[21] RELATIONS AND MAPPING ; Syllabus : Relations and Mapping — To be done through arrow diagrams, leading to listing of the matching pairs. Classification of functions not included. Ordered Pair Two elements a and b listed in a specific order, form an ordered pair, denoted by @ b). In an ordered pair (a, 6), we call a as first component and 6 as second component. By changing the positions of the components, the ordered pair is changed. Thus, (2, 3) # (3, 2). Also, (a, 6) = (c, d) a =c andb =d. Thus, (x, y) = (6, 2) x = 5 andy = 2 Example 1. Given (a ~ 3, b + 2) = (1, 5), find a and b. Solution. @-3,b+2)=(1,5) @a-3=landb+2=5 @a=1+3andb=5-2 @a=4andb=3. “a= 4 and 6 =3. Example 2. Given (6, q + 4) = (p + 8, 8), find p and q. Solution. (,q¢+4)=(p+3,8) @5=p+3andg+4=8 #@p=5-S3andq=8-4 @p=2andg=4. vo p=2andq=4. Given (4a, 4) = (3a - 2, 2b + 1), find a and b. (4a, 4) = (8a - 2, 2b + 1) & 4a = 8a- 2 and 4 = 2641 @ 4a - 8a =- 2 and 2b=4-1 e@a=-2andb= 3, 2 Example 3. Solution. =-2andb= role Cartesian Product of Two Sets Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, their Cartesian product A x B is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a € A and b € B. te. Ax B= (a,b): ae Aandbe B) Let A = {8, 9} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}. Example : a Then, A x B =((8, 1), (8, 8), (8, 5), (8, 7), (9, 1), @, 3), (9, 5), (9, D).f nll ordered Relation Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a relation R from A to B is the wet ; pairs (a, b) such thata « A, be B and a is associated with b according to a definite rule, If (a, 6) € R, we say that a is related to b and wo write alt. Clearly, every relation R from A to B ix a subset of A x B. ie, Ro A * i, Representation of a Relation ; a @) Roster Porm +A relation represented by the set of all ordered pairs contained in it is said to be in roster form. relation Ht from A to {1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 16), then a be represented in roster form an : Example: If A = (1, 2,8, 4) and B= B defined as ‘is a positive square root of can R=(Q, 0, @ 4, G, 9), (4, 16) @i) Arrow Diagrarh :Let R be a relation from A to B. We draw closed bounded figures to represent the sets A and B and write their elements in the \ corresponding figures. te . ‘Then, we draw arrows from A to B to indicate the pairing of the corresponding elements 3e— related to each other. ae. i °10 on Thus, we can show the relation given in example 5 by the arrow diagram in the manner A \. / 016 /8 given in the adjoining figure. Domain and Range of a Relation Let R be relation from A to B. Then Domain (R) = Set of first components of all ordered pairs in R, Range (R) = Set of second components of all ordered pairs in R. If R= (1, D, (2, 4), (8, 9), (4, 16)) then find the domain and range of R. Example 4. Solution : Domain (R) = Set of all first components of all ordered pairs in R = (1, 2, 3,4). Range (R) = Set of all second components of all ordered pairs in R = {1, 4, 9, 16). Example 5, Let A= (3, 6, 7) and B= (3, 4, 6, 6). Let R be the relation, ‘is less than’ from A to B. Write R in roster form. Find Domain (R) and Range (R). Also exhibit the relation R by an arrow-diagram. Clearly, R consists of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that ae A,b ¢ Banda b. +. In the roster form, R, = ((5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 5), (7, 4), (7,'5), (7, 6).Domain (R,) = Set of all first components of R, = (5, 6, 7). Range (R,) = Set of all second components of R, = {4, 5, 6). (ii) R, = ‘is equal to’ can be represented by the arrow diagram as : ens x B Thus, R, = Set of all ordered pairs (a, 6) such that a ¢ A,b € Banda =b. +» In the roster form, R, = ((5, 5), (6, 6)). Domain (Ry) = Set of all first components of R, = (5, 6). Range (R,) = Set of all second components of Ry = (6, 6). (i) R, = ‘is 2 greater than’ can be represented by the arrow diagram as : po A B Thus, R, = Set of all ordered pairs (a, 6) such that a € A,b « Banda is 2 greater than b. ++ In the roster form, R, = ((6, 4), (7, 5)}. Domain (R,) = Set of all first components of R, = {6, 7}. Range (R,) = Set of all second components of Ry = (4, 5). EXERCISE 21A 1. What is the difference between the notations {a, ) and (a, b)? 2. @ Find x and y, if (9, y) = (x, - 2). (ii) Find p and gq, if (p - 3, q - 2) = (8, 4). (iii) Find a and 8, if (8a - 4, 6) = (a + 6,b + 7). 3. Let A = {x, y, z} and B = (p, q, r). State which of the following is a relation from A to B é OR, =(&, p), @ Y), % 2 @ 2, & I (i) R, = (, r), &, pI} (iii) By ={(r, 2), @, 9), (p, 2) (wv) R, = (@, »), &, 2), @ 2), @, 9), (qr), (r, p)} (v) R, ={G, @), @, 7), Op) On), @ p), & QD} 4, Let A = (2, 3, 4) and B = (4, 5, 6, 12). Let R be the relation from A to B, given by, ‘is a factor of. @ Write R in roster form. (@) Find Domain (R) and Range (R). (ii) Exhibit R by an arrow-diagram. 5. Let A = (12, 15, 16, 18, 21) and B = (2, 3, 4}: Let R be the relation from A to B, given by, ‘is divisible by. ‘(@® Write R in roster form. (ii) Find Domain (R) and Range (R). (ii) Show R by an arrow-diagram, 6. Let P = (2, 3, 4, 5) and Q = (4, 5, 6, 7). Define the following relations from PQ @ R, as, “s less than’ (ii) R, as, ‘is equal to” (ii) Ry as, ‘is 3 less than’ Write each one of the above relations in roster form. Find the domain and range of each of these relations. 7. Draw arrow-diagrams to represent the following relations. © R, = (2, 2), (2, 5), (2, 8), 4, 7, 6, 2). Gi) Ry = ((8, 9), (3, 12), (3, 15), (4, 12), (6, 15)). Gii) Ry = (C1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (6, 10). (iv) R, = (@, 0, @, »), ©, 2), © 2), ( W)- 8, Given below are some relations exhibited by arrow diagrams. Write each of these relations in roster form. @o / (ii) a a A B A ii) (iv) 9, Given A = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and B = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8). Draw arrow diagrams to represent each of the following relations from A to B. Also, express each of the relations in roster form by listing the related pairs of elements, . Find the domain and range in each case. (@ R, = tis less than’ (ii) Ry = ‘is greater than’ equal to (iv) Ry = ‘is 3 less than’ 2 greater than’ Wi) Ry is @ multiple of 10, State True or False : q @) (1, 2} is a set while (1, 2) is an orderec i) (1, 2} = {2, 1) but (1, 2) # (2, 1) © ii) (1, 2) = (2, 1) and {1, 2} # {2, 9 @) If @, 3) = (, y), then x = 5 and y = 3. 4 (v) A relation from B to A consists of all ordered pairs (a, b) such thata.c Bandb cA.” = ‘is a divisor of(vi) If A = (2, 3, 4, 5} and B = (6, 6), then R = ((5, 6)) is a relation from A to B. (vit) IA = (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5}, then R = ((4, 3), (6, 2)) is a relation from B to A. FUNCTIONS (MAPPINGS) | Function or Mapping Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a function or a mapping f from A to B is a rule which associates to each element x ¢ A, a unique element f (x) ¢ B, called the image of x. Iff is a mapping from A to B, we write f: A > B. Remarks : For f to be a mapping from A to B : (@ every clement in A must have its image in B. (ii) no element in A must have more than one images. Examples : @ Let A = (1, 2, 3, 4) and B = (1, 4, 9, 16, 25}. Consider the rule, f (x) =.x°, x ¢ A. This rule may be represented by the arrow-diagram given below. A 8 Clearly, each element in A has a unique image in B. So the rule given above is a mapping from A to B. Note : This mapping can be represented in the roster form as f= (1, D, @, 4), (, 9), (4, 16) (i) Let A = (4, 9, 16) and B = (-2, 2, 3, 4, 5). Consider the rule, f(x) = Jx,x¢ A. This rule may be represented by the arrow-diagram given below. A B Clearly, the element 4 € A has two images, namely — 2 and + 2 in B, -* So, the above rule is not a’ mapping from A to B. - Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Mapping Let f be a mapping from A to B. Then, we define ; (a) Domain () = A (0) Co-domain () = B (c) Range (/) = Set of all images of elements of A Mapping as a Relation Let A and B be two non-empty sets and R be a relation from A to B. Then R is called amapping from A to B, if domain (R) = A and no two different ordered pairs in R have the same first components. Examples : (@ Let A = (2, 3, 4) and B = (5, 6, 7, 8). Let {(2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 71. ‘Then domain (R) = (2, 3, 4) = A. ‘And, no two different ordered pairs in R have the same first components. «. Ris a mapping from A to B. (ii) Let A = (5, 7, 9) and B = (1, 3, 6). Let R = ((5, 0), (7, 3)) be a relation from A to B. Then domain (R) = (5, 7) # A. . Ris not a mapping from A to B. (iii) Let A = (2, 3, 4) and B = (8, 12). Let R = ((2, 8), (2, 12), (3, 12), (4, 12)). Then domain (R) = (2, 3, 4} = A. But two different ordered pairs, namely (2, 8) and (2, 12) have the same first components. <. R is not a mapping from A to B. Note : Every mapping from A to B is a relation from A to B. But, every relation is not a mapping. Example 1. Which of the following arrow-diagrams represents a mapping? eam = BA BOA 8 w (ii) Solution : ( For a mapping from A to B, each element in A must have a unique image in B. Since, in this diagram, c € A is not associated with any element of B. So, c e A has no image. .. The given diagram does not represent a mapping. (i) Clearly, a has a unique image x; & has a unique image x; c has a unique image z. ‘Thus, each element in A has a unique image in B. .. Given diagram represents a mapping. (iii) This diagram shows that an element, namely a in A is associated with two elements x and y of B. So, each element in A does not have a unique image in B. So, the given diagram does not represent a mapping. Example 2. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4) and B = {1, 4, 7, 10, 13}. Consider the rule, f (x) = 8x - 2, x € A. (@ Show that fis a mapping from A to B. (ii) Draw the arrow diagram to represent the mapping. oe) Gif) Represent the mapping in the roster form, Gv) Find the Domain and Range of the mapping. Solution: (i) Using f (x) = ax © Av we have : FD =1 2) =4, 68) = 7, 7M) = 10, Clearly, every element in A has a unique image in B. Hence, f is a mapping from A to B. () Arrow diagram representing the mapping f is : A ii) In roster form, the mapping can be represented as F= (0, D, 2 4), (8, 7, 4, 100) (iv) Domain (/) = {1, 2, 3, 4) Range (f) = (1, 4, 7, 10} EXERCISE 21B 1, Let A = (4, 5, 6} and B = (8, 10, 12, 14). Draw arrow-diagram to represent the rule f (x) = 2x from A to B. Does this rule represent a mapping? 2, Let A = (5, 7, 9} and B = (7, 11, 15, 16). Draw arrow-diagram to represent the rule f (x) = 2x — 3 from A to B, Does this rule represent a mapping? 3, Which of the following relations represents a mapping? @ (3, 1), (4, 2), (6, 4), (8, 6) (i) {(3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)) (iii) ((4, 2), (9, 8), (1, 1), (16, 4)} (iv) {a.n, @ 3), 6. 2) , ( >} (v) {(4, 8), (4, 12), (5, 10), (6, 12)} (Wi) (4,5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (6, 8)} 4. Which of the arrow-diagrams given below represents a mapping? Give reasons, P f re A B Gi) de P< A B (iv)5. Let A = {4, 9, 12} and B = (2, 3, 4}. @ Show that the relation R = ((4, 2), (9, 3)} is not a mapping from A to B. . (ii) Show that the relation R = ((4, 2), (4, 4), (9, 3), (12, 2), (12, 4)} from A to B is not a mapping from A to B. 6. Let A = (2, 5, 6) and B = (5, 13, 26, 31, 37). Consider the rule, f (x) = x" +1, where x A. (i) Show that f is a mapping from A to B. ) Draw the arrow diagram to represent the mapping. (iii) Represent the mapping in the roster form. (iv) Find the Domain and Range of the mapping. THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. Ordered Pair : Two numbers a and listed in a specific order, form an ordered pair (a, b). In ordered pair (a, b), we call a as first component and 6 as second component. 2. 3. (a, b) = (, d) ea =candb=d. 4, For any two non-empty sets A and B, we define : Ax B=((a,b):a¢ Aandb¢ B). Any subset R of (A x B) is called a relation from A to B. 5. Let R be a relation from A to B. Then, Dom (R) = [a : (a, 6) € R}, Range (R) = (b : (a, b) © RI. Function or a Mapping : Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then, a rule f which associates to each clement x A, a unique element fix) ¢ B, is called a function from A to B. Dom (f) = A, Co-dom (f) = B, Range (/) = [ftx): x € Al. : Let R be a relation from A to B such that dom (R) = A and no different ordered pairs in a R have the same first co-ordinate. Then, R is a mapping from A to B.