ode:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi SS ie DETAILS EXPLANATIONS EE : Power Systems 1. (a) Figure : Typical Speed-Time Curve For Main Line Service: Speed Curve Free Running | Running 100 x 1 i 2 ! 1 s t \ 3 2 75 ' + 8 = ' 1 z | | E so 2 < 1 1 1 = Ss ' ' 1 £ 3 \ { 1 \ fo 8 I 1 1 I a i 1 25 t 1 | I ' 1 \ I 1 1 I I 1 1 I | i 1 At. Rheostatic t 200 400 t, 600 800 = t,1000 t, 1200 Accelerati ee ceeleration Time in Seconds ————————_- (i) Acceleration : It consists of two parts known as : (1) Constant acceleration or acceleration while notching up : During notching up period (0 to t,) the current is maintained approximately constant and the voltage across the motor is gradually increased by culling out the starting resistance. Thus tractive effort is constant and therefore, acceleration remains constant during this period. (2) Speed curve running or acceleration on the speed curve : During speed curve running (t, to t,) the voltage acting across the motor remains constant and current starts decreasing with the increase in speed according to the characteristics of the motor and finally the current taken by the motor hecomes constant. During this period, though the train accelerates but acceleration decreases with the increase in speed and finally becomes zero at the speed at which the tractive effort developed by the motor becomes exactly equal to the resistance to motion of the train. fmaralatcaccc ean nen) Koi 809 444 1 777) iicuricciccc can cory.E02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi maximum speed. Duri speed attained at i, al (iii) Coasting : s) : Test Series (ii) Free Run or Constant Speed Ran At the end of speed curve running i . at f, the train attains the ing this period the truin runs with constant nd constant power is drawn. At the end of free miming period (i.e., at t,) power supply is cut off nnd the truin is allowed to run under its own momentum. The speed of train st arts decreasing on account of resistance to the motion of train. The rate of decrease of bpeed during coasting period is kn (b) Fluorescent Tubes : Voltage fluctuation has compare-| atively more effect on the! light output. jown as coasting retardation. Comparision Between Tungsten Filament Lamps and Tungsten Filament Lamps Fluorescent Tubes Voltage fluctuation has comparatively low effect on light output as the variations in voltage are absorbed in the choke. Luminous efficiency increases| with the increase in voltage o tthe lamp. It gives light close to natural light, therefore, objects are| properly seen. Luminous efficiency increases with the increase in wattage and increase in length of lube. It does not give lighl close to natural light, therefore, colour rendering is defective. Luminous efficiency _ off coloured filament lamps_ is} poor because coloured glasses} are used for this purpose. Different colour lights can be obtained lby using different composition of fluorescent powder. Hence efficiency is high and belter colours are obtained. Due to comparatively high working temperature heat radiations are also present. Due to low working temperature heat radiation is low. Its brightness is more. Its brightness is less. With the time light output is reduced. INo stroboscopic effect. With the time light output is gradually reduced. It has objectionable stroboscopic effect. Though the life of filament lamps varies with the working] voltage, however, its normal life is 1,000 working hours. Life of fluorescent tubes is not affected so much by variations in voltage but it depends on the frequency of starting. The life of the tube is about 7,500 info@engineersacademy.org TR LEENA» working hours.SRinds > ENGINEERS ACADEMY| E02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi Tungsten Filament Lamps Fluorescent Tubes The initial cost per lamp is The initial cost per tube is more. quite low. For same lumens output more|For same lumens output, lesser number lamps are required and wiringlof lubes is required, the wiring cost is| cost is more. Life of lamp is|low. Since its life is comparatively] also low. Hence overall cost]more, replacement cost is low. Hence of maintenance is more. overall maintenance cost is low. 2. (a) (i) Cut-off Current : It is the maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse melts. On the occurrence of a fault, the fault current has a very large first loop due to a fair degree of asymmetry. The heat generated is sufficient to melt the fuse element well before the peak of first loop is reached. The current corresponding to point V is the cut off current. The cut off value depends upon : ¢ Current rating of fuse e Value of prospective current ¢ Asymmetry of short-circuit current It may be mentioned here that outstanding feature of fuse action is the breaking of circuit before the fault current reaches its first peak. This gives the fuse a great advantage over a circuit breaker since the most severe thermal and electro- magnetic effects of short-circuit currents (which occur at the peak value of prospective current) are not experienced with fuses. Therefore, the circuits pro-tected by fuses can be designed to withstand maximum current equal to the cut-off value. This consideration together with the relative cheapness of fuses allows much saving in cost. (ii) Pre-arcing time : \t is the time between the commencement of fault and the instant when cut off occurs. When a fault occurs, the fault current rises rapidly and generates heat in the fuse element. As the fault current reaches the cut off value, the fuse element melts and an arc in initiated. The time from the start of the fault to the instant the arc is initiated is known as pre-arcing time. The pre-arcing time is generally small : a typical value being 0-001 second (iii) Fusing Current : \t is the minimum current at which the fuse element melts and thus discon-nects the circuit protected by it. Obviously, its value will be more than the current rating of the fuse element. info@engineersacademy.org TR LEENA»[P.Code:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi est Series eS sae sian For a round wire, the approximate relationship between fusing current I and diameter d of the wire is 1 = kd*? where k is a constant, called the fuse constant. Its value depends upon the metal of which the fuse element is made. Sir W.H. Preece found the value of k for different materials. The fusing current depends upon the various factors such as : e Material of ruse element e Length-the smaller the length, the greater the current because a short fuse can easily conduct away all the heat ¢ Diameter e size and location of terminals. (b) Given, Rated Normal current = 1000 A Symmetrical breaking capacity = 1200 MVA Racted service votlage = 33 kV Formula : . Breaking Capacity - Breaking current = V3 x Racted Voltage +: Making capacity = 2.55 x Breaking capacity +: Maximum value of TRV = 2V,, ; | = Se = 1200105 o o> BV, > Bx33x10 = 20994.55 A = 21 KA 2.55 « §, (ii) S, . = 2.55 x 1200 = 3060 MVA 33 (iii) (TRY), = 2V,, = 2» 2) = 53.88 KV Here, V,, = Maximum value of phase voltage TRV = Transient recovery voltage TRV = V_[1 — cose,t] For maximum TRV and (TRY),,. = V, [1 — C1] = 2V,, fmaralatcaccc ean nen) Koi 809 444 1 777 we eed oeCode:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi: est Series eS sae sian 3. (a) Let new S, = 10 MVA Of veo] V,=I1KV V,=66 KV AS, Ve-ow ) Zu X Ae -( box) ‘pu(new) Bold > Z, = 0.05 « Bx( $8) = 0.1 pu Zee Loe (1+ jd) Zio = Zy = VES = eye «19 = (2.3 103 + j9.2 = 103) pu Per unit Impedance diagram DS X, + IX, +Z, 1 + j0.1 + 2.3 x 103 + j9.2 x 10° 2.3 x 10% + j0.21 = 0.21289.4° So 10108 bb av, ~ Bxoox10 ~ 8748-4 +» Fault Current : Js _ 87.48 _ = Day = 416.56 A +: Fault MVA: Ss 10 SSC = = a5 = 47.62 MVA. Zen 021 (b) Per Unit System : The numerical per unit value of any quantity is define as the ratio of its actual value to another randomly choosen value of the quanity of the same dimension assume as the base or reference. info@engineersacademy.org ERTL LAL MELE www. engineersacademy.orgs>Per unit value = E02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi s) : Test Series Actual value Base value of the same dimension % value = Per unit value x 100 Advantages of Per Unit System : . @ wi Per unit system converts a multivoltage level into a single voltage level circuit hence problem of referring is avoided. Calculation are easier in per unit. Interpretation of data is easy. Range of values is value narrom. Superheater : The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a superheater where it is dried and superheated (i.e. steam temperature increased above that of boiling point of water) by the flue gases on their way to chimney. Superheating provides two principal benefits. Firstly, the overall efficiency is increased. Secondly, too much condensation in the last stages of turbine (which would cause blade corrosion) is avoided. The superheated steam from the superheater is fed to steam turbine through the main valve. Economise : An economiser is essentially a feed water heater and derives heat from the flue gases for this purpose. The feed water is fed to the economiser before supplying to the boiler. The economiser extracts a part of heat of flue gases to increase the feed water temperature. (iii) Air Preheater : An air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied for coal burn-ing by deriving heat from flue gases. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by a forced draught fan and is passed through air preheater before supplying to the boiler furnace. The air preheater extracts heat from flue gases and increases the temperature of air used for coal combustion. The principal benefits of preheating the air are : increased thermal efficiency and increased steam capacity per square metre of boiler surface. (iv) Surge Tank : Open conduits leading water to the turbine require no* protection. However, when closed conduits are used, protection becomes necessary to limit the abnormal pressure in the conduit. For this reason, closed conduits are always provided with a surge tank. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank (open at the top) in which water level rises or falls to reduce the pressuremoccceee emer E02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains): Test Series y= cae A surge tank is located near the beginning of the conduit. Figure : Various penstock protective devices Surge tank From Headworks Air valve Automatic Butterfly Valve Penstock When the turbine is running at a steady load, there are no surges in the flow of water through the conduit i.e., the quantity of water flowing in the conduit is just sufficient to meet the turbine requirements. However, when the load on the turbine decreases, the governor closes the gates of turbine. reducing water supply to the turbine. The excess water at the lower end of the conduit rushes back to the surge tank and increases its water level. Thus the conduit is prevented from bursting. On the other hand, when load on the turbine increases, addi-tional water is drawn from the surge tank to meet the increased load requirement. Hence, a surge tank overcomes the abnormal pressure in the conduit when load on the turbine falls and acts as a reservoir during increase of load on the turbine. (v) Penstocks Penstocks are open or closed conduits which carry water to the turbines. They are generally made of reinforced concrete or steel. Concrete penstocks are suitable for low heads (<30 m) as greater pressure causes rapid deterioration of concrete. The steel pen-stocks can be designed for any head; the thickness of the penstock increases with the head or working pressure. Various devices such as automatic butterfly valve, air valve and surge tank shown in figure are provided for the protection of penstocks. Automatic butterfly valve shuts off water flow through the penstock promptly if it ruptures. Air valve maintains[P.Code:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi est Series eS sae sian the air pressure inside the penstock equal to outside atmospheric pressure. When water runs out of a penstock faster than it enters, a vacuum is created which may cause the penstock to collapse. Under such situations, air valve opens and admits air in the penstock to maintain inside air pressure equal to the outside air pressure. (vi) Schematic Arrangement of a Hydroelectric Plant Surg tank 5. (a) Given, T,, = 2 sect at TMS = 0.5 and PSM = 1 Relay Racted current t = 5A Relay Plug setting = 20% At TMS = 0.4 CT. ratio = “Qa Fault current = 10 kA Formula : +, Plug setting = 200% of Racted current +; Plug setting multiplier : _ Fault Current Through Relay PSM = Plug Setting 1 ‘© PSM Solution: and t,, a TMS cy px De 10 x 10° x 10A info@engineersacademy.org ERT ELLE MELEE www.engineersacademy.orgs> &|P.Code:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (M: ‘est Series ete eid Ca ty, _ (TMS), (PSM), ~ (TMS), (PSM), s) (b) Figure shows the constructional details of a Buchholz relay. It takes the form of a domed vessel placed in the connecting pipe between the main tank and the conservator. The device has two elements. The upper element consists of a mercury type switch attached to a float. The lower element contains a mercury switch mounted on a hinged type flap located in the direct path of the flow of oil from the transformer to the conservator. The upper element closes an alarm circuit during incipient faults whereas the lower element is arranged to trip the circuit breaker in case of severe internal faults. Release Cock To Alarm Float Circuit Mercury, Switch’ Hinged ‘To Trip Point |__. Cireuit Mercury From Switch Transformer To main tank Conservator Uo F 1 Flap Test Cock info@engineersacademy.org ERTL ELLER www.engineersacademy.orgs> 9©) info@engineersacademy.org TR LEENA» H02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series Operation : The operation of Buchholz relay is as follow: ¢ Incase of incipient faults within the transformer, the heat due to fault causes the decompo-sition of some transformer oil in the main tank. The products of decomposition contain more than 70% of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas being light tries to go into the conservator and in the process gets entrapped in the upper part of relay chamber. When a pre-determined amount of gas gets accumulated, it exerts sufficient pressure on the float to cause it to tilt and close the contacts of mercury switch attached to it. This completes the alarm circuit to sound an *alarm. © Ifaserious fault occurs in the transformer, an enormous amount of gas is generated in the main tank. The oil in the main tank rushes towards the conservator via the Buchholz relay and in doing so tilts the flap to close the contacts of mercury switch. This completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer. Advantages : It is the simplest form of transformer protection. * It detects the incipient faults at a stage much earlier than is possible with other forms of protection. Disadvantages : «It can only be used with oil immersed transformers equipped with conservator tanks. e The device can detect only faults below oil level in the transformer. Therefore. separate protection is needed for connecting cables. High-Rupturing Capacity (H.R.C.) Cartridge Fuse : The primary objection of low and uncertain breaking capacity of semi-enclosed rewireable fuses is overcome in H.R.C. cartridge fuse. Fig. 20.3 shows the essential parts of a typical H.R.C. cartridge fuse. It consists of a heat resisting ceramic body having metal end-caps to which is welded silver current-carrying element. The space within the body surrounding the element is completely packed with a filling powder. The filling material may be chalk, plaster of paris, quartz or marble dust and acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium.moccceee emer E02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi s) : Test Series Outer Element Pilling Powder mer kipmen Fuse Fuse Element Link Contact Brass—- end plate Cartridge” Under normal load conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below its melting point. Therefore. it carries the normal current without overheating. When a fault occurs, the current in-creases and the fuse element melts before the fault current reaches its first peak. The heat produced in the process vapourises the melted silver element. The chemical reaction between the silver vapour and the filling powder results in the formation of a high resistance substance which helps in quenching the arc. Advantages : « They are capable of clearing high as well as low fault currents. ¢ They do not deteriorate with age. They have high speed of operation. They provide reliable discrimination. They require no maintenance. They are cheaper than other circuit interrupting devices of equal breaking capacity. ¢ They permit consistent performance. Disadvantages : e They have to be replaced after each operation. ¢ Heat produced by the are may affect the associated switches. (a) Assumption for Comparison : « Same amount of power transmitted by both system i.e. p = same. * The distance remain same over which power is transmitted i.e. 7= same. The line losses are same in both system i.e. @ = same e The maximum voltage between conductor and earth is same ie. V = same.[P.Code:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi NGINEERS ACADEMY| DC 2-wire System : I Pp -——>—__ Step-1 : lay Step-2 : @=PR+PR @) Vv BY of m ->y,) , a _ 2P? pl +-—— 1 ——+ Step-3 : A= Vio 4P? pl? Step-4 : V,=Al+Al= Vo = K(let) w(l) 3-Phase 4-Wire System : Step-1 : Le — pe 3(V, /\)2)cosq V2P_) pl Step-2 : © =3PR = 3 3V,, cose | “A m Step-3 : Ae qe DED & 3Vz cos? @ Step-4 : Vy = ADH AD HAL RAI=3.5 Al 3.5x2 1 0.583K = 3cos'd*4 ~ “cos? (2) Equatin (1)/(2) v 2 i _ cos’d > V. ~ 0.583 Here, cos = power factor (b) Figure shows the general construction of a 3-conductor cable. Lead Sheath Armouring Conductor Paper Insulation . R Bedding Serving Figure Construction of a Cable imaralaecicccce ean mere) Koi 809 444177 S Creo eesod B02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi The various parts are : ¢ Cores or Conductors : A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending upon the type of service for which it is intended. For instance, the 3-conductor cable shown in figure is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned copper or alu-minium and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable. ¢ Insulation : Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation, the thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly used materials for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral compound. ¢ Metallic Sheath : In order to pro-tect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids or alkalies) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided over the insulation as shown in figure. e Bedding : Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armouring. e =Armouring : Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists of one or two layers of galvanised steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of handling. Armouring may not be done in the case of some cables. e = Serving : In order to protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous material (like jute) similar to bedding is provided over the armouring. This is known as serving. It may not be out of place to mention here that bedding, armouring and serving are only applied to the cables for the protection of conductor insulation and to protect the metallic sheath from mechanical injury. s) : Test Series info@engineersacademy.org TR LEENA»‘est Series ete eid Ca |P.Code:EE02 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mi 7. (a) Illumination : When the light falls upon the phenomenon is called the illumination. It is d number of lumens, falling on the surface, per unit denoted by symbol E and is measured in lumei metre or lux or metre-candle. If a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of an illumination of that surface is s) E= f- lumens/m? or lux(/x) Luminous direction is the solid angle required it is (ed) or lumnes. If F is the lumens solid angle of I= £ lumnes/st o (b) Luminous flux intensity of Lamp, I= 1250 Height of lamp, h =2.7m ¢ Illumination directly below the lamp at the working plane 1250 a= Q7yp = 171.47 lux. Luminous flux + Lamp efficiency = Wattage of lamp _ 4nxmsep _ 4nx1250 W 500 31.42 lumens/watt ¢ Illumination at a point 3 metres away on the horizontal plane from vertically below the lamp E, = pscos*6 [3° +2. = 51.33 lux (c) Dielectric Heating : When non-metallic parts such as wood, plastics, bones are subjected to an alternating electrostatic field dielectric loss occurs. In dielectric heating use of these losses is made. The material to be heated is placed as a slab between metallic plates or electrodes connected to high frequency ac supply. For producing sufficient heat frequency between 10 and 30 MHz is used. Even though voltage up to 20 kV have been used but from personnel safety point of view voltages info@engineersacademy.org ERTL EL MELEE www.engineersacademy.orgs> 14[P.Code:EHO2 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains): Test Series aN ca an between 600 V and 3 kV are in common use. The necessary high- frequency supply is obtained from a valve oscillator, as in the case of high frequency eddy current heating, explained in Art. 5.8. An overall efficiency is about 50%. The current drawn by the capacitor, when an ac supply voltage is applied across its two plaies, does not lead the supply voltage by exactly 90° and there is always an in-phase component of the current. Due to this in-phase (or active) component of current, heal is always produced in the dielectric material placed in between the two plates of the capacitor. The electric energy dissipated in the form of heat energy in the dielectric material is known as dieleciric loss. The dielectric loss is directly proportional to the frequency of AC supply given Figure Dielectric Heating : (i) Equivalent Circuit : Current through the capacitor, ae Vv = Xo > Tonle = 2nfCV amperes where C is in farads and V is in volts. The current drawn from supply, I = |, = 2 f CV amperes Power produced, P = Vi cos > =V x In fF CV x cos > watts = 2n f CV* cos ¢ watts 000 Meena iiccmecce cu car) Koi 809 4441777 Pree 15