SECTION 8 (SI): WOOD STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.1 SCOPE rn 82 DEFINITIONS. 83 NOTATION. 8.4 MATERIALS 8.4.1 Wood Products 84.11 Sawn Lumber... 8.4.1.11 General 8.4.1.1.2 Dimensions oon 8.4.1.1.3 Moisture Content 8.4.1.1.4 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8.4.1.2 Glued Laminated Timber 8.4.1.2.1 General. 84.122 Dimensions 8.4.1.3 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8.4.13 Piles... so a 8.42 Motal Fasteners and Hardware. 8.4.2.1 General 8.4.2.2 Minimum Requirements . 84221 Fasten ronon 8.4.2.2.2 Prestressing Bars. 8.4.2.2.3 Split Ring Connectors. 8.4.2.24 Shear Plate Connectors. 8.4.2.2 Nails and Spikes... 8.4.2.26 Drift Pins and Bolts 8.4.2.27 Spike Grids.. . 8.4.2.28 Toothed Meta Plate Connectors. 8.42.3 Corrosion Protection... 8.4.2.3.1 Metallic Coating. 8.4.2.3.2. Alternative Coating... 8.43 Preservative Treatment 8.43.1 Requirement for Treatment. 8.4.3.2 Treatment Chemicals 8.4.3.3 Inspection and Marking 8.4.34 Fire Retardant Treatment. 8.44 Modification Factors for Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity 8.4.4.1 General 8.4.4.2 Size Effect Factor 8.4.4.3 Wet Service Factor 8.4.4.4 Deck Factor sosonnnnn 8.4.4.5 Time Effect Factor... 8.5 LIMIT STATES.. 8.5.1 Service Limit State 8.52 Strength Limit State.. 85.2.1 General 8.5.2.2 Resistance Factors 85.23 Modified Resistance Factors, 85.24 Stability 8.53 Extreme Event Limit State. 8.6 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE 8.6.1 General... 8.62 Rectangular Section... 8.63 Circular Section 8.7 COMPONENTS UNDER SHEAR. 8.8 COMPONENTS IN COMPRESSION 8.8.1 General aSal AASHTO LRED BRInGe Desicy SPEcIFICATIONS (SD, 8.8.2 Compression Parallel to Grain 8.8.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain . 8.9 COMPONENTS IN TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN.. 8.10 COMPONENTS IN COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADING 8.10.1 Components in Combined Flexure and Tension 8.10.2 Components in Combined Flexure and Compression Parallel to Grain 8.11 BRACING REQUIREMENTS... 8.11.1 General 8.11.2 Sawn Wood Beams 8.11.3 Glued Laminated Timiber Girders 8.11.4 Bracing of Trusses 8.12 CAMBER REQUIREMENTS 8.12.1 Glued Laminated Timber 8.12.2 Trusses 81123 Suess Laminated Timber Deck Bridge.SECTION 8 ($1) WOOD STRUCTURES 8. SCOPE This section specifies design requirements for structural components made of sawn lumber products, stressed wood, glued laminated timber, wood piles, and ‘mechanical connections. 8.2 DEFINITIONS Base Resistance—The resistance specified for wet-use conditions and two-month load duration for wood products treated with preservatives, Beams and Stringers (B&S}—Beams and stringers are rectangular pieces that are 125 or more mm thick, with a depth more than 50 mm greater than the thickness. B&S are graded primarily for use as beams, with loads applied to the narrow face. Bent—A type of pier consisting of two or more columns or column-like components connected at their top ends by a cap, strut, or other component holding them in their correct positions. (Cap—A sawn lumber or glulam component placed horizontally on an abutment or pier to distribute the live load and dead load ofthe superstructure. Also, a metal, wood, or mastic cover to protect exposed wood end grain from wetting, Combination Symbo!—A product designation used by the lumber industry, see Ritter (1990). Crib—A structure consisting of a foundation grillage and a framework providing compartments that are filled with gravel, stones, or other material satisfactory for supporting the structure to be placed thereon. Decking—A subcategory of dimension lumber, graded primarily for use with the wide face placed flatwise. Delamination—The separation of laminations. Diaphragm—Blocking between two main longitudinal beams consisting of solid lumber, glued laminated timber, or steel X-bracing. Dimension Lumber—Lumber with a nominal thickness of from 50 mm up to but not including 125 mm and having a nominal width of 50 mm or more. Dowel—A relatively short length of round metal bar used to interconnect or attach two wood components in a manner to ‘minimize movement and displacement. Dressed Lumber—Lumber that has been surfaced by a planing machine on one or more sides or edges. Dry—The condition of having a relatively low moisture content, i.e., not more than 19 percent for sawn lumber and 16 percent for glued laminated timber. Frame Bent—A type of framed timber substructure, Glued Laminated Timber (glulam)—An engineered, stress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprised of assemblies of specially selected and prepared wood laminations securely bonded together with adhesives. Grade—The designation of the material quality of a manufactured piece of wood, Grade Mark—The identification of lumber with symbols or lettering to certify its quality or grade. Grain—The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood or lumber. 882. AASHTO LRED Brupce DeSIGN SPECIFICATIONS (SI) Green Wood—A freshly sawn or undried wood. Wood that has become completely wet after immersion in water would not be considered green but may be said to be in the green condition, Hardwood—Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have broad leaves. The term has no reference to the actual, hardness of the wood, Horizontally Laminated—Laminated wood in which the laminations are arranged with their wider dimension approximately perpendicular to the direction of load. Laminate—A product made by bonding together two or more layers (laminations) of material or materials. Laminated Wood—An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or lumber with an adhesive, nals, or stressing to provide a structural continuum so tht the grain of all lamination i essentially parallel Laminating—The process of bonding laminations together with adhesive, including the preparation of the laminations, preparation and spreading of adhesive, assembly of laminations in packages, application of pressure, and curing. Lamination—A full-width and full length layer contained in a component bonded together with adhesive. The layer itself ‘may be composed of one or several wood pieces in width or length, ‘Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber—A grade of structural lumber determined by measuring the stiffness of each piece by use of a grading machine, ‘Modulus of Rupture (MOR)—The maximum stress atthe extreme fiber in bending, calculated from the maximum bending ‘moment on the basis of an assumed stress distribution, Moisture Content (MC)—An indication ofthe amount of water contained in the wood, usually expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven dry wood. NDS—National Design Standards by the National Forest Products Association. NELMA—Grading rules by Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association. NLGA—Grading rules by National Lumber Grades Authority ‘Net Size—The size used in design to calculate the resistance of a component. Net size is close to the actual dry size. ‘Nominal Size—As applied to timber or lumber, the size by which itis specified and sold; often differs from the actual size. 'NSLB—Grading rules by Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau. Oil-Borne Preservative—A preservative that is introduced into wood in the form of an oil-based solution. Plank—A broad board, usually more than 25 mm thick, laid with its wide dimension horizontal and used as a bearing surface or riding surface. Posts and Timber (P&T)—Posts and timbers pieces with a square or nearly square cross-section, 125 by 125 mm and larger, withthe width not more than 50 mm greater than the thickness. Lumber in the P&T size classification is graded primarily for resisting axial loads. Preservative—Any substance that is effective in preventing the development and action of wood-decaying fungi, borers of various kinds, and harmful insects, Rough Lumber—Lumber that has not been dressed but that has been sawn, edged, and trimmed. Sawn Lumber—The product of a sawmill not further manufactured other than by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through standard planing mill, and cross-cutting to length.‘SECTION 8 (SI): Woon Sraucrunes. a3 Softwood—Generally, one of the conifers or the wood produced by such trees. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. Specified Resistance—Nominal resistance adjusted by time effect factor, size effect factor, wet service factor, and deck factor. ‘SPIB—Grading rules by Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. Stress Grades—Lumber grades having assigned working stress and modulus of elasticity in accordance with accepted principles of resistance grading, ‘Structural Lumber—A lumber tat is intended for use where predictable material properties are required. ‘Timbers—Lumber that is nominally 125 mm or more in least dimension, Vertically Laminated—Laminated wood in which the laminations are arranged with their wider dimension approximately parallel to the direction of load. Visual Stress Grade Lumber—Structural lumber graded solely by visual examination, Waterbome Preservative—A preservative that is introduced into wood in the form of a water-based solution, WCLIB—Grading rules by West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Wet-Use—Use conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service exceeds 16 percent for glulam and 19 percent for sawn lumber. WWPA—Grading rules by Western Wood Products Association. 8.3 NOTATION bearing area (mm) (8.8.3) net cross-sectional area of the component (mm?) (8.9) coefficient (8.4.4.2) parameter for compression (8.8.2) width of the component (see Figure 1) (mm) (8.4.4.2) modification factor for bearing (8.8.3) deck factor (8.4.4.1) modification factor for size effects (8.4.4.1) wel service factor (8.4.4.1) modification factor for compression parallel to grain (8.8.2) modification factor for lateral stability (8.6.2) {depth of the beams or stringers or width of the dimension lumber component as shown in Figure 1 (mm) (84.4.2) specified modulus of elasticity (MPa) (8.4.4.1) base modulus of elasticity (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) E, = modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.1.2.3) EB modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.14.1.2.3) F nominal resistance (MPa) (8.4.4.1) ry specified resistance in flexure (MPa) (8.4.1.2.3) Fie base resistance of wood in flexure (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) F specified resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Fe base resistance of wood in compression parallel to grain (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) Fe specified resistance of wood! in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Fone = _ base resistance of wood in compression perpendicular to grain (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) Fr base resistance (MPa) (8.4.4.1) F, = _ specified resistance of wood in tension (MPa) (8.4.4.1)Bt AASHTO LRFD Brince Deste Srecwricarions (SI) Fe base resistance of wood in tension (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) rR specified resistance of wood in shear (MPa) (8.4.4.1) Fo base resistance of wood in shear (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) f stress level used in grade designation (MPa) (8.4.1.1.4) K effective buckling length factor (8.8.2) L length (mm) (8.4.4.2) L, = effective length (mm) (8.6.2) (8.8.2) L laterally unsupported length of the component (mm) (8.6.2) My nominal flexural resistance (N-mm) (8.6.1) M, factored flexural resistance, @.M, (N-mm) (8.6.1) My factored moment (N-mm) (8.10.1) Py ‘nominal compression or tension resistance (N) (8.8.1) P, factored axial resistance (N) (8.8.1) PR factored axial load (N) (8.10.1) s section modulus (mm') (8.6.2) Ve nominal shear resistance (N) (8.7) vy, factored shear resistance, 6 Vq (N) (8.7) = _ resistance factor (8.5.2.2) Direction of Load: Depth b Thickness y_| Width (@) Sawn Lumber b) Glutan Figure 8.3-1 Dimensions as Defined for Various Types of Wood Products. 8.4 MATERIALS 8.4.1 Wood Products ‘Nominal resistance for wood products shall be based ‘on specified size and conditions of use with respect to moisture content and time effect. To obtain nominal resistance and stiffness values for design, the base values specified in Tables 8.4.1.1.4-1, 8.4.1.23+1, 8.4.1.23-2, and 8.4.1.3-1 shall be adjusted for actual conditions of use in accordance with Article 8.4.4. C84 Base values are based on wet-use conditions, with the ‘wood moisture content exceeding 19 percent for sawn umber and 16 percent for glued laminated timber. Base values are applied to material preservatively treated in accordance with AASHTO M 133,‘SkcTION 8 (SI): Woon Sraucrunes 84.1.1 Sawn Lumber 84.1.1.1 General Sawn lumber shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 168. ‘When solid sawn beams and stringers are used as continuous or cantilevered beams, the grading provisions applicable to the middle third ofthe length shall be applied to atleast the middle two-thirds of the length of pieces to be used as two-span continuous beams and to the entire length of pieces to be used over three or more spans or as, cantilevered beams. 84.1.1.2 Dimensions ‘Structural calculations shall be based on the actual net dimensions for the anticipated use conditions. Dimensions stated for dressed lumber shall be the nominal dimensions. Net dimensions for dressed lumber shall be taken as 12 mm less than nominal, except that the net width of dimension lumber exceeding 150 mm shall be taken as 20 mm less than nominal. For rough-sawn, full-sawn, or special sizes, the actual dimensions and moisture content used in design shall be indicated in the contract documents. 8.4.1.1.3 Moisture Content The moisture content of lumber 100 mm or less in ‘nominal thickness shall not be greater than 19 percent. 8.4.1.1.4 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for visually graded sawn lumber shall be as specified in Table 1 Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for mechanically graded dimension lumber shall be as specified in Table 2. 8s C8.4.1.1.2 ‘These net dimensions depend on the typeof surfacing, ‘whether dressed, rough-sawn, or fullsawn, ‘The designer should specify surface requirements on the plans. Rough-sawn lumber is typically 3.2 mm larger than standard dry dressed sizes, and full-sawn lumber, Which is not widely used, and is cut to the same dimensions as the nominal size. In both of the latter cases, thickness and width dimensions are variable, depending on the sawmill equipment, Therefore, it is impractical to use rough-sawn or full-sawn lumber in a structure that requires close dimensional tolerances. For more accurate dimensions, surfacing can be specified on one side (S1S), two sides (S25), one edge (SIE), two edge (S2E), combinations of sides and edges (SISIE, S2SIE, $1S2E) or all sides (S45). C8414 NDS allowable stresses are provided for ten-year load uration and dry use. Factors listed in this article transform allowable stress to the lower Sth percentile of the ultimate stress for two-month load duration and wet-use.86 AASHTO LRED Brice DesiGn SPECIFICATIONS (ST ‘Table 8.4.1.1.4-1 Base Resistance, MPa, and Modulus of Elasticity, MPa, for Visually Graded Sawn Lumber. Specevone A Dongs cars lest Sacral Few 1oam [Ope 19] 9a] ao [Tao] NEMA No. (and Bir T250mm [200130] 19[ 90 [250] 12400 NS oat Tso 130] 19] 9024011700] ——WwPA ho? 150/11. 19-90] 22.0 1100 Dense Sea Sac FS SN A Selec Sutil 2x0 180| 17] 90] 180] 1000 | WCU Dense No.1 zoo] 17 [100 [10 700 No.1 aco p30] 17] 90150] 1 ooo No.2 TsO] 80, 17] 90] 100] 9000 Den Sioa Sac Pat [ara ano 17 [ton [a0 [700 Selec Struc aco] 90] 17] 90 [190 [1100] WOU Dense No. 250180] 17] 10.0 [200 | 1700 No aio} 1s0] 17] 90] 170] 11000 No.2 Tao] se] 17] 90] 120] 9000 Dense Sea SST Bas [Sen [Sao] a7 | oH | a0 [ATH elect Sirtral 2e0 180] 7] 9.0 [190] 11000 | ——WWPA Dense No-I aro | 0] 417] 100 [20011700 No.1 m0 [130] 17} 90 [170] TOR Dense No a0] 93| 17100] 90] 9700 fo.2 150] 79] 47] 90] ¥0] 9000 Dense Seen Scual rer [sro ao a7 [woo [950 [700 elst Stra 260/90 17] 90150] 100 | WER Dense No. 250180] 17] 100 [200 [11700 No.1 nop isa 47] 90] ra i000 pene No-a 40/100, 17100] 90] 9700 fo.2 m0[ 88[ 17] 90] 80] 9000 [Eastern Softwoods NELMA. let Sura Few omm [OPO Ta] as [a0] woo NSLB Rot deHmm [140] 66| ia] a8 [170] 7600 No. 2 10.0| S51] 14] 48] 14.0] 7600. em Fir wou [Sees Staal T=w= loom [FO] TO TS] Se [aso] Too] ——_WwPA No. Tan Bir d25mm [180 [130] 15] 38 220] 10000 Noor ToT Ho 4s] s8[ 22.0 [10000 No? 150] 93] 15] se} 2.0] 9000 Scien Sica pas [saad] ta] Se [as] 9000 | wens No.1 730] 100] 14] se] 120] 9000Secrion 8 (SD: Woon SrnucruRES 81 SpeciewGrade Size Te fe | Fe [Fn | Fu] E | Grading Rules Agene [No.2 20[ 66, 14] 58] 83] 7600 Select Seuctral Pat zo piso] 14] 58 | 160) 9000 Weuls INo.1 170/120] 14] 38] 140] 9000 [No.2 Too 70, 14] 38] 100] 7600 Select Structural BES zo] 140] 14] 38] 150] 9000 WWPA No. 180[100[ 14] 58] 13.0] 9000 fxoz 120] 61] 14] 58] 80] 7600 [Select Structural Par Bo fiso] 14 | 38] 160) 9000 WWPA [No.1 170/120] 14] 58] 140] 9000 INo.2 92] 66] 14] 58 | 62[ 7600 ‘Mixed Southern Pine Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 360[ 220] 20] 81] 300] 11000 SPB [No.1 d= 50— 100mm | 25.0[160| 20] 81 | 27.0] 10000 INo.2 23.0 [140] 2.0[ 81] 27.0] 9700 | Select Structural b=50— 100mm [320200] 18] 84 | 280 | 11000 INo. d= 125 150mm] 23.0] 140] 18] 84 | 260 | 10000 INo.2 200 [130] 18} 81] 260] 9700 [Select Structural =50- 100mm [310] 190] 18] 81 | 260] 11000 [No.1 = 200mm [21.01 130 1.8] 81] 240] 10.000 [No.2 180/20, 18] 81] 240] 9700 Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 360) 160) 18] 84 | 260] 11000 No.1 a 180[110[ 18] 81] 240] 10000 No.2 160[100[ 18] 81] 240] 9700 [Select Structural b=50- 100mm [250/150] 18] @1 | 260] 11000 [No.1 d=300mm [17.0/11.0[ 1.8] 81] 23.0] 10.000 INo.2 15.0100 18] 81] 230] 9700 Select Structural Tasxizsmm |260]190| 22] 34] 150] 9000 Werte) No.1 larger [240] 17.0] 2.2 34] 13.0] 9000 [No.2 150[100| 19] sa] 87] 6700 \Southern Pine Select Structural = 100mm | 300] 300] 20] 81] 350] 12.400 SPI INo. 1 (0100 mm | 32.0] 200] 20] 8.1] 31.0] 11700 No.2 260] 150] 1.8 | 8.1] 27.0| 11000 Select Structural b= 50-100mm [450] 260] 18] 81] 330) 12400 [No.1 125150 mm] 29.0[17.0| 1.8] 81] 290] 11700 INo.2 2.0140] 18] 84 | 260 11.00088 AASHTO LRFD Brince Desicy SreciricaTioNs (SD, ‘Species/Grade: ‘Size Fin [ Fo | Fe | Fe | Fo Grading Rules Agenc} [Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 40.0 240[ 18] 81] 31.0] 12400 [No.1 d= 200mm | 26.0[150| 18] 81] 27.0] 11700 INo.2 21.0 [12.0 [18] 81 | 260 | 11 000 [Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 360[200[ 18] 81] 31.0 | 12400 No.1 d=250mm [230/140] 18] 81 | 260] 11400 No.2 180 [110] 18[ 81 | 25.0] 11000 Select Structural b=50- 100mm [33.0[ 200[ 18| 81 | 300) 12400 INo. 1 d=300mm [22.0] 13.0] 18] 81 | 260] 11700 No.2 17.0 [100] 18] 81 [240] 11000 Dense Select Structural T25x125mm__| 31.0] 220| 22] 63] 180] 11000 (Wet-Use) Select Structural larger [26.0] 19.0 | 22 | 5.4] 160] 10000 [No.1 240 [170] 22) 54] 140| 10000 [No.2 1s0[100[ 20] s4| 87] 8300 [Northern Red Oak ‘Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 250] 150] 22] 125] 190] 9700 NELMA No.1 d250mm_ [180] 10] 22/125] 150] 9700 No.2 io [io] 22/725 [120] 9000 Select Structural Bas 28.0 [180 21] 125 | 160] 9000 [No.1 240 [13.0] 21/125] 13.0| 9000 [No.2 1so[ 79] 21[ 1251 83] 6900 [Select Structural PRT 260/190 [ 21 | 125] 170] 9000 [No.1 21.0] 15.0 [21 [ 125] 140 | 9000 INo.2 wo] 88] 21/125] 66] 6900 [Red Maple ‘Select Structural b=50-100mm | 230/140] 21] 88 | 180) 11700 NELMA No. 1 d250mm_ | 160[100[ 21] 88] 15.0] 11000 No.2 160 [100/21 | 88] 120] 10000 [Select Structural Bas 260/160 | 20] 88 | 15.0 | 10000 [No. I 20/120 [20] 88 | 12.0 | 10000 [No.2 140[ 74] 20] 88] 80] 8300 [Select Structural PRT 25.0 | 170[ 20] 88 | 160 | 10000 No.1 20.0] 140[ 2.0] 88 | 14.0] 10000 No.2 io, 79] 20; 88[ 62] $300 Red Oak Select Structural =50- 100mm | 200[ 130] 17] 118) 170| 9700 NELMA INo. I d=50mm_ | 140, 93[ 17] 118] 140] 9000 [No.2 140] 98] 17] 118] 100] 8300Secrion 8 SH): Woon Sraucrones _ 89 Species/Grade Size Fie | fa | Fa | Fax | Fe] E,| Grading Rules Agency [Select Structural, Bas 24.0] 15.0] 16] 11.8] 14.0] 8300 [No.1 200] 100] 16] 11.8] 12.0] 8300 [No.2 130] 70] 16] is] 74] 6900 Select Structural PRT 220 [ 160] 16 [118] 140] 8300 INo. 1 180/130] 16/118] 13.0] 9300 INo.2 too] 70| 16| 118] 58] 7000 Spruce-Pine Fir Select Structural b=50- 100mm [220] 130] 14] 61 | 230] 10000 NUGA INo. No.2 d=50mm_ | 150[ 80] 14] 61] 180] 9700 Select Structural BES 19.0 [120] 13] 61] 13.0) 9000 No.1 160] 80] 13] 61] 10.0] 9000 No.2 roo} 56] 13] 61] 7.0] 7000 Select Structural P&T 180130] 13] 61] 130] 9000 No.1 15.0[100| 13] 61] 120[ 9000 [No.2 Bs] 61] 13] 61] 83) 7000 [Spruce-Pine Fir South) [Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 23.0| 10] 14] 48] 200] 9000 NELMA INo.1 d=50mm_ [150] 70] 14] 48] 17.0) 8300 NSLB [No.2 10, 61] 14] 48] 160] 7600 | WCLIB, WWPA [Select Structural BES io] 120, 13] 48] 0] 8300 NELMA INo. 1 160] 84] 13| 48| 100] 8300 NSLB [No.2 roo] 56[ 13] 48] 58| 7000 WWPA Select Structural PRT 180/130] 13] 48] 120] 300 INo. 140[ 100 13] 48] 10.0] 8300 [No.2 ei] 42, 13] 48] 37) 7000 [Yellow Poplar Select Structural b=50- 100mm | 180] 1.0] 15] 60| 150] 10000 NSLB INo.T dzs0mm_ [130] 80, 15] 60] 120) 9700 [No.2 120] 74] 15] 60] 100] 90008.10 AASHTO LRED Brunce Desiew SpecuicaTioxs (SD, ‘Table 8.4.1.1.4-2 Base Resistance, MPa and Modulus of Elasticity, MPa for Mechanically Graded Lumber. [Species Sie fiw | fo | Fo | & ‘Agency [Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber 900.08 b<50mm] 16 | 66] 17 | 600 WCLIB, WWPA 1200 1.26 é50mm| 21 [110] 23 | 8300] NEGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1350F1.3E, 24_[ 140 | 26 | 9000] NEGA, SPI, WCLIB, WWPA 1450F1.36 25_[ 150] 27 | 9000] _NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA 1500F-1.3E 26_[ 17.0 | 27_| 9000 SPIB 1507-145 26_[ 17.0 | 27_|_9700| NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 16507-1.4E 29_[ 19.0] 28 | 9700 SPIB 16507-1.5E 29_[19.0 [28 [10.000] NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 18007-1.6E, 32_[ 22.0 [29 [11000] NIGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1950F-1.5E, 34_[ 26.0 | 30 | 10.000 SPIB 1950F-1.7E 34_[ 260 | 30__[11 700 NUGA, SPIB, WWPA 2100-186 37_|29.0|_31_[12.400| NGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 2250F-1.6E, 39_[ 33.0 | 32_[11 000 SPIB 225061 9E 39_[ 33.0] 32_[13.000 NEGA, SPIB, WWPA 24008 LTE [360] 33_[11700 SPIB 22400-2.0E [360] 33 [13800] _NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 255082.1E 45 [ 380] 34 [14500 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA (2700F2.2E 47_| 40.0 | 35_[15200[ NUGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA [28506236 30_[ 43.0 | 36_[15900 NLGA, SPIB, WPA [3000F2.4E 33_[ 45.0] 36 [16500 NLGA, SPIB [B1S0F25E 35_| 47.0 |_37_|17200 ‘SPIB [3300F2.68 38_| 8.0 38 [17900 ‘SPIB [9001.2 b<50mm|] 16 | 66] 17 [17900 WCLIB [r2005-1.5E a> 150mm] 21_[ 1.0] 23_[17 900 WCLIB 1500F1.8E 26_[ 17.0 | 27_[17900 WCLIB 1802.16 32_[ 22.0] 29 [17900 WCLIB |Machine-Evaluated Lumber (MEL) [M-10 b< 50mm] 25 [150] 26 | 8300 IMI > 50mm) 27 | 160 | 28 | 10000 IM-I2 28_| 16.0 28 [11-000 IMa3 28_[ 18.0 | 28 | 9700 Mos 32_[ 19.0 [29 [11 700. MIS 32_|[ 20.0 [29 [10.000 M-I6 32_[ 24.0 [29 [10.000 NOGA, SPIB M-IT 34_[ 240] 34 [11 700 M18 35_[ 22.0] 30 | 12.400 M19 35_| 240 |_30__|11 000 M20 35_| 30.0 | 35 [13 100 M21 40_| 260 [32 [13100 M22 41_[ 280 [32 [11700 M23 2_[ 350 | 33_| 12400 M24 47] 340] 35 [13100 M25 a8_[ 37.0] 35 | 15200 M26 49340] 36 | 13.800 M27 33_[37.0 | 40__[14 500Secriow 8 (SD: Woon Srevcty Unless otherwise indicated, base resistance in flexure for dimension lumber and posts and timbers shall apply to ‘material where the load is applied either to the narrow or wide face. Base resistance in flexure for decking grades shall apply only with the load applied to the wide face. Base resistance in flexure for beam and stringer grades shall apply only with the load applied to the narrow face. 8.4.1.2 Glued Laminated Timber 84.1.2.1 General Glued laminated timber shall be manufactured using wwet.use adhesives and shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 168. Glued laminated timber may be ‘manufactured from any lumber species, provided that it ‘meets the requirements of AASHTO M 168 andis treatable with wood preservatives in accordance with the requirements of Article 8.4.3, Wet-use adhesives shall conform with the requirements of ASTM D 2559 Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions. ‘The contract documents shall require that each piece of glued laminated timber be distinctively marked and provided with a Certificate of Conformance by a qualified inspection and testing agency, indicating that the requirements of AASHTO M 168 have been met and that straight or slightly cambered bending members have been stamped TOP on the top at both ends so that the natural camber, if any, shall be positioned opposite tothe direction of applied loads. Industrial appearance grade, as defined in AITC #110 Standard Appearance Grades for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, shall be used, unless otherwise specified. 84.1.2.2 Dimensions Dimensions stated for glued laminated timber shall be taken as the actual net dimensions. Indesign, structural calculations shall be based on the actual net dimensions. Net width of glued laminated timber shall be as specified in Table 1 sai When post and timber sizes are graded to beam and stringer grade requirements, base values for the applicable beam and stringer grades may be used, €8.4.1.2.1 When wetuse adhesives are used, the bond between the laminations, which is stronger than the wood, will be maintained under all exposure conditions, Dry-use adhesives will deteriorate under wet conditions. For bridge applications, itis not possible to ensure that all areas of the ‘components will remain dry. Glued laminated timber can be manufactured to virtually any shape or size, The most efficient and ‘economical design generally results when standard sizes are used. Acceptable manufacturing tolerances are given in AASHTO M 168. Glued laminated timber is normally available in three appearance grades: industrial, architectural, and premium. Architectural and premium grades are typically planed or sanded, and exposed irregularities are filled with a wood filler that may crack and dislodge under exterior exposure conditions.812. Table 8.4.1.2.2-1 Net Dimensions of Glued Laminated Timber. ‘Southern Pine Net Nominal | Western Species Net Finished Dimension | Finished Dimension | Dimension (mm) (nm) (nm) 100 80 5 150. 130. 125 200 171 171 250 222 216 300 273 267 350 31 305 400 362 356 [Net thickness of a laminations shall be determined using the dry dimensions for sawn lumber as specified in Article 8.4.1.1.2. The total glulam depth shall be taken as the product of the thickness of the lamination and the number of laminations. 8.4.1.2.3 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity Grade combinations for glued laminated timber shall be as provided in AITC 117-2001 Design, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species, or AITC 119, Standard Specifications {for Hardwood Glued Laminated Timber. Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for glued- laminated timber shall be as specified in: © Table 1 for components stressed primarily in bending with loads applied perpendicular to the ‘wide faces of the laminations, and. Table 2 for components stressed primarily in axial tension ot axial compression of loaded in bending parallel to the wide face of the laminations. Base resistance and modulus of elasticity for combination symbols not given in Table 1 or Table 2 shall be the design values specified in the AITC 117-2001 Design, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species. AASHTO LRED Brune Desicn SpectricaTions (SI)won | sx | vie ae Ts me | ve aw | ex | sve ve | vse se | eo ons [ste | cu vs | 6 ref ze os |e | cu ex | 6 wz | ts ous [svc | a91 v9 | ox sx [ oon | ese | ow re | vse ce | ts coor | 9s | oat re [vse vc | a a >a |e] a |e a [a EE oS | | ee ump suresg oF ‘seas ‘ros sues o ‘Sepa cons, mo | sou, ~ ot a ~—s) ovrena_| Pret remo | smn | mening | a a rey my | Ses crams | Set m0, Te | er sn pas nl sp ei a , ® maderercunorst | coxa | See ‘ene weipavamenediag | dupa sor = | een 5 omasiaey | a aes a somo on % et ah: soto | tebe Josom orn a Len pueravoert | Let mpi TPE SAR RTT OT VRPT IT Tyo 1 ous—Suypag wy SyEUNY Pash J2qUL], poreUTURET ponys) 165 1S} “APSE Jo SHIMPOY PUE INEST IE ETT PEATE, ‘SINTOMALLg dOOM HIS) #NOHDASrat [sx 6 6 oorct | eu ro £6 Tee 6 6 7 1 6 ir 6 6 5 6 6 380 v8 6 7 7 =a] eas wpsanno | wes xem swysarioe | oa ae Tore 4 on | comma er poposmes (pos mereta seem | ea vonemga ows SOTA a, Say aR 240 7 oUS—SupuaE UY SqRAULA pose, JOqUIL, PayeUIEEE'T PINs) 20) 484 “AYHNSELA JO SHINPOTY PU IoUEITSOY UT ETT ATL US) NOTIVOTNIDTAg NOTA AANA GATT OLUSWV ve166 a rm Ra SS =e Sys = =). : = [Sas = SEs zune my ° aa aa a =r aa ‘xs ea spng 05 6 en = = S| wen a ma ne a a ml sre -Buypeo'y py uy SEU pos A9qUIL, porEUREAT ponte 20 AY SIPNSELLJO sHINPOWY puso wwuceerryaes SHREDS GOON 7S) 8 NOLLDAS8.16 8.4.1.3 Piles Wood piles shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 168. ‘The base resistances and modulus of elasticity for round wood piles shall be as specified in Table 1. AASHTO LRFD Brune Desicn Sreciricarions (SD, C8413 ‘The unmodified resistances and modulus of elasticity for wood piles are based on wet-use conditions, ‘Table 8.4.1.3-1 Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity for Piles, MPa. Species Fy | fy | F, Fo |_E, [Pacific Const Douglas-Fir™ 21_|_43_| 330 | 227 [10300 Red Oak 1s [43 | 502 [268 | 8600 [Red Pine™ is | 33 | 220 | 165 | 8800 [Southern Pine™ 1 [38 | 358 | 206 | 9600 * pacific Coast Douglas-Fir reference strengths apply to this species as defined in ASTM Standard D 1760-86. For connection design use Douglas Fir-Larch. 2 Red Oak reference strengths to Northern and Southern Red Oak. * Red Pine reference strengths apply to Red Pine grown in the U.S. For connection design to Northern Pine. * Southern Pine reference strengths apply to Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pine. 8.4.2 Metal Fasteners and Hardware 1 General Structural metal, including shapes, plates, bars, and welded assemblies, shall comply with the applicable ‘material requirements of Section 6. 8.4.2.2 Minimum Requirements 8.4,2.2.1 Fasteners Bolts and lag screws shall comply withthe dimensional and material quality requirements of ANSVASME B18.2.1, Square and Hex Bolts and Screws—Inch Series. Strengths for low-carbon steel bolts, Grade 1 through Grade 8, shall be as specified in Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-429, Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners. Bolt and lag screw grades not given in SAE-429 shall have a ‘minimum tensile yield strength of 228 MPa. 84.2.2.2 Prestressing Bars Prestressing bars shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M27SM (ASTM 722M), Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete, and the applicable provisions of Section 5, 8.4.2.2.3 Split Ring Connectors Split ring connectors shall be manufactured from hot-rolled carbon steel complying with the requirements ofSecrion 8 (SN): Woon Srauctunes Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-1010. Each circular ring shall be cut through in one place in its circumference to form a tongue and slot. 84,2.2.4 Shear Plate Connectors Shear plate connectors shall be manufactured from pressed steel, light gage steel, or malleable iron. Pressed steel connectors shall be manufactured from hot-rolled carbon steel meeting Society of Automotive Engineers Specification SAE-1010. Malleable iron connectors shall be ‘manufactured in accordance with ASTM A 47M, Grade 2010. Each shear plate shall be a circle with a flange around the edge, extending at right angles tothe plate face from one face only. 84.225 Nails and Spikes Nails and spikes shall be manufactured from common steel wire or high-carbon steel wire that is heat-treated and tempered. When used in withdrawal-type connections, the shank of the nail or spike shall be annularly or helically threaded. 84.2.2.6 Drift Pins and Bolts Drift pins and drift bolts shall have a minimum flexural yield strength of 210 MPa. 84.2.2.7 Spike Grids Spike grids shall conform tothe requirements of ASTM. A 47M, Grade 22010, for malleable iron casting. 84.2.2.8 Toothed Metal Plate Connectors Metal plate connectors shall be manufactured from galvanized sheet stee! that complies with the requirements of ASTM A 653M, Grade A, or better, with the following ‘minimum mechanical properties: Yield Point 228 MPa Ultimate Strength 310 MPa Elongation in 50 mm 20% 84.2.3 Corrosion Protection 84.2.3.1 Metallic Coating Except as permitted by this section, all steel hardware for wood components shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M 232M (ASTM A 153M) or cadmium plated in accordance with AASHTO M 299 (ASTMB 696). Except as otherwise permitted, all steel components, timber connectors, and castings other than malleable iron shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M 111M. 817 €8.4.2.3.1 Galvanized nuts should be retapped to allow for the increased diameter of the bolt due to galvanizing. Protection for the high-stength bars used in stress-laminated decks should be clearly specified. Standard hot-dip galvanizing can adversely affect the properties of high-strength post tensioning materials. A lower temperature ‘galvanizing is possible with some high-strength bars. The8.18 (ASTM A 123M). 84.2.3.2 Alternative Coating Alternative corrosion protection coatings may be used when the demonstrated performance of the coating is sufficient to provide adequate protection for the intended exposure condition during the design life of the bridge. When epoxy coatings are used, minimum coating requirements shall comply with AASHTO M 284M. Heat-treated alloy components and fastenings shall be protected by an approved alternative protective treatment that does not adversely affect the mechanical properties of the material 8.4.3 Preservative Treatment 8.4.3.1 Requirement for Treatment All wood used for permanent applications shall be pressure impregnated with wood preservative in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133, Insofar as is practicable, all wood components should be designed and detailed to be cut, drilled, and otherwise fabricated prior to pressure treatment with wood preservatives. When cutting, boring, or other fabrication is necessary after preservative treatment, exposed, untreated ‘wood shall be specified to be treated in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133, 8.4.3.2 Treatment Chemicals Unless otherwise approved, all structural components that are not subject to direct pedestrian contact shall be treated with oil-borne preservatives. Pedestrian railings and nonstructural components that are subject to direct pedestrian contact shall be treated with water-borne preservatives or oil-borne preservatives in light petroleum solvent. 84.3.3 Inspection and Marking Preservative treated wood shall be tested and inspected in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133 Where size permits, each piece of treated wood that meets treatment requirements shal be legibly stamped, branded, or tagged to indicate the name of the treater and the specification symbol or specification requirements to which AASHTO LRFD Brupcx Desicy SpectricaTioxs (SI) manufacturer of the bars should be consulted on this issue. 8.43.2 ‘The oil-borne preservative treatments have proven to provide adequate protection against’ wood attacking organisms. In addition, the oil provides a water repellant coating that reduces surface effects caused by cyclic moisture conditions, Water-borne preservative treatments do not provide the water repellency ofthe oil-borne treatment, ‘and components frequently split and check, leading to poor field performance and reduced service life. Direct pedestrian contact is considered to be contact that ‘can be made while the pedestrian is situated anywhere in the access route provided for pedestrian traffic. ‘Treating of glued laminated timbers with water-borne preservatives after gluing is not recommended. Use of water-borne treatments for glued laminated timber after sluing may result in excessive warping, checking, or spliting of the components due to post-treatment re-drying.SecrioN 8 (S1): Woon StRUCTURES the treatment conforms. ‘When requested, a certification indicating test results and the identification of the inspection agency shall be provided. 8.4.3.4 Fire Retardant Treatment Fire retardant treatments shall not be applied unless itis ‘demonstrated that they are compatible with the preservative treatment used, and the usable resistance and stiffness are reduced as recommended by the product manufacturer and. applicator. 8.4.4 Modification Factors for Resistance and ‘Modulus of Elasticity 8.4.4.1 General Nominal resistance and modulus of elasticity values shall be obtained by adjusting base values by applicable modification factors in accordance with the following ‘equations: FROG CoC (844.1-1) E=ECy (844.12) where: F = applicable nominal resistance Fi, Fy Fy Fo Ot Fey (MPa) Fy = base resistance Fag Fro Fae Foo OF Fey Specified in Article 8.4 (MPa) E_ = base modulus of elasticity (MPa) E, = base modulus of elasticity specified in Article 8.4.1.1.4 (MPa) Ce = size effect factor specified in Article 8.4.4.2 Cu = wot service factor specified in Article 8.4.4.3, Cy = deck factor specified in Article 8.4.4.4 Cr = time effect factor specified in Article 8.4.4.5 19 C8434 Use of fire retardant treatments is not recommended ‘because the large sizes of timber components typically used in bridge construction have inherent fire resistance ‘characteristics. ‘The pressure impregnation of wood products with fire retardant chemicals is known to cause certain, resistance and stiffness losses in the wood. These resistance and stifiness losses vary with specific resistance characteristic, ie., bending resistance, tension parallel to grain resistance, ete., treatment process, wood species and type of wood product, ie., solid sawn, glued laminated, or other.8.20 AASHTO LRFD Bunce Drstcn SreciricaTions (SI) 8.4.4.2 Size Effect Factor C8442 Size effect factor, Cr, shall be 1.0, unless specified otherwise herein. For sawn dimension lumber, Cr shall be as specified in Table 1 without modification. For flat-wise use, the size effect factor, Cp, shall be taken as follows: for 100x150 Cr= 1.10 for 100x200 Cp= 1.15 for 100x250 for 100x300 Table 8.44.21 Size Effect Factor, Cp, for Sawn ‘ALL OTHER Feo Fy | Fu | PROPERTIES ‘Thickness ‘50mm and GRADE | WIDTH (mm) |“ 75mm__| 100mm | _an_| all All ‘Structural Light Framing—SO mm x SO mm through 100 mim 100 mam Structural Joists and Planks—50 mm x 125 mm through 100 mm x 400 mm 100 154 154 [154 [1.16 125 1.40 1.40 [1.40 [113 Sel. St. 150 130 130 [1.30 [1.10 No.1 200 119 130 | 1.19 | 1.06 1.00 No.2 250 1.09) 1.20 [1.09 [1.03 300 1.00) 1.10 | 1.00 [1.00 350 0.93 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.98 400 0.88 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.96 For sawn beams and stringers and posts and timbers and for vertically laminated, glued laminated timber with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations, Fro Shall be adjusted by Cr-determined as: © Ifd=300 mm, then cre to 4420) © 14> 300 mm, then 300) me (oe 8.4.4.2-2) © ( a ) GAso2) whee: d= net width as shown in Figure 83-1 For glued horizontally laminated timber, with loads ‘The directions of length, width, and thickness are shown in Figure 8.3-1‘Secrioy 8 (SI): Woon Srrvcrues 821 applied perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations, Fo shall be reduced by Cp, given below, when the depth, width, or length of a glued laminated timber exceeds 300 mm, 130 mm, or 6400 mm, respectively: 130)/ 6400)" B0)( 4)! <10 8.4.4.2.3) See Iae — easan where: d= depth ofthe component (mm) b= width of the component but need not be taken as, greater than 270 (mm) L_ = length of the component measured between points of contraflexure (mm) @ = 0.05 for Southern Pine and 0.10 for all other species 8.4.4.3 Wet Service Factor C8443 The dry use resistance values specified in Tables ‘An analysis of in-service moisture content should be 8.4.1.1.4-1 and 8.4.1.1.4-2 shall be adjusted for moisture based _on regional, geographic, and climatological content using the wet service factor Cy specified below: conditions. + For sawn lumber with & moisture content of 19 percent or less, Cy shall be taken as 1.0. ‘© For glued laminated timber with a moisture content of 16 percent or less, Cy shall be taken as 10. © Otherwise, Cy shall be taken as specified in Table 1 and 2 for sawn lumber and glued laminated timber, respectively. In applying Tables 1 and 2, the values of F,, shall be taken as the size-adjusted resistances. ‘Table 8.4.4.3-1 Wet Service Factor for Sawn Lumber, Cie Nominal Fus20 | F220 Fesl2 | Fa>l2 Thickness MPa MPa MPa ‘MPa E 100 mm or less |__1.00 0.85 1.00) 1.00) oso | 097 | 0.67 [0.90 over 100 mm: 1.00) 1.00 1,00 0.91 0.91 1,00_[ 0.67 [1.00 ‘Table 8.4.4.3-2 Wet Service Factor for Glued Laminated Timber, Cyy Fo | Fa [Fee Fy E, E, oso_| 087s [080 [073 0.53 0.833822 8.4.4.4 Deck Factor Unless specified otherwise in this article, the deck factor, Co, shall be equal to 1.0. For stressed wood, nail-laminated, and spike- laminated decks constructed of solid sawn lumber 50 mm to 100mm thick, Fy, may be adjusted by Cy as specified in Table 1 ‘Table 8.4.4.4-1 Deck Factors, Cp, for Mechanically Laminated Solid Sawn Lumber Decks. Deck Type Lumber Grade | Cp ‘Stressed Wood ‘Select Structural | 1.30 No.1orNo.2 | 1.50 Spike-Laminated or All 15 Nail-Laminated 8.4.4.5 Time Effect Factor ‘The time effect factor, Cr, for live load shall be taken as 08, 8.5 LIMIT STATES 8.5.1 Service Limit State The provisions of Article 2.5.26.2 should be considered, 8.5.2 Strength Limit State 8.5.2.1 General Factored resistance shall be the product of nominal resistance determined in accordance with Article 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9 and the resistance factor as specified in Article 8.5.2.2 8.5.2.2 Resistance Factors Resistance factors, 4, shall be as given below, except for load combination IV, which is specified in Article 8.5.2.3. © Flexure.. = 0.85, 8 Shea nse . = 0.75 © Compression Parallel to Grain 0.90 © Compression Perpendicular to Gr 0.90 © Tension Parallel 10 Grain son. = 0.80 ‘© Resistance During Pile Driving.. 1s 8.5.2.3 Modified Resistance Factors For Strength Load Combination IV, Table 3.4.1-1, AASHTO LRED Buupce Desicn Sreciricari0Ns (SI) C8444 Mechanically laminated decks made of stressed wood, spike-laminated, or nail-laminated solid sawn lumber exhibit an increased resistance in bending. The resistance of mechanically laminated solid sawn lumber decks is calculated by multiplying Fy, in Table 8.4.1.1.4-1 by the deck factor, 8.5.2.2 In the case of timber pile foundations, the resistance factor may be raised to 1.0 when, in the judgment of the Engineer, a sufficient number of piles is used in a foundation element to consider it to be highly redundant, ‘This is indicated to be a judgment issue because there are no generally accepted quantitative guidelines at this writing. For timber piles, the resistance factor to be applied when determining the maximum allowable driving resistance accounts for the short duration of the load induced by the pile driving hammer. 8.5.2.3 Resistance of wood subjected to long-duration loads is‘Sucrioy 8 (SD): Woon Sraucrunes resistance factors shall be multiplied by 0.75. 8.5.2.4 Stability ‘The structure as a whole or its components shall be proportioned (0 resist sliding, overturning, uplift, and buckling. 8.5.3 Extreme Event Limit State For extreme event limit state, the resistance factor shall be taken as 1.0 8.6 COMPONENTS IN FLEXURE 8.6.1 General ‘The factored resistance, M, shall be taken as: M,=0M, (8.6.1-1) My = ‘nominal resistance specified herein (N-mm) resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 8.6.2 Rectangular Section ‘The nominal resistance, My of a rectangular component in flexure shall be determined from: M, = SC, (862-1) in which: +a_ [ray cotta raya (8622) 19 V 361 095 * For visually graded, sawn lumber: eeneS (8.623) Ak, © For glued Jaminated timber and mechanically graded lumber: eceent 662-4) LaF, where F, = specified resistance in flexure spevifiedin Anicle 8.4.4 (MPa) 8.23 reduced, Load Combination IV consists of permanent loads, including dead load and earth pressure. 8.6.2824 E = specified modulus of elasticity specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) Ce = size effect factor specified in Article 8.4.4.2 d= net depth specified in Article 84.1.1.2 (mm) = net width, as specified in Article 8.4.1.1.2 (mm) = effective unbraced length (mm) " section modulus (mm") Where the depth of a flexural component does not exceed its width, or where lateral movement of the compression zone is prevented by continuous support and ‘where points of bearing have lateral support to prevent rotation, the stability factor, C,= 0. For other conditions, the beam stability factor shall be determined in accordance with the provisions specified herein. For the purpose of this article, Cy shall not be taken Jess then 1.0. ‘The effective unbraced length, L., may be determined © EL /d<7, then L, = 2.06 L, © WT 14.3, then L, = 1.84 L, where: L, = distance between points of lateral and rotational support (mm) d= net depth specified in Article 8.4.1.1.2 (mm) Inall cases, the following shall apply: ffs b 8.6.3 Circular Section (8.6.2.5) ‘The nominal resistance, M,, of a circular component in flexure shall be taken as: M, =11858 (863-1) 8.7 COMPONENTS UNDER SHEAR Shear need not be considered in the design of wood decks. For components other than decks, shear shall be investigated ata distance away from the face of support AASHTO LRFD BripcE Drsin SreciricaTioNs (SI) Iflateral suppor is provided to prevent rotation atthe points of bearing, but no other lateral support is provided throughout the bending component length, the unsupported length, L, is the distance between points of bearing or the length of cantilever. Tf lateral support is provided to prevent rotation and lateral displacement at intermediate points as well as a the bearings, the unsupported length, L., is the distance between such points of intermediate lateral support. 87 ‘The critical section is between one and three depths from the support. ‘The critical shear in flexural components is horizontal shear acting parallel to the grain of the component. The‘SncTioN 8 (SD: Woon SreucruREs ‘equal to the depth of the component. When calculating the ‘maximum design shear, the live load shall be placed so as, to produce the maximum shear at a distance from the support equal to the lesser of either three times the depth, 4, of the component or one-quarter of the span L. ‘The factored shear resistance, V,, of a component of rectangular cross-section shall be calculated from: v,=0v, 71) in which: 87-2) where: = resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 F, = specified resistance of wood in shear, specified in Article 8.4.1 (MPa) 8.8 COMPONENTS IN COMPRESSION 88.1 General ‘The factored resistance in compression, P,, shall be taken as: 81-1) where: P, = nominal resistance as specified in Article 8.8.2 and 8.8.3 (N) = resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 8.8.2 Compression Parallel to Grain For the purposes of this article, Cr shall not be taken to be less than 1.0. Where components are not adequately braced, the nominal stress shall be modified by the column stability factor, C, If the component is adequately braced, C, shall be taken as 1.0. The nominal resistance, P,, of a component in the compression parallel to grain shall be taken as P.=FAC, (8824) in which: © For sawn lumber: 825 resistance of bending components in shear perpendicular to grain need not be investigated. Note that Eq. 4.6.2.2.2a-1 requires a special distribution factor in the calculation of the live load force effect when investigating shear parallel to the grain,8:26, where: Fe B +8 [aay B = cc, 88.22 16 V 256 ee For round ples c, wlth. [0+By 3 823) 17 V 289 085 For glued laminated timber and mechanically ‘graded timber: 1+B_ faay 8 1s V 324 09 For visually graded lumber: (8.8.24) 432 Ed? Lk, (88.2.5) For glued laminated timber and mechanically ‘graded timber: p= 0028 1, (882-6) ‘nominal resistance in compression parallel to the ‘rain specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) effective length taken as KL (mm) Iength of column (mm) factor specified in Article 4.6.2.5 ‘parameter for compression 8.8.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain ‘The nominal resistance, Py, of a component in ‘compression perpendicular to the grain shall be taken as 1 Cy 6831) ‘nominal resistance in compression perpendicular to grain, as specified in Article 8.4.4 (MPa) bearing area (mm?) bearing modification factor specified in Table 1 AASHTO LRFD Baincx: Desicy SreciricaTioxs (SI)Secrion8 (SD): Woon StRUCTURES ‘When the bearing area isin a location of high flexural stress or is closer than 75 mm from the end of the component, C; shall be taken as 1.0. In all other cases, C, shall be as specified in Table 1. ‘Table 8.8.3-1 Modification Factors for Bearing. Length of bearing measured along the grain, mim 3 [25 [38 [50 | 75 | 100 | 2150 co, fas [iss [12s fia [ais [110 [1.00 8.9 COMPONENTS IN TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN The factored resistance, P,, of a component in tension shall be taken as: 89-1) cA, (89.2) where F, = specified resistance of wood in tension specified in Antcle 8.4.4 (MPa) A, = smallest net cross-sectional area of the ‘component (mm?) © = resistance factor specified in Article 8.5.2 8.10 COMPONENTS IN COMBINED FLEXURE, AND AXIAL LOADING 8.10.1 Components in Combined Flexure and Tension ‘Components subjected to flexure and tension shall satisfy: at (8.10.1-1) where: P, = factored tensile load (N) P, = factored tensile resistance calculated as specified in Anticle 8.9 (N) = factored flexural moment (N-mm) M, = factored flexural resistance as speci 8278.28 8.6 (N-mm) 8.10.2 Components in Combined Flexure and ‘Compression Parallel to Grain Components subjected to flexure and compression parallel to grain shall satisfy: tp. { a) + Me (8.10.2-1) a) Me, where: P, = factored compression load (N) P, = factored compressive resistance calculated as specified in Article 8.8 (N) ‘M, = factored flexural moment (N-mm) ‘M, = factored flexural resistance caleulated as specified in Article 8.6 (N-mm) 8.11 BRACING REQUIREMENTS 8.11.1 General ‘Where bracing is required, it shall prevent both lateral and rotational deformation 8.11.2 Sawn Wood Beams ‘Beams shall be transversely braced to prevent lateral displacement and rotation of the beams and to transmit lateral forces to the bearings, Transverse bracing shall be provided at the supports for all span lengths and at intermediate locations for spans longer than 6000 mm. The spacing of intermediate bracing shall be based on lateral stability and load transfer requirements but shall not exceed 7500 mm. The depth of transverse bracing shall not be less than three-fourths the depth of the stringers or sirders. Transverse bracing should consist of solid wood blocking or fabricated steel shapes. Wood blocking shall be bolted to stringers with steel angles or suspended in steel saddles that are nailed to the blocks and stringer sides. Blocking shall be positively connected tothe beams. ‘Transverse bracing at supports may be placed within tance from the center of bearing equal tothe stringer ot sider depth, AASHTO LRED Bruce Desig Speciricarioxs (SI) cada In detailing of the diaphragms, the potential for shrinkage and expansion of the beam and the diaphragm should be considered. Rigidly connected steel angle framing may cause spitting of the beam and diaphragm as the wood attempts to swell and shrink under the effects of cyclic moisture 8.11.2 ‘The effectiveness of the transverse bracing directly affects the long-term durability of the system. The bracing facilitates erection, improves load distribution, and reduces relative movements of the stringers and girders, thereby reducing deck deformations. Excessive deformation can lead to mechanical deterioration of the system. Bracing should be accurately framed to provide full bearing against stringer sides, Wood cross-frames or blocking that are toe-nailed to stringers have been found to be ineffective and should not be used.‘SECTION 8 (SD): Woon Sraucrunes 8.11.3 Glued Laminated Timber Girders ‘Transverse bracing should consist of fabricated steel shapes or solid wood diaphragms, Girders shall be attached to supports with steel shoes oor angles that are bolted through the girder and into or through the support. 8.11.4 Bracing of Trusses ‘Wood trusses shall be provided with a rigid system of lateral bracing in the plane of the loaded chord, Lateral bracing in the plane of the unloaded chord and rigid portal and sway bracing shall be provided in all trusses having sufficient headroom. Outrigger bracing connected to extensions of the floorbeams shall be used for bracing through-trusses having insufficient headroom for a top chord lateral bracing system. 8.12 CAMBER REQUIREMENTS 8.12.1 Glued Laminated Timber Girders Glued laminated timber girders shall be cambered @ ‘minimum of two times the dead load deflection at the service limit state 8.12.2 Trusses ‘Trusses shall be cambered to sufficiently offset the deflection due to dead load, shrinkage, and creep. 8.12.3 Stress Laminated Timber Deck Bridge Deck bridges shall be cambered for three times the dead load deflection atthe service limit state. 8.29 ca113 Bracing should be placed tight against the girders and perpendicular to the longitudinal girder axis. cad Bracing is used to provide resistance to lateral forces, to hold the trusses plumb and true, and to hold compression elements in line. ca24 The initial camber offsets the effects of dead load deflection and long-term creep deflection, 8.122 Camber should be determined by considering both clastic deformations due to applied loads and inelastic ‘deformations such as those caused by joint slippage, creep Of the timber components, or shrinkage due to moisture ‘changes in the wood components.REFERENCES AFPA, 1996, “LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construction.” American Forest and Paper Association, Washington, DC. ‘Nowak, A. $. 1997. “Load Distribution for Plank Decks,” UMCEE 97-11. Report submitted to U.S. Forest Service, April 1997. 1999, “Calibration of LRFD Bridge Design Code.” NCHRP Report 368. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, Nowak, A. S.,C, Eamon, M. A. Ritter, and J. Murphy. 2001. “LRED Calibration for Wood Bridges.” UMCEE 01-01. Report submitted to U.S. Forest Service, April 2001. Nowak, A. $., P.R. Stankiewicz, and M. A. Ritter, “Bending Tests of Bridge Deck Planks.” Construction and Building Materials Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 221-228. Ritter, M. A, 1990, “Timber Bridges, Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance.” EM7700-B. U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Stankiewicz, P. R.,and A. $, Nowak. 1997. "Material Testing for Wood Plank Decks.” UMCEE 97-10. Report submitted to US. Forest Service, April 1997. 830