BIOLOGY CRASH COURSE - NEET 20719 Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai KEY NOTES ON HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASE Note - For Subscribers only: Unauthorised circulation is copyright violations 1. HEALTH? » Astate of complete physical, mental and social well-being. + Why Health is important for a nation? > Healthy peoples > More efficient > increased productivity > economic prosperity 2. Health is affected by — * Genetic disorders + Infections. * Life style related diseases 3. Common diseases in human. * Disease causing organism > Pathogen. + Most Parasites are pathogen * Pathogen cause harm to host by living in /on them, © When pathogen enters in host multiply and interfere with normal vital activity, resulting in morphological & functional damage to the host. + Pathogen has to adapt according to host's body environment. 4. TYPHOID FEVER: This content develog@@lby Blimentars Classes Online, Mumbai © Pathogen> Salmonella typhi Bacteria. + Source of infection > contaminated water and food + Bacteria reach tosfralhintedtihe then other organ torblodd, + Symptoms > TYPHOID > ((Slstainedhigh fever, FEVER ‘weakhess, st8mach pain, ‘constipation, headache and elec” vot WY > loss of appetite «)) Major Complication > Intestinal perforation & Death + Important Investigation > Widal Test. * Cartier person > who continued to spread typhoid > Mary Mallon (typhoid Mary) case o> fl? Oo] 5. PNEUMONIA: = * + Pathogen > ThE: > Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteria > Haemophilus influenzae bacteria. Oo} COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS a* Infected organ: Alveoli of lungs. + Alveoli of lungs get filled with fluid leading to severe problem in respiration. + Symptoms: > fever, chill, > Insevere * Source of Infectis > By agent > RHINOVIRUS Ne Respiratory tract infection > > infects the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs. Symptoms: > usually lasts for 3-7 days > nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough headache and tiredness, + Infection spread through by contaminated droplets and objects. 7. MALARIA: + Causative agent > Plasmodium (Protozoa) > Pwivex. > P.malaria. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 7> falciparum > ‘* Responsible for malignant malaria * most serious and can even be fatal. ¢ Plasmodium enter the human body > as SPOROZOITES form (infectious form) through the bite of female anopheles. + Plasmodium multiplies in liver cells > then attack the RBCs and resulting the rupture of RBCs © Rupture of RBC associated with release of a toxic substance called HEMOZOIN > Responsible for chill, high fever recurring every threesto four days. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai * Asexual phase > completed in liver cells and RBCs of human. © Gametocytes of plasmodium > develops in RBCs of humaft + When a anopheles bite the infected person, the parasiteventeFthe mosquito body where sexual cycle is completed that is ferilizationsanel further development take place in mosquito's gut. * In mosquito, parasite multiply and form spStozBites | + These sporozoites are stored in the salivary gland 6f mosquito from where they will infect another human through biting of mosquito. * Most important control measure >@liminate and control the vector and their breeding places. This content@evSlBeaby Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai > Gambusia fish eat the latya of fiosquitoes. > Avoid the stagnation dhwater. Regular cleahiing oflereeding place of mosquito like cooler, aquarium@ind patof water plants etc. Spray of insecticides. > Chiekefiguriya and dengue are also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. 8. AMOEBIASIS: (amoebic dysentery). + Cauiative agent: Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa). « (Fouséfly act as mechanical carrier of pathogen Pathogen present in contaminated food particles and water > (spoiled by faecal material of infected person). 4 Symptoms > constipation, > abdominal pain, > cramps and > stool with excess mucous and blood clots. 9. ASCARIASIS: * Causative agent: Ascaris /round worm (helminths). + Symptoms > internal bleeding, COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 7> muscles pain, > fever, » anaemia and blockage of intestinal passage + The eggs are of parasite excreted along with faeces of infected person and contaminate the water and soil. + Infection occur through contaminated fruits and vegetables. 10. ELEPHANTIASIS/FILARIASIS: * Causative agent: wuchereria /ilarial worm (W. bancrofti and W. malayi) + Wuchereria is helminths. + Symptoms: Slowly developed chronic inflammation usually in lymphatic ve8sels of lower limb. This content developed by Biomentors Cldgsos Qn esfumbai > The genital organs are often affected resulting in gross deformity. * Female mosquito is the vector of filariasis. * Control measure is preventing the spread of Vector 11. RINGWORMS: * Causative agent: > Fungi (Microsporum, Trichophyton\€pidermophyton). + Symptoms: > dry, scaly lesions on various partlof body such as nails, skin, and scalp with intensest@hing + Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the.grolfWr between the toes. 12. Personal hygiene is impoftantto cérttrol and prevent infectious disease. + Measures for personal hygiene include > keeping the Body clean; > ((@nsumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits © \Publit hygiene to prevent and control infectious disease. + Publicihygiéne includes proper disposal of waste and excreta; > periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks and > observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering These measures are particularly essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as typhoid, amoebiasis and ascariasis. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai # Inccases of air-borne diseases such as pneumonia and common cold, in addition to the above measures, close contact with the infected persons or their belongings should be avoided. + The use of vaccines and immunisation programmes have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like smallpox. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS* Alarge number of other infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia and tetanus have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines. Eligibility Romana acc opv-0 Hepatitis 8. 6 weeks of age Rota virus —1 {in AP, Orissa, Haryana and HP only at present) opv-2 1Oweeks of age Pentavalent vaccine -2 Rota virus ~2 (in AP, Orissa, Haryana and HP only at present), opv-3 wv Pentavalent vaccine -3 Rota virus ~3 (in AP Orissa, Haryana and HP only, at present) Measles Vitamin A~first dose 14.weeks of age 9 months of a OPT first Booster, (OPV booster 16~24 months of age Measles 2 dose ‘Vitamin A second dose followed by every 6 months till S yr. age JE {in endemic districts only) 5~6 years of age PT second booster 10 and 16 years of age 7 13. IMMUNITY: * The ability Of the ho8t to fight the disease-causing organisms, + conferréé'by the”mmune system 14. Immunity is Of,tw6 types: « ((ihateimmunity «Acquired immunity. 45. |Amate immunity this content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai +) Non-specific type of defence, * Present at the time of birth. 16. Innate immunity is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body. «Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers. These are — * Physical barriers: » Skin > Mucus coating of the epithelium lining COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS+ Physiological barriers: » Acid in the stomach, > saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes This content developed by Biomertors Classes Onine Mumbai * Cellular barriers: > Leukocytes (WBC) > polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils) > monocytes and > natural killer (type of lymphocytes) > macrophages in tissues * Cytokine barriers: > INTERFERON > * Virus-infected cells secrete low moleculaPwéight proteins * protect non-infected cells fem furtar viral infection Tissue cell is infected by a virus | Releases interferon | Interferon will diffuse to the surrounding cells & binds with receptor. | Production of a protein that prevents the synthesis of viral proteins. Prevents the spread of the virus throughout the body. 17. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: * Pathogen specific * Characterised by memory. + PRIMARY RESPONSE: > when a pathogen attacks the host body for the first time > the response of immune system is of LOW INTENSITY. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS G* SECONDARY RESPONSE > When the same pathogen attack, response of immune system is highly intensified (our body has memory of first attack of pathogen) This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai > This response is also called the ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE. 18. Antibody mediated immune response/humoral immune response (AMIS) + The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our bloodyie., B- lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. * The B-lymphocytes produce proteins in response to pathégens into our blood to fight with them. > ANTIBODIES. «The T-cells do not secrete antibodies but help B célls produce them. * Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, © two small called light chains ©. two longer called heavy chaing, © an antibody is represented as Halo Antigen Variable regions (red) The constant Light chain regions are the Hinge regiort ‘same for all antibodies Disulphide bridges Heavy chain Constant regions (blue) * Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. © IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them. © Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called as HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE 19.CMk: CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE * CMI response is given by T-lymphocytes. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS+ CMlis responsible for organ transplant rejection and graft rejection. + Ability of T-cells to recognise self-cell/nonself cell is the basis of attacking invaders/pathogen but this characteristics creates problem during organ transplant therefore T-cells attack on transplanted roan rej he pri * That's why tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppressants all his/her life wy x Y Y le les lea lee go (mu) v(gamma) (alpha) —elepsiion) —_—_ (delta) 900% 150K 385k 200k 180k 6% 80% 3% 0.002% 1% Yes Yes No No No >rmaryreponse, Mainblood——Secretedinto—Anthodyfallrsy 8 ll Aeeptor fucscompement. _antbody, mura tear, ialna_andant parte Monomerserves ss neutalics ox, “oar Geclvecepar_" oponuaton 20. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. * Active immunity: > Antibodie&are'produced in the host body > Active’immurity is slow | takes tiffe to give its full effective response. Vaccination or entry of pathogen into body during natural infection induce active immunity. '«, Passive immunity: > When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agent is called PASSIVE IMMUNITY. 21.Thé yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant therefore breast feeding is must for new born. 23, Rabies vaccine, tetanus vaccine and antivenom injection (in case of snake bite) give passive immunity as in passive immunity the antibo preformed so body's immune response is quick. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 024, VACCINATION * In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumba) * The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection. * The vaccines also generate memory ~ 8 and T-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and kill the invadersaith massive production of antibodies. ion of lar. recombinant technology which allowed the production of anifigente: polypeptide(vaccine) in bacteria and yeast 26. Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from yeast through DNA recombination fh rk Ne i isati Types of vaccines Live Killed Toxoids Attenuated Inactivated vaccines _vaceines + BCG — “Typhoid “Diphtheria “Meningococcal * Typhoid +Cholera —“Tetanus_—_—polysaccharide oral Pertussis peacciee Plague Plague Oral Rabies “Pneumococcal poe lNeserek polysaccharide Nae | Saeale vaccine fever muscular aarti Measles jnfluenza Seiki Mumps -Japanise vaccine Rubella encephalitis Intranasal Influenza ‘Typhus 27. ALLERGY: * Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 7* The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called allergens * Common examples of allergens are mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, ete * The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type. * Reason of allergy is release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells. * The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin and steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. * Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes,anning nose and difficulty in breathing 28. WHY ALLERGY CASES INCREASED? > Modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity. It is due to protected environment in €arly days of life. 29. AUTOIMMUNITY: * In memory-based acquired immunity, when thé'immung system does not differentiate between self-cells andiforeign éelland also attack on self-cells and damage the body. Thisis called’aut® immunity disease. * This is due to genetic and other unknoWn reafons. * Example of autoimmune diseasefis Rheumatoid arthritis 30.IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE BODY. + The human immune systemconsists'6f lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and soluble molecules like antibodies. 31. Lymphoid organs: These afé'the Brgans where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphogytesoceur. + Immature lymphotytes Uifferentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes in PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN. # Thymug anid BORG marrow are primary lymphoid organ * Organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches of small iffestifie and appendix are the SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS. '*, “The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector cells. 32. Alithe blood cells including lymphocytes are produce in bone marrow. 33. The thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone. 34. The thymus is quite large at the time of birth but keeps reducing in size with age and by the time puberty is attained it reduces to a very small size. 35. Both bone-marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes. 36. THE SPLEEN COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS a* Large bean shaped organ. * mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. * acts AS A FILTER OF THE BLOOD by trapping blood-borne microorganisms. # also has a large reservoir of erythrocytes. 37. The lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai 38, Lymph nodes serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid. 39. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activatiomoh lymph resent there an he immune re 40.MALT: Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. © They are located within the lining of the major trag® (respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts) * It constitutes about 50 per cent of the lyiphoiditissué in human body. 41. AIDS: ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: * It is deficiency of immune system, acquired during the lifetime + ‘Syndrome’ means a group of symptoms * AIDS was first reported in 1989 * killing more than 25 million petsons * AIDS is caused by a Virug > Murtian Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) © HIV a member of fetro Virus family * Transmission of HMeinféttion spreads only through,body. fluids. > sexual Contict with infected Person © ‘by t?nsfusion of contaminated bidod and blood products, by sharing infected needles > from infected mother to her child through placenta # Incubation period > usually 5-10 years * After entering into host body, HIV ENTERS INTO MACROPHAGE and make viral DNA from RNA with the help of reverse transcriptase * This viral DNA join with host DNA and direct the host infected cell to produce virus particles. + Macrophage act as a HIV factory. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS =Now virus particles attack the helper T-lymphocytes and also replicate here and attack more and more helper T-cells and weakened the acquired immune system During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss. This content developed by Blomentors Classes Online, Mumbai Due to weakened immune system, the HIV patient cannot protect his/her body against the attack of pathogen of other disease Diagnostic test for AIDS > ELISA > enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drugs is only partially effective They can only prolong the life of the patient but cannot preyeht deeth Prevention of AIDS: * National AIDS Control Organisation (NAGO) > Making blood (from blood banks) safe"fom HIV, > Ensuring the use of only disposable needl@sand syringes > free distribution of condoms, > controlling drug abuse, » advocating safe sex and: > promoting regular ch€tleUpeyor HIV in susceptible populations This content dayolSed by Biomentors Classes Onin, Mumbai 42. AIDS HAS NO CURE, PREVENTION IS THE BEST OPTION. 43. CANCER: NON-INFECTIOUS, DISEASE: One of the majof/ealise Bf¥leath all over the globe. Cancer is ungentrol.graiwth of cells, divide continuously and produce masses of celig’called TUMOR. When.d/ndtmaheéll comes in contact with other cells it stops division. This property is called CONTACT INHIBITION. Canc@rous cell/oncogenic cells lost the property of contact inhibition that's why produce tumor. ‘44. TUMORS ARE OF TWO TYPES > Benign and Malignant BENIGN TUMORS > remain confined to their original location and do not spread and cause little damage MALIGNANT TUMORS > a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells. These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues. ncerous cells actively divide and grow they al: the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS45. METASTASIS: * Cells sloughed from malignant tumors reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there and invade the most part of body. + The most feared property of malignant tumors. 46. CARCINOGENS, * agent which transform the normal cells into cancerous neoplasticells. * chemical, physical or biological in nature. * Chemical carcinogen e.g. tobacco smoke responsible(for ldng,¢ancer. + Ionising radiations like X-ray & gamma rays are phyical agent, © UV-ray > non- ionising carcinogen radiation (physical) 47.Cancer causing viruses called ONCOGENIC VIRUSES have,genes called viral ONCOGENES. * several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-ong) or proto oncogenes have been identified in normal cells which * These genes activated under ¢ertaiff"¢onditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the, cells * Oncogenes and c-one ara\biblogical agent of cancer. 48. CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS: «Early detection of caacersihas probability to cure. * Cancer detection is, based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue andyblood. In BIOPSYpa Biéce of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stated ahd examined under microscope (histopathological studies). Bone Marrow tests for increased cell counts in the case of Teukaemia "6, Non-invasive techniques like > Radiography (Use of X-Rays), > CT (Computed Tomography) > MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) > © very useful technique to diagnose and detect cancer. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS _50.Genomies in cancer > Helpful to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which the individual are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer). 51. TREATMENT OF CANCER: * Surgery, * radiation therapy, * chemotherapy and + immunotherapy. 52. In radiotherapy, tumour cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care*of the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass. 53, Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells, * specific for particular tumours * Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, aflaemia, ate. * Most cancers are treated by combination of sufGery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy 54, IMMUNOTHERAPY: * Tumour cells have been shown to avoithdetedtion and destruction by immune system, This content develogé by Biomentors Clases Online, Mumba © Therefore, the patients are givén 8Ub8tances called biological response modifiers such as.a-interféFon which activates their immune system and helps in destroying the tumour DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 5. OPIOIDS * Drugs obtained from Poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), * Bind £8 specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. &g. Heroin, Morphine : ini nt and sl 3) Heroin (smack) is chemically diacetylmorphine > Awhite, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. > This is obtained by acetylation of morphine > Morphine extracted from the latex of poppy plant > Heroin generally taken by snorting and injection. 56. CANNABINOIDS: + Cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain. * They effect cardiovascular system of the body. © Marijuana, Hashish, Charas and Ganja are cannabinoids. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS )Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion 57. COCAINE: (COKE/CRACK) 58. Other Obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumb Cocaine alkaloid is generally snorted. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine. this coment developed by Biomenters Classes Onlingf Mura It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system Producing a sense of euphoria and increased enerGV. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallJtination® Cannabinoids are also being abused|by some sportspersons ll-known plants with hallucinogen ie8 are A\ lladon and Datura. This content developed by Biomentops Classes Oalfe, Mumbai 59. Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines| benzodiazepines, and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines:t6 help patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and ingomiflia, Bte often abused 60. MORPHINE is a very effective sedative and painkiller and is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery. 61. TOBACCO SMOKING: TOBACCO ls stiokéd, chewed or used as a snuff. Tobaco6"tontains’a large number of chemical substances including NICOTINE, ab alkaloid. this content developed by Biomentors Classes Online Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. ‘Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, rinary bladder and throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary hi disease, gastric ulcer, etc, TOBACCO CHEWING > increased risk of cancer of the oral cavit Smoking effects > > increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood > reduces the concentration of haem bound oxygen. > This causes oxygen deficiency in the body. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS I* Tobacco use make addictive which requires counselling and medical help to get rid of the habit. 62, ADOLESCENCE + Transition phase from childhood and adulthood. * Phase of several biological and behavioural changes. * Very vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development * Phase between 12-18 years. * Things that motivate youngsters towards drug & alcohol use? > Curiosity, > Need for adventure and excitement, > Experimentation, > Unstable family environment, > Unsupportive family and > Peer pressure 63. ADDICTION * a psychological attachment to certaid effects Ssueh as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being-assoclated with’ drugs and alcohol * The tolerance level of the receptors preséhifs in our body increases. * Consequently, the receptors respordionly to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and’addiction. 64, DEPENDENCE «the tendency of the Body to show a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndr6ffe if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinuednrjistorte’developed by Blomentors Classes Online, Mumba + Thisis characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and ‘sweating whith may be relieved when use is resumed again. * In sme tases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life fhiBat2hing and the person may need medical supervision. "Dependence leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to iget sufficient funds to satiate his/her needs. These result in many social adjustment problems. © The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence. * Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral haemorthage. * Accombination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results in overdosing and even deaths, COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS a65. The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth include drop in academic performance, unexplained absence from school/college, lack of interest in personal jiene, withdrawal, havi deteriorating relationships with family and friends, loss of interest in hobbies, hange in sleeping and eating habits, fl ons in weight it . Those who take drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein using a needle and syringe), are much more likely to acquire serious infections like AIDS and Hepatitis B. 66.HIV and Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual contact of iifected. blood. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai 67. The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages nervous systemaid liver irrhosi 68. DOPING Sport person misuse narcotic analgesics, anaboli¢ steroids, diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increas@ymuscle strength and bulk and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance. 69. The SIDE-EFFECTS of the use of anabolic steroids * in females include masculinisation,(features like males), increased aggressiveness, mood swing, depression, abnormal menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth onthe Yec&and body, enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice ifs cBhiag,Heveioped by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai + In males it includesacn®, increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, reduction of size of the testicles, decreased sperm production/ potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, breast enlargeffient, premature baldness, enlargement of the prostate gland. Thesé effect8imay be permanent with prolonged use. © jmethé@tadolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne, and premiatute closure of the growth centres of the long bones may result iMetinted growth. 70.PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DRUG AND ALCHOHAL ABUSE: #) Avoid undue peer pressure * Education and counselling. COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS a+ Seeking help from parents and peers + Looking for danger signs. | i : 1 Seeking professional and medical help. 71. DIGITAL AMNESIA > People are ready to forget important 7 information in the belief that it can be immediately retrieved from a digital device. Ele: Le aL) IMPORTANT NCERT IMAGES When the mosquito bites another human, ‘sporozoites are Injected with bite. Mature infective stages (sporozoites) escape from gut and migrate to the mosquito salivary glands. Parasite (sporozoites) reach the liver through blood [ Fertilization and development talke place the mosquito's aut ‘The parasite reproduces asexually in liver cells, bursting the cell and releasing into the Female mosuito takes up gametocytes with blood meal a arneocytey é. a 2 ates reproduce asexually in red blood => Be. cells, bursting the red blood cells and causing cycles of fever and other ees OP ns Tae souamener in Pes rice pee eer COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS aRetrovirus Viral RNA core Virus infects, Viral protein | Berm! cell coat ‘Viral RNA ts introduced tnto cell Cytoplasm Viral DNA incorporates into host genome New viruses. can infect other cells NOTE: Infected cell ean survive while viruses are being replicated and released Figure 8.6 Replication of retrovirus (Wo: Figure 8.9 Skeletal structure of fannabinod molecule COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 19