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Engineering Chemistry
Module II
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Drinking water or Municipal water
Should satisfy the following requirements
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Water Treatment
oxidation
pH adjustment
cation exchange
filtration
adsorption demineralization
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Coagulant (Alum or Ferrous sulphate)
When added to water, forms an insoluble gelatinous,
flocculant precipitate, which descent through water, adsorbs and
entangles very fine suspended impurities forming bigger flocs, which
settle down easily
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MgSO4 + 2CO2
- very costly
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By adding bleaching powder (Municipal
treatment)
About 1kg of bleaching powder per 1000 kiloliters of water is
mixed
Produces hypochlorous acid (powerful germicide)
Disadvantages
Introduces Calcium in water, thereby making it more hard
Mechanism of Action:
Disinfecting action of Chlorine – nascent oxygen liberated –
oxidizes harmful bacteria
Chemical reaction of HOCl with enzymes – inactivation of enzyme
Enzyme – essential for metabolic processes of the micro-organism
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Factors affecting efficiency of chlorine
1. Number of micro-organism destroyed by chlorine per unit
time is proportional to the number of micro-organism alive.
2. The rate of reaction with enzymes increases with
temperature.
3. pH values between 5.0 - 6.5, less contact time is enough.
Advantages
(i) Effective and economical (ii) used low as well as high temp
(iii) most ideal
Disadvantages
(i) should not exceed 0.1 – 0.2 ppm (ii) less effective in higher
pH values (iii) excess chlorine produces unpleasant taste and
odour.
Break point chlorination or free-residual
chlorination
Involves addition of sufficient amount of chlorine to
oxidize
organic matters,
reducing substances,
free ammonia
Need?
free chlorine to kill bacteria
3O2 2O3
O3 O2 + [O.]
Nascent oxygen
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UV - Sterilizer
UV radiation
• Low pressure and medium pressure UV lamps are available
• reacts primarily with nucleic acids: pyrimidine dimers and
other alterations
Primary uses:
Primary physical disinfectant
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Advantages of UV Disinfection:
• Highly effective on broad range of pathogens
• Forms no harmful disinfection by-products
• Inactivation independent of pH and temperature
• No unpleasant taste or odor
• No transportation, storage or handling of chemicals
• Easily installed within existing water treatment facilities
• Low capital and operating costs – only small scale systems
• Simple to operate
• Minimal hazard risk for operators
Limitations
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Membrane Filtration
– Physical separation process
What is filtration?
Filtration is a process of removing particulate matter from
water by forcing the water through a porous media. This
porous media can be natural, in the case of sand, gravel and
clay, or it can be a membrane wall made of various materials.
- Membrane materials
• Organic polymers
• Inorganic materials such as ceramic, glass or metal
2. Hollow Fiber
Spiral-Wound Membranes 32
Brackish Water
The water containing dissolved salts with a peculiar salty taste –
Salt Water
• Electrodialysis
• Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis
• Reverse osmosis filters have a pore size around 0.0001 micron
• After water passes through a reverse osmosis filter, it is
essentially pure water
• In addition to removing all organic molecules and viruses,
reverse osmosis also removes most minerals that are present
in the water
• Reverse osmosis removes monovalent ions, which means that
it desalinates the water
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Principle of osmosis and reverse osmosis
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Advantages: Reverse Osmosis
• Desalting seawater
• Treating brackish groundwater
• Water softening – hardness removal
• Waste water recovery
• Removing color, odor, and other organic
contaminants
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