320 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY Vol. 38, No.

Koroseal and poly-

TABLE
XXXIV. STABILITY A S D CORROSION O F CALCIUM PERIIANGANATE SOLUTIONS AT 50 C.
O
ethylene are suitable
for gaskets and
-
El
- E2
Control ITD1010
-Al--^-'
A2
A I , 2S'/aH
-___-
€31 BZ
-~---
SS Type 304
C1 c2
Bakelite"
D1 D2
- similar applications.
Phosphates are thc
Piessure, atm. best stabilizers of those
0 day 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 tested. There appears
1 day. 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0
5 days 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 to be a maximum
10 days 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 concentration above
19 days 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 which a stabilizer
21 days 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
56 days ... 1.0 ... 1.0 ... 1.0 ... 1.0 ... 1.0 ceases to function.
h.InOa-, % Concentrated per-
Original 51.9 51.9 61.9 .51,9 51.9 5f.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 oxide is insensitive to
Final 52.1 53.5 51.3 51.2 51.1 01.3 51.0 51.7 51.7 51.8
Change 10.2 +1.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 -c.2 -0.1 shock.
Vol. of tube, ml. 12.5 10.5 9.02 8.93 9.43 8.87 8.48 12.69 12.55 12.77 Concentrated cal-
Weight, grams cium permanganate
Initial 2.7508 2,7783 1.0579 1.0575 2.9235 2.8946 4.596G 4 . G255
Final 2.7511 2.7763 1,0579 1,0574 4.9235 2.8948 4.5970 4.6259 solutions are stable a t
Change + 0 , 0003 +0.0008 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0000 +0.0002 4-0.0004 -to.0004 temperature up to at
a Steel test piec:es coated according to CWB, Specification 196-131-207. least 50" C. Ordinary
steel containers may be
used for its storage
TABLExxxv. TESTO F \rARIOUS ;\IArERIALS I N 5 1 f L . O F and shipment.
CONCEKTRATED CALCIUM PER\lANGANATE SOLT7TIOS AT ROoX
TEMPERATURE TESTTUBE
IN COVERED
Wt. after 7 Daysa _ _ Wt,
_ _ _after
_ ~ - 28 Daysa
Initial, Final, Change, Initial, Final, Change, LlTERATURE CITED
grams grams mg. grams grams mg.
Garlock 7790 0.2376 0,2375 -0.1 0,2091 0,2093 +0.2 (I) Gilbert, H. N., and Reichert, J. S. (to Du Pont Co.), U. S.
Saran tubing Patents 2,001,509 (1935) and 2,091,178 (1937).
Clear 0.5264 0.5265 +O.l 0.4954 0.4957 4-0.3 (2) Maas, O., and co-workers, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,42, 2548-74
Dark 0.6333 0.6331 -0.2 0 , 6 0 2 7 0,6028 +O.l (1920) ; 44, 2472-80 (1922); 46, 200-308, 2693-2700 (1924);
Koroseal 117 0.9546 0.9538 -0.8 0.8250 0.8748 -0.2
2s Alb 0.9486 0,9487 4-0.1 0.9523 0 , 9 5 2 6 +0.3 51, 674-87 (1929).
SS 446O 1.4152 1.4154 +0.2 1.4229 1.4233 +0.4 (3) Reichert, J. S., Chem. Eng. News, 21, 480 (1943).
a Test pieces were approximately 0.2 X 0.7 X 2.9 cm. (4) Reichert, J. S.(to Du Pont Co.), U. S. Patent 2,008,726 (1935).
b Aluminum was given Becco treatment. (5) Spring, W., 2 . anorg. Ch,em., 8,424-33 (1895).
C Stainless steel was pickled i n 10% HzSOa a t 80' C.
RELEASED
b y authority of the Chief, Chemical Warfare Service.

Vapor Pressure-Temperature
Nomographs
SAMUEL B. LIPPINCOTT AND MARGARET M. LYMAN
Esso Laboratories, Standard Oil Development Company, Elizabeth, N . J .

Nomographs are presented that give vapor pressure-tem- where At = O C. to be added to obseTed boiling point
t = observed boiling points, C.
perature relations for compounds boiling from -50" to 2.8808 - log p = log of observed pressure subtracted
550' C. If any two of the three related quantities, vapor from log of 760
pressure, temperature, and normal boiling point, are d. = quantity proportional to entropy of vaporiza-
known, the third can be found by a single setting of a tion of 760 mm.
straight edge.
Thc solution of this equation is rather laborious and time con-
+
suming. First a value for must be determined. For this pur-
THE need often arises in the laboratory and plant for a rapid
4

method of calculating vapor pressure-temperature relations.

A number of nomographs for this purpose have appeared in the
pose all compounds are divided arbitrarily into eight groups and
listed (Tables I and 11). Substances not included in the tabula-
,tion may be classified by grouping them with compounds which
literature, but for the most part each nomograph represents only
they resemble closely in physical and structural properties.
a single class of compounds, and each compound is represented
When the compound has been classified, the value of + can be
by a given point. The nomographs presented here can be used
for all pure liquids boiling between -50' and 560" C. The slide
+
estimated from a graph in which is plotted against boiling point
for each of the eight groups. If the normal boiling point is the
rule for vapor pressure described by Miles ( 2 ) can be applied to a
unknown, a t least two calculations must be made. The first gives
similar range of compounds. The nornographs have the advan-
an approximate boiling point; the latter, in turn, is used to ob-
tage that they do not have to be cut out and mounted before use.
tain a value of + from which to make the more accurate calculx-
Miles gives a complete bibliography of the subject.
tion.
The nomographs presented here are based upon a method for
The nornographs (Figures 1 and 2) solve the equation by a
the correction of boiling points to standard pressure by Hass and
single setting of a straight edge. The eight curves through the
Xewton (1). They used a modification of the integrated form of
center of each nomograph represent. the eight groups. The scale
the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
along these Eurves gives the normal or standard boiling point a t
(273.1 + t)(2.8808 - log p ) 760 mm. Thc scale a t the right gives the observed boiling point,
At = + + 0.15 (2.8808 - log p ) and the logarithmic scale a t the left gives the observed pressure.
March, 1946 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 321

E 760
Group

-1
c

-31
100
90 -I 0 4
00
70
60

r"
2
0l
E

zl5
. 4
'Oi

G
Copyright, 1946, by S.B.Lipp;nco+t

Figure 1. Vapor Pressure-Temperature Nomograph for Low-Boiling Compounds

322 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 38, No. 3

Group

4
8

LI
E
20 fL
4

15 ,704

3
21
-1
.

E
k
2.5

1.5,

i Copyright, 1943, by S.E.Lippinsott

3
354
Figure 2. Vapor Pressure-Temperature Nomograph for High-Boiling <:ompoiirid.s
March, 1946 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 3i3

TABLEI TABLE 11
COMPOUND GROUP B.P., C. COMPOUND GROUP B.P., O C. GROUPI GROUP3 (Cont'd)
Acetaldehyde 3 20.2 Heptanoic acid 7 221 Anthracene Nitrobenzene
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
4
6
118.1
140.0
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen cyanide
2
3
....
26
Anthra uinone
B u t let% lene
Nitromethane
Tetranitromethane
Acetone 3 56.5 Hydrogen fluoride 2 19.4 Cargon dmlfide
ticetophenone 4 203 Isoamyl alcohol 8 132 Phenanthrene GROUP4
Amines 3 .... Isobutyl alcohol 8 108 Sulfur monochloride
Trichloroethylene
Acetic acid
Ammonia 5 -33.3 Isobutyric acid 6 154.5 Aceto henone
n-Amy+ alcohol 8 138 Isocaproic acid 7 207.7 GROUP2 CresoE
Anthracene 1 341 Mercuric chloride 3 302 Cyanogen
Anthraquinone 1 380 Mercurous 'chloride 8 383.7 Benzaldehyde Dimethylamine
Benzaldehyde 2 179.5 Methyl alcohol 7 64.7 Benzonitrile Dimethyl oxalate
Benzoic acid 7 249 Methylamine 6 -6.6 Benzo henone Ethylamine
Bensonitrile 2 190.7 Methyl benzoate 3 199 Camptor Glycol diacetate
Benzo henone 2 306 Methyl ether 3 -23.6 Carbon suboxide Methyl formate
Bensyy alcohol 5 205 Methyl ethyl ether 3 10.8 Carbon sulfoseleniae Nitrosyl chloride
Butylethylene 1 64.1 Methyl ethyl ketone 2 79.6 Chlorohydrocarbons Sulfur dioxide
Butyric acid 7 164 Methyl formate 4 31.5 Dibenzyl ketone
Camphor 2 204 Methyl salicylate 2' 223 Dimethylsilicane GROUP5
Carbon disulfide 1 46.3 Naphthols 3 Ethers AMMOnia
Carbon suboxide
Carbon sulfoselenide
2
2
7 Nitrobenzene 3 iio:s Halogenated hydrocs trbons
Hydrocarbons
Benzyl alcohol
84.5 Nitromethane 3 101 Methylamine
Chloroanilines
3, .. .. .. .. Nitrosyl ohloride 4 -5.6 Hydro en 5uoride Phenol
Chlorinated derivatives
Cresols 4 ....
Nitrotoluenes
Nitrotoluidinea
2
2
.... Methy'! ethyl ketone
Methyl salicylate
Propionic acid
Cyanogen , 4 -20.6 Phenanthrene 1 &io* Nitrotoluenes GROUP6
Cyanogen chloride. 3 13.8 Phenol 5 182 . Nitrotoluidines Acetic anhydride
Dibenzyl ketone 2 330.5 Phosgene 2 8.3 Phosgene Isobutyric acid
Dimethylamine 4 7.4 Phthalic anhydride 2 284.5 Phthalic anhydride Water
Dimethyl oxalate 4 163.3 Propionio acid 5 141.1 Sulfides
Quinoline
Dimethylsilicane 2 -20.1 n-Propyl alcohol 8 .97.2 GROUP7
Esters 3 .... c&ino;le 2 237.3
Ethyl alcohol
Ethers
8
2
78.6
.... Sulfur dioside
2
4
....
-10.0
GROUP3
Acetaldehyde
Benzoic acid
Butyric acid
Ethvlamine 4 16.6 Sulfur monochloride 1 138 Acetone Ethylene glycol
7 197.2 Tetranitromethane 3 125.7 Amines Heptanoic acid
3 10.7 Trichloroethylene 1 87 Chloroanilines Isocaproic acid
Methyl alcohol
3
4,
100.7
189
....
Valeric acid
Water . 7
6
187
100.0
Cyanogen chloride
Esters
Ethylene oxide
Valeric acid
GROUP.^
Formic acid
* Same group as though halogen were hydrogen, Hydrogen cyaqide n-Amyl alcohol
Mercuric chloride Ethyl alcohol
Methyl benzoate Isoamyl alcohol
Methyl ether Isobutyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ether Mercurous chloride
4 straight edge connecting an observed pressure with the corre- Naphthols n-Propyl alcohol
sponding temperature indicates the normal boiling point on the
center scale by its intersection with the curve representing the
gwup to which the compound belongs. If any two of the three is the normal boiling point, 178". The straight edge is rotated
related quantities (vapor pressure, temperature, and normal about this point to 25 mm. on the pressure scale. The reading on a

boiling point) are known, the third can be found by a single set-
ting of the straight edge.
Typical compounds are listed in alphabetical order in Table I
and divided into the eight groups in Table 11. If a compound is
not listed in Table I, i t can be placed in a group containing similar
substances by referring to Table 11. For example, amines in
general are classified in group 3, but dimethylamine and ethyl-
amine are in group 4, and methylamine is in group 5. If ethyl-
methylamine were under consideration, it would be placed in
group 4. Dibutylamine would be placed in group 3. Hydrocar-
bons] in general, are in group 2, but there are exceptions, anthra-
cene, phenanthrene, and butylethylene being listed in group 1.
The use of the nomograph can be illustrated best by an ex-
ample. Bis-8-chloroethyl ether distills at 59' at 10 mm. What is
the normal boiling point, and at what temperature will it distill
when the pressure is 25 mm.? Chloroethyl ether is not listed in
Table I, but halogen derivatives are stated to be in the same group
as though the halogen were hydrogen, and therefore it belongs
in group 2 with ethers. The straight edge is placed so that i t
connects 10 111111. on the pressure scale with 59' on the temper-
ature scale, and the point of intersection with the group 2 curve
the temperature scale, 77", is the boiling point a t 25 mm.
I n order t o check the accuracy of the nomographs, seventy-
five problems were solved, and the answers checked with those
obtained by mathematical calculations. Sixty-seven of the
answers agreed with the calculated within 1" C. Only one answer
differed from the calculated by more than 2". A further check
was made by determining with the nomographs the temperatures
a t which certain compounds possessed given vapor pressures and
comparing the answers with published data. Some nine hundred
sets of data representing eighty-four compounds were checked.
The average absolute deviation of the nomographic values from
the published values was 0.9' C. The maximum deviation was
8.0" C. These data are given in Table I11 as they apply to vari-
ous types of compounds. The larger deviations are associated
with the amines, carboxylic acids, and phenols. It is possible
that some of the larger deviations are due to inaccuracies in the
published data. I n fact, in some cases in which the nomographic
and the published values disagreed greatly, a search of more
recent literature revealed values that checked closely with the
nomograph. These results were obtained by using a larger size .
nomograph'.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are indebted to their colleagues at the Standard

TABLE111. COMPARISONOF CALCULATED
AND LITERATURE
6 Oil Development Company for suggestions during the formative
VALUESFOR VAPORPRESSURE-TEMPERATURE
DATA period of these nomographs, and t o Mrs. B. M. Vanderbilt for
No. of
Com- No. of Deviation, C. the lettering of the charts.
pounds Points Av. Abs. Max.
Acids, carboxylic 7 56 1.4 7.0 LITERATURE CITED
Alcohols 6 77 0.9 3.0
Amines 9 60 0.7 8.0 (1) Hasa, H. B., and Newton, R. F.,in Handbook of Chemistry and
Tbtpr. 12 70 0.9 3.5
Halogenated compohnds 8 86 0.4 3.0 Physics, 28th ed., p. 1731, Cleveland, Chemical Rubber Pub.
Hydrocarbons, aromatic 7 86 0.6 3.0 Co., 1944; Cragoe, in "International Critical Tables", Vol.
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic 19 315 0.8 3.0 111, p. 246, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1928.
Phenols 6 64 1 .o 6.0
(2) Miles, F. T., IND.ENG.CHEM.,35, 1052 (1943).
Miscellaneous
Total
-
10
84
-87 0.8
c

0 9
4.2
_.

890 8.0 1 The larger size nomographs (approximately 10 X 14 Inches) may be ob-
tained upon request from 9. B. Lippincott, as long a8 the supply lasts.