Revised New Updated of Information Control Tec

INFORMATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
LISC: 553
COURSE COVER NOTE

(First Semester)
Prepared by
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT
Master's Level of Library & Information Science
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Kathmandu
2076
1
Library information control Techniques
INFORMATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4
MEANING OF INFORMATION: .................................................................................... 4
Types of information........................................................................................... 5
Need of information ............................................................................................ 7
Techniques of information Control ................................................................................... 8
Meaning of control ............................................................................................. 8
TYPES OF INFORMATION CONTROLLING TECHNIQUES ................................................ 8
Library Classification: ......................................................................................... 9
NEED OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION ...................................................................... 12
FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION: ............................................................. 12
PURPOSE OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION: ................................................................ 13
Introduction of Library Classification Scheme ......................................................... 14
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC) .............................................................. 14
Structure of Dewey decimal classification: ...................................................................... 15
COLON CLASSIFICATION ....................................................................................... 17
History of Colon Classification: .................................................................................. 17
Postulate of Fundamental Categories: ............................................................................ 19
UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC) ........................................................... 20
EVOLUTION OF THEORY OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION ................................................ 23
Definition of Theory .......................................................................................... 23
Importance and need of Theories ....................................................................... 23
Types of Theories of library classification............................................................. 24
Descriptive theory ................................................................................................. 24
Dynamic Theory ............................................................................................... 24
Mapping of Universe of Knowledge: ............................................................................ 25
SPECIES OF SCHEMES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT .............................................. 27
Purely Enumerated Scheme (Enumerate means to list): ........................................ 27
Almost Enumerative Scheme ............................................................................. 28
Almost faceted scheme: .................................................................................... 28
Fully but rigidly faceted scheme: ........................................................................ 28
Almost freely faceted scheme ............................................................................ 29
Freely faceted scheme ...................................................................................... 29
Compiled by Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
SUBJECT STRUCTURE............................................................................................ 30
Formation, Structure and development of subjects. ............................................................. 30
FORMATION OF SUBJECT .................................................................................... 30
STRUCTURE OF SUBJECTS: ..................................................................................... 34
DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT ................................................................................... 36
CANONS AND PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................... 37
Work of classification in three planes .................................................................. 37
Canons for work at the Idea plane: .................................................................... 39
Canon for Verbal plane: .................................................................................... 44
Canons for Notational Plane: ............................................................................. 46
NOTATION ....................................................................................................... 50
Importance, Need and Purpose of Notation......................................................................... 50
Function and Qualities ...................................................................................... 50
Good qualities of Notation for LIS .................................................................................. 52
Types and Devices of Notational system: ....................................................................... 53
Basic canons for notation can be grouped into two categories: ................................. 53
Canons for Notation ................................................................................................. 54
Special Canons for Knowledge Classification ........................................................ 54
General Canon of Mnemonics ............................................................................. 54
Special Canons for Book Classification ................................................................ 55
General Principles ............................................................................................ 55
Canons for Mnemonically based notation .......................................................................... 56
Hospitality of Notational system ............................................................................ 56
3
Unit 1
INFORMATION
Introduction
Classification is grouping things/ documents in a systematic way to separate in two or more
categories
Living
Things
Plant Animals
Non-
Flowering Vertibrate Invertibrates
flowering
Like; Living things

a. Plant: a.1. Flowering, a.2. non-flowering
b. Animals: b.1. Vertebrate, b.2. Invertebrate
Library is huge collection of documents
Criteria for document classification can be
On the basis of subject
On the basis of size
On the basis of author
On the basis of Title, etc.
Classification by subject is most common.
Benefit of classification
 Easy to arrangement
 Save the time of users and staffs
 Easy to replace /shelving the document
MEANING OF INFORMATION:
Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who
receives it. It is anything that is communicated. Information is a flow of messages of meanings
which might add to, restructure of change knowledge. Information is a product of data
processing and each data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. It is
equivalent to finished goods produced after processing the raw material. The information has a
value in decision making as it brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response in the
mind. Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or an outcome.
Data: Data mere collection of facts and raw, unevaluated, unprocessed facts
What is information?
Information -processed data, -meaningful messages drawn from data

Information is the act of telling or imparting knowledge.
Information is facts communicated or learned.
Information is interpreting data to make it useful.
Information is knowledge acquired from others.
Information is all about facts and figures.
Information is the lifeblood of society of the 2st century.
Information is power.
Types of information
1. News
2. Ideas and opinions
3. Research results
4. Routine information, like flight timetable, phone numbers, maps, etc.
5. History or background information
6. Fact and figures
7. Technical information
8. Legal information, etc.
9. Documentary / Non-documentary
10. Audio/ Visual
Classification to Development of information Sources

Classification of documents or information sources or Types of documentary sources: on the
basis of nature, use and arrangement
A. Harold's Librarian's Glossary and Reference defines as source of information
Source of
Information
Convention
Non- conventional
al
Non-
Documentar Non- Non-conventional
conventional
y Documentary Secondary
Primary
Secondar
Primary Tertiary
y
Formal Informal
5
B. Information sources, by format, status and location
(1) Format:
• Oral vs. Documentary.
• Textual vs. Audio-visual/multimedia.
• Paper-based vs. Electronic.
(2) Status:
• Personal vs. Impersonal.
• Formal vs. Informal.
• Published/open vs. Unpublished/ confidential/secret.
(3) Location:
• Internal vs. External
C. According to S.R. Ranganathan
a. Conventional: e.g. Books, periodicals etc.
b. Neo conventional: micro-documents, such as patents, standards and specifications.
c. Non - conventional: Audio-Visual, Microform, Database, Electronics resources. D
d. Meta document: photographs.
D. According to Hansan categorized the documents as:
• Primary includes books, Journals, reports, patents, thesis, trade literature, standards.
• Secondary Abstracting and indexing journals, citation indices, subject bibliographies, reviews
and survey
E. According Dennis Grogan (1982) has grouped information sources into two types: -
a. Documentary (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary)
b. Non-documentary : can be divided into two, formal and informal
Primary source of information
Secondary Sources of Information:
Tertiary Sources of information
Guide
.
Use of information
Research and developmental activities for the overall activities then need of information.
Information need for business, planning and policy making, decision making another proper
management. Information need top level to bottom level. Data are the representation of fact,
idea, and formal idea data is carries of the population collected of solution of problems data
representation of the study data use for finding the fact by survey, measurement, questionnaire
to find out result of the study. They represent and explore in numerical form.
Data are quantified. They highly repeated and they objectively manually and automated user
who did the study analysis them and get fact.
Need of information
The purpose of an information system is to turn raw data into useful information that can be
used for decision making in an organization. Many information systems are designed to support
a particular process within an organization or to carry out very specific analysis.
a. To gain knowledge about the surroundings, and whatever is happening in the society and
universe.
b. To keep the system up to date.
c. To know about the rules, regulations and laws of society, local government, provincial
and central government, associations, clients etc. As ignorance is no bliss.
d. Based on above three, to arrive at a particular decision for planning current and
prospective actions in process of forming, running and protecting a process or system
7
Unit- 2
Techniques of information Control
Meaning of control
The word classification is a process of grouping. It involves putting together like entities and
separating unlike entities. The characteristics of entities are used as a basis for determining the
likeness or unlikeness between them.
Thus a class would consist of entities which are like in some respects and possessing certain
qualities in common which helps in distinguishing them another class of entities. The term
''Classification'' is used in many sense.
Sense -1
Sense -2
Sense- 3
Sense -4
Sense -5
S.R. Ranganathan has recognized five senses. The term is thus a homonym.
Classification in Sense 1 is DIVISION.
Classification in Sense 2 is ASSORTMENT.
Classification in Sense 3 is CLASSIFICATION IN SENSE 2 plus representing each
entity by an ordinal number taken out of a system of ordinal numbers, designed to mechanize
the maintenance of the sequence,
Classification in Sense 4 is CLASSIFICATION IN SENSE 3 when complete
assortment is made of an amplified universe. - That is when the entities and the pseudo-entities
arising in the process of successive assortment stand arranged in one filiatory sequence.
Classification in Sense 5 is CLASSIFICATION IN SENSE 4 with all the entities
removed but only the pseudo-entities or classes retained. It is classification in Sense 5 that is
used:
i) Either when the universe classified is infinite,
ii) When some of the entities are unknown and unknowable at' any moment,
even though the universe classified is finite. It is classification in Sense 5 that is practiced by
the library profession. The primary, concern of libraries is to establish the most helpful
arrangement of documents. Library classification, therefore, presupposes the use of notation,
i.e., a brief symbol for the names of subjects. It is in this sense that the word classification is
used in this and other units.
Over all scientific management of library document by the following service as document
selection, acquisition, accessioning work, technical processing after those shelving,
conservation and preservation of documents and dissemination to the user of them by a
scientific or use of automation of circulation control with the library software CC-TV connected
with RFID. Where user easily can retrieve their document and librarian easily can control
library document.
TYPES OF INFORMATION CONTROLLING TECHNIQUES
Information control techniques mainly in four types, those are
a. Classification, etc. c. Abstracting

b. Cataloguing d. Indexing
Besides these, following are also can includes in controlling process
a. Circulation control d. OPAC / MARC

b. Automatization e. Acquisition and selection
c. Library Software
Information retrieval methods

Libraries have been in existence since the beginning of writing and have served as a repository
of the intellectual wealth of society. As such, libraries have always been concerned with storing
and retrieving information in the by
a) Cataloguing , d) Indexing,
b) Metadata, e) Abstracting
c) Classification,
Library Classification:
Definition:
According to Berwick Sayers, library classification is “the arrangement of books on shelves or

descriptions of them, in the manner which is most useful to those who read.”
According to Dr. S R Ranganathan, Library Classification is meant to be “the translation of
the name of the subject of a book into a preferred artificial language of ordinal numbers, and
the individualization of the several books dealing with the same specific subject by means of
further set of ordinal numbers which represent some features of the book other than their
thought content.”
According to Margaret Mann, classification is “the arranging of things according to likeness
and unlikeness. It is the sorting and grouping of things, but in addition classification of books is
a knowledge classification with adjustment made necessary by the physical forms of books.”
Components of Library Classification Scheme:
Library Classification is a process of translating the specific subject of a book into an artificial
language of ordinal numbers, which in classificatory language are helpful in arriving at a logical
arrangement. The essential components of a scheme of library classification are:
Notation: It is a set of symbols which stands for a class or a subject e.g. Philosophy and
literature and its sub-division example ethics, English literature. For the purpose of arranging
books, use of names of the subjects, broad or specific in natural language would neither be
practicable nor convenient so these are translated into artificial language of ordinal numbers.
Form Division: Knowledge may be presented in one form of the other; the form could be text
book, manual, history, dictionary and encyclopedia. These forms or styles of presenting
knowledge of a subject could be commonly applied to any subject. Book classification takes
care of representing form in the Call Number. The numbers representing the forms of books are
called form divisions. They are also known as common sub-divisions or common-isolates.
Generalia Class: There are certain books such as encyclopedias, bibliographies and collected
writings of an author which cannot be classified under any specific subject since they cover all
subjects under the ten and hence are classified under the Generalia Class.
9
Index: Index is an essential component of a scheme of Library Classification which is provided
at the end of the scheme. It is of immense value to the members in their handling of a classified
part of the catalogue.
Call Number: In classifying, each book is provided with a distinguished number specified to it
which can be used for calling the book from the stats and replacing it on its return to its right
place. It is known as a Call Number.
Activities which are performed for classifying a book are as follows:
1. The every first phase in the book classification begins with identifying the particular subject
of a book which is originated from the book title as well as sub-title. If the book title is very
general then subject content of the book is identified either by going through the preface or the
table of contents.
2. When the specific subject of a book is identified then specific number is allotted to the book
of a particular scheme by consulting schedules. Therefore, class number is given to a specific
book.
3. The classifier must allot subject headings once the book. According to different lists of
subject headings, the subject headings can be allotted.
Types of Classification
Classification mainly divided in to two
a. Enumerative: Enumerative means listed or subjects are enumerated that scheme is which
has no provision for construction of class number.
b. Faceted: Ready-made class numbers are not assigned to subjects. By combining to the
standard pieces in different ways, many different object, sign and symbols can be
constructed. Subjects are not already enumerated. The five fundamental categories form the
following sequence when they are arranged according to their decreasing concreteness
PMEST. In faceted, without sign and symbol cannot define subject. Using different sign
and symbols which are as following
Facet Indicator digit used
I. Personality , (Comma)
Ii. Matter ; (Semi-colon)
Iii. Energy : (Colon)
Iv. Space . (Dot)
V. Time ‗ (Single inverted comma)
Classification divided according to their schemes
a. Purely enumerated scheme: LC, Telescoping, Rider's international

b. Almost enumerative scheme: J.D. Brown's subject classification, DDC
c. Almost faceted scheme: UDC, BC
d. Fully but rigidly faceted scheme: CC1st to 3rd ed.
e. Almost Freely faceted scheme: CC 4th to 6th ed.
f. Freely faceted scheme: CC 7th ed.
Library classification can be summarized as follows:
1) Library classification helps to arrange documents in a systematic order, which is most

convenient to the reader and the library staff. It brings related subjects in close proximity,
called collocation by Henry Bliss.
2) It helps in identification and location of a document on a given subject wanted by a reader
whatever may be the size of the library collection. Documents can be quickly retrieved from
and replaced to their original positions. The location, lending and replacement of documents
can be completed mechanically in libraries.
3) It helps to arrange documents into organized groups, like and when a new document is
added to the collection, classification finds an appropriate place for the newly added
documents among other documents on the same subject.
4) The universe of knowledge is dynamic, continuous, infinite and ever growing. New areas or
subjects are being continuously added to the sum total of human knowledge, When the first
document on a new subject is added to the library collection, it finds itself at the appropriate
place among the already existing related subjects, i.e., among its kith and kin and according
to the level of its relationship to them.
5) It helps to organize book displays and exhibitions. It facilitates withdrawal of certain
documents from the main collection for special purposes and occasions such as book stall,
seminars, symposia, conferences and special exhibitions, on a given topic.
6) It helps in recording the daily issue and return of documents on various subjects at the
circulation counter of a library. This facilitates the compilation of statistics on issues, which
reflect the pattern of use and demand of documents on different subjects. The feedback
helps in the allocation of funds to various subjects and guides the book selection policy of
the library. The statistics so collected can be included in the annual report of the library.
7) Stock verification is a very important aspect of library administration. Library classification,
through the medium of shelf lists, facilitates an efficient and thorough stock verification of
the library's holdings.
8) It helps in the compilation of reading lists. This facilitates facet analysis of the reference
queries on various aspects and 'indirectly helps in an efficient reference service.
9) It helps in the compilation of subject union catalogues and bibliographies of books and
other reading material. The union catalogues are very important tools for resource 'sharing
and cooperation among libraries.
10) It is the basis for the organization of knowledge embodied in documents for maximum
use. It is the basis for efficient bibliographic control and retrieval of documents. It is a great
time saving device for the reader and the library staff. As humbly puts it, "it is a mechanical
time saving device for the discovery of knowledge in books".
IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION
Classification as a field of study is making some progress in the areas such as libraries /
documentation centers.
Classification determined the classification number for and item.
Represent the subject of the work in a number and or letters using Dewey decimal classification
scheme or a similar authoritative classification scheme, and provides a location for item in a
collection
11
NEED OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
At present classification is most widely adopted and considered that it is very important to any
organization of information management. Classification is needed because if we want to
retrieve and exchange the information and documents, if the information's are not
systematically organized it would be different to retrieve. By classifying objects into different
sections, it is enable us to retrieve information and things which are looking for, without any
risk and too much time spending in retrieving that particular things or information.
Classification was adopts mostly by the library organization.
In Points:
1. The first and main purpose of any library classification scheme is to create a helpful
sequence of all the subject material acquired by a library so that some could be used by
users of library in most convenient way without wasting much time and energy in
searching the documents.
2. Library Classification helps to accommodate all the newly published literature in an
already created order of arrangement in a filiatory sequence. Even a document on its
return with the help of classification reaches the same position and the same place among
the already created sequence of documents.
3. Arrangement of books on the shelves of library is more mechanized than manual and
with the help of ICT tools; the arrangement has more or less become automated these
days. Apart from fixing the location of document in library it also facilities its easy
retrieval from the huge collection of library.
4. Library Classification helps a great deal in developing the information to its optimum by
maximizing the use of a library documents.
5. It won‘t be inappropriate to say that library classification helps a library professional in
discharging his/her duties more efficiently.
6. Classification helps to fulfill the basic philosophy of library science put forward by the
father of library science Dr. S.R Ranganathan in the form of five laws of library science.
7. In library books are arranged systematically.
8. Helps the readers and information seekers to get quickly, whatever they are looking for.
FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION:

Classification is a mental process by which things or ideas are groups separate according to
their likeness and differences. Some of the basic functions of Library classification are as:
1. Arrange books or other materials in helpful sequence convenient to the readers, research
workers and librarians.
2. Ensure quick location and replacement of books on the shelves for next users.
3. The users are provided with the subject approach to the subsidiary topic deal within a
book by analyzing its content and making entries in the classified catalogue.
4. Fugitive and ephemeral literature in vertical file etc. Can be arranged with the help of
classification.
5. It is a useful device by which a new book can be inserted in its proper places, among the
other books on the same subject.
6. The stock of books or other materials may be clearly and effectively guided by the help
of classification.
7. It gives useful assistance to the making up the collection for different entries or branches.
8. Classification is use as the basis of recording issue books in the lending counter.
9. Help in the compilation of bibliography, catalogues, book list etc.
PURPOSE OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION:
Library Classification is an important function for a library. Some basic functions are:
a. Helpful sequence: The basic purpose of any library classification is service oriented. Library
should be arranged the document in a method most convenient to the users and to the library
staff. The document should be arrange in classes and based on the mutual relation between
them. In other word related documents could be grouped in close proximately.
b. Correct replacement: Document after being taken out from the shelves by the users or by
the library staff should be replacing in their proper places. It is essential that library
classification should enable the correct replacement of document after this happened return
from use.
c. Mechanized arrangement: It is decided that a particular arrangement is suitable for the
library materials. Ordinarily it should not be changed by the help of new document with the
help of allocating notation, classification enable us to mechanize the arrangement.
d. Addition of new document: A library should acquire new document from time to time.
Therefore library classification should help in finding the most helpful place among the existing
collection of the library.
e. Withdraw the document from stock: In case the need arise to withdraw a document from
stock for some reason. Library classification should facilitate such a withdrawn.
f. Book display: In wider sense the term book is display is use to indicate that the collection in
open access library is well presented and guided. Library classification should be helpful in the
organization of book display.
Other purposes are:
g. Compilation of bibliography, catalogue, union-catalogue and so on.
h. Classification of information and reference queries.
i. Filing of non-book materials such as correspondence, films and so on.
j. To assist the cataloger in determining subject heading.
k. To separate subjects on the basis of likeness and unlikeness.
l. To make grouping and sub-grouping of subjects.
m. To arrange things in the most convenient order.
n. To make the books available to every reader.
o. To enable the reader to receive the books.
p. To arrange the books in classified order.
q. To retrieve the information whenever needed.
r. To make available the whole library stock to readers by publisher, date of publication,
title, by author or by subjects. The proper way is to arrange by contents of the material.
13
UNIT-3
Introduction of Library Classification Scheme
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC)

History of DDC
This system first published in the United States of America devised by Melvil Dewey in 1876.
He was assistant librarian/ college librarian. Currently DDC is published by OCLC (Online
Computer Library Center), and it is the most widely used classification system in the world
translated into more than 30 languages. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major
editions and the latest issued in 2011.
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is the most popular of all the modern library
classification schemes. As a matter of fact, all our decimal fraction notation, but for the
convenience of remembering the number, the decimal point is inserted after the third digit. Sub-
divisions are carried out decimally and all numbers are read as decimals. DDC is divided into
ten main classes, which together cover the entire world of knowledge. Each main class is further
divided into ten divisions, and each division into ten sections (not all the numbers for the
divisions and sections have been used).
Different Editions of DDC:
Year of Total
Edition Editiors
Publication Pages
1st edition 1876 44 Melvil Dewey
2nd edition 1885 314 Melvil Dewey & W.S. Biscoe
3rd edition 1888 416 Melvil Dewey & W.S. Biscoe
4th edition 1891 466 E. May Seymour
11th edition 1922 988 J. Dorkas Fellows
12th edition 1927 1243 J. Dorkas Fellows
13 edition 1932 1647 J. Dorkas Fellows & M.W. Ge tchell
Constantin Mazney & M. W.
14 edition 1942 1927
Getchell
15 edition 1951 716 Milton J. Fergusom
15 revised
1952 927 Godfrey Dewey
edition
16 edition 1958 2439 Benjamin A. Custer & D. Haykin
17 edition 1965 2153 Benjamin A. Custer & D. Haykin
18 edition 1971 2718 Benjamin A. Custer
21 edition 1996 4115 J.P. Comaromi
22 edition 2003 4076 J. Mitchell
23 edition 2011 J. Mitchell
Structure of Dewey decimal classification:
Schedule: A basic principle of DDC is that it is arranged by discipline and not by subject. At
the broadest level, the DDC is divided into ten main classes, which together cover the entire
world of knowledge. Each main class is further divided into ten divisions, and each division
into ten sections (not all the numbers for the divisions and sections have been used). The three
summaries of the DDC are as given:
Summaries: Three types of summaries appear in the schedules and tables of DDC. The
summaries of the schedules as a whole are found at the front of the schedules (Volume 2-3).
The First Summary: Contains the ten main classes. The first digit in each three-digit number
represents the main class.
Computers, information & general 500 Science
000
reference
600 Technology
100 Philosophy & psychology
700 Arts & recreation
200 Religion
800 Literature
300 Social sciences
900 History & geography
400 Language
15
The Second Summary: Contains the hundred divisions. The second digit in each three-digit
number indicates the division.
The Third Summary: contains thousand sections. The third digit in each three-digit number
indicates the section. Arabic numerals are used to represent each class in the DDC. A decimal
point follows the third digit in a class number, after which division by ten continues to the
specific degree of classification needed.
DDC Relative Index:
Relative index is added to the schedules of book classification. It is the most important feature
of this scheme; arranged in an alphabetical order and aims to include all topics expressed or
implied in the main tables together with every likely synonym. The index is comprehensive one
but exhaustive. The topics which are further sub-divided in the table are entered in the bold face
type. The specific items in the sub-divisions are entered directly under their own name. The
index is relative in the sense that each phase of the subject is noted.
Features of the Dewey decimal classification:
DDC is famous for in the world and 0 to 9 digits. Dewey decimal classification is an almost
enumerative scheme of classification. Its popularity has grown day by day throughout the
world. This statement can be justified by the fact that DDC has been translated into many
languages, such as Chinese, Spanish, Danish, Turkish, Japanese, Hindi, Portuguese, Sinhalese
and several other languages across the globe. Discipline, hierarchical (general to specific) each
number is decimal fraction. Decimal point is not written at the beginning of notation. Use value
of DDC minimum 3 digits. But certain features forming the basis of its present form can be still
recognized as follows:
Universal Scheme: A unique feature of the DDC is that its classes reflect all the areas of
specialized knowledge developed in modern society.
Relative Location: In his scheme, Melvil Dewey introduced the brainwave of relative location‘
as opposed to ‗fixed location.‘ For this purpose, he utilized the decimal notation consisting of
Arabic numerals for the subjects and assigning that notation to the books on the basis of thought
content and not on the basis of the shelves
Decimal Notation: Melvil Dewey used decimal fraction notation for the arrangement of
knowledge on the shelves. Indo-Arabic numerals (0 to 9) are used decimally for the sub-
divisions of knowledge
Minute Division: Dewey emphasized the need of minute division as ―the advantage of close
classing is accepted if the user knows just what it is.‖
Mnemonics: Another important feature of DDC is mnemonics, which means ‗aid to memory.‘
In DDC, mnemonics are available for subject synthesis. The use of consistent order in the
subject division of different classes produces mnemonics. There are various tables, such as,
Area Table, Language Table, Standard Division Table, etc.
Integrity of Numbers: One of the most important features of DDC is the integrity of numbers.
To incorporate new developments and to keep speed with the growth of knowledge, a scheme
of classification should be revised continually, without changing the basic structure, so that the
professionals may accept the revised edition without hesitation.
16
Auxiliary Tables: Auxiliary tables provide an important basis for preparing numbers and lead
to uniform meanings of numbers when used in various contexts. The ―form divisions,‖ could be
attached to any class number according to the instructions provided therein. The system of
‗form divisions‘ remained in use up to the 12th edition. The 13th edition consisted of 5
―Auxiliary Schedules.‖ The 14th edition had 4 tables. In the 15th edition, the conventional 9 form
divisions, i.e. 01-09 were annexed along with the tables, without any detailed sub-divisions. The
word ‗Form divisions‘ was replaced by ―Standard Subdivisions‘ in the 17th edition, along with
new area table in volume 2(Index). The 18th, 19th and 20th editions consist of 7 auxiliary tables
which are detailed under DDC 20.
COLON CLASSIFICATION
Introduction
Colon Classification introduce by S.R. Ranganathan (1933). He was librarian of University of
Madras in 1924. He was mathematician teacher before the librarian. He passes the library
science form England. He made 30,000 catalogues by suffering on ship. Colon Classification is
one of the most systematic schemes of Library Classifications used in many libraries in India
and a few libraries abroad as well. Colon Classification proceeds in a different manner in spite
of enumerating all possible subjects and their sub-divisions, it analyses the subject in its various
components and places them under five fundamental categories known as personality, matter,
energy, space and time. To connect or to synthesize the various components of a subject,
different connection symbols have been provided. Main classes are more than 30. Readymade
class numbers are also available, but to build a class number, one has to analyze and pick up the
possible isolates belonging to different fundamental categories which are then put together with
the help appropriate connecting symbols. Colon Classification involves analysis and synthesis
that is why it is known as the ‗Analytico-synthetic‘ scheme of classification. The Colon
Classification is a general scheme which aims to classify by subject all kinds of documents-
books, periodicals, reports, pamphlets, microforms and electronic media in all kinds of libraries.
History of Colon Classification:

Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan, the author of Colon Classification began his career as a
teacher of mathematics. However in 1924, he was appointed Librarian of the University of
Madras. He went to England in 1924 to study library science at the University of London,
School of Librarianship. Dissatisfied with the existing schemes of library classification, his
experience led him ―to think that a change was necessary in the basic principles on which
schemes of classification are established. In 1933, the first edition of colon classification was
released. Till now, six editions including the reprinting of 6th edition, published in 1963of CC
have been published.
Different Editions of Colon Classification:
The Colon Classification (CC) first designed from 1924 to 1928 and published first in 1933 by
the Madras Library Association is now in its 7thedition released in 1987. The sixth edition still
the most popular one was published in 1960. A reprint with some amendments contained in a
nature was issued in 1963. Since 1989 this edition with annexure has been reprinted many times
by the Sarda Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science.
17
Editions Year 4th Edition 1952
1st Edition 1933 5th Edition 1957
2st Edition 1939 6th Edition 1960
3rd Edition 1950 7th Edition 1987
Colon Classification Index:
The index of CC refers only to elementary terms, never to compound subjects. The relative
aspects of a subject are provided only in the form of class numbers, not being named as in DDC
or UDC. CC6 has provided the following four indexes: General Index; Geographical Index;
Natural Groups in Botany and Zoology. The entries have been arranged by word by word order
following the principle of nothing before something.
Features of Colon Classification:
Colon Classification (CC) is the brain – child of Shiyali Rarnamrita Ranganathan. It was first
published in the year 1933 (Ranganathan, 1933). Till now seven editions of CC have been
published. The seven editions as per their features are grouped in three groups called versions
(Gopinath, 1976).
Version 1- Rigidly faceted classification schemes: First, second and third editions of CC
belong to this version. Editions of this version used only one facet indicator digit i.e. Colon (:).
That is the reason it got the name Colon Classification. Editions belonging to this version gave
short schedules of basic subjects, few common isolates and a large number of special isolates.
Version 2- Almost freely faceted classification schemes: Fourth, the fifth and sixth edition of
CC belongs to this version. This version is called as almost freely faceted version because it
used different facet indicator digits for different facets such as:
Facet Indicator digit used
I. Personality , (Comma)
Ii. Matter ; (Semi-colon)
Iii. Energy : (Colon)
Iv. Space . (Dot)
V. Time ‗ (Single inverted comma)
Editions of this version of CC also introduced the concept of Rounds and Levels to remove the
severe rigidity.
Version 3 – Freely faceted classification schemes: Seventh edition of CC (Ranganathan,
1987) published in the year 1987 represents the third version. This edition incorporates findings
of a dynamic theory of classification (Gopinath, 1976). Being a freely faceted classification
scheme it has no rigid formula for compound subject going with the basic subject.
Notational System:
The Notational System of Colon Classification used for assigning numbers to basic subjects
consists of:
23 Roman small letters (a…z excluding i, l, o)
10 Indo Arabic numerals (0-9)
26 Roman Capital letters (A–Z)
18
Bracketed numbers
Indicator digit hyphen (-) and asterisk (*)
Z, 0 (zero) or 9 (nine) is used to represent an empty digit. T,V,X & Z are used as emptying
digits, however, when these occur as an initial digit, then they are deemed semantically rich
digit. U,W, & Y have been postulated as empty-emptying digit.
The notational system used by CC to assign numbers to isolate as speciators consist of the
following:
Bracketed Numbers
Indicator digits *‖ ←) & ‗. ; ,- = + → (
Postulate of Fundamental Categories:

Ranganathan has based his CC on many postulates. The postulate of fundamental categories is
one of them. Colon classification, schedule has given each main and canonical class with
formula. According to Ranganathan there are only five fundamental categories- viz. Time,
Space, Energy, Matter and Personality, which are defined by enumeration only (Ranganathan,
1989). The terms representing fundamental categories may have different meanings in different
subjects, however Ranganathan used them with a specific context i.e.
Personality: Personality covers manifestations of wholeness, for example, chemical

compounds, plants and animals and parts of them, languages religions, etc. The other
Fundamental Categories are attributes of Personality.
Without Personality, there can be no organ, constituent, attribute, action, reaction or incidence
in space and time. Personality forms the basis, the host, locus of all other categories. In the main
class ‗library and information science‘ (LIS) concepts like libraries, information sources, library
personnel, and users form the locus to the other fundamental categories.
Matter: Since the recent past name of the fundamental category Matter is replaced by Matter
Property [MP]. Initially, as Ranganathan claimed this fundamental category represented
materials only. So they belonged to Matter facet.
Energy: The fundamental category, Energy represents action. The action may be among and by
all kinds of entities- inanimate, animate, conceptual, intellectual and intuitive. In the main class
‗library science‘ computerization, preservation, management, etc. Are examples of the
manifestation of the fundamental category, Energy.
Space and Time: The fundamental category ‗Space‘ represents the geographical area and
‗Time‘ represents period.
Postulates of rounds and levels: Repeated expression of the above-mentioned fundamental
categories is required for classifying subjects of greater intention. This need is fulfilled by
postulates of rounds and levels.
Postulate of rounds: According to this postulate the fundamental category, Personality, Matter
and Energy may manifest itself in one and the same subject more than once. Ordinarily, the
fundamental categories, Space and Time may marked (manifest) only once in the last round.
Postulate of levels: According to this postulate the fundamental category, Personality and
Matter may manifest itself more than once in one and the same round within a subject.
19
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DDC AND CC
Sl.N. DDC CC
1 10 main class more than 30 class
2 notation 0-9 A-Z, a-z (excluding i,l,o) ( ),punctuation :;,',
3 Author: Melvil Devey S.R. Ranganathan
4 Introduce in 1876 in 1933
5 100 division ,1000 section multiple division and section
6 4 volumes single volums
7 enumerated canonical and synthesize
8 easy to use and arrangement difficult than DDC
UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC)
1. This classification scheme was merely influenced by the scheme of Melvil Devey DDC.
2. The two Belgians Paul Otlets an advocate and Henri La Fountaine - a senator initiated to
get permission of Melvil Dewey to translate his work and make a new comprehensive
classified index for the classification of all published literature.
3. In 1895, Dewey gave the right / permission to translate the scheme.
4. In first table of UDC, published between 1895-1896 where mere translation of 1894
edition of Dewey Decimal Classification except sociology and law.
5. Originally UDC was published under the title ''Classified Biliographique Decimale''
which was published in 35 parts from 1899 to 1905.
6. In 1905, complete international edition in French language was published under the title ''
Manuel du Repertoire Bibliographique Universel'', which was originally derived from the
Dewey Decimal Classification 5th ed. 1894.
7. Full English edition started to publish from 1943 and published by British standards
Institutes.
8. Now various authorized editions are available in many natural languages (more than 20).
Varieties of Editions:
1. Full edition: consisting (150,000-200,000 items)
2. Medium length edition :(consisting about 50,000 items or 30% of the full edition)
3. Abridge edition: (consisting 10% of the full edition)
4. Special subject edition: (which consisted of central theme or subject represented by full
edition schedule and subsidiary (auxiliary or secondary) topics and other medium and
abridge schedule.
Purpose of UDC:
a) To provide a method for arranging books on library shelves in an order which would be
helpful to the users i.e. Shelf arrangement.
b) To provide a method of arranging sub-titles of the books themselves in a catalogue and
printed bibliographies.
c) To classify the recorded knowledge.
d) To retrieve the document or locate the document.
Characteristics of UDC
1. UDC is a general classification scheme, it aims to cover whole universe of knowledge.

2. It is based on recognized fields of study or disciplines and has hierarchical structure.
3. UDC's notation is based on Arabic numericals and few other common symbols.
4. Use of decimal and symbols between the numbers determines their sequence.
5. Decimal points are not written in the beginning. A decimal point is usually placed after
every three (3) digits. For example:
6. In eight digit number is written as 599.742.71
7. It is mostly used in European countries.
8. Constantly under revision and change.
9. Publication in different versions
10.Easy access to find the class number through index.
11.Relatively easy to use and understand the structure.
12.Universal scheme in nature.
13.Use of mixed notation (number +sybols)
14.Good mnemonic quality (easy to remember / human readable)
15.It is an analytico - synthetic and faceted scheme.
Structure of UDC
1. UDC consists of two types of tables;

a. The main tables
b. The auxiliary tables
2. In main tables the universe of knowledge is divided into 10 classes from 0-9. Though in
reality, classes 4 are currently vacant, the vacant class 4 is result of a plan schedule of
expansion. The class was made vacant by shifting language/ linguistics in class 8 with
literature. This was for future development in the field of knowledge.
3. Each of the class is represented by a single digit number except each classes is further
divided into 10 classes with 2 digits 100 classes with three digits and so on.
4. The outline of main classes from the 2nd abridged edition (English) of UDC;
Main classes:
a. 0- Generalities
b. 1- Philosophy and Psychology
c. 2- Religion
d. 3- Social sciences
e. 4- Vacant
f. 5- Natural Science & Mathematics
g. 6- Applied Science and technology
h. 7 The Arts
i. 8- Language, Linguistics, Literature
j. 9- Geography, Biography, History
21
1. Sub Classes:
The subclasses are represented by 2 digit numbers. For eg. Class 3 is further divided in 2 digits
in subclasses as follows;
a. 3- Social science
b. 30- Theories in social sciences, Sociography
c. 31- Statistics, Sociology
d. 32 -Politics
e. 33 -Economics and So on.
2. The next level of division gives 3 digit number for eg: 32 is further divided as;
a. 32- Politics
b. 321- Forms of political organization
c. 322- Policy towards religion, church policy
d. 323- Home affairs, Internal Policy
e. 324- Elections and so on.
3. UDC call main tables for the schedules of DDC
4. Main tables starts from Page.57
5. Indexes starts from Pages 159
6. Symbol introduction provided in Page.4 (Important)
The auxiliary Tables:
1. Altogether there are nine (9) common auxiliary tables in UDC, they are 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e,
1f, 1g, 1h and 1k.
2. They are added to a class number to express a more precise meaning.
3. The common auxiliary are applicable throughout the main tables.
4. There are also provisions of linking signs with in auxiliary tables, which enable us to
combine number from different parts of the tables: both main and auxiliary.
5. Common auxiliary signs:
a. +(Plus)- for coordination, addition
b. / (Slash) - for extension
c. :(Colon) - for Relation
d. [ ](Square Brackets) - for sub grouping
e. :: (double colon) - for order fixing
6. Independent auxiliary tables (Important)
7. 1c shows = Language
8. 1d shows (0/09) Form
9. 1e shows (1/9) Place
10.1f shows (=....) Race, ethnic group
11.1g shows ''...'' Time
Unit- 4
EVOLUTION OF THEORY OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
Definition of Theory
Before we attempt to study the Theory of Library Classification, it is necessary for us to know
the importance of developing a theory. It is equally necessary for us to recognize the need for
such a theory.
1. An organized body of principles
2. Principles are generalizations that are arrived by performing the same type of activity
again and again
3. So theory is a set of beliefs accepted for an activity
4. Theory explain and guide practitioners of the concerned subject for analysis
5. Any theory goes through a process of growth and development.
6. Depending upon the stage of growth theory can be elementary / advanced.
Importance and need of Theories
It provides a scientific basis for a subject and brings respectability and status to it. Its
importance for the growth and development of a subject hardly needs emphasis. With the
growing complexity of subjects preserved in documents it became necessary to classify
knowledge minutely. This complexity called for a theory of library classification which could
meet the - challenges by the extremely growth in knowledge.
1. Theory serves as foundation of a subject.
2. Provides a scientific basis for understanding the subject.
3. Helps for systematic study of different aspects of a subject
4. Clarifies: structure, growth and development of a subject
5. Helps practitioners for classification/ solve problems.
6. Helps the subject to be accepted as a discipline.
7. Provides prestige and status of subject.
Theory is important for proper growth and development of a subject. Hence, we can say that
theory is important for proper growth and development of library classification.
If we look history of library classification in early stage
1. There were limited number of subjects
2. Easier for designer of classification scheme
3. General experience was sufficient
With passage of time
a) The number of subject developed
b) Difficulty in classification
Hence, need of theories
Theory is required for every type of subject to be recognized so is the case of library
classification.
A theory of any subject undergoes a process of evolution. According to R.S. Parkhi the theory
of library classification has gone through two stages of evolution.
Stage 1: Descriptive theory
Stage 2: Dynamic theory
23
Types of Theories of library classification

a) Descriptive Theory
b) Dynamic Theory
Descriptive theory
Descriptive theories produced from 1898 to 1937. In 1898, James Duff Brown put
forward a number of principles of classification forming a theory of classification. He
was regarded as the first person to develop theory of library classification. His theory was
applied to develop a library classification scheme entitled subject classification for the
arrangement of library and the organization of information.
1. First stage in the evolution of library classification theory.
2. The experience of past practices guided for designing library classification scheme.
3. Descriptive because they were just description of practices existing at that time.
4. Theory has followed practice of the existing time
5. Theory was manipulated to fit into practice
6. Improvement and refinement is slow
7. Lacks of scientific approach
8. Often guess work were used
9. During the period of descriptive theory
a. Schemes were developed or designed according to capacity of classificationists.
b. Lacked support and guidance from theory of library classification
c. Theory lacked mechanism to combine new subjects.
d. No device for self-development.
e. Often guess works were used.
Dynamic Theory
1. 2nd stage in the development of a theory of library classification.
2. Descriptive theory was unable to meet the need of ever growing universes of
knowledge for depth classification.
3. Hence a need of dynamic theory of library classification are felt
4. Development of dynamic theory is considered as an important event because it has
led to tremendous developments in the field of library a dynamic theory.
a. Is able to provide a complete methodology for designing a scheme.
b. Organize new subjects and already known subjects in their proper places
without disturbing the helpful sequence.
In 1948, Dr. Jean Anker, the librarian of Denmak met Ranganathan and he requested to
write a book on the philosophy of library classification. According to Parkhi a seed was
sown at that time for a dynamic theory of library classification. For greater efficiency and
a higher level of production theory should
1. Develop before practice
2. Lead practice
3. Need not be mere description of practice
4. Provide guidelines in the form of guiding principles which help in development of
practices on continuous basis.
5. According to ParKhi the second edition of 'Prolegomena to library classification'
published in 1957 was the first known book by S.R. Ranganathan on dynamic
theory of library classification.
6. An advanced version of dynamic theory was published in 1967 in the form of third
edition of Prolegomena to library classification'.
7. More advanced version of dynamic theory is being developed at the
Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC, Banglore)
8. Now the theory of library classification can be considered as truly dynamic as it is
constantly improving to meet exact demands of the growing universe of subjects.
9. The dynamic theory has :
a. Provided scientific methodology for designing library classification scheme.
b. Enabled classificationists and classifiers to organize subjects ( both new and
existing) in their proper places in a helpful sequence
c. Influence over practice
d. Guiding principles both for designing and practicing.
e. Brought objectivity in the work of a classificationists as well as a classifier.
f. Made their work systematic
The formulation of a dynamic theory of library classification was marked by the
recognition and separation of three planes of work: the Idea Plane, the Verbal Plane and
the Notational Plane.
The use of popular terms with all their homonyms and synonyms in the Verbal Plane
caused confusion in the Idea Plane. Thus, the separation of work in the three planes laid
simple the paramountancy of the work in the Idea Plane and the need to allow it to
develop unhindered on its own: right. By 1963, the dynamic theory was refined further
and some of the new additions included the following:
Prescription that life indicator digit, (,) `comma' should be inserted before the first
Personality isolate number/,
Mapping of Universe of Knowledge:

To meet this problem squarely, Ranganathan formulated the General Theory of
Classification, which was guided by Basic Laws, Laws of Library Science, Canons,
Principles and Postulates. With the help of these laws, canons and principles, the
mapping of the universe of knowledge in a scheme of classification could be successfully
represented. Details of these laws are summarised in the following pages.
Basic Laws: Ranganathan formulated six basic laws, viz.,
1) Law of Interpretation
2) Law of Impartiality
3) Law of Symmetry
4) Law of Parsimony
5) Law of Local Variation
6) Law of Osmosis
25
These basic laws govern the thinking process in general. These may be invoked when
two or more Laws of Library Science or Canons for Classification lead to conflicting or
equally valid different decisions.
Laws of Library Science: Ranganathan's Five Laws of Library Science are:
1) Books are for use.
2) Every reader his/her book.
3) Every book its reader.
4) Save the time of the reader.
5) A library is a growing organism.
These were formulated in 1928 and were first published in the book The Five Laws of
Library Science (1931). These laws have an impact on library functions and are invoked
when two or more canons or principles of classification lead to conflicting or equally
valid alternate decisions. These are useful in every branch of library and information
science. Postulates -for Facets: The most significant contribution to the Theory of
Classification is the enunciation, of postulates dealing with the concept of facet analysis
and fundamental categories. Fundamental
Categories: A subject may manifest itself in anyone or all of the fundamental categories.
He postulated that "There are five and only five fundamental categories, namely Time,
Space, Energy, Matter and Personality", PMEST; for short.
Facet Sequence: The five fundamental categories form the following sequence when
they are arranged according to their decreasing concreteness PMEST.
Rounds of 'Energy': Ranganathan also postulated that "the fundamental category Energy
may manifest itself in one and die same subject more than once." These manifestations of
energy are called rounds of manifestations. Similarly, the fundamental categories
Personality and Matter may manifest themselves in Round I,' Round 2 and so on.
Levels: He further postulated that the fundamental categories Personality and Matter may
manifest themselves more than once in one and the same round within a subject. The first
manifestation of a fundamental category within a round is said to be its level 1 facet in
that round.
Space and Time manifest themselves in the last round. Principles of Facet Sequence:
Ranganathan formulated four principles of Facet Sequence, viz,
1) Wall-Picture Principle
2) Whole-Organ Principle
3) Cow-Calf Principle
4) Act and Action-Actor-Tool Principle
Unit -5
SPECIES OF SCHEMES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT
A large number of library classification schemes have been developed for the
classification of subjects i.e. A number of schemes with difficult structures of universe of
knowledge are available.
All the schemes of classification that have been developed so far can be grouped into six
kinds according to their evolutionary sequence.
Purely enumerated scheme.
Almost enumerative scheme
Almost faceted scheme
Fully but rigidly faceted scheme
Almost Freely faceted scheme
Freely faceted scheme
Classification schemes on the basis of subject done for convenience.
Purely Enumerated Scheme (Enumerate means to list):
Enumerative means listed that scheme is which has no provision for construction of class
number. Purely enumerated scheme is that scheme which has listed all the subjects and
their notations of the past, the present and the anticipatable future in one schedule.
 All the subjects and their notations are listed.
 Classificationists has already made and listed the class number. It is lengthy with
31 volumes. Schedules long times consuming and difficult.
 To classifying we have to depend class number. Classification can't go beyond the
listed class number.
 Easy for classifier, readymade class number are given.
 No provision of synthesis of numbers.
 Too difficult to provide class number for new and emerging subjects.
 Certain gaps are seen in between the consecutive numbers to accommodate the
new subjects.
 According to Ranganathan "An enumerative schedule for classification consists
essentially of single schedule enumerating all subject of the past, the present and
the anticipatable future"
Merits:
Readymade numbers are available
Easy to find out class number
Demerits:
Schedule becomes long
Difficult to accommodate new subjects in a filatory position with respect to existing
subjects for eg. Library of congress classification
Telescoping classification, Rider's international classification.
Science: Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Zoology, Botany)
27
Almost Enumerative Scheme

According to Ranganathan "Almost enumerative scheme for classification consists of a
large Schedule enumerating most of the subjects of the past, the present and the
anticipatable future and in addition a few schedules of common isolates.
A few schedules of common isolates are available.
Possible to construct class numbers of a few more compound subjects.
Merits:
Most of the subjects and their readymade class number of basic subjects and compound
subjects are available. List of common isolates are given to form a new class number of
compound subject.
Provision of construction of class numbers for a few more compound subjects that are not
enumerated in the schedule.
Demerits:
Schedule is lengthy
List of isolates provide is not sufficient to overcome the onslaught of subjects.
To class numbers consist of digits in a single block.
Examples:
J.D. Brown's Subject Classification
DDC: Dewey decimal classification.
Almost faceted scheme:
While constructing class number connecting symbol need so called almost faceted
schemes. According to Ranganathan "An almost faceted scheme for classification
consists of a large schedule enumerating most of the subjects of the past, the present and
the anticipatable future and in addition a few schedules of common isolates and also
some schedules of special isolates".
Different types of connecting digits are used so the class number is divided in to many
blocks.
Enumerates basic subjects and many compound subjects.
Possible to construct class numbers of more compound subjects.
Merits:
List of Common isolates and as well as special isolates available are mentioned to
construct new class number of compound and complex subjects.
Enable to construct class numbers of more compound subjects.
Demerits:
Class numbers are generally long
Examples:
Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
Bibliographic Classification (BC)
Fully but rigidly faceted scheme:
According to Ranganathan "In a rigidly faceted scheme for classification, the facets and
their sequence are pre-determined for all subjects, going with a basic class."
Facet formula is provided for each class which bring rigidity

Facet formula has to be strictly followed in making class numbers of compound subjects.
It consists of schedules of basic subjects.
A few common isolates and large number of special isolates listed under different basic
subjects. Compounds subjects are not listed all.
Example:
Colon classification edition 1 to 3 which is referred as CC 1st version for example Design
in electrical engineering D66:-:-:4(PMEST her only : sing used for absence isolate)
The Facet formula provided for each basic class is rigid so in classifying any compound
subject going with a basic class, one must leave space for intermediate, facets even when
they are missing.
Example:
The class number for "Design in electrical engineering would be D66 : : : 4Here, three
consecutive colons have appeared which cannot be omitted because the fourth facet is
present, though the second and third facet are absent.
Almost freely faceted scheme
Here Facet formula is provided for each class and no leave space.
Rigidity is less than in fully but rigidly faceted scheme.
Rigidity is reduced due to use of various connecting symbols for different kinds of facets
concept of rounds and levels are given. Some sort of rigidity is found so the scheme is
called on almost freely faceted scheme.
Rigidity is found with regard to the levels of facets within a round.
Examples:
Colon classification edition 4 to edition 6 which is referred as CC version 2
Freely faceted scheme
No predetermined faceted formula for compound of subject
Each compound subject determines its own facets and class numbers also their sequence.
It also determines its own facet sequence
There is not rigidity regarding numbers as well as the sequence of facets.
The scheme is guided by canons, postulates and principles.
Example:
Colon Classification edition 7 which is refereed as CC version 3
Library Science 2[P];[M]:[E][2P]
29
UNIT - 6
SUBJECT STRUCTURE
Formation, Structure and development of subjects.
The following are the modes of formation of subjects and isolates or relations between
the components of a subject:
Introduction:
A variety of relations are possible between any two components of a subject.
1. These relations can be formalized into a set of relations leading to a typology of
relations.
2. Any typology of relations is based on the deductions drawn by classificationists,
specialists, philosophers and so on.
3. When ideas gets organized or systematized in the form of a body of idea, a subject
is formed.
4. The mode of forming subjects represents a system of relationships and formulating
relationships among concepts constituting a subject.
5. These modes of formation have a natural effect on the structure of the subject, and
leave its impression on the structure of the subject.
Need of formation of Subject:
1. The study serves as an introduction of the theory of freely faceted classification.
2. The study has led to the development of a relation, which has been proved useful for
designing scheme of classification.
3. It enables the prediction and understanding of various kinds of inter-relations
between subject and their component.
4. It has been found useful in teaching and learning the subject of study.
Subject- organized / systematized ideas in the form of a concept.

- The ideas contained in a document should be recognized as a subject.
- Subject is translated into artificial language during classification.
- In order to design and develop schemes of classification it is essential to study the
formation, structure and development of universe of subject.
- Librarian's / classifier's / classificationist's concern is with formation, structure and
development of subjects / universe of subjects.
- Universe of knowledge is the topic for philosophers not the topic of
classificationists.
FORMATION OF SUBJECT
- A subject is formed by different components
- A variety of relations are possible between any two components during formation
of a subject
- The relations can be formalized into a set of relations can be formalized into a set
of relations that leads to a typology of relations.
- Here we deal with typology of relations, developed by Ranganathan and his school
of thought.
In 1950, Ranganathan put forward the viewpoint that subjects in the universe of
knowledge can be formed by means of four modes of formation. These are;
1. Loose assemblage,
2. Lamination,
3. Dissection and
4. Denudation
M.A. Gopinath and S. Seetharama revised his view and added some more modes of
formation of subject. They are as follows.
The following are the modes of formation of subjects and isolates, or relations between
the components of a subject:
1. Loose assemblage; (loose assemblage 1, 2, 3)
2. Lamination; (lamination 1, 2)
3. Fission;
4. Fusion;
5. Distillation;
6. Agglomeration; and
7. Cluster.
• Loose assemblage- : Loose means free and assemblage means coming together. The
relation between two and more subjects (basic or compound) here isolate ideas in one and
the same facet and isolate ideas in one and the same array for the formation of new
subjects is known as loose assemblage. There are three types under loose assemblage.
i) Loose assemblage 1: This mode of formation of subject is based on mutual
relation of two or more subjects
ii) Subject may be simple or compound
iii) This kind of relation is also called ''inter subject phase relation''
iv) It gives rise to a complex subject
v) This relationship is considered as an initial stage in the evolution of a hybrid
discipline or other types of interdisciplinary subjects.
The phase relations taken under this mode of formation of subjects are (six kinds of
phase relations)
1. General relation
2. Bias relation
3. Comparison relation
4. Difference relation
5. Influence relation
6. Tools relation (one subject may be used as a tool for studying another subject)
The examples:
31
1. The relation of chemistry and geology

The general relation between mathematics and statistics.
2. Physics biased to mathematics
Psychology for teachers.
3. Library science compared with political science
Anthology compared with sociology
4. Difference between library science and pure science
Difference between history and geography
5. The influence of mathematics on physics
The influence of sociology on law.
6. The application of statistics to the study of library science
The application of statistics to the study of physics.
In colon classification
- Each colon component in the assembly is called a '' phase '' . They are called ''
phase 1'' ''Phase 2'' assemblage.
- For the sake of consistency, colon classification has prescribed the sequence of
phases to the same as the sequence of component phases in the sequence of classes,
isolates or arrays. Where the sequence of phase hardly matters as in general phase
relation, comparison phase relation, difference phase relation.
- In the bias phase relation phase 1 is called the bias phase , phase 2 is named as the
biasing phase eg in
- ''Psychology for teachers'' psychology has been made phase 1 because this is a
book on psychology, writer especially for the use of teachers.
- In tool phase relation one subject is applied for the study or development of
another subject. Phase and the subject used as a tool are considered as the second.
• Loose assemblage-2: Two and more isolates are brought together from the same
schedule for the establishment of relation. Such relation is known as ''intra - facet phase
relation''. It gives rise to a complex isolate of kind 1. The relation may be any kinds as
given under loose Assemblage 1.
1. General relations
2. Bias relations
3. Comparison relations
4. Difference relations
5. Influence relations
6. Tools
Eg. Relation between farmer and agriculture
The relation between Buddhism and Hinduism.
Christian religion bias with Jainism
Comparison between cataloguing and documentation.
Difference between bibliography and abstract
Sikhism influenced by Hinduism
Application of Buddhist religious principles in Hinduism.
• Loose assemblage-3: Two or more isolates taken from one and the same array of order
higher and 1 in one and the same schedule are brought into mutual relation, which is
called intra array phase relation. It gives rise to complex isolates of kind 2. The phase
relations taken under this mode of formation are:
1. General relations
2. Bias relations
3. Comparison relations
4. Difference relations
5. Influence relations
6. Tools
Eg. Relation between male and female psychology.
Male psychology biased to female psychology
Difference between school and college education
Comparison of DDC and CC
The difference between rural folk and city folk.
The influence of DDC on CC
Application of female Psychology for understanding male psychology.
Lamination
Lamination is construction by overlaying facet on facet just as one makes a sandwich by
laying a vegetable layer over a layer of bread.
From this mode of formation of subjects compound subjects are formed. Lamination is of
two types.
Lamination 1 and
Lamination 2.
• lamination-1: In this mode of formation of subject one or more isolate ideas are
laminated over a basic subject to form a compound subjects. One or two isolates from
same class combined with basic class.
Eg. Classification of periodicals in University libraries. Library science is basic subject or
class. Periodicals, classification, University libraries is isolates of same class.
Agriculture of corn
Agriculture is basic subject and corn is isolates of same class.
•lamination-2: In this mode of formation of subject either two or more species of basic
subjects of the same primary basic subject are laminated to form a compound basic
subject. Lamination of basic subject and an isolate idea give rise to new subject ie
compound subject. Eg Quantum theory of heat
Quantum theory (basic subject) heat (basic subject) Physics (Primary basic subject)
Two or more isolates from the same schedule same facet are laminated giving rise to
compound isolates.
Eg. Urban Youths
Urban is an isolate and Youth is also another isolate from same schedule.
33
•Fission: Fission means splitting. A basic subject or an isolate is splited into sub-
divisions.
Experts have named such process as fragmentation. Fission may be of basic subject or
isolates ideas.
A basic subject splits into subdivisions. Example:
Basic subject is Physics may be fission into the following basic subjects. Sound, Heat,
Radiation, Magnetism, Atomic physics, Nuclear physics, etc.
Isolate idea is academic libraries may be fission into the following isolate ideas.
School library, college library, University library.
•Fusion : Two or more primary basic subjects are fused together in such a way that each
of them lose its individuality. And this gives rise to a new primary basic subject. Eg:
Biology and Physics makes Biophysics, biology and chemistry makes Biochemistry,
education and psychology makes Educational psychology.
• Distillation: In this mode of formation of subject a pure discipline is evolved as a
primary basic subject from various compound subjects of different basic subjects or same
basic subject.
Eg: Forestry, Management Science, Microbiology, Astronomy, etc.
•Agglomeration: In general sense, agglomeration means collection of certain objects. In
classification it means formation of subject through the collection of entities, ideas or
thought without cohesion among the components. An agglomeration can be basic subject
or it can be an isolate idea.
Eg: Natural Science, Biological Sciences, and Physical Sciences
• Cluster: Sometimes, it becomes necessary to gather all possible formation about a ''
phenomenon'' or ''entity''. This may require attention of several specialists from different
disciplines. In this mode of formation of subject several specialized studies on a
particular phenomenon or an entity are gathered together into a field of study.
Eg: Ocean Science, space science, Nepalese studies.
STRUCTURE OF SUBJECTS:
The way in which subjects are put together or organized. Affected by mode of formation
of subjects. Types of subject structure are recognized through formation processes. Many
attempts were made by philosophers to organize the universe of subjects.
Types of subject structures are:
A. Dichotomy
B. Decachotomy
C. Polychotomy
D. proliferation
A. Dichotomy: Dichotomy means division into two. It is called ''Binary classification.''
In dichotomy two divisions are formed in the first stage two division of each of these
divisions are formed in the second stage and so on. The following schematic
representation of dichotomy is called the ''tree of porphyry''. Perhaps dichotomy was

sufficient to describe the structure in past. We cannot continue this Dichotomic structure
any further.
Living organism
Plant Animals
Non-
Flowering Vertibrate Invertibrates
flowering
B. Decachotomy: means division into ten. Decimal classification replaced dichotomy by

Decochotomy. DDC is the example of this kind of division. Melvil Dewey divided the
whole universe of knowledge into nine main classes and tenth class was formed for
general subjects. This process of 10 divisions at each stage continued resulting many
divisions sections and subsections. Each main class is separated into 9 special divisions
and the tenth division for general works and so on. This decimal sub division is repeated
till it secures as many sub sections as may be needed in any topic.
Knowledge grows in different directions at different stages, so cannot be bind to a
decachotomy.
C. Polychotomy: Means division into many. Theoretically the division of every subject
into 9 parts is absurd. In 1983, C.A. Cutter in 'Expansive classification' introduced limited
Polychotomy by making the number of divisions, at each stage, 24. Later for the growth
of universe of subject even 24 divisions was found to be restrictive. It was realized that
the number of division should not be predetermined. According to Ranganathan the
existing universe of subject is'' a turbulent ever- growing dynamic continuum''. CC 6th
edition has provided more divisions at any stage.
Number of division in a particular array or stage of division is not predictable.
D. Proliferation: According to Ranganathan, there are various ways in which the
universe of subjects going with the basic subject can get proliferated''. Complex subject
may be formed by attaching some other basic subject.
Compound subject may be formed by attaching one or more isolate ideas to a basic
subject. Unlimited proliferation is possible in the universe of subjects. This is creating
problems for the designers of schemes of classification.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT
Development of subjects is directly proportional to development of knowledge.
Knowledge is growing tremendously so also subjects. Subject development can be two
ways:
1. Parallel research
2. Relay research
1. Parallel research: There were seldom co-operation among genius men. They were
scattered. Usually person work without searching what had been done or was being done
in other parts of the world in his field of interest. There was considerable secrecy; a
researcher may not communicate his findings to anyone else. The research potential was
often wasted by the same results being reached at different places and by different
researchers. Such researches are termed as parallel researcher and were common in past
when there were no good communication facilities.
2. Relay research: During recent decades working in isolation has been replaced by
relay- research. The means of communication of ideas have improved a great deal. The
availability of organized sources of information and the application of information
technology has reduced duplication of research. The time gap between research findings
and their application has been reduced to a great extent. At present, organized relay
research is producing a continuous cascade of new micro subjects. The universe of
subjects has acquired a dynamic continuum.
UNIT-7
CANONS AND PRINCIPLES
These are some definitions and principles taken from S.R. Ranganathan‘s Prolegomena
to Library Classification (2e) (1957). The terminology isn‘t easy to crack without some
examples, but just keep in mind that he‘s talking about how classification schemes like
the Dewey and Library of Congress systems work. They organize knowledge (in books
and other things) by deciding what the book is about and then giving it a call number and
putting it in order with other books. How that absoluteness is decided, to what level of
detail, and how the call numbers are made, is what he‘s discussing. He‘s setting out the
basic rules he thinks all classification schemes should use. (He thought of them while
working on his own system, Colon Classification.) Dividing ―Mammals‖ with ―Cats‖ and
―Dogs‖ makes a lot more sense than dividing ―Whiskered Animals‖ into ―Ones that
Meow‖ and ―Ones that Bark,‖ for example—but why exactly? Should cats come before
dogs—why or why not? The definitions below are all verbatim from the book, and
anything I added is in square brackets.
Definitions
1. Characteristic
A Characteristic is any attribute of any complex of attributes with reference to which the
likeness or unlikeness of entities can be determined and at least two of them are unlike.
[E.g. Height is a characteristic of boys, but not possession of a face, which is an attribute
shared equally by all boys.]
2. Class
A Class is a ranked group. [If a set of things is divided into groups based on
characteristics or attributes, and those groups are ranked, then each ranked group is a
class. Q (Science) in LC is a class, as is Philosophy and Psychology (100s) in Dewey.]
2.1. Array
An Array is the sequence of the classes of a universe, derived from it on the basis of a
single characteristic and arranged among themselves according to their ranks. [Ranked
groups making classes form an array of the first order. The ten main classes in Dewey
form an array, as are the letters in LC.]
2.1.1. Chain of Classes
A set of classes such as 3, 32, 322, 3221, having lineal kinship, so to speak, is a Chain of
Classes. Class 3 is the First Link of the Chain, class 3221 is the Last Link. [Another
example: Universe of Knowledge -> Social Sciences -> Economics -> Labour ->
Labouring classes -> Duration of work.]
General Canon
Work of classification in three planes
- S.R. Ranganathan recognised
o Idea plane o Verbal Plane o Notational Plane
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- From 1952 onwards, Ranganathan made special effort to separate the work of
classification into to three planes.
- This is one of the basic contributions of the dynamic theory of library classification.
Idea Plane:
Ranganathan and Gopinath (1967) said, “The destiny of any idea created by one mind is the
minds of the others. The others too need the ideas to be communicated to them.”
- Involve study and analysis of universe of subjects in order to arrange them in a helpful
sequence.
- First step in designing a classification scheme.
- The universes of subjects are divided into a set of components and are arranged in a
helpful sequence / order according to certain principles.
- The basic work of library classification tabs place at the idea plane.
- Some logic is followed for the arrangement of classes and their isolates.
- The work of idea plane is not limited to the analysis and arrangement of existing known
subjects and their isolates, but also includes the recognition of newly emerging and
unknown subjects and determination of their proper places among the already existing
subjects without disturbing the infrastructure of the scheme.
- Idea plane is most vital and controlling plane
- Can be considered as decision making plane
- Work of idea plane is reflected in other two planes.
Verbal Plane:
Again, from the Prolegomena to Library Classification (Ranganathan and Gopinath, 1967):
“Along with the capacity to create ideas, came also the capacity to develop an articulate
language as medium for communication.”
- Language is the medium through which ideas are expressed
- Work of idea plane are translated into natural language
- The words used to denote classes or isolates cannot be arranged in helpful sequence
Notational Plane:
Finally, about notation, Ranganathan and Gopinath (1967) said, “Words are often replaced
by symbols pregnant with precise meaning. Ordinal numbers are often used as helpful
symbols. A distinctive contribution of the discipline of classification, as found and as being
cultivated in the field of Library Science, is the Notational Plane. Uniqueness of the idea
represented by an ordinal number and the total absence of homonyms and synonyms are the
distinctive features of the notational plane, when compared with the verbal plane.”
- To overcome the defects of the verbal plane notations are used
- Notations are artificial language of ordinal digits
- Concepts or ideas are represented by numbers/ digits
- Helpful in arranging documents.
CANONS:
- Referred to approved list of works
- In classification, Ranganathan has formulated a set of canons for work at the Idea Plane,
Verbal Plane, and Notational Plane.
Canons for work at the Idea plane:
- The work in idea plane is invisible
- The idea plane though invisible controls the works in the verbal plane and notational
plane
- Planning stage.
Example to understand the concept of classification:
Suppose we have to select one girl and one boy from a class to participate in a debate
competition. The best method for selection would be to study the qualities or attributes
possessed by the students of the class. Some of the attributes may be common to all while some
may differentiate one from another. For example being a student is a common attribute. If we
apply this we cannot divide the class into groups but other attributes like gender, age, height,
intelligence, speaking ability, skin color etc. we can divide the students into many groups. All
these attributes are not relevant for our purpose. Gender, intelligence and speaking ability may
be relevant attributes. Applying the first one we can divide the students into groups - girls and
boys. They can be called as classes. Let the girls be represented by 1 and boys be represented by
2. To each of these classes, if we apply the second and third characteristics successively are can
get following structure
Students of
the class
By Gender Girls-1 Boys-2
By
Intelligence Brilliant-1.1 Medium -1.2 Dull-1.3 Brilliant-2.1 Medium -2.2 Dull-2.3

By Speaking
Good-1.1.1 Bad 1.1.2 Good 1.2.1 Bad 1.2.2 Good-1.3.1 Bad 1.3.2 Good 2.1.1 Bad 2.2.2 Good 2.2.1 Bad 2.2.2 Good 2.3.1 Bad 2.3.2
ability 
In above example class 1 and class 2 are formed by applying one and some characteristics,
therefore they have coordinate type of relationship and from an array. The relationship between
the class numbers 1,1.1 and 1.1. 1 appears to be a subordinate type. So they form a chain.
- Actual grouping of ideas and their systematization is done in idea plane only.
- The process of grouping gets completed in following five steps.
1. Picking up of characteristics
2. Applying the characteristics one after the other
3. Formation of coordinate classes
4. Formation of subordinate classes
5. Arrangement of classes in a filiatory order.
39
Dr. Ranganathan has formulated the following five sets of canons in the idea plane. These
canons guide the work in each of the above five steps. They are
A. Canons for Characteristics (4)
B. Canons for Succession of characteristics. (4)
C. Canons for Formation of Arrays of Classes. (4)
D. Canons for Formulation of Chains of Classes (2)
E. Canons for Filiatory Sequence (2)
A.Canon for characteristics:

- Characteristics from the basis of classification
- A group of entities to be assorted possess a number of characteristics. The first step in
classification is to select such characteristics.
- The canons for characteristics guide for the selection of these characteristics.
- The characteristics to be chosen for the purpose of classification should pass the tests
prescribed by the following four canons.
- A.1: Canon of Differentiation
- Each characteristic used should differentiate, that is, it should give rise to at least two
classes. This canon states that a characteristic being used for the division of a class should
be able to divide it into at least two classes. If it fails to do so, classification cannot be done.
In the example of a class, the students may be divided into two distinct groups i.e. boys and
girls on the basis of gender but we cannot divide the class on the basis of the attribute that is
shared by all the individual of the class.
- A.2: Canon of Relevance(t) Succession
- Each characteristic should be relevant to the purpose of the classification. The canon of
relevance states that a characteristic used as the basis for classification of a universe should
be relevant to the purpose of the classification.
- All the characteristics possessed by the entities of a group are not relevant to the purpose of
classification for example, to select a best boy from a class for a debate competition, the
relevant characteristic will be intelligence, speaking ability but not height, weight etc.
-
- A.3: Canon of Ascertainability
- Each characteristic should be definitely relevant/ ascertainable. A characteristic chosen for
classification may be differentiable and relevant to the purpose of classification, but it may
not be definite and may not be easily found. The canon emphasizes that only those
characteristics which are ascertainable should be chosen for the division of universe of
entities.
Date of death of authors can be considered as a characteristics for division but it will be
impossible to ascertain the date of death of all the authors (some may be still alive), so in
literature the date of birth of the author is used as one of the basis of classification.
- A.4: Canon of Permanence
- Each characteristic should continue to be both ascertainable and unchanged, so long as
there is no change in the purpose of the classification. This canon lays emphasis on the fact
that a characteristic chosen for classification could not change from time to time.
- B. CANONS FOR SUCCESSION OF CHARACTERISTICS
After selection of characteristics to be used for the process of classification the next step is to
apply them one after the other.
The chosen characteristics should be applied in appropriate succession.
Example:
To organize a collection of literature four important characteristics language, form, author,
work may be taken.
As per the reader's approach, it will be most convenient to separate books written in different
languages then according to form, then by author and their work.
To guide the succession of characteristics, Dr. S.R. Ranganathan has formulated the
following three canons.
- B.1: Canon of Concomitance
- No two characteristics should be concomitant.
The canon of concomitance states that no two characteristics should give rise to the same
array of classes. In other words we can say that two characteristics used in succession must
give rise to two different sets of arranges. Example:
While classifying the universe of men, the characteristics age and the year of birth should
not be used in succession, because they will from the same array. Characteristics like height
and age can be used one after another as they are not concomitant.
- B.2: Canon of Relevance(t) Succession
- Each characteristic should be relevant to the purpose of the classification. The canon of
relevant succession states that the succession of characteristics should be relevant to the
purpose of classification.
- B.3: Canon of Relevant Sequence
- The characteristics of the scheme are to be used in a sequence relevant to the purpose of
the classification.
B.4: Canon of Consistency (t) Succession
- The sequence of applying the chosen characteristics should be consistently adhered to.
This canon demands that the sequence of application of chosen characteristics should be
followed consistently. In CC main class 2- Library science follows three characteristics
i.e. types of libraries, materials then problem in succession. The canon says that the
sequence of characteristics decided once for a main subject should be consistently
followed in all the subjects going with that main subject.
C. CANONS FOR ARRAY
During progressive classification of any universe, at the first step characteristics are chosen,
the second step involves the application of chosen characteristics in succession. At every
stage of application of characteristics, the classes bearing coordinate or equal type of
relationship are formed. A group of coordinate classes is called an array. The formation of
array is the third stage in progressive classification. The canons for array are:
C.1: Canon of Exhaustiveness
- The classes in any array of classes should be totally exhaustive of their common
immediate universe. This canon states that in the process of grouping, no entity should be
left behind in the immediate common universe. For example, a particular characteristic eg
gender when applied to the universe of students divides it into boys and girls and no
entity is left behind in the immediate universe.
41
C.2: Canon of Exclusiveness
- The classes in an array of classes should be mutually exclusive. This canon states that no
entity should be common between the classes of an array i.e. classes forming and array
should not overlap each other. Classes should be on the basis of a single characteristic
otherwise overlapping between the classes will result. Example: if students are divided on
the basis of subjects and on the basis of their mental ability for an array then a student
may belong to more than one class i.e. overlapping. The canon of exclusiveness states
that the classes of an array should be mutually exclusive.
C.3: Canon of Helpful Sequence
- The sequence of the classes in any array should be helpful. It should be according to
some convenient principle, and not arbitrary, wherever insistence on one principle does
not violate other more important requirements. The canon of helpful sequence states that
the sequence of the classes in an array should be helpful to the purpose of those for whom
it is intended. What may be helpful order for one may not be helpful for another. A
sequence which is most convenient to the majority of readers should be followed.
Example:
Plant (Parts) for

helpful sequence
Root Stem Leaf Flower Fruit Seed
Plant (Parts) for

unhelpful sequence
Root Seed Stem Flower Leaf Fruit
C.4: Canon of Consistent Sequence

- Whenever similar classes occur in different arrays, their sequences should be parallel in all
such arrays, wherever insistence on such a parallel does not run counter to other more
important requirements. (See Principles for Helpfulness in Array below.) This canon states
that whenever similar classes occur in different arrays their sequence should be parallel in all
such arrays. Example the arrangement of classes in psychology and sociology can be
considered as parallel to each other if arrangement is done as follows.
Psychology Sociology
Child Child
Pre- adolescent Youth
Past -adolescent Old person
D.CANONS FOR CHAIN OF CLASSES
A chain is defined as a group of subordinate classes in which each successive class of a chain is
called a link for example: world Asia Nepal Kathmandu
In progressive classification when such chains are formed, they should satisfy the following two
canons.
D.1: Canon of Decreasing Extension
While moving down a chain from its first link to its last link, the intension of the classes should
increase, and the extension of the classes should decrease. The canon of decreasing extension
states that while moving down a chain form its first link to its last, the extension of the classes
should decrease and the intension should increase at each step.
Here,
Extension - area covered
- Measured by the numbers of entities in the class
- Intension - depth
- Measured by the number of characteristics used in deriving it from the original universe.
D. 2: Canon of Modulation
A chain of classes should comprise one class of each and every order that lies between the
orders of the first link and the last link of the chain.
This canon state that a chain of classes should comprise class of each and every order that
lies between the order of the first link and the last link of the chain.
The canon of decreasing extension prescribes how a chain should be derived. The canon of
modulation specifies what should be included in a chain.
Any missing link in the chain will lead to confusion and reduce the power of recognizing.
Eg. Continent Asia
 
Country Nepal
 
District Kathmandu
If Nepal is entitled from the chain Kathmandu may be mistaken as a country and create
confusion.
E. CANONS FOR FILIATORY SEQUENCE
When a particular universe has been sorted out completely into arrays and chains, the
next step is to arrange these classes in one line according to their degree of mutual
affinities i.e. in filiatory sequence.
Filiatory arrangement is the placement of all classes of universe derived after complete
assortment in a definite sequence in a single line according to their mutual relationship. eg
43
1 2
11 12 13 21 22
Suppose original universe 0 is like a father having two sons 1 and 2. Son no 1 has three children
11,12,13 similarly son no. 2 has two children 21 and 22 and so on. The classes originating from
original universe 0 may be arranged in a linear order in such a way that their filial relationship
(i.e. parent- child relationship) is maintained as shown below.
0 2
1 21
11 211
12 22
13 221
This is known as a filiatory sequence
The following two canons should be observed white arranging the classes in a filiatory
sequence.
E.1: Canon for Subordinate Classes
All the subordinate classes of a class, in whatever chain they may occur, should immediately
follow it, without being separated from it or among themselves by any other class.
E.2: Canon for Co-ordinate Classes
Among the classes in an array, no class with less affinity should come between two classes with
greater affinity.
According to this canon the two consecutive coordinate classes belonging to array of some
order should not be separated from each other. However, if the class is subdivided the canon
permits the placement of the subclasses in between
Suppose A and B are coordinate classes belonging to array of same order. A is subdivided into
A1, A2, A3 Then filiatory sequence should be as follows.
A
A1
A2
A3
B
Canon for Verbal plane:
The work of verbal plane is to express the ideas in words. All the things or concepts existing in
the world have to be named. This is man's natural way of working. The process of name in
facilitates communication. The classes formed as a result of work of the idea plane, are to be
named by the help of appropriate terminology in the verbal plane.
Representation of ideas in the form of terminology is not so simple as it might appear. The
following problems are encountered in the verbal plane.
1. Vagueness in the meaning of ordinary word. The meaning of words changes by a slight change
in the way they are spoken. Written documents can be vague in favour of their clients.
2. Incidence of homonym ( same term giving different meanings)

3. Incidence of synonym.
4. Creation of new terms. During the growth of knowledge new ideas are formed. The old
concepts are modified and improved to give more appropriate terms. Eg. Political science is a
new term for political philosophy. The term 'Library economy' was replaced by 'library science'
and again by information. To overcome such problems in the verbal plane Dr. Ranganathan has
given four canons of terminology. They are:
C.1: Canon of Context
The denotation of each term in a scheme of classification should be decided in the light of
the different classes of lower order (upper links) belonging to the same primary chain as
the class denoted by the term.
One and same term may occur in different subjects. Eg. The term accident occurs in mining,
insurance, sociology, law etc. A book on accidents should not be put into any one of these
classes until the context in which the accidents have been determined. According to canon of
context a classifier should ascertain that the context of the term used in the book as well as in
the schedule is the same.
Example: The term 'Morphology' occurs in Botany, Zoology, Medicine, Linguistics etc. A book
entitled 'introduction to Morphology' should be classified only after ascertaining the context in
which the term morphology has been used in the book as well as in the schedule.
C.2: Canon of Enumeration

The denotation of each term in a scheme of classification should be decided in the light of
the classes enumerated in the various chains (lower links) having the class denoted by the
term as their common first link.
This canon implies that the scope and meaning of each term used in the schedule should be
determined in the light of the sub-terms (lower links) given under in different chains.
Example - The term Philosophy has been denoted differently in CC and DDC. In DDC
Philosophy also includes Psychology as sub-classes but in CC Psychology does not appear
as a sub class, but has been given a coordinate status. It is the personal approach of a
classificationist that decides the scope of the terms listed in the schedule. The classifier has
to ascertain the scope of a term by going through the sub-classes (lower links) listed under it
in different chains.
C.3: Canon of Currency
Each of the terms used to denote the classes in a scheme of classification must be the one
currently accepted by those specializing in the universe to which the scheme is
applicable.
This canon states that the terms used in a scheme of classification should be current in
usage among specialists if the subject As knowledge grows, new ideas and new terms are
developed. The old terms are replaced by new ones. Hence, the canon implies that
i. At the time of designing a scheme of classification, the current terms should be
preferred.
45
ii. The scheme of classification should be revised from time to time, so that the old
terms are replaced by the latest terms.
C.4: Canon of Reticence
The terms used to denote the classes in a scheme of classification should not be critical.
The canon states that the term used to denote a class should not express any opinion of
the clssificationist. A classificationist has no business to give his own opinion about
somebody or something.
Canons for Notational Plane:
The function of the verbal plane is to represent each concept by and unambiguous terms that
are in current usages. The function of notational plane is to represent each term by a system
of notation. A notational system of a scheme of classification. The notational system of a
scheme of classification may sue either Indo- Arabic numerals (0...9) or Roman capitals (A ..
.Z) or Roman smalls (a... z) or a combination of them.
The notational system of any scheme of classification should satisfy certain canons called
basic canons for notation. A notational system should also follow canons for mnemonics and
canons for hospitality.
Basic canons for notation can be grouped into two categories.
A. Canons not occurring in pairs
B. Canons occurring in pairs
A. Canon not occurring in pairs
a) Canon of synonym
b) Canon of homonym
a. Canon of synonym: This canon states that each subject should be denoted by one and only
one class number i.e. The class number of a subject should be unique. The classificatory
language should be free from synonyms.
The notational language different words can be used to represent a concept but in classificatory
language or in notational system different notations should not represent one and same subject.
If one subject is represented by two or more class number the books on one and the same
subject will be scattered on the shelves.
b. Canon of homonym: This canon states that each class number should represent one and only
one subject. No class number is supposed to represent two or more subjects. In classificatory
language homonyms are created by limiting the numbers of digits in a class number or by
adopting non- faceted notation.
Example:
335.332 Microscope
535.3322 Simple Microscope
535.3323 compound microscope
535.3324 Ultra microscope
535.3325 Electron Microscope
In above example if number of digits in a class number is restricted to 6. Then we have to use
class number 535.332 to represent all the classes mentioned above.
The number of digits in class numbers denoting a subject has to be increased in order to avoid
homonyms. If we use non- faceted notation class number with many digits may create
inconvenience.

There are canons for work in notational plane, which occur in pairs. Each pair consists of a
canon and its negation. The two canons provide alternative approaches to deal with a particular
situation. The one that is considered to be more useful should be followed. Dr. S.R. Ranganahan
has favored the first canon in each of the five pairs of canons.
a) Canon of relativity and canon of uniformity
b) Canon of hierarchy and canon of non-hierarchy notation
c) Canon of mixed notation and canon of pure notation
d) Canon of faceted notation and canon of non-faceted notation
e) Canon of co-extensiveness and canon of under extensiveness.
a. Canon of Relativity vs canon of uniformity:
The canon of relativity states that the number of digits in a class number should be the same as
the order of the subject. In other words the canon of relativity says that the number of digits in a
class number denoting a subject should be in relation to the order of the subject. Example
6 Technology -subject of order 1

62 Engineering -Subject of order 2
-Number of order 2
621 Applied Physics -subject of order 3
-Number of order digits 3
Schemes like DDC, UDC, and CC follow this canon.
The canon of uniformity is just opposite. It says that the number of digits in class number
should remain content regardless to the order of class. The library of congress scheme of
classification follows the canon of uniformity.
b. Canon of hierarchy vs canon of non-hierarchy
Canon of hierarchy states that in a class number there should be a digit to represent each of the
characteristics used in constructing the class number. As a result all the characteristics of the
class will be denoted by the successive digits in a class number.
Sometimes the canon of hierarchy is violated when two arrays are telescoped into one.
Canon of non- hierarchy states that here need not be a digit to represent each of the
characteristics used in constructing the class number.
c. Canon of mixed notation vs canon of pure notation.
The canon of mixed notation states that the base of notational system of a scheme for
classification should use two or more species of digits i.e. mixed notation.
The canon of pure notation states that the base of notational system a scheme for classification
should sue one and only one species of digits.
The choice between two opposing canons can be made on the basis of
i. The number of classes to be represented in the notational system.
ii. The number of digits allowed in a class number.
d) Canon of faceted notation vs canon of non-faceted notation.
Canon of faceted notation states that a faceted notational system should be used when the
i. Length of the base of notation is about 10 and the universe is likely to contain more
than a million of subjects.
47
ii. Length of the base is about 56 and the universe is likely to contain 1,000 million or
more subjects.
Canon of non- faceted notation states that a non- faceted notational system may be adequate
when the
i. Length of the base of notation is about 10 and the universe is likely to contain no more
than a million of subjects.
ii. Length of the base of notation is about 56 and the universe is likely to contain no more
than 1000 million subjects.
e) Canon of co-extensiveness vs canon of under- extensiveness
Canon of co-extensiveness states that in a class number digits should be added successively to
represent even the very last characteristic relevant to the purpose of the classification.
Canon of under- extensiveness states that it is not essential that the digits should be continued to
represent the later characteristics i.e. broad classification is sufficient.
Canon of mnemonics:
Beside the basic canons for notation, the notational system of any scheme of classification
should also follow canon for mnemonics.
According to canon for mnemonics the notation used in classification schemes should have a
mnemonic quality as for as possible and any subject form or concept should be represented by
the same notation throughout the classification for example in cc , India must always be denoted
by 44.
Library Science in India 2.44
Agriculture in India J.44
Economics in India x.44
Kinds of mnemonics
S.R, Ranganathan has recognized following four kinds of mnemonics
a) Alphabetical mnemonics
b) Scheduled mnemonics
c) Systematic mnemonics
d) Seminal mnemonics.
a) Alphabetical mnemonics
In classification, alphabetical mnemonics means the use of initial letters of the names of
subjects in the notation to represent the words. Alphabets are used as digits in classification as
their ordinal value is predetermined.
Alphabetical mnemonic is recommended only when no other sequence digits is found to be
more helpful than an alphabetical sequence / digit.
Example
In cc different species of rice
J381B -Basmati rice, J381P -Parmal rice
b) Scheduled Mnemonics:
An idea or concept represented by a particular digit in a schedule should continue to be
represented by the same digit wherever it occurs in the scheme. Example
In DDC
420 English linguistics
820 English literature
c) Systematic mnemonics
Subjects in arrays are arranged by applying the principles of helpful sequence. The digits which
assigned to these subjects should also be systematic.
In CC6
Root 113, Stem 114, Leaf 115, Flower 116, Fruit 117, Seed 118
d) Seminal Mnemonics:
Same digit should be used to denote seminally equivalent concepts in whatever subject they
may occur.
Example:
Concepts Subjects
Constitution in Political science
Morphology in Biological Science
Morphology in linguistics
The concepts given above are seminally equivalent, as they all express the ' structure' whether it
is of a government or living organism or a sentence. They are all denoted by the digit 2 in CC.
49
Unit-8
NOTATION
Definition of “Notation”
According to S. R. Ranganathan, ''Notational system means ' a number forming a member of a

notational system. System of ordinal numbers used to represent the classes in a scheme for
classification''.
Notation is a term which is used in classification schedule. Notation is a series of symbols,

which is used to representing a subject, and it is a very important features of book classification
in a library.
Harrods Librarian Glossary (Tenth ed.) ―The symbols which stand for the divisions in a scheme
of classification.‖
Harrods Librarian Glossary ―A Notation is the ordered, series or symbol that stand for the
ordered, series or terms in the classification schedule.‖
W. Howard Phileps ―A book notation is a series of symbols in which stand for the name of a
class or any division or subdivision of a class and forms of a convenient means of reference to
the arrangement of a classification.‖
H.E Bliss ―Notation as a system of marks and symbols in some order, denoting terms or
member of a series or system of things.‖
Importance, Need and Purpose of Notation
a) Names/ terms for subjects in the verbal plane are too long to be written as labels. So we
require short symbols to denote subjects.
b) Names of subjects are different in different languages. So we write in symbols for
uniformity
c) If names are used for arrangement of documents then there would be many problems. The
subjects will get scattered, e.g. Mathematics will come under ―M‖, whereas Algebra will go
to Geometry to ―G‖ and Trigonometry to ―T‖. A family will thus get dispersed.
d) Names keep changing or names of subject are unstable. So do use symbol. The subject will
scattered.
e) Sequence of subjects and their subdivisions a series of ordinal symbols are assigned to the
concepts and terms.
f) The names of subjects are not unique due to synonyms and homonyms.
The notational system of any scheme of classification should satisfy certain canons called basic
canon for notation. Canons for mnemonics and Canons for hospitality
Function and Qualities
Function of “Notation” in library classification:
1. Stands in place of terms used in the scheme of classification, so that whenever the term is to
be represented it may be represented by a class mark only.
For example:
 The terms Mathematics, Chemistry, & Physics are referred to by the notation (In DDC) 510,
530and 540 respectively
2. Shows the sequence of schedules and subordination of of subjects. That means it not only
stands in place of terms but also acts as a guide to locate the position of them in the schedules.
For example:
Let's take some terms used in DDC. The terms Mathematics, Astronomy, and Physics do not
convey any one of their places in the schedules, but anyone can easily understand when we say:
510- Mathematics.
520- Astronomy.
530- Physics.
3. Search to connect alphabetical order or index with the systematic order of schedules. That
means consulting the number attach to the index entry, one can easily find out the place of
subject in the classification schedules.
4. Search to connect the catalogue with the shelves. The symbol written in the spine of the
book are also written on the cards of the individuals books, hence by consulting the catalogue
one can find out the exact location of a book or books on the shelves.
5. Maintenance systematic order on the shelves. The arrangement of books on the shelves
should follow the systematic order shown on the classification scheme.
i.e. main class past, then division, sub-division and so on.
6. Notation assists in the efficient guiding of a library.
7. Its mnemonic qualities help a Librarian to remember the sequence of division within a class.
8. It helps to insert new topic in classification without changing the classification number.
9. It helps to divided a broader subject into various smaller division and then to arrange them in
a convenient form.
Qualities of Notation
Following are qualities of notation.

1. A good notation should convey the order of classes in which the scheme clearly, easily
and automatically.
2. It should be as brief as possible.
3. It should be easy to say, write and remember
4. A good notation should be flexible - I.e. it should allow for the insertion of new topics in
the most suitable places without destroying the order of the classification.
5. A good notation should be able to have mnemonic devices so as to promote and assist the
librarian's ability to recollect class numbers.
6. A good notation should be supplementary to the schedules - I.e. The notation should
never be assigned until after the schedule has been worked out. The logic and importance
of this is that notation represents names of classes and division of classes and therefore,
what is represents should be drawn out first.
7. A good notation should reveal the structure of classification system indicating which
classes are of equal rank -i.e. coordinated classes, and which classes are subordinate to
others
51
Good qualities of Notation for LIS

 Notation should reflect order: The Notation must indicate order that mean the symbols use
to represent the topic should indicate the position of that topic in hierarchy of it main class or
division.
 Notation should be assemble as fetchable:
Simplicity of notation depend on the length of notation and on the type of symbol use. Mixed
notation may be slightly more complex than a pure notation of equal length.
 Notation should be as brief as fetchable:
The notation required to be written on many records, such as the spine of book and the
catalogue cards. Therefore the briefness in notation is desirable.
 Notation should have flexibility:
The qualification of good notation is that, it should be able to accommodate new topics. That
means a notation must have prevision for insertion of new topic into its relevant place in the
schedules.
 Notation should use the synthetic information: Flexibility of notation is in impracticable
without synthesis in notation and synthesis is a fetcher which all schemes use to a leaser or
greater.
 Hospitality: this most important quality without which the ‗Notation‘ valueless for the
purpose of efficient library classification is its hospitality. Since knowledge is dynamic and
new subject are constantly bring created, schedules must be able to accommodate new
concepts in the correct place. So notation must be able to accommodate insertion at any point
where it will be necessary.
 Mnemonic: By ‗Mnemonic‘ we mean a notation which has always the same significance
whenever it appears in the classification. Mnemonic in notation are aids to memory.
Usefulness of good Notation for LIS
Notation is a series of symbols which stands for the name of a class or any division or sub-
division of a class, and forms a convenient means of reference to the arrangement of a
classification. Summarizing its usefulness, a notation:
1. Stands instead of the terms of a classification. It is a constant sign or symbol by which we
refer to those terms.
2. Is a guide to the sequence of the tables and ―places‖ a term in the hierarchy of the schedules.
The bare names of the subjects gives no indication of the relative place of those subjects in
the schedules, e.g. the term ―Psychology‖ conveys no clue to its place in, say the schedules of
the Decimal classification, but the symbol 150 definitely does – the fifth division of class
100. This is important.
3. Makes possible the use of the index. The symbol attached to the index entry is the only
means of quick reference to the place of the topic in the schedules.
4. Can be used as a short sign to be written in various parts of the book-on the spine, back of
title page, label, charging cards, etc.- to facilitate the arrangement books on the shelves, the
recording of issues and other statistical information.
5. Assures clear and efficient working of catalogues by referring readers quickly from the
entries of the books.
6. Facilitates the use of mnemonics.
Types and Devices of Notational system:

a) Pure Notation
b) Mixed Notation
1. Pure Notation: Pure Notation is consists of only one type of symbol. i.e.Indo-Arabic
numeral (0,1,2…..9) and Roman letter (A-Z). It found on DDC (Dewey Decimal
Classification), and EC scheme.
For example:
020 stands for Library & Information Science,
510 stands for Mathematics, etc.
2. Mixed Notation: Mixed notation consist of two or more type of notation. It is a mixture of
letter and number, i.e. Indo-Arabic numeral and Roman Caps letter (0-9) + (A-Z),(a-z excluding
i.l.o) it found in UDC, LC, CC, BC & SC scheme.
For example:
LCq- Science
QC- Physic
QC1- Periodicals.
Basic canons for notation can be grouped into two categories:

A. Canons not occurring in pairs
A.Canons not occurring in pairs
a) Canon of synonym
b) Canon of homonym
B.Canons occurring in pairs
S.R. Rangantathan has favoured the first canon in each of the five pairs of canons.
a) Canon of relativity and canon of uniformity
b) Canon of hierarchy and canon of non-hierarchy notation
c) Canon of mixed notation and canon of pure notation
d) Canon of faceted notation and canon of non-faceted notation
e) Canon of co-extensiveness and canon of under extensiveness.
3.A. BASIC CANONS FOR NOTATION
3.A.1: Canon of Homonym and Synonym
3.A.2.: Canon of Relativity and canon of uniformity
The length of a class number in a scheme of classification should be proportional to the order of
the intension of the class it represents.
3.A.3: Canon of Hierarchy and canon of non-hierarchy
3.A.4: Canon of Mixed and canon of Pure Notation
Canon of Mixed Notation vs pure notation: (Decimal Fractions and Arithmetical Numerals :)
The notation of a scheme of classification should be mixed. The choice between two opposing
canons can be made on the basis of the number of classes to be represented in the notational
system. The number of digits allowed in a class number.
3.A.5: Canon of Faceted Notation and canon of non-faceted notation
53
Length of the base of notation is about 10 and the universe of likely to contain more than a
million of subjects Length of the base is about 56 and the universe is likely to contain 1.000
million or more subjects.
3.A.6: Canon of Co-extensiveness and canon of under-extensiveness
3.A.7: Canon of Expressiveness
A class number should be expressive of the relevant characteristics of the class represented by
it.
Canons for Notation

a) Canon of Relativity: The length of a class number in a scheme of classification should be
proportional to the order of the intension of the class it represents.
b) Canon of Expressiveness: A class number should be expressive of the relevant
characteristics of the class represented by it.
c) Canon of Mixed Notation: The notation of a scheme of classification should be mixed.
Special Canons for Knowledge Classification

a) Canon of Hospitality in Array: The construction of a class number should admit of an
infinite number of new co-ordinate class numbers being added to an array without disturbing
the existing class numbers in any way.
b) Canon of Hospitality in Chain: The construction of a new class number should admit of
infinity of new class numbers being added at the end of its chain without disturbing any of
the existing class numbers in any way.
General Canon of Mnemonics
The digit or digits used to represent a specified concept in a class number should be the same
in all class numbers having the concept represented in them, provided that insistence on such
consistent representation does not violate more important requirements.
a.Canon of Verbal Mnemonics: Verbal mnemonics should be rejected, without any
hesitation, if a sequence more helpful to readers or more filiatory than alphabetical sequence
exists. Verbal mnemonics by alphabetical device should be preferred if the alphabetical
sequence is as helpful as any other sequence. The word forming the basis of verbal
mnemonics should be that of international nomenclature whenever it has been set up.
b. Canon of Scheduled Mnemonics: A scheme of classification should include a preliminary

set of schedules of divisions based on characteristics likely to recur in a array of some order
or other of all or many classes, or refer any recurrent array of divisions to the one schedule
of them giving in connection with an appropriate class.
c. Canon of Seminal Mnemonics: A scheme of classification should use one and the same
digit to denote seminally equivalent concepts in whatever array of whatever class they may
appear.
d. Systematic mnemonics:
Special Canons for Book Classification

a) Canon of Classics: A Scheme of Book Classification should have a device to bring together
all the editions, translations, and adaptations of a classic, and next to them all the editions,
etc., of the different commentaries on it, the editions, etc., of a particular commentary all
coming together, and next to each commentary all the editions, etc., of the commentaries on
itself in a similar manner (commentaries of the second order), and so on.
b) Canon of Local Variation: The notational system of a scheme of book classification should
provide for variations due to special interests.
c) Canon of Book Number: A scheme of book classification should be provided with a
scheme of book numbers to individualise the documents having the same class of knowledge
as their ultimate class.
d) Canon of Collection Number: A Scheme of Book Classification may be provided with a
Schedule of Collection Numbers to individualise the various collections of special
documents to be formed on the basis of the peculiarities of their gross bodies, or their rarity,
or service exigency to facilitate use by readers. The collection numbers based on physical
peculiarity may be of use in bibliographies also.
e) Canon of Distinctiveness: In a Scheme of Library Classification, the class number, the book
number, and the collection number, together forming the call number, should be written quite
distinct from one another.
General Principles
a) Principle of Increasing Concreteness: If two classes are such that one can be said to be
more abstract and less concrete than the other, the former should precede the latter.
b) Principle of Increasing Artificiality: If two classes are such that one can be said to be
nearer to the ―thing-in-itself‖ or naturalness and farther from artificiality than the other, the
former should precede the other.
c) For Facet Formula Principle of Inversion:
In an analytico-synthetic classification, the implementation of the Principle of Increasing
Concreteness requires that the facets in the facet formula of a basic class should be in the
decreasing sequence of concreteness. If the scheme has rounds of facets, the facets in each
round should be in the decreasing sequence of concreteness.
For Helpfulness in Array
a) Principle of Increasing Quantity: If the characteristic used admits of quantitative
measurement, the sequence of the classes may be in the ascending sequence of the measure
in which the classes share the characteristic.
b) Principle of Later-in-Time: If the classes in an array have originated in different times,
they may be arranged in a parallel progressive time-sequence.
c) Principle of Later-in-Evolution: If the characteristic is of an evolutionary nature, the
sequence of the classes may be parallel to the course of evolution.
d) Principle of Spatial Continuity: If the classes of an array occur contiguously in space, they
may be arranged in a parallel spatial sequence.
55
e) Principle of Increasing Complexity: If the classes in an array show different degrees of

complexity, they are arranged in the sequence of increasing complexity.
f) Principle of Canonical Sequence: If the classes are traditionally referred to in a specific
sequence, although no underlying principle is discoverable, it will be convenient to confirm
to this traditional sequence.
g) Principle of Favoured Category: The classes in an array may be arranged in the sequence
of the decreasing quantity of published documents on them.
h) Principle of Alphabetical Sequence: When no other sequence of the classes in an array is
more helpful, they are arranged alphabetically by their names current in international usage.
Canons for Mnemonically based notation
1. Alphabetical mnemonics: In alphabetical mnemonics an entity is denote by its name
using its initial alphabet, e.g., J381B means Basmati Rice, LCC means Library of
congress, D5125H means Hero Bicycle, etc.
2. Scheduled mnemonics: In the schedule denote recurring concepts and terms by the same
digit. Here are self - evident e.g., DDC and CC
Language Literature Linguistics History
English 820 420 942
German 830 430 943
French 840 440 944
Hindi 891.43 491.43 -
Main Class Anatomy Physiology Disease

G Biology G:2 G:3 G:4
I Botany I:2 I:3 I:4
K Zoology K:2 K:3 K:4
L Medicine L:2 L:3 L:4
3. Seminal mnemonics: A scheme of classification should use one and the same digit to
denote seminally equivalent concepts in whatever array of whatever class they may
appear.
4. Canon of Mixed Notation: The notation of a scheme of classification should be mixed.
Hospitality of Notational system

a. Hospitality by classifiers:
b. Hospitality by classificationists in new editions
A. Hospitality by Classifiers: Ranganathan has made provision for the classifiers to
synthesize a class number for a topic not explicitly listed in the schedules. Ranganathan
claimed his system to be ―self-perpetuating‖ – that is which is able to classify new
knowledge without immediate intervention of the classificationist. These are devises for
hospitality and number building by the classifiers. These are namely:
a. Subject Device d. Super-imposition Device
b. Chronological Device e. Alphabetical Device
c. Geographical Device
B. Hospitality by Classifictionists in new editions: Every system designer is aware of
making provisions to properly accommodate new subjects in later editions without
disturbing the existing ones.
1 A/Z Roman Caps 26
2 Greek Delta 01
3 0/9 Indo- Arabic Decimal number 10
4 a/z (Excluding i,l,o)i.e.o 23
5 *'' Indicator interiorizing value digits with interiorizing value 03
6 &'.:;,- =+() Ordinary indicator digits 11=74
C. Gaps in Arrays: An array is a sequence of co-ordinate classes, Gap device a method to

accommodate future subjects, is used at every level of arrays in almost all classifications.
Gap device leaves some vacant numbers here and there to be filled in with future and
unborn subjects. In the CC, e.g.,
U1 Mathematical Geography
U2 Physical Geography
U3 [Vacant]
U4 Anthropogeography
Limitations: Though used by almost every classification, gap device is not the real solution.
This method does not ensure a rightful place for the new subjects.
D. Sectorising digits: This is an effective device to accommodate a subject at a proper place
in an array even if no vacant place is there. For this Ranganathan invented an ingenious
method of empty digits, now also called sectorising digits. He sets aside 0,9 and Z as
empty digits. These digits are never used alone but used as repeater digits to extend an
array. For e.g., 1,2,3,..,8,91,92,93,..991,992,993..,999 are all co-ordinate classes.
Similarly, we can have an array extended like A.B,C,.... Y, ZA, ZB,ZC,..ZY,ZZA,
ZZB,...ZZX
E. Unwanted abundance: Ranganathan proposed 0,z,9 as sectorising digits for
interpolation and extrapolation (at both the ends) of an array. Theoretically it sounds
good but practically it looks superfluous and confusing
F. Emptying digits: Digits T, V and X are set aside as emptying as these empty a preceding
digit of its meaning but allow it to retain its ordinal value. For e.g., in CC: (K- Zoology,
L- Medicine) no place is left between the two to insert a new but equally ranked
(coordinate) subject animal husbandry. Using X as an emptying digit KX is assigned to
animal husbandry. Here K no more denotes Zoology, and KX may be treated a single
digit which means animal husbandry and is arranged between K and L.
G. Empty -emptying digits: In the colon classification U, W and Y have been postulated as
empty-empty digits. It means not only these digits are empty of any meaning these also
make other digits empty to which these are attached e.g., In this way, any number of new
co-ordinate subjects can be interpolated at their proper places in an array of classes.
Y Sociology YYT Sociometry

57
YT Demography YYU Socio-
Cybernetic
YUA Cyber Culture Z Law
YUG Bio-Sociology YX Sociology work
H. Hospitality in chain: The construction of a new class number should admit of infinity of
new class numbers being added at the end of its chain without disturbing any of the
existing class numbers in any way.
328 Legislative process
328.3 Parliaments
328.33 Members of Parliament
328.334 Basis of Membership
328.3345 Election constituencies
328.33455 Gerrymandering
328.334552 Reserve Constituency*
Hierarchy showing relations of sub-ordination and co-ordination, and relativity are scientific
and logical qualities of any notational system.
I. Problems of notation: There cannot be any library classification without notation. For
many library users notation is the library classification. Though indispensable it has many
problems. In many systems notation has become too complex.
Library Classification
Index with Pages
Almost Enumerative Scheme 30

Almost faceted scheme: 30
Almost freely faceted scheme 31
Basic canons for notation can be grouped into two categories: 69
Canon for Verbal plane: 61
CANONS AND PRINCIPLES 53
Canons for Mnemonically based notation72
Canons for Notation 70
Canons for Notational Plane: 62
Canons for work at the Idea plane: 55
COLON CLASSIFICATION 18
CONCEPTS OF UNIVERSE OF KNOWLEDGE 50
Definition of Theory 25
Descriptive theory 26
DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT 52
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC) 15
Dynamic Theory 26
EVOLUTION OF THEORY OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION 25
Features of UDC: 22
Freely faceted scheme 31
Fully but rigidly faceted scheme: 30
Function and Qualities 66
FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION: 13
General Canon of Mnemonics 70
General Principles 71
Good qualities of Notation for LIS 68
History of Colon Classification: 19
Hospitality of Notational system 72
Importance and need of Theories 25
Importance, Need and Purpose of Notation 66
Introduction of information control 4
Introduction of Library Classification Scheme 15
Library Classification: 9
Mapping of Universe of Knowledge: 27
Meaning of control 8
MEANING OF INFORMATION: 4
MODE OF FORMATION OF SUBJECT 32
Need of information 7
59
NEED OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION 12
NOTATION 66
Postulate of Fundamental Categories: 21
Purely Enumerated Scheme (Enumerate means to list): 29
PURPOSE OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION: 13
Special Canons for Book Classification 71
Special Canons for Knowledge Classification 70
SPECIES OF SCHEMES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT 29
Structure of Dewey decimal classification: 17
STRUCTURE OF SUBJECTS: 51
SUBJECT STRUCTURE 32
Techniques of information Control 8
Types and Devices of Notational system: 69
TYPES OF INFORMATION CONTROLLING TECHNIQUES 9
Types of information 6
TYPES OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION 11
Types of Theories of library classification 26
UDC Notations and Symbols: 23
UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC) 22
Work of classification in three planes 54

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INFORMATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES

COURSE COVER NOTE

Like; Living things

Information -processed data, -meaningful messages drawn from data

Classification to Development of information Sources

Primary source of information

Secondary Sources of Information:

Tertiary Sources of information

a. Classification, etc. c. Abstracting

a. Circulation control d. OPAC / MARC

Information retrieval methods

According to Berwick Sayers, library classification is “the arrangement of books on shelves or

a. Purely enumerated scheme: LC, Telescoping, Rider's international

1) Library classification helps to arrange documents in a systematic order, which is most

FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION:

PURPOSE OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION:

Introduction of Library Classification Scheme

DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC)

History of Colon Classification:

Postulate of Fundamental Categories:

Personality: Personality covers manifestations of wholeness, for example, chemical

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DDC AND CC

UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC)

1. UDC is a general classification scheme, it aims to cover whole universe of knowledge.

1. UDC consists of two types of tables;

Types of Theories of library classification

Mapping of Universe of Knowledge:

Almost Enumerative Scheme

Facet formula is provided for each class which bring rigidity

Subject- organized / systematized ideas in the form of a concept.

1. The relation of chemistry and geology

representation of dichotomy is called the ''tree of porphyry''. Perhaps dichotomy was

B. Decachotomy: means division into ten. Decimal classification replaced dichotomy by

By Gender Girls-1 Boys-2

A.Canon for characteristics:

Plant (Parts) for

Root Stem Leaf Flower Fruit Seed

Plant (Parts) for

Root Seed Stem Flower Leaf Fruit

C.4: Canon of Consistent Sequence

2. Incidence of homonym ( same term giving different meanings)

C.2: Canon of Enumeration

B. Canons occurring in pairs

6 Technology -subject of order 1

According to S. R. Ranganathan, ''Notational system means ' a number forming a member of a

Notation is a term which is used in classification schedule. Notation is a series of symbols,

Following are qualities of notation.

Good qualities of Notation for LIS

Types and Devices of Notational system:

Basic canons for notation can be grouped into two categories:

Canons for Notation

Special Canons for Knowledge Classification

b. Canon of Scheduled Mnemonics: A scheme of classification should include a preliminary

Special Canons for Book Classification

e) Principle of Increasing Complexity: If the classes in an array show different degrees of

Main Class Anatomy Physiology Disease

Hospitality of Notational system

C. Gaps in Arrays: An array is a sequence of co-ordinate classes, Gap device a method to

Y Sociology YYT Sociometry

Index with Pages

Almost Enumerative Scheme 30

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