHHGIORZUHODWLRQVKLSIRUWKHVHOHFWHGXUEDQDUWHULDOFRQGLWLRQ



)LJXUH/HYHOVRI6HUYLFHWKUHVKROGYDOXHEDVHGRQYF
 
7KHYFUDQJHVRIHDFKFODVVRIOHYHORIVHUYLFHDUHVKRZQLQWDEOH






534 Chetan R Patel and Dr. G.J. Joshi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 527 – 534

7DEOH/HYHORI6HUYLFHWKUHVKROGXVLQJFOXVWHULQJWHFKQLTXH
 
/HYHORI6HUYLFH 5DQJHRIYFUDWLR
$ 
% 
& 
' 
( 
) !

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KH WUDIILF IORZ EHKDYLRU LQ KHWHURJHQHRXV WUDIILF LQ ,QGLDQ XUEDQ FRQWH[W LV REVHUYHG WR EH TXLWH
FRPSOH[ ZLWK ORRVH ODQH GLVFLSOLQH DQG GLYHUVH VWDWLF DQG G\QDPLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH YHKLFOHV 7KH
SUHVHQW VWXG\ LV FDUULHG RXW RQ DFFHVV FRQWUROOHG DUWHULDO URDG ZKLFK FRXOG EH WKH EDVH IRU FDSDFLW\
FDOFXODWLRQRIWKHDUWHULDOURDGZLWKRWKHUWUDIILFFRQWURODQGURDGZD\FRQGLWLRQV7KHHVWDEOLVKHGVSHHG
IORZUHODWLRQVKLSZLOOEHWKHLGHDOIRUWKHVLPLODUNLQGRIWKHURDGZD\VHFWLRQ7KHFDSDFLW\RIWKHVL[ODQH
GLYLGHGURDGFRPHVWREHYHKLFOHDQGYHKLFOHVSHUODQHZKLFKLVTXLWHUHDOLVWLFDVFRPSDUHGWR
VLPLODU VWXGLHV LQ ,QGLD 7KH HVWDEOLVKHG /26 WKUHVKROG EDVHG RQ WKH FDSDFLW\ DQG YROXPH ZLOO EH
DSSURSULDWHLQH[DPLQLQJWUDIILFTXDOLW\)XUWKHUWKHHVWDEOLVKHGFDSDFLW\DQG/26FULWHULDZLOOEHXVHIXO
IRUWKHORQJDQGVKRUWWHUPWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHSODQQLQJE\WKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQW

5HIHUHQFHV

&KDQGUD6  ³6LPXODWLRQRIPL[HGWUDIILFIORZRQWZRODQHURDGV´-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6HSWSS




,5&  ³*XLGHOLQHIRU&DSDFLW\RI8UEDQ5RDGLQ3ODLQ$UHDV´,5&  ,QGLDQ5RDG&RQJUHVV1HZ'HOKL

0DUZDKDQG6LQJK  ³OHYHORIVHUYLFHFODVVLILFDWLRQIRUXUEDQKHWHURJHQHRXVWUDIILF$FDVHVWXG\RI.DQSXUPHWURSROLHV´
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK&LUFXODU(&WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ+LJKZD\&DSDFLW\

0LWUD%6LNGDUDQG'KLQJUD  ³0RGHOLQJFRQJHVWLRQRQXUEDQURDGVDQGDVVHVVLQJOHYHORIVHUYLFH´-RXUQDORIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
(QJLQHHULQJ$6&(  

3UDVDQWD.XPDUDQG0DKDELU3DQGD  ³$SSOLFDWLRQRIFOXVWHULQJWHFKQLTXHVLQGHILQLQJ/26FULWHULDRIXUEDQVWUHHWVIRU
,QGLDQFLWLHV´

6XUDVDNDQG1DNDPXUD  ³0HDVXULQJRIOHYHORIVHUYLFHRQPXOWLODQHH[SUHVVZD\E\XVLQJSODWRRQPHFKDQLVP´3URFHHGLQJV
RIWKH)RXUWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6XPPHU6\PSRVLXP

9HOPXUXJDQ6(UUDPSDOOL0 5DYLQGHU.  ³&ULWLFDOHYDOXDWLRQRI5RDGZD\&DSDFLW\RI0XOWLODQH+LJK6SHHG
&RUULGRUVXQGHU+HWHURJHQHRXVWUDIILF&RQGLWLRQWKURXJK7UDGLWLRQDODQG0LFURVFRSLF6LPXODWLRQPRGHOV´-RXUQDORI,QGLDQ
5RDG&RQJUHVV2FW'HFSDSHUQR






You might also like