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BASIC STATISTICAL PROCEDURES
and
TABLES
Tenth Edition © 2001
P. Cabilio and J. Masaro

BASIC STATISTICAL
PROCEDURES and TABLES
by
Paul Cabilio and Joe Masaro
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
ACADIA UNIVERSITY
Tenth Edition
 2001
i
ii
Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables
INTRODUCTION
This booklet is a summary of those fundamental statistical methods and associated tables that a
student is likely to see in a general statistics course. While not a textbook, it may be used in
conjunction with any textbook or set of notes that an instructor might select for such a course. In
addition, it may serve as a useful reference handbook for any user of statistical methods.
We have developed this handbook over many years of teaching introductory statistics to students
in various disciplines and at various levels. In the experience of the authors it has proved to be a
very efficient way of encapsulating the large variety of techniques available to the student. Every
attempt has been made to make this booklet as convenient as possible for the user.
On each page of the first part, headed Statistical Inference, the reader will find step-by -step
instructions on how to conduct a particular statistical procedure. The layout in general is as
follows.
• TITLE of the page names the procedure, and below it appears a table with various
subheadings.
• ASSUMPTION lists the assumptions.
• TEST STATISTIC details the variable to be calculated.
• HYPOTHESIS gives the alternative (research) hypothesis and, when clarity requires it, the
null hypothesis.
• The α-level rejection region and the P-value, if appropriate. In each case, the reader is
referred to the appropriate table in the second part of the booklet.
• 100(1-α)% confidence interval, where appropriate.
• NOTES following each procedure provide additional useful information such as when a
normal approximation can be used, to sample size requirements for confidence intervals.
• MINITAB commands when available for the procedure.
The second part of the booklet contains the tables. These were selected with “ease of use” in
mind; and in order to increase their usefulness as a reference, tables not usually found in
undergraduate textbooks have also been included.
Paul Cabilio
Joe Masaro
iii
iv
CONTENTS
INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF A POPULATION

One Sample T-test for the Population Mean µ ........................................................................ 3
One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M............................................................... 4
One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT) for the Population Median M.................... 5
INFERENCE CONCERNING SYMMETRY AND NORMALITY

Sk-test for Asymmetry.............................................................................................................. 6
Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality.................................................................................... 6
Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location
and/or the Associated Confidence Interval.............................................................................. 7
INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF TWO POPULATIONS

PAIRED SAMPLE DESIGN
Paired T-test for the Population Mean µd................................................................................. 8
Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md....................................................................... 9
Paired Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT) for the Population Median Md............................ 10
INDEPENDENT SAMPLE DESIGN

Two Sample Pooled T-test for µX - µY...................................................................................... 11
Two Sample Unpooled T-test for µX - µY.................................................................................. 12
Two Sample Approximate Z-test for µX - µY............................................................................. 13
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test (MWWT) for MX - MY................................................................ 14
INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION VARIANCES

Test about a Population Variance σ ......................................................................................
2
15
Test Comparing Two Population Variances σ 2
X and σ 2
Y ....................................................... 16
INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION PROPORTIONS

Test about a Population Proportion p...................................................................................... 17
Approximate Z-test Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions pX and pY.............. 18
Fisher's Exact Test Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions pX and pY.............. 19
ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA

Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit....................................................................................... 20
Chi-Square Test for Independence.......................................................................................... 21
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity........................................................................................... 22
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN

One-Way ANOVA: Fixed Effects, Normal Model..................................................................... 23
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for µi - µj based on the One-Way
ANOVA for a Completely Randomized Design, Fixed Effects Normal Model.......................... 24
Newman-Keuls Multiple Range Procedure for the Comparison of k means µ1, µ2, ..., µk........ 25
Kruskal-Wallis Test (KW-test).................................................................................................. 26
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test....................................... 27
v
CONTENTS (continued)
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN

Randomized Complete Block Design for the Comparison of k Treatments
within b Blocks of Size k: Fixed Effects, Normal Model........................................................... 28
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for µi. - µj. based on the Two-Way ANOVA
for a Randomized Complete Block Design, Fixed Effects, Normal Model............................... 29
Friedman Test.......................................................................................................................... 30
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Friedman Test............................................... 31
TWO-FACTOR FACTORIAL DESIGN: EQUAL NUMBERS PER CELL

Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model............ 32
Multiple Pairwise Comparison Confidence Intervals based on the Two-Way ANOVA
for a Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model.... 33
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

Simple Linear Regression........................................................................................................ 34
Test about the Population Correlation Coefficient: ρ
Procedure for Testing Ha: ρ < 0, ρ > 0, ρ ≠ 0........................................................................... 35
Procedure for Testing Ha: ρ < ρ0, ρ > ρ0, ρ ≠ ρ0 where ρ0 ≠ 0.................................................. 36
Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient: τ................................................................................. 37
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient: ρS.......................................................................... 38
TABLES
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X ≤ x)............................................................ 41
Table 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities: P(X ≤ x)............................................................. 47
Table 3 Standard Normal: P(X ≤ x)...................................................................................... 48
Table 4 Upper Critical Values of Student's T-distribution..................................................... 52
Table 5 Exact Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion p...................................... 53
Table 6 Distribution of the Sign Test Statistic: P(X ≤ x), X ~ Bin(n, .5)............................... 56
Table 7 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V ≤ v).......................................................... 57
Table 8 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W ≤ w)..................................................... 61
Table 9 Upper Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution.............................................. 65
Table 10 Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (ν1, ν2) df....................................... 66
Table 11 Critical Values for the Sk-test for Asymmetry......................................................... 70
Table 12 Critical Values for the Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality................................ 70
Table 13 Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal Wallis Test................................................... 71
Table 14 Upper Critical Values for the Friedman Test........................................................... 73
Table 15 Bonferroni Critical Values....................................................................................... 74
Table 16 Upper Critical Values for the Studentized Range: qα(r, ν)...................................... 77
Table 17 Critical Values dα for Multiple Comparisons based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test...... 80
Table 18 Critical Values eα for Multiple Comparisons based on the Friedman Test.............. 81
)
Table 19 Upper Critical Values for Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient τ ....................... 82
Table 20 Upper Critical Values for Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient RS.................. 83
Table 21 Sample Size for the T-test...................................................................................... 84
Table 22 Sample Size for the Pooled T-test.......................................................................... 86
Table 23 Sample Size for the One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model.................... 88
Table 24 Table of Pseudo-random Permutations of Size 9................................................... 90
Table 25 Table of Pseudo-random Digits.............................................................................. 91
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. 93
vi
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
1
2
One Sample T-test for the Population Mean µ
A simple random sample of size n is chosen from a

Assumption normal distribution; if n is large the normality
assumption is not required.
X − µ0 s
T= , SE = ; df = n − 1
Test SE n
Statistic
t0 is the observed value of T
Ha µ < µ0 µ > µ0 µ ≠ µ0
Reject H0 if
t0 ≤ -tα t0 ≥ tα |t0| ≥ tα/2
(Table 4)
P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2P(T ≥ |t0|)

P-value
= P(T ≥ -t0)
100(1-α)% X ± tα / 2 SE
CI for µ
Notes: (a) For df > 100 use df = ∞, tα = zα and replace T by Z to

calculate the approximate P-value from Table 3.
(b) To estimate µ with Error Bound E and Confidence Level

(Reliability) 100(1 - α)% use
2
 z σˆ  rounded up to the
n =  α/2 
 E  next whole number
where σ̂ is a prior estimate of σ.
Minitab: Place the sample in column c1. For the T-test and/or CI,
click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate

Test mean (µ0). Then click the Options... button and select
the desired options.
3
One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M
A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary

Assumption
distribution
X = the number of xi > M0

x+ = the observed value of X
Test Statistic x- = the observed number of xi < M0
n' = x+ + x-
= n - (the observed number of xi = M0)
Ha M < M0 M > M0 M ≠ M0
P-value P(X ≤ x+) P(X ≥ x+) 2P(X ≤ a)

(Table 6) = P(X ≤ x-) a = min(x+, x-)
Notes: (a) For n' not in Table 6 (i.e. n' > 30) use the normal
approximation to find the P-value.
 x + .5 − n' (.5) 
P( X ≤ x) ≈ P  Z ≤
 n' (.25) 

(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use
P ( X ≤ x) = 1 − P ( X ≤ n' − x − 1)
Minitab: Place the sample in column c1. For the Sign Test and/or CI,
click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Sign...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate

Test median (M0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select
the Confidence interval option.
4
One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

for the Population Median M
A simple random sample is chosen from a symmetric

Assumption
distribution
Let di = xi - M0 and n' = the number of non-zero di
After throwing out all di = 0, let

Test
Statistic V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0
v+ = the observed value of V
v- = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di < 0
= n'(n'+1)/2 - v+
Ha M < M0 M > M0 M ≠ M0
P-value P(V ≤ v+) P(V ≥ v+) 2P(V ≤ a)

(Table 7) = P(V ≤ v-) a = min(v+, v-)
Notes: (a) Even for normal data when the T-test is superior, the
performance of the WSRT is almost as good, and may be
much better when the population is not normal.
(b) For n' not in Table 7 (i.e. n' > 20) use the normal
approximation to calculate the P-value.
 n' (n' + 1) 
 v + .5 − 
 4 
P (V ≤ v) ≈ P  Z ≤ 
 n ' ( n ' + 1)( 2 n' + 1) 
 
 24 
(c) For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use
 n ′ (n ′ + 1) 
P (V ≤ v) = 1 - P  V ≤ -v-1 
 2 
Minitab: Place the sample in column c1. For the Wilcoxon Test and/or
CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Wilcoxon...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate Test

median (M0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
Confidence interval option.
5
Sk-test for Asymmetry
Assumption A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution
X −m s
Sk = , SE =
Test SE n
Statistic
sk0 is the observed value of Sk
H0: SCFSD (the Sample Comes From a Symmetric Distribution)
Ha: SDNCFSD (the Sample Does NOT Come From a Symmetric Distribution)
Reject H0 if
|sk0| ≥ skα/2
(Table 11)
P-value 2P(Sk ≥ |sk0|)
Note: For n > 30, one may use critical values for n = ∞. In this case the test will be
conservative i.e. the exact significance level will be lower than the nominal level.
Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality
Assumption A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution
H0: SCFND (the Sample Comes From a Normal Distribution)
Ha: SDNCFND (the Sample Does NOT Come From a Normal Distribution)
1. Place the sample in column c1

2. Click Stats > Basic Statistics > Normality Test...
3. Insert c1 in the Variable Box and under Tests for Normality click Ryan-Joiner
4. Click OK and use the P-value obtained from the output to conduct the test
Alternatively, one may place the normal scores in column c2 (MTB > nsco c1 c2), calculate
the correlation coefficient r (MTB > corr c1 c2), then Reject Ho if r ≤ rα, where rα is
obtained from Table 12.
6
Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location

and/or the Associated Confidence Interval
∗
T1: Sk-Test for Asymmetry [ H0: SCFSD, Ha: SDNCFSD; α = .10 ]
T2: Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality [ H0: SCFND, Ha: SDNCFND; α = .10 ]
STEP I
NEITHER test is significant T1 rejects H0 OR T2 rejects H0

(i.e. neither rejects H0 )
FIRST
Inconclusive The T-test is NOT appropriate
INDICATION
Examine the Examine the
i) boxplot i) boxplot
ii) histogram ii) histogram
STEP II iii) stem and leaf plot iii) stem and leaf plot
Draw the appropriate conclusion Draw the appropriate conclusion

from the choices below from the choices below
SCF a SCF a SCF a SCF a SCF a

Bell-Shaped Symmetric, Non- Non- Symmetric
probably not Bell- Symmetric Symmetric Non-Normal
CONCLUSION
Normal Shaped Distribution Distribution Distribution
Distribution Non-Normal (possibly Bell-
Distribution Shaped)
SELECTED
T-test / CI WSRT / CI Sign Test / CI Sign Test / CI WSRT / CI
TEST/CI
∗
The nominal level of significance (in this case α = .10) for the Sk-Test for Asymmetry is approximate.
The test maintains the nominal level of significance quite well over a wide selection of distributions
including the normal distribution. However for some symmetric distributions (notably the Uniform,
others in the Beta family, and the Cauchy) the nominal significance level underestimates the true
significance level. For this reason, when the Sk-Test rejects H0, the procedure above views this as
sufficient evidence to conclude the sample is not normally distributed ("FIRST INDICATION") but
suspends judgement on the symmetry of the sample until "STEP II" has been completed.
7
Paired T-test for the Population Mean µd
A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

i = 1,2, . . . n is chosen whose differences di = xi - yi
Assumption form a simple random sample from a normal
distribution; if n is large the normality assumption is
not required.
d − D0 s
T= , SE = d ; df = n − 1
SE n
Test Statistic
Ha µd < D0 µd > D0 µd ≠ D0
Reject H0 if
t0 ≤ -tα t0 ≥ tα |t0| ≥ tα/2
(Table 4)
P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2 P(T ≥ |t0|)

P-value
= P(T ≥ -t0)
100(1-α)%
CI for µd d ± tα / 2 SE
Note: For df > 100 use df = ∞, tα = zα and replace T by Z to calculate

the approximate P-value from Table 3.
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

in column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
MTB > let c3 = c1 - c2
For the Paired T-test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...

mean (D0). Then click the Options... button and select the desired
options.
8
Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md

Assumption
form a simple random sample from an arbitrary
distribution
Let di = xi - yi
X = the number of di > D0

Test Statistic x+ = the observed value of X
x- = the observed number of di < D0
n' = x+ + x-
= n - (the observed number of di = D0)
Ha Md < D0 Md > D0 Md ≠ D0
P-value P(X ≤ x+) P(X ≥ x+) 2P(X ≤ a)

(Table 6) = P(X ≤ x-) a = min(x+, x-)
Notes: (a) For n' not in Table 6 (i.e. n' > 30) use the normal approximation
to find the P-value.
 x + .5 − n' (.5) 
P( X ≤ x) ≈ P  Z ≤
 n' (.25) 

(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use
P ( X ≤ x) = 1 − P ( X ≤ n' − x − 1)
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values in

column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
For the Paired Sign Test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample Sign...

median (D0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
9
Paired Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

for the Population Median Md

Assumption
form a simple random sample from a symmetric
distribution
Let di = (xi - yi) - D0 and n' = the number of non-zero di

After throwing out all di = 0,
Test
V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0
Statistic
v+ = the observed value of V
v- = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di < 0
= n'(n'+1)/2 - v+
Ha Md < D0 Md > D0 Md ≠ D0
P-value P(V ≤ v+) P(V ≥ v+) 2P(V ≤ a)

(Table 7) = P(V ≤ v-) a = min(v+, v-)
Notes: (a) For n' not in Table 7 (i.e. n' > 20) use the normal
approximation to calculate the P-value.
 n' (n' + 1) 
 v + .5 − 
 4 
P (V ≤ v) ≈ P  Z ≤ 
 n' (n' + 1)(2n' + 1) 
 
 24 
(b) For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use
 n ′ (n ′ + 1) 
P (V ≤ v) = 1 - P  V ≤ -v-1 
 2 
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

in column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
For the Paired WSRT and/or CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Wilcoxon...

median (D0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
10
Two Sample Pooled T-test for µX - µY
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal

Assumption
distributions with equal variances σ 2X = σ 2Y
T=
(X − Y ) − D 0 , SE p =
 1
s 2p  +
1 

SE p  nX nY 
Test
Statistic (n X − 1) s X2 + (nY − 1) s Y2
s 2p = ; df = n X + nY − 2
n X + nY − 2
Ha µX - µY < D0 µX - µY > D0 µX - µY ≠ D0
Reject H0 if
t0 ≤ -tα t0 ≥ tα |t0| ≥ tα/2
(Table 4)
P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2P(T ≥ |t0|)

P-value
= P(T ≥ -t0)
100(1 - α)%
CI for µX - µY [X − Y ] ± tα /2 SE p
Minitab: Place both the x- and y-samples in column c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place
the x-sample in column c1 and the y-sample in column c2.
For the Pooled T-test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 2-sample t...
Select Samples in one column OR Samples in different columns whichever is

appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Select the Assume
equal variances option. Click the Options... button, type in the appropriate Test
mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired options.
11
Two Sample Unpooled T-test for µX - µY
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal

Assumption
distributions (no assumptions regarding σ X2 and σ Y2 are required)
T=
(X − Y ) − D 0 , SE =
s X2 s2
+ Y
SE nX nY
Test
Statistic df =
(s 2
X / n X + sY2 / nY )2
;
Rounded DOWN to
(s 2
X / nX ) + (s
2 2
Y / nY )2 a whole number
nX − 1 nY − 1
Reject H0 if
t0 ≤ -tα t0 ≥ tα |t0| ≥ tα/2
(Table 4)
P-value P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2P(T ≥ |t0|)

(Table 4) = P(T ≥ -t0)
100(1 - α)%
CI for µX - µY
[X − Y ] ± tα / 2 SE
Note: The nominal level of significance for this test is approximate.
Minitab: Place both the x- and y-samples in column c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place
For the Unpooled T-test and/or CI, click

appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Make sure the
Assume equal variances option is disabled. Click the Options... button, type in
the appropriate Test mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired
options.
12
Two Sample Approximate Z-test for µX - µY
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from arbitrary

Assumption
distributions and both nX > 30 and nY > 30
Z=
(X − Y ) − D 0 , SE =
s X2 s2
+ Y
Test SE nX nY
Statistic
z0 is the observed value of Z
Reject H0 if
z0 ≤ -zα z0 ≥ zα |z0| ≥ zα/2
(Table 4 at df = ∞)
P-value P(Z ≤ z0) P(Z ≥ z0) 2 P(Z ≤ -|z0|)

(Table 3) = 1 - P(Z ≤ z0)
100(1 - α)%
CI for µX - µY
[X − Y ] ± zα / 2 SE
Minitab: The same commands used for the Two Sample Unpooled T-test will give a
reasonable approximation of the Two Sample Approximate Z-test.
Place both the x- and y-samples in column c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place

For the Two Sample Approximate Z-test and/or CI, click

appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Make sure the
Assume equal variances option is disabled. Click the Options... button, type in
the appropriate Test mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired
options.
13
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test (MWWT) for MX - MY
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from

Assumption
distributions of the same shape
Let: (xi) be the sample with the fewest observations

(yi) be the sample with the most observations
y'i = yi + D0
Test Rank the combined x- and y'-samples and let

Statistic
W = the sum of the ranks of the x-sample
wX = the observed value of W
wX* = nX(nX + nY + 1) - wX
Ha MX - MY < D0 MX - MY > D0 MX - MY ≠ D0
P-value P(W ≤ wX) P(W ≥ wX) 2 P(W ≤ a),

(Table 8) = P(W ≤ wX*) a = min(wX, wX*)
Notes: (a) Even for normal data when the Pooled T-test is superior, the
performance of the MWWT is almost as good, and may be much
better when the populations are not normal.
(b) For nX and nY not in Table 8 and both nX and nY > 10 use the
normal approximation to calculate the P-value.
 n (n + nY + 1) 
 w + .5 − X X
 2 
P(W ≤ w) ≈ P  Z ≤ 
 n X nY (n X + nY + 1) 
 
 12 
(c) For values of w exceeding those in Table 8 use
P (W ≤ w) = 1 − P (W ≤ n X (n X + nY + 1) − w − 1)
Minitab: Place the x-sample in column c1, the y-sample in column c2, and
the y'-sample in c3:
MTB > let c3 = c2 + D0
For the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test and/or CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Mann-Whitney...
For the test, use columns c1 and c3 as the First and Second
Samples; for the CI use columns c1 and c2. Then select the
Alternative and Confidence level.
14
Test about a Population Variance σ 2
Assumption A simple random sample is chosen from a normal distribution
(n − 1) S 2
χ2 = , df = n − 1
Test σ 02
Statistic
χ 02 is the observed value of χ 2
Ha σ 2 < σ 02 σ 2 > σ 02 σ 2 ≠ σ 02
χ 02 ≤ χ 12− α
Reject H0 if χ 02 ≤ χ 12− α χ 02 ≥ χα 2
(Table 9) or
χ 02 ≥ χ α2 / 2
PL = P( χ 2 ≤ χ 02 ) PU = P( χ 2 ≥ χ 02 ) 2 min(PL, PU)
P-value
= 1 - PL
100(1 - α)%  (n − 1) S 2 (n − 1) S 2 
 ,
CI for σ 2  χ2 χ 12− α / 2 
 α/2
Notes: (a) To calculate P( χ 2 ≤ x) for 'a' df on Minitab use:
MTB > cdf x;

SUBC > chis a.
(b) To calculate χ α2 for 'a' df on Minitab use:
MTB > invcdf 1- α;

SUBC > chis a.
15
Test Comparing Two Population Variances σ 2X and σ Y2
Assumption Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal distributions
Test S X2
F= , F0 is the observed value of F
Statistic S Y2
Ha σ X2 < σ Y2 σ X2 > σ Y2 σ X2 ≠ σ Y2
1
F0 ≤
Reject H0 if 1 Fα / 2 (nY − 1, n X − 1)
F0 ≤ F0 ≥ Fα ( n X − 1, nY − 1)
(Table 10) Fα (nY − 1, n X − 1) or
F0 ≥ Fα / 2 (n X − 1, nY − 1)
PL = P(F ≤ F0) PU = P(F ≥ F0) 2 min(PL, PU)

P-value df = (nX - 1, nY - 1) = 1 - PL
df = (nX - 1, nY - 1)
100(1 - α)%  S X2 1 S X2 
 , Fα / 2 (nY − 1, n X − 1) 
CI for σ 2X / σ 2Y  S 2 Fα / 2 (n X − 1, nY − 1) 
 Y S Y2 
Notes: (a) To calculate P(F ≤ x) for df = (a,b) on Minitab use:
MTB > cdf x;

SUBC > f a b.
(b) To calculate Fα , df = (a,b), on Minitab use:
MTB > invcdf 1- α;

SUBC > f a b.
Minitab: Place both the x- and y-samples in c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place the x-sample
in c1 and the y-sample in c2. For a two sided test, click Stat > Basic Statistics > 2
Variances..., select the appropriate data format. Then click the Options... button
and select the desired options. Both the F-test and Levene's Test are conducted.
16
Test about a Population Proportion p
A binomial experiment with n trials and probability of success p

Assumption
(unknown) is performed
Test X = the number of successes in the n trials

Statistic x0 = the observed value of X
Ha p < p0 p > p0 p ≠ p0
PL = P(X ≤ x0) PU = P(X ≥ x0) 2 min(PL, PU)

P-value
(Table 1: n, po) = 1 - P(X ≤ x0 -1) Unless p0 = .5, this
P-value is approximate
'Exact' 90%, 95%, 99%

For 5 ≤ n ≤ 20, these can be found in Table 5
CI's for p
Approximate pˆ qˆ x
pˆ ± zα / 2 SE ; SE = , pˆ = 0 , qˆ = 1 − pˆ
Large Sample n n
100(1 - α)%
(valid if both x0 ≥ 5 and n – x0 ≥ 5)
CI for p
Notes: (a) For n or p0 not in Table 1 and such that both np0 ≥ 5 and nq0 ≥ 5, use
the normal approximation to calculate the P-value.
 x + .5 − np 0 
P( X ≤ x) ≈ P  Z ≤ 
 np 0 q 0 
 
(c) To estimate p with Error Bound E and Confidence Level (Reliability)

100(1 - α)% use
2 ~
z  if a prior estimate p of p
n= ~
pq~  α / 2 
 E  is available
2
z  if no prior estimate of p
n = (.25)  α / 2 
 E  is available
The value obtained is rounded up to the next whole number.
Minitab: Click Stat > Basic Statistics > 1 Proportion..., select the appropriate data
format and insert the required information. Then click the Options... button
and select the desired options.
17
Approximate Z-test Comparing Two Independent

Population Proportions pX and pY
Independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY) experiments are

performed with nX and nY large enough so that the
Assumption
number of successes and failures in each experiment is
at least 5
pˆ X − pˆ Y  1 1 
Z= ; pˆ (1 − pˆ )
SE p = + 
SE p n
 X n Y 
X Y X +Y
pˆ X = , pˆ Y = , pˆ =
nX nY n X + nY
Test
Statistic X and Y are the number of successes in each
of the binomial experiments
When pX = pY, p̂ is a "pooled" estimate for pX = pY
Ha pX - pY < 0 pX - pY > 0 pX - pY ≠ 0
Reject H0 if
z0 ≤ -zα z0 ≥ zα |z0| ≥ zα/2

(Table 3) = 1 - P(Z ≤ z0)
Large Sample
pˆ X qˆ X pˆ qˆ
100(1 - α)% CI for ( pˆ X − pˆ Y ) ± zα / 2 SE ; SE = + Y Y
pX - pY nX nY
Note: One may also test: Ha : pX – pY < p0 , pX – pY > p0 or pX – pY ≠ p0

using the test statistic
( pˆ X − pˆ Y ) − p 0 pˆ X qˆ X pˆ qˆ
Z= ; SE = + Y Y
SE nX nY
and the same rejection rules as above.
Minitab: Click Stat > Basic Statistics > 2 Proportions..., select the
appropriate data format and insert the required information. Then
click the Options... button and select the desired options.
18
Fisher's Exact Test Comparing Two Independent

Population Proportions pX and pY
Independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY) experiments are

Assumption
performed
x0 = the observed number of successes in the x-sample

y0 = the observed number of successes in the y-sample
n = nX, M = x0 + y0, N = nX + nY
Let H be the hypergeometric (n, M, N) random variable and

use H to calculate the appropriate P-value as indicated below
Conditional
Test Statistic
Remark: If X and Y are independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY)
random variables then, under the null hypothesis pX = pY, the
distribution of X given X + Y = M is hypergeometric (n, M, N).
Thus P(H ≤ x0) and P(H ≥ x0) are the conditional (null)
probabilities of observing outcomes as extreme or more
extreme than what was actually observed (i.e. they are P-
values).
Ha pX - pY < 0 pX - pY > 0 pX - pY ≠ 0
P-value PL = P(H ≤ x0) PU = P(H ≥ x0) 2 min(PL, PU)

(approximately)
Calculation of the P-value using Minitab
(a) PL = P(H ≤ x0)
1. Click Calc > Probability Distributions > Hypergeometric...

2. Choose Cumulative probability and enter the values for
- Population size (N),
- Successes in the population (M, which Minitab calls X),
- Sample size (n)
3. Choose Input constant, enter the value of x0 and under Optional storage
4. Click OK and type the command MTB > prin k1
Then PL = k1.
(b) PU = P(H ≥ x0)
Repeat steps 1. to 4. in (a) with x0 replaced by x0 - 1 in step 3. and obtain

a new value for 'k1'. Then PU = 1 - k1.
19
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
A multinomial experiment is performed: a single random

Assumption sample of size n is chosen from a single population and
classified according to k categories
(Oi − E i )2
Test
χ2 = ∑ Ei
, E i = np io
Statistic
p1 = p1o, p2 = p2o ,. . . . . . , pk = pko

H0
[ p1o + p2o + . . . + pko = 1 ]
Ha At least one value of pi in H0 is incorrect
χ 02 ≥ χ α2
Reject H0 if
(Table 9)
df = k - 1 - [the number of free parameters estimated]
P-value P( χ 2 ≥ χ 02 )
Notes: (a) The nominal level of significance for this test is approximate. The
approximation will be adequate if all Ei are ≥ 5.
(b) If some Ei are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so

that each of the new categories has Ei ≥ 5.
20
Chi-Square Test for Independence
A multinomial experiment is performed: a simple random

Assumption sample of size n is chosen from a single population and cross-
classified according to 'r' row and 'c' column categories
(Oij − Eij )2 ri c j
Test
χ2 = ∑ E ij
, E ij =
n
Statistic
H0 Row and column categories are independent
Ha Row and column categories are dependent
Reject H0 if
χ 02 ≥ χ α2 , df = (r - 1)(c - 1)
(Table 9)
P-value P( χ 2 ≥ χ 02 )
approximation will be adequate if all Eij are ≥ 5.
(b) If some Eij are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so
that each of the new categories has Eij ≥ 5.
Minitab: Place the column entries of the contingency table in columns c1, c2 ...,
then click
Stat > Tables > Chi-Square Test...
Insert c1, c2, ... in the Columns containing the table box.
21
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity
Several independent multinomial experiments are performed:

simple random samples are chosen from each of 'c'
Assumption
independent populations and each sample is classified
according to the same 'r' categories
(Oij − Eij )2 ri c j
Test
χ2 = ∑ E ij
, E ij =
n
Statistic
The populations are homogeneous with respect to each of the

H0
'r' categories
The populations are not homogeneous with respect to the 'r'

Ha
categories
Reject H0 if
χ 02 ≥ χ α2 , df = (r - 1)(c - 1)
(Table 9)
P-value P( χ 2 ≥ χ 02 )
approximation will be adequate if all Eij are ≥ 5.
(b) If some Eij are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so
that each of the new categories has Eij ≥ 5.
Minitab: Place the column entries of the contingency table in columns c1, c2 ...,
then click
Stat > Tables > Chi-Square Test...
Insert c1, c2, ... in the Columns containing the table box.
22
One-Way ANOVA: Fixed Effects, Normal Model
The data arise as 'k' independent simple random samples from 'k'
normal distributions with equal variances σ2
Yij = µ + τi + εij = µi + εij

Assumption
Yij is the jth observation from the ith sample
µ is a constant , τi is the ith 'treatment effect', Σ τi = 0
µi = µ + τi is the mean of the ith distribution
εij are independent N(0, σ2) , i = 1, 2, . . . , k; j = 1, 2, . . . , ni
ni = the size of the ith sample SSTr = Σ ni ( y i. - y ..)2
N = Σ ni SSE = Σ (yij - y i.)2
y i. = the mean of the ith sample SSTo = Σ (yij - y ..)2

Test
Statistic y .. = the grand mean
Analysis of Variance Table
Source of Sum of Mean Square

Variation df Squares MS = SS/df F = MS/MSE
Treatments k-1 SSTr MSTr F0 = MSTr/MSE
Error N-k SSE MSE
Total N-1 SSTo
Null and H0: µ1 = µ2 = . . . = µk [or τ1 = τ2 = . . . = τk = 0]

Alternative
Hypotheses Ha: not all µi are equal [or not all τi = 0]
Reject H0 if
F0 ≥ Fα ; df = (k-1, N-k)
(Table 10)
P-value P(F ≥ F0)
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding treatment levels
in column c2, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Oneway...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box.
23
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for µi - µj based

on the One-Way ANOVA for a Completely Randomized Design ,
Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Let: k = the number of groups (treatments)

ni = the sample size of the ith group
N = the combined sample size
µi = the true ith treatment mean
y i. = the sample mean for the ith treatment
1 - α = the nominal family level of confidence
 1 1 
[y i ⋅ − y j ⋅ ] ± B MSE  +
 ni n j 
 
Bonferroni
Procedure
B = tα / 2 g , df = N − k , is obtained from Table 15
g = the number of pairwise comparison s
 1 1 
[y i ⋅ − y j ⋅ ] ± T MSE  +
 ni n j 
 
Tukey
Procedure
T = qα ( k , N − k ) 2
qα (k , N − k ) is obtained from Table 16
Notes: (a) If all k(k-1)/2 pairwise comparisons are of interest the Tukey CI's will
be narrower than the Bonferroni CI's. If not all pairwise comparisons
are of interest the Bonferroni CI's may be narrower. One may tell which
is narrower by comparing the size of B and T.
(b) "Data snooping" is allowed with the Tukey Procedure but not with the
Bonferroni Procedure.
(c) The true family level of confidence for the Tukey Procedure is exactly
the nominal level if all sample sizes are equal and all pairwise
comparisons are of interest; in any other case the true level of
confidence is greater than the nominal level. The true family level of
confidence for the Bonferroni Procedure is always at least the nominal
level.
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding treatment
levels in column c2, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Oneway...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box and click the
Comparisons button.
24
Newman-Keuls Multiple Range Procedure for the

Comparison of k Means µ1, µ2,..., µk
The assumptions for the one way anova normal model hold and in
Assumption addition each of the k samples have the same sample size n and
the null hypothesis H0 has been rejected
MSE
1. For r = 2, 3, ..., k, tabulate Dα = qα (r , k (n − 1) ) :
n
r 2 3 . . . . k
Dα - - - - - - -
2. List the k ordered sample means : y (1) ≤ y ( 2) ≤ . . . . . ≤ y ( k )
3. For each group of r consecutive ordered means r = k, k-1, . . ., 2,

Procedure compare the group's Range to Dα
(Table 16)
(a) If Range < Dα [no significance]
Draw a line under this group of sample means and stop

testing subgroups of this group*
(b) If Range ≥ Dα [significance]
Draw no line and continue testing subgroups of this group
4. When step 3. is finished for all r = k, k-1, . . ., 2, only those

population means whose estimates are not connected by a line
underneath are judged to be significantly different
Notes: *(a) Whenever a group of means is underlined, there is no point in

comparing the range of any subgroup. By the credo of multiple range
tests no subgroup within this group can be significant, since it is
contained in a larger nonsignificant group.
(b) For the NK procedure the family Type I error rate is at most
1 - (1 - α)a where 'a' is the greatest integer ≤ k/2.
25
Kruskal-Wallis Test (KW-test)
The data arise as 'k' independent simple random samples

Assumption
chosen from distributions of the same shape
Rank the combined samples
Let: ni = the size of the ith sample

Ri = the sum of the ranks of the ith sample
Ri = the average of the ranks for the ith sample
Test
2
Statistic 12  N + 1
H=
N ( N + 1) ∑ n i  Ri −
 2 

12 Ri2
=
N ( N + 1) ∑ ni
− 3( N + 1)
h0 is the observed value of H
Null and H0 : M1 = M2 = . . . = Mk
Alternative
Hypotheses Ha : not all Mi are equal
Reject H0 if
h0 ≥ hα
(Table 13)
P-value P(H ≥ h0)
Notes: (a) When the number of samples k = 2, the Kruskal-Wallis Test is

equivalent to the two-sided Mann-Whitney Test.
(b) When Table 13 is not applicable and k = 3 with all group sizes
above 5 or k > 3 with all group sizes above 4, one may use the
approximation:
hα ≈ χα2 , df = k -1
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding
treatment levels in column c2 then click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Kruskal-Wallis...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box.
26
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test
Let: Mi = the ith treatment median

k = the number of samples (treatments)
ni = the sample size of the ith sample
Ri = the sum of the ranks for the ith sample
th
R i = the average of the ranks for the i sample
α = the nominal family type I error rate
(or 1 - α = the nominal family level of confidence)
Procedure 1: Equal Sample Sizes, ni = n
If Ri − R j ≥ d α and Ri > R j , conclude M i > M j
If Ri − R j ≥ d α and Ri < R j , conclude M i < M j
where d α is obtained from Table 17
Procedure 2: Large Sample Approximation, Equal Sample Sizes ni = n, n Large
nN ( N + 1)
Replace d α in procedure 1 by qα (k , ∞)
12
where qα (k , ∞) is obtained from Table 16
Procedure 3: Conservative Procedure (always applicable)
N ( N + 1)  1 1 
If Ri − R j ≥ hα + and Ri > R j , conclude M i > M j
12  ni n j 
 
N ( N + 1)  1 1 
If Ri − R j ≥ hα + and Ri < R j , conclude M i < M
12  ni n j  j
 
where hα is obtained from Table 13
Procedure 4: Large Sample Approximation , Unequal Sample Sizes
k (k − 1)
Replace hα in procedure 3 by zα / 2 g where g =
2
27
Randomized Complete Block Design for the Comparison of k

Treatments within b Blocks of Size k: Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Yij = µ + τi + βj + εij , where
Yij = the observation under the ith treatment and the jth block
Assumption
τi = treatment effects , Σ τi = 0 ; βj = block effects , Σ βj = 0
εij are independent N(0, σ2) , i = 1, 2, . . ., k; j = 1, 2, . . ., b
y i. = the ith treatment mean SSTr = b Σ ( y i. - y ..)2
th
y .j = the j block mean SSBl = k Σ ( y .j - y ..)2
y .. = the grand mean SSE = SSTo - SSTr - SSBl
SSTo = Σ (yij - y ..)2

Test
Statistic Analysis of Variance Table

Variation df Squares MS = SS/df F = MS/MSE
Treatments k -1 SSTr MSTr F0 = MSTr/MSE

Blocks b –1 SSBl MSBl
Error (k -1)(b -1) SSE MSE
Total kb - 1 SSTo
Null and H0: there are no treatment effects : τ1 = τ2 = . . . = τk = 0

Alternative
Hypotheses Ha: there is a treatment effect : not all τi are 0
Reject H0 if
F0 ≥ Fα ; df = [k-1, (k-1)(b-1)]
(Table 10)
P-value P(F ≥ F0)
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding treatment levels and
block numbers in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Twoway...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Row factor box and c3 in the Column factor
box.
28
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for µi. - µj. based on the

Two-Way ANOVA for a Randomized Complete Block Design,
Let: k = the number of treatments

b = the number of blocks
τi = the ith treatment effect
µi. = µi. = µ + τi , the true ith treatment mean
y i. = the sample mean for the ith treatment
1 - α = the nominal family level of confidence
[y i ⋅ − y j ⋅ ] ± B
2 MSE
b
Bonferroni
Procedure B = tα / 2 g is obtained from Table 15
df = (k − 1)(b − 1),
g = the number of pairwise comparison s
[y i ⋅ − y j ⋅ ] ± T 2MSE
b
Tukey
Procedure qα (k , (k − 1)(b − 1) )
T=
2
qα (k , (k − 1)(b − 1) ) is obtained from Table 16
Notes: (a) µi. - µj. = τi - τj
(b) If all k(k-1)/2 pairwise comparisons are of interest the Tukey CI's will be
narrower than the Bonferroni CI's. If not all pairwise comparisons are of
interest the Bonferroni CI's may be narrower. One may tell which is
narrower by comparing the size of B and T.
(c) "Data snooping" is allowed with the Tukey Procedure but not with the
Bonferroni Procedure.
29
Friedman Test
The data arises from a randomized complete block design

Assumption
for the comparison of 'k' treatments within 'b' blocks of size 'k'
Rank the observations within each block
Let: Ri = the sum of the ranks received by the

observations under the ith treatment
Ri = the average of the ranks under the ith

Test
treatment
Statistic 2
12b  k + 1
S=
k (k + 1) ∑  Ri −
 2 

12
=
bk (k + 1) ∑R i
2
− 3b(k + 1)
s0 is the observed value of S
Null and H0: There is no difference between treatments

Alternative
Hypotheses Ha: There is a difference between treatments
Reject H0 if
s0 ≥ sα
(Table 14)
P-value P(S ≥ s0)
Notes: (a) When k and b fall outside the range of Table 14, the critical values
of S may be approximated by those of a χ2 distribution with df =
k -1. This approximation is not always accurate.
(b) Do not use the Friedman test when k = 2 as it is equivalent to the

two-sided sign test in this case.
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding treatment
levels and block numbers in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Friedman...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Treatment box and c3 in the

Blocks box.
30
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Friedman Test
Let: τi = the ith treatment effect

k = the number of treatments
b = the number of blocks
Ri = the sum of the ranks for the ith treatment
α = the nominal family type I error rate
(or 1 - α = the nominal family level of confidence)
Procedure:
If Ri − R j ≥ eα and Ri > R j , conclude τ i > τ j
If Ri − R j ≥ eα and Ri < R j , conclude τ i < τ j
where eα is obtained from Table 18
Large Sample Approximation:
For b large and beyond those values in Table 18,
bk (k + 1)
Replace eα by qα (k , ∞) , where qα (k , ∞)
12
is obtained from Table 16
31
Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell,

Yijk = µ + αi + βj + (αβ)ij + εijk , where
Yijk = the kth observation when factor A is at the ith level
and factor B is at the jth level

Assumption
Σ αi = Σ βj = Σi (αβ)ij = Σj (αβ)ij = 0
εijk are independent N(0, σ2)
i = 1, 2, . . ., a; j = 1, 2, . . ., b; k = 1, 2, . . ., n
SSA = nb Σ ( y i.. - y ...)2 SSE = Σ (yijk - y ij.)2
SSB = na Σ ( y .j. - y ...)2 SSTo = Σ (yijk - y ...)2
SSAB = n Σ ( y ij. - y i.. - y .j. + y ...)2
Test Analysis of Variance Table

Statistic
Variation df Squares MS = SS/dfF F = MS/MSE
A a-1 SSA MSA MSA/MSE
B b-1 SSB MSB MSB/MSE
AB (a-1)(b-1) SSAB MSAB MSAB/MSE
Error ab(n-1) SSE MSE
Total abn - 1 SSTo
Notes: (a) If n = 1 (i.e. one observation per cell), one cannot test for interaction
effects and so the interaction terms should be omitted from the model.
(b) If n > 1, test for interaction effects first.

(1) if interaction effects are present, transform the data
(2) if interactions are still present return to the original data and
examine the factor effects jointly
(3) if no interactions are present test for the main effects and if they
are present examine them separately
Minitab: Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding factor A levels
and factor B levels in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Twoway...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Row factor box and c3 in the
Column factor box.
32
Multiple Pairwise Comparison Confidence Intervals based

on the Two-Way ANOVA for a Two-Factor Factorial Design:
Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Let: a = the number of levels for factor A

b = the number of levels for factor B
n = the number of observations per cell
µi. = the true mean for the ith level of factor A
µ.j = the true mean for the jth level of factor B
µij = the true mean for the (i, j)th treatment
y i.. = the sample mean for the ith level of factor A
th
y .j. = the sample mean for the j level of factor B
y ij. = the sample mean for the (i,j)th treatment
g = the number of pairwise comparisons of interest
1-α = the nominal family level of confidence
2MSE
CI's for Bonferroni : [y i⋅⋅ − y k ⋅⋅ ] ± B , B = tα / 2 g , df = (n − 1)ab
bn
µi. - µk.
2 MSE q (a, (n − 1)ab )
(αi - αk) Tukey : [y i⋅⋅ − y k ⋅⋅ ] ± T , T= α
bn 2
CI's for Bonferroni : [y⋅ j⋅ − y⋅l⋅ ] ± B

2 MSE
an
, B = tα / 2 g , df = (n − 1)ab
µ.j - µ.l
q (b, (n − 1)ab )
(βj - βl)
Tukey : [y⋅ j⋅ − y⋅l⋅ ] ± T 2MSE
an
, T= α
2
Bonferroni : [y ij⋅ − y kl⋅ ] ± B

2MSE
n
, B = tα / 2 g , df = (n − 1)ab
CI's for
µij - µkl q (ab, (n − 1)ab )
Tukey : [y ij⋅ − y kl⋅ ] ± T 2 MSE
n
, T= α
2
Note: If it is desired to have a family level of confidence coefficient 1 - α for a joint set of pairwise
comparisons involving both factor A and factor B, the Bonferroni method can be used
directly, with g representing the total number of pairwise comparisons in the joint set.
33
Simple Linear Regression
Yi = β0 + β1xi + εi , where the εi are independent and normally

Assumption
distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation σ, i = 1, 2, . . ., n
SSXX = ∑ x2i - (∑ xi )2 / n, SSyy = ∑ y2i - (∑ yi )2 / n

SSXY = ∑ xiyi - (∑ xi )(∑ yi ) / n, SSE = SSYY - (SSXY)2 / SSXX
Estimate of Slope (β1): b1 = SSXY / SSXX
Estimate of Intercept (β0): b0 = y - b1 x

Estimate of σ2: MSE = SSE / (n - 2)
Estimated Variance of b1: s2(b1) = MSE / SSXX
Basic
Calculations Estimated Standard
Deviation of b1: s (b1 ) = s 2 (b1 )
Least Squares Line: ŷ = b0 + b1 x
Estimated Variance of ŷ : s2( ŷ ) = MSE [1/n + (x - x )2 / SSXX ]
Estimated Standard
Deviation of ŷ : s(yˆ ) = s 2 (yˆ )
To test the alternatives Ha: β1 <, >, or =/ β10, use the t-statistic
Test and CI b1 − β 10
for the Slope β1 T= , df = n −2 , and the usual rejection regions
s (b1 )
100(1 - α)% CI for β1: b1 ± tα / 2 s (b1 ) , df = n − 2
100(1 - α)% CI
yˆ ± tα / 2 s ( yˆ ) , df = n − 2
for E(Y | x)
100(1 - α)% PI
for Ynew(x) ŷ ± tα / 2 s 2 ( ŷ ) + MSE , df = n − 2
Note: The above test for slope, with β10 = 0, can also be used as a test about the
population correlation coefficient ρ: i.e. a test of Ha: ρ <, >, or =/ 0
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and corresponding y-values in column c2, then
click
Stat > Regression > Regression...
Insert c2 in the Response box and c1 in the Predictors box. To obtain a CI for
E(Y | x) and a PI for Ynew(x), click the Options button.
34

Procedure for Testing Ha: ρ < 0, ρ > 0, or ρ ≠ 0
The data consists of a simple random sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2),
Assumption
..., (xn, yn), from a bivariate normal distribution
r=
∑ (x − x )( y − y )
i i
∑ (x − x ) ∑ ( y − y )
i
2
i
2
Test
Statistic n−2
T =r , df = n − 2
1− r2
Ha ρ<0 ρ>0 ρ≠0
Reject H0 if
t0 ≤ -tα t0 ≥ tα |t0| ≥ tα/2
(Table 4)
P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2 P(T ≥ |t0|)

P-value
= P(T ≥ -t0)
Note: Pearson's r measures the strength of the linear relationship between X

and Y. It estimates the population correlation coefficient ρ.
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and corresponding y-values in column

c2.
To calculate r and obtain the P-value for testing Ha: ρ ≠ 0, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > Correlation...
Insert c1 and c2 in the Variables box and select the Display p-values
box.
To obtain the observed test statistic to, click
Stat > Regression > Regression...
Insert c2 in the Response box and c1 in the Predictors box.
35

Procedure for Testing Ha: ρ < ρ0, ρ > ρ0, or ρ ≠ ρ0, where ρ0 ≠ 0
The data consists of a simple random sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . .,
Assumption
(xn, yn), from a bivariate normal distribution with n 'large' (n > 25)
r=
∑ (x − x )( y − y )
i i
∑ (x − x ) ∑ ( y − y )
i
2
i
2
1 1 + r 
V= ln , (" Fisher' s Z" )
Test 2  1 − r 
Statistic
1 1 + ρ0 
v0 = ln 
2  1 − ρ 0 

Z= n − 3 (V − v 0 )
Ha ρ < ρ0 ρ > ρ0 ρ ≠ ρ0
Reject H0 if
z0 ≤ -zα z0 ≥ zα |z0| ≥ zα/2

(Table 3) = 1 - P(Z ≤ z0)
     
 tanh v − zα / 2  , z
tanh v + α / 2  
Approximate  
100(1 - α)%   n − 3   n − 3  
CI for ρ e x − e −x
where tanh ( x) =
e x + e −x
Notes: (a) One can use minitab to calculate r but then the rest of the test must be
done by hand.
(b) For n ≤ 25, 'exact' tests and confidence intervals for ρ can be obtained
using "Tables of the Ordinates and Probability Integral of the Distribution
of the Correlation Coefficient in Small Samples" by F. N. David (1938),
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, reprinted in "Biometrika
Tablesfor Statisticians" (1966), Vol I, 3rd Edition, Hartley, H. O. and
Pearson, E. S.,Editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36
Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient: τ
The data consists of a bivariate sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . . ,

Assumption
(xn, yn)
Let: Nc = the number of concordant pairs

Nd = the number of discordant pairs
Test
2(N c − N d )
Statistic τˆ = (estimator of τ )
n(n − 1)
τˆ0 is the observed value of τ̂
τ = 0 (there is neither concordance nor

H0
discordance between X and Y)
Ha τ <0 τ >0 τ ≠0
Reject H0 if τˆ0 ≤ -τ α τˆ0 ≥ τ α | τˆ0 | ≥ τ α/2

(Table 19)
P( τ̂ ≤ τˆ0 ) P( τ̂ ≥ τˆ0 ) 2 P( τ̂ ≥ | τˆ0 |)

P-value
= P( τ̂ ≥ - τˆ0 )
Notes: (a) Kendall's coefficient τ is defined as τ = 2 P[(Xi - Xj)(Yi - Yj) > 0] - 1
Thus: τ > 0 implies P(Concordance) > .5

τ < 0 implies P(Concordance) < .5
τ = 0 implies P(Concordance) = .5
(b) Pairs of observations with ties between respective members are

neither concordant nor discordant and therefore contribute nothing to
the value of τ̂ .
(c) This test may also be used as a test for independence.
(d) For values of n not in Table 19 (i.e. n > 60) one can conduct a large
sample approximate test of the above hypotheses using the Z-Test
Statistic
9n(n − 1)
Z = τˆ
2(2n + 5)
and the usual critical values and P-value formulas associated with any
Z-test.
37
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient: ρS
Assumption The data consists of a bivariate sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . . ,(xn, yn)
Rank the x-values: R(xi) and y-values: R(yi) separately

Test
Statistic RS = corr [R(Xi), R(Yi)] (estimator of ρS)
rS = the observed value of RS
H0 ρS = 0
Ha ρS < 0 ρS > 0 ρS ≠ 0
Reject H0 if
rS ≤ -rS,α rS ≥ rS,α |rS| ≥ rS,α/2
(Table 20)
P(RS ≤ rS) P(RS ≥ rS) 2 P(RS ≥ |rS|)

P-value
= P(RS ≥ -rS)
Notes: (a) The parameter ρS is the expected value of RS. Its precise interpretation is
difficult, and is best left as another measure of similarity between the
rankings of X and Y.
(b) This test may also be used as a test for independence.
(c) For values of n not in Table 20 (i.e. n > 60) one can conduct a large sample
Z= n − 1 RS
and the usual critical values and P-value formulas associated with any Z-test.
Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values in column c2.
Rank the data in each column, placing the ranks in columns c3 and c4
respectively
MTB > rank c1 c3

MTB > rank c2 c4
To calculate rS type MTB > corr c3 c4
38
TABLES
39
40
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X ≤ x)
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
2 0 0.9025 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100 0.0025 0
1 0.9975 0.9900 0.9600 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900 0.0975 1
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2
3 0 0.8574 0.7290 0.5120 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010 0.0001 0
1 0.9928 0.9720 0.8960 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280 0.0073 1
2 0.9999 0.9990 0.9920 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710 0.1426 2
3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 3
4 0 0.8145 0.6561 0.4096 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0
1 0.9860 0.9477 0.8192 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037 0.0005 1
2 0.9995 0.9963 0.9728 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523 0.0140 2
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439 0.1855 3
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 4
5 0 0.7738 0.5905 0.3277 0.1681 0.0778 0.0312 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9774 0.9185 0.7373 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005 0.0000 1
2 0.9988 0.9914 0.9421 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086 0.0012 2
3 1.0000 0.9995 0.9933 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815 0.0226 3
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9976 0.9898 0.9688 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095 0.2262 4
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5
6 0 0.7351 0.5314 0.2621 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9672 0.8857 0.6554 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 1
2 0.9978 0.9842 0.9011 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013 0.0001 2
3 0.9999 0.9987 0.9830 0.9295 0.8208 0.6562 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159 0.0022 3
4 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9891 0.9590 0.8906 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143 0.0328 4
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686 0.2649 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 6
7 0 0.6983 0.4783 0.2097 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9556 0.8503 0.5767 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9962 0.9743 0.8520 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002 0.0000 2
3 0.9998 0.9973 0.9667 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0333 0.0027 0.0002 3
4 1.0000 0.9998 0.9953 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257 0.0038 4
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497 0.0444 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217 0.3017 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 7
8 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.1678 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9428 0.8131 0.5033 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9942 0.9619 0.7969 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9996 0.9950 0.9437 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004 0.0000 3
4 1.0000 0.9996 0.9896 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050 0.0004 4
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381 0.0058 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869 0.0572 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695 0.3366 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 8
9 0 0.6302 0.3874 0.1342 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9288 0.7748 0.4362 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9916 0.9470 0.7382 0.4628 0.2318 0.0898 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9994 0.9917 0.9144 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 3
4 1.0000 0.9991 0.9804 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083 0.0006 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530 0.0084 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252 0.0712 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126 0.3698 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 9
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 X
41
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X ≤ x) (continued)
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
10 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1074 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.9139 0.7361 0.3758 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9885 0.9298 0.6778 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9990 0.9872 0.8791 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9672 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9936 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016 0.0001 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128 0.0010 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702 0.0115 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639 0.0861 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513 0.4013 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 10
11 0 0.5688 0.3138 0.0859 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8981 0.6974 0.3221 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9848 0.9104 0.6174 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9984 0.9815 0.8389 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9999 0.9972 0.9496 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9883 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9980 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028 0.0001 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185 0.0016 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896 0.0152 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026 0.1019 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862 0.4312 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 11
12 0 0.5404 0.2824 0.0687 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8816 0.6590 0.2749 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9804 0.8891 0.5583 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9978 0.9744 0.7946 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9998 0.9957 0.9274 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9995 0.9806 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9961 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043 0.0002 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256 0.0022 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109 0.0196 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410 0.1184 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176 0.4596 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 12
13 0 0.5133 0.2542 0.0550 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8646 0.6213 0.2336 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9755 0.8661 0.5017 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9969 0.9658 0.7473 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9997 0.9935 0.9009 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9991 0.9700 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9930 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065 0.0003 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342 0.0031 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339 0.0245 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787 0.1354 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458 0.4867 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 13
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
42
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
14 0 0.4877 0.2288 0.0440 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8470 0.5846 0.1979 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9699 0.8416 0.4481 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9958 0.9559 0.6982 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9996 0.9908 0.8702 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 1.0000 0.9985 0.9561 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9998 0.9884 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9976 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092 0.0004 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441 0.0042 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584 0.0301 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154 0.1530 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712 0.5123 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 14
15 0 0.4633 0.2059 0.0352 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8290 0.5490 0.1671 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9638 0.8159 0.3980 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9945 0.9444 0.6482 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9994 0.9873 0.8358 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9999 0.9978 0.9389 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9819 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9958 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022 0.0001 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127 0.0006 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556 0.0055 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 0.1841 0.0362 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510 0.1710 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941 0.5367 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 15
16 0 0.4401 0.1853 0.0281 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.8108 0.5147 0.1407 0.0261 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9571 0.7892 0.3518 0.0994 0.0183 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9930 0.9316 0.5981 0.2459 0.0651 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9991 0.9830 0.7982 0.4499 0.1666 0.0384 0.0049 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9999 0.9967 0.9183 0.6598 0.3288 0.1051 0.0191 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9995 0.9733 0.8247 0.5272 0.2272 0.0583 0.0071 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9930 0.9256 0.7161 0.4018 0.1423 0.0257 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9985 0.9743 0.8577 0.5982 0.2839 0.0744 0.0070 0.0001 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9929 0.9417 0.7728 0.4728 0.1753 0.0267 0.0005 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9809 0.8949 0.6712 0.3402 0.0817 0.0033 0.0001 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9951 0.9616 0.8334 0.5501 0.2018 0.0170 0.0009 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9349 0.7541 0.4019 0.0684 0.0070 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9817 0.9006 0.6482 0.2108 0.0429 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9739 0.8593 0.4853 0.1892 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9719 0.8147 0.5599 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 16
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
43
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
17 0 0.4181 0.1668 0.0225 0.0023 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.7922 0.4818 0.1182 0.0193 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9497 0.7618 0.3096 0.0774 0.0123 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9912 0.9174 0.5489 0.2019 0.0464 0.0064 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9988 0.9779 0.7582 0.3887 0.1260 0.0245 0.0025 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9999 0.9953 0.8943 0.5968 0.2639 0.0717 0.0106 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9992 0.9623 0.7752 0.4478 0.1662 0.0348 0.0032 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9891 0.8954 0.6405 0.3145 0.0919 0.0127 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9974 0.9597 0.8011 0.5000 0.1989 0.0403 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9873 0.9081 0.6855 0.3595 0.1046 0.0109 0.0001 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9968 0.9652 0.8338 0.5522 0.2248 0.0377 0.0008 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9894 0.9283 0.7361 0.4032 0.1057 0.0047 0.0001 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9975 0.9755 0.8740 0.6113 0.2418 0.0221 0.0012 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9936 0.9536 0.7981 0.4511 0.0826 0.0088 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9988 0.9877 0.9226 0.6904 0.2382 0.0503 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9807 0.8818 0.5182 0.2078 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9977 0.9775 0.8332 0.5819 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 17
18 0 0.3972 0.1501 0.0180 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.7735 0.4503 0.0991 0.0142 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9419 0.7338 0.2713 0.0600 0.0082 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9891 0.9018 0.5010 0.1646 0.0328 0.0038 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9985 0.9718 0.7164 0.3327 0.0942 0.0154 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9998 0.9936 0.8671 0.5344 0.2088 0.0481 0.0058 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9988 0.9487 0.7217 0.3743 0.1189 0.0203 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9837 0.8593 0.5634 0.2403 0.0576 0.0061 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9957 0.9404 0.7368 0.4073 0.1347 0.0210 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9790 0.8653 0.5927 0.2632 0.0596 0.0043 0.0000 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9939 0.9424 0.7597 0.4366 0.1407 0.0163 0.0002 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986 0.9797 0.8811 0.6257 0.2783 0.0513 0.0012 0.0000 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9942 0.9519 0.7912 0.4656 0.1329 0.0064 0.0002 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9846 0.9058 0.6673 0.2836 0.0282 0.0015 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9962 0.9672 0.8354 0.4990 0.0982 0.0109 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9918 0.9400 0.7287 0.2662 0.0581 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9858 0.9009 0.5497 0.2265 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9820 0.8499 0.6028 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 18
19 0 0.3774 0.1351 0.0144 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.7547 0.4203 0.0829 0.0104 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9335 0.7054 0.2369 0.0462 0.0055 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9868 0.8850 0.4551 0.1332 0.0230 0.0022 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9980 0.9648 0.6733 0.2822 0.0696 0.0096 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9998 0.9914 0.8369 0.4739 0.1629 0.0318 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9983 0.9324 0.6655 0.3081 0.0835 0.0116 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9997 0.9767 0.8180 0.4878 0.1796 0.0352 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9933 0.9161 0.6675 0.3238 0.0885 0.0105 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9674 0.8139 0.5000 0.1861 0.0326 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9895 0.9115 0.6762 0.3325 0.0839 0.0067 0.0000 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9972 0.9648 0.8204 0.5122 0.1820 0.0233 0.0003 0.0000 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9884 0.9165 0.6919 0.3345 0.0676 0.0017 0.0000 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9682 0.8371 0.5261 0.1631 0.0086 0.0002 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9904 0.9304 0.7178 0.3267 0.0352 0.0020 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9978 0.9770 0.8668 0.5449 0.1150 0.0132 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9945 0.9538 0.7631 0.2946 0.0665 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9896 0.9171 0.5797 0.2453 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9989 0.9856 0.8649 0.6226 18
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 19
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
44
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
20 0 0.3585 0.1216 0.0115 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.7358 0.3917 0.0692 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.9245 0.6769 0.2061 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9841 0.8670 0.4114 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9974 0.9568 0.6296 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9997 0.9887 0.8042 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 1.0000 0.9976 0.9133 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9996 0.9679 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9900 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9974 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001 0.0000 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004 0.0000 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024 0.0000 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.0113 0.0003 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432 0.0026 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330 0.0159 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231 0.0755 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083 0.2642 18
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784 0.6415 19
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
25 0 0.2774 0.0718 0.0038 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.6424 0.2712 0.0274 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.8729 0.5371 0.0982 0.0090 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9659 0.7636 0.2340 0.0332 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9928 0.9020 0.4207 0.0905 0.0095 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9988 0.9666 0.6167 0.1935 0.0294 0.0020 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 0.9998 0.9905 0.7800 0.3407 0.0736 0.0073 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 1.0000 0.9977 0.8909 0.5118 0.1536 0.0216 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 0.9995 0.9532 0.6769 0.2735 0.0539 0.0043 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9827 0.8106 0.4246 0.1148 0.0132 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9944 0.9022 0.5858 0.2122 0.0344 0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9985 0.9558 0.7323 0.3450 0.0778 0.0060 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9825 0.8462 0.5000 0.1538 0.0175 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9940 0.9222 0.6550 0.2677 0.0442 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9982 0.9656 0.7878 0.4142 0.0978 0.0056 0.0000 0.0000 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9868 0.8852 0.5754 0.1894 0.0173 0.0001 0.0000 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9957 0.9461 0.7265 0.3231 0.0468 0.0005 0.0000 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9784 0.8464 0.4882 0.1091 0.0023 0.0000 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9927 0.9264 0.6593 0.2200 0.0095 0.0002 18
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9980 0.9706 0.8065 0.3833 0.0334 0.0012 19
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9905 0.9095 0.5793 0.0980 0.0072 20
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9976 0.9668 0.7660 0.2364 0.0341 21
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9910 0.9018 0.4629 0.1271 22
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9726 0.7288 0.3576 23
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9962 0.9282 0.7226 24
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 25
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
45
p
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
30 0 0.2146 0.0424 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.5535 0.1837 0.0105 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
2 0.8122 0.4114 0.0442 0.0021 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2
3 0.9392 0.6474 0.1227 0.0093 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3
4 0.9984 0.8245 0.2552 0.0302 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4
5 0.9967 0.9268 0.4275 0.0766 0.0057 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5
6 0.9994 0.9742 0.6070 0.1595 0.0172 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6
7 0.9999 0.9922 0.7608 0.2814 0.0435 0.0026 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7
8 1.0000 0.9980 0.8713 0.4315 0.0940 0.0081 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 8
9 1.0000 0.9995 0.9389 0.5888 0.1763 0.0214 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9744 0.7304 0.2915 0.0494 0.0029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9905 0.8407 0.4311 0.1002 0.0083 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9969 0.9155 0.5785 0.1808 0.0212 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9599 0.7145 0.2923 0.0481 0.0021 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9831 0.8246 0.4278 0.0971 0.0064 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9936 0.9029 0.5722 0.1754 0.0169 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979 0.9519 0.7077 0.2855 0.0401 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9788 0.8192 0.4215 0.0845 0.0031 0.0000 0.0000 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9917 0.8998 0.5689 0.1593 0.0095 0.0000 0.0000 18
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9971 0.9506 0.7085 0.2696 0.0256 0.0001 0.0000 19
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9786 0.8237 0.4112 0.0611 0.0005 0.0000 20
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9919 0.9060 0.5685 0.1287 0.0020 0.0000 21
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9974 0.9565 0.7186 0.2392 0.0078 0.0001 22
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9828 0.8405 0.3930 0.0258 0.0006 23
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9943 0.9234 0.5725 0.0732 0.0033 24
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9985 0.9698 0.7448 0.1755 0.0156 25
26 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9907 0.8773 0.3526 0.0608 26
27 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979 0.9558 0.5886 0.1878 27
28 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9895 0.8163 0.4465 28
29 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9988 0.9576 0.7854 29
30 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 30
n x .05 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 x
46
Table 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities: P(X ≤ x)
Value of µ
x .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 x
0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066 0.3679 0
1 0.9953 0.9825 0.9631 0.9384 0.9098 0.8781 0.8442 0.8088 0.7725 0.7358 1
2 0.9998 0.9989 0.9964 0.9921 0.9856 0.9769 0.9659 0.9526 0.9371 0.9197 2
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9982 0.9966 0.9942 0.9909 0.9865 0.9810 3
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9986 0.9977 0.9963 4
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9997 0.9994 5
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 6
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 7
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 8
Value of µ
x 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 15.0 x
0 0.1353 0.0498 0.0183 0.0067 0.0025 0.0009 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0
1 0.4060 0.1991 0.0916 0.0404 0.0174 0.0073 0.0030 0.0012 0.0005 0.0000 1
2 0.6767 0.4232 0.2381 0.1247 0.0620 0.0296 0.0138 0.0062 0.0028 0.0000 2
3 0.8571 0.6472 0.4335 0.2650 0.1512 0.0818 0.0424 0.0212 0.0103 0.0002 3
4 0.9473 0.8153 0.6288 0.4405 0.2851 0.1730 0.0996 0.0550 0.0293 0.0009 4
5 0.9834 0.9161 0.7851 0.6160 0.4457 0.3007 0.1912 0.1157 0.0671 0.0028 5
6 0.9955 0.9665 0.8893 0.7622 0.6063 0.4497 0.3134 0.2068 0.1301 0.0076 6
7 0.9989 0.9881 0.9489 0.8666 0.7440 0.5987 0.4530 0.3239 0.2202 0.0180 7
8 0.9998 0.9962 0.9786 0.9319 0.8472 0.7291 0.5925 0.4557 0.3328 0.0374 8
9 1.0000 0.9989 0.9919 0.9682 0.9161 0.8305 0.7166 0.5874 0.4579 0.0699 9
10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9972 0.9863 0.9574 0.9015 0.8159 0.7060 0.5830 0.1185 10
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9945 0.9799 0.9467 0.8881 0.8030 0.6968 0.1848 11
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9912 0.9730 0.9362 0.8758 0.7916 0.2676 12
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9964 0.9872 0.9658 0.9261 0.8645 0.3632 13
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9986 0.9943 0.9827 0.9585 0.9165 0.4657 14
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9976 0.9918 0.9780 0.9513 0.5681 15
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9990 0.9963 0.9889 0.9730 0.6641 16
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9947 0.9857 0.7489 17
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9976 0.9928 0.8195 18
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9989 0.9965 0.8752 19
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9170 20
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9993 0.9469 21
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9673 22
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9805 23
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9888 24
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9938 25
26 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9967 26
27 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 27
28 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 28
29 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 29
30 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 30
31 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 31
32 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 32
33 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 33
47
Table 3 Standard Normal Probabilities
z 0
Area = P(Z ≤ z)
z P(Z ≤ z) z P(Z ≤ z) z P(Z ≤ z) z P(Z ≤ z)

-4.00 0.0000 -3.50 0.0002 -3.00 0.0013 -2.50 0.0062
-3.99 0.0000 -3.49 0.0002 -2.99 0.0014 -2.49 0.0064
-3.98 0.0000 -3.48 0.0003 -2.98 0.0014 -2.48 0.0066
-3.97 0.0000 -3.47 0.0003 -2.97 0.0015 -2.47 0.0068
-3.96 0.0000 -3.46 0.0003 -2.96 0.0015 -2.46 0.0069
-3.95 0.0000 -3.45 0.0003 -2.95 0.0016 -2.45 0.0071
-3.94 0.0000 -3.44 0.0003 -2.94 0.0016 -2.44 0.0073
-3.93 0.0000 -3.43 0.0003 -2.93 0.0017 -2.43 0.0075
-3.92 0.0000 -3.42 0.0003 -2.92 0.0018 -2.42 0.0078
-3.91 0.0000 -3.41 0.0003 -2.91 0.0018 -2.41 0.0080
-3.90 0.0000 -3.40 0.0003 -2.90 0.0019 -2.40 0.0082
-3.89 0.0001 -3.39 0.0003 -2.89 0.0019 -2.39 0.0084
-3.88 0.0001 -3.38 0.0004 -2.88 0.0020 -2.38 0.0087
-3.87 0.0001 -3.37 0.0004 -2.87 0.0021 -2.37 0.0089
-3.86 0.0001 -3.36 0.0004 -2.86 0.0021 -2.36 0.0091
-3.85 0.0001 -3.35 0.0004 -2.85 0.0022 -2.35 0.0094
-3.84 0.0001 -3.34 0.0004 -2.84 0.0023 -2.34 0.0096
-3.83 0.0001 -3.33 0.0004 -2.83 0.0023 -2.33 0.0099
-3.82 0.0001 -3.32 0.0005 -2.82 0.0024 -2.32 0.0102
-3.81 0.0001 -3.31 0.0005 -2.81 0.0025 -2.31 0.0104
-3.80 0.0001 -3.30 0.0005 -2.80 0.0026 -2.30 0.0107
-3.79 0.0001 -3.29 0.0005 -2.79 0.0026 -2.29 0.0110
-3.78 0.0001 -3.28 0.0005 -2.78 0.0027 -2.28 0.0113
-3.77 0.0001 -3.27 0.0005 -2.77 0.0028 -2.27 0.0116
-3.76 0.0001 -3.26 0.0006 -2.76 0.0029 -2.26 0.0119
-3.75 0.0001 -3.25 0.0006 -2.75 0.0030 -2.25 0.0122
-3.74 0.0001 -3.24 0.0006 -2.74 0.0031 -2.24 0.0125
-3.73 0.0001 -3.23 0.0006 -2.73 0.0032 -2.23 0.0129
-3.72 0.0001 -3.22 0.0006 -2.72 0.0033 -2.22 0.0132
-3.71 0.0001 -3.21 0.0007 -2.71 0.0034 -2.21 0.0136
-3.70 0.0001 -3.20 0.0007 -2.70 0.0035 -2.20 0.0139
-3.69 0.0001 -3.19 0.0007 -2.69 0.0036 -2.19 0.0143
-3.68 0.0001 -3.18 0.0007 -2.68 0.0037 -2.18 0.0146
-3.67 0.0001 -3.17 0.0008 -2.67 0.0038 -2.17 0.0150
-3.66 0.0001 -3.16 0.0008 -2.66 0.0039 -2.16 0.0154
-3.65 0.0001 -3.15 0.0008 -2.65 0.0040 -2.15 0.0158
-3.64 0.0001 -3.14 0.0008 -2.64 0.0041 -2.14 0.0162
-3.63 0.0001 -3.13 0.0009 -2.63 0.0043 -2.13 0.0166
-3.62 0.0001 -3.12 0.0009 -2.62 0.0044 -2.12 0.0170
-3.61 0.0002 -3.11 0.0009 -2.61 0.0045 -2.11 0.0174
-3.60 0.0002 -3.10 0.0010 -2.60 0.0047 -2.10 0.0179
-3.59 0.0002 -3.09 0.0010 -2.59 0.0048 -2.09 0.0183
-3.58 0.0002 -3.08 0.0010 -2.58 0.0049 -2.08 0.0188
-3.57 0.0002 -3.07 0.0011 -2.57 0.0051 -2.07 0.0192
-3.56 0.0002 -3.06 0.0011 -2.56 0.0052 -2.06 0.0197
-3.55 0.0002 -3.05 0.0011 -2.55 0.0054 -2.05 0.0202
-3.54 0.0002 -3.04 0.0012 -2.54 0.0055 -2.04 0.0207
-3.53 0.0002 -3.03 0.0012 -2.53 0.0057 -2.03 0.0212
-3.52 0.0002 -3.02 0.0013 -2.52 0.0059 -2.02 0.0217
-3.51 0.0002 -3.01 0.0013 -2.51 0.0060 -2.01 0.0222
48
Table 3 Standard Normal Probabilities (continued)
z 0
Area = P(Z ≤ z)

-2.00 0.0228 -1.50 0.0668 -1.00 0.1587 -0.50 0.3085
-1.99 0.0233 -1.49 0.0681 -0.99 0.1611 -0.49 0.3121
-1.98 0.0239 -1.48 0.0694 -0 98 0.1635 -0.48 0.3156
-1.97 0.0244 -1.47 0.0708 -0.97 0.1660 -0.47 0.3192
-1.96 0.0250 -1.46 0.0721 -0.96 0.1685 -0.46 0.3228
-1.95 0.0256 -1.45 0.0735 -0.95 0.1711 -0.45 0.3264
-1.94 0.0262 -1.44 0.0749 -0.94 0.1736 -0.44 0.3300
-1.93 0.0268 -1.43 0.0764 -0.93 0.1762 -0.43 0.3336
-1.92 0.0274 -1.42 0.0778 -0.92 0.1788 -0.42 0.3372
-1.91 0.0281 -1.41 0.0793 -0.91 0.1814 -0.41 0.3409
-1.90 0.0287 -1.40 0.0808 -0.90 0.1841 -0.40 0.3446
-1.89 0.0294 -1.39 0.0823 -0.89 0.1867 -0.39 0.3483
-1.88 0.0301 -1.38 0.0838 -0.88 0.1894 -0.38 0.3520
-1.87 0.0307 -1.37 0.0853 -0.87 0.1922 -0.37 0.3557
-1.86 0.0314 -1.36 0.0869 -0.86 0.1949 -0.36 0.3594
-1.85 0.0322 -1.35 0.0885 -0.85 0.1977 -0.35 0.3632
-1.84 0.0329 -1.34 0.0901 -0.84 0.2005 -0.34 0.3669
-1.83 0.0336 -1.33 0.0918 -0.83 0.2033 -0.33 0.3707
-1.82 0.0344 -1.32 0.0934 -0.82 0.2061 -0.32 0.3745
-1.81 0.0351 -1.31 0.0951 -0.81 0.2090 -0.31 0.3783
-1.80 0.0359 -1.30 0.0968 -0.80 0.2119 -0.30 0.3821
-1.79 0.0367 -1.29 0.0985 -0.79 0.2148 -0.29 0.3859
-1.78 0.0375 -1.28 0.1003 -0.78 0.2177 -0.28 0.3897
-1.77 0.0384 -1.27 0.1020 -0.77 0.2206 -0.27 0.3936
-1.76 0.0392 -1.26 0.1038 -0.76 0.2236 -0.26 0.3974
-1.75 0.0401 -1.25 0.1056 -0.75 0.2266 -0.25 0.4013
-1.74 0.0409 -1.24 0.1075 -0.74 0.2296 -0.24 0.4052
-1.73 0.0418 -1.23 0.1093 -0.73 0.2327 -0.23 0.4090
-1.72 0.0427 -1.22 0.1112 -0.72 0.2358 -0.22 0.4129
-1.71 0.0436 -1.21 0.1131 -0.71 0.2389 -0.21 0.4168
-1.70 0.0446 -1.20 0.1151 -0.70 0.2420 -0.20 0.4207
-1.69 0.0455 -1.19 0.1170 -0.69 0.2451 -0.19 0.4247
-1.68 0.0465 -1.18 0.1190 -0.68 0.2483 -0.18 0.4286
-1.67 0.0475 -1.17 0.1210 -0.67 0.2514 -0.17 0.4325
-1.66 0.0485 -1.16 0.1230 -0.66 0.2546 -0.16 0.4364
-1.65 0.0495 -1.15 0.1251 -0.65 0.2578 -0.15 0.4404
-1 64 0.0505 -1.14 0.1271 -0.64 0.2611 -0.14 0.4443
-1.63 0.0516 -1.13 0.1292 -0.63 0.2643 -0.13 0.4483
-1.62 0.0526 -1.12 0.1314 -0.62 0.2676 -0.12 0.4522
-1.61 0.0537 -1.11 0.1335 -0.61 0.2709 -0.11 0.4562
-1.60 0.0548 -1.10 0.1357 -0.60 0.2743 -0.10 0.4602
-1.59 0.0559 -1.09 0.1379 -0.59 0.2776 -0.09 0.4641
-1.58 0.0571 -1.08 0.1401 -0.58 0.2810 -0.08 0.4681
-1.57 0.0582 -1.07 0.1423 -0.57 0.2843 -0.07 0.4721
-1.56 0.0594 -1.06 0.1446 -0.56 0.2877 -0.06 0.4761
-1.55 0.0606 -1.05 0.1469 -0.55 0.2912 -0.05 0.4801
-1.54 0.0618 -1.04 0.1492 -0.54 0.2946 -0.04 0.4840
-1.53 0.0630 -1.03 0.1515 -0.53 0.2981 -0.03 0.4880
-1.52 0.0643 -1.02 0.1539 -0.52 0.3015 -0.02 0.4920
-1.51 0.0655 -1.01 0.1562 -0.51 0.3050 -0.01 0.4960
49
0 z
Area = P(Z ≤ z)

0.00 0.5000 0.50 0.6915 1.00 0.8413 1.50 0.9332
0.01 0.5040 0.51 0.6950 1.01 0.8438 1.51 0.9345
0.02 0.5080 0.52 0.6985 1.02 0.8461 1.52 0.9357
0.03 0.5120 0.53 0.7019 1.03 0.8485 1.53 0.9370
0.04 0.5160 0.54 0.7054 1.04 0.8508 1.54 0.9382
0.05 0.5199 0.55 0.7088 1.05 0.8531 1.55 0.9394
0.06 0.5239 0.56 0.7123 1.06 0.8554 1.56 0.9406
0.07 0.5279 0.57 0.7157 1.07 0.8577 1.57 0.9418
0.08 0.5319 0.58 0.7190 1.08 0.8599 1.58 0.9429
0.09 0.5359 0.59 0.7224 1.09 0.8621 1.59 0.9441
0.10 0.5398 0.60 0.7257 1.10 0.8643 1.60 0.9452
0.11 0.5438 0.61 0.7291 1.11 0.8665 1.61 0.9463
0.12 0.5478 0.62 0.7324 1.12 0.8686 1.62 0.9474
0.13 0.5517 0.63 0.7357 1.13 0.8708 1.63 0.9484
0.14 0.5557 0.64 0.7389 1.14 0.8729 1.64 0.9495
0.15 0.5596 0.65 0.7422 1.15 0.8749 1.65 0.9505
0.16 0.5636 0.66 0.7454 1.16 0.8770 1.66 0.9515
0.17 0.5675 0.67 0.7486 1.17 0.8790 1.67 0.9525
0.18 0.5714 0.68 0.7517 1.18 0.8810 1.68 0.9535
0.19 0.5753 0.69 0.7549 1.19 0.8830 1.69 0.9545
0.20 0.5793 0.70 0.7580 1.20 0.8849 1.70 0.9554
0.21 0.5832 0.71 0.7611 1.21 0.8869 1.71 0.9564
0.22 0.5871 0.72 0.7642 1.22 0.8888 1.72 0.9573
0.23 0.5910 0.73 0.7673 1.23 0.8907 1.73 0.9582
0.24 0.5948 0.74 0.7704 1.24 0.8925 1.74 0.9591
0.25 0.5987 0.75 0.7734 1.25 0.8944 1.75 0.9599
0.26 0.6026 0.76 0.7764 1.26 0.8962 1.76 0.9608
0.27 0.6064 0.77 0.7794 1.27 0.8980 1.77 0.9616
0.28 0.6103 0.78 0.7823 1.28 0.8997 1.78 0.9625
0.29 0.6141 0.79 0.7852 1.29 0.9015 1.79 0.9633
0.30 0.6179 0.80 0.7881 1.30 0.9032 1.80 0.9641
0.31 0.6217 0.81 0.7910 1.31 0.9049 1.81 0.9649
0.32 0.6255 0.82 0.7939 1.32 0.9066 1.82 0.9656
0.33 0.6293 0.83 0.7967 1.33 0.9082 1.83 0.9664
0.34 0.6331 0.84 0.7995 1.34 0.9099 1.84 0.9671
0.35 0.6368 0.85 0.8023 1.35 0.9115 1.85 0.9678
0.36 0.6406 0.86 0.8051 1.36 0.9131 1.86 0.9686
0.37 0.6443 0.87 0.8078 1.37 0.9147 1.87 0.9693
0.38 0.6480 0.88 0.8106 1.38 0.9162 1.88 0.9699
0.39 0.6517 0.89 0.8133 1.39 0.9177 1.89 0.9706
0.40 0.6554 0.90 0.8159 1.40 0.9192 1.90 0.9713
0.41 0.6591 0.91 0.8186 1.41 0.9207 1.91 0.9719
0.42 0.6628 0.92 0.8212 1.42 0.9222 1.92 0.9726
0.43 0.6664 0.93 0.8238 1.43 0.9236 1.93 0.9732
0.44 0.6700 0.94 0.8264 1.44 0.9251 1.94 0.9738
0.45 0.6736 0.95 0.8289 1.45 0.9265 1.95 0.9744
0.46 0.6772 0.96 0.8315 1.46 0.9279 1.96 0.9750
0.47 0.6808 0.97 0.8340 1.47 0.9292 1.97 0.9756
0.48 0.6844 0.98 0.8365 1.48 0.9306 1.98 0.9761
0.49 0.6879 0.99 0.8389 1.49 0.9319 1.99 0.9767
50
0 z
Area = P(Z ≤ z)

2.00 0.9772 2.50 0.9938 3.00 0.9987 3.50 0.9998
2.01 0.9778 2.51 0.9940 3.01 0.9987 3.51 0.9998
2.02 0.9783 2.52 0.9941 3.02 0.9987 3.52 0.9998
2.03 0.9788 2.53 0.9943 3.03 0.9988 3.53 0.9998
2.04 0.9793 2.54 0.9945 3.04 0.9988 3.54 0.9998
2.05 0.9798 2.55 0.9946 3.05 0.9989 3.55 0.9998
2.06 0.9803 2.56 0.9948 3.06 0.9989 3.56 0.9998
2.07 0.9808 2.57 0.9949 3.07 0.9989 3.57 0.9998
2.08 0.9812 2.58 0.9951 3.08 0.9990 3.58 0.9998
2.09 0.9817 2.59 0.9952 3.09 0.9990 3.59 0.9998
2.10 0.9821 2.60 0.9953 3.10 0.9990 3.60 0.9998
2.11 0.9826 2.61 0.9955 3.11 0.9991 3.61 0.9998
2.12 0.9830 2.62 0.9956 3.12 0.9991 3.62 0.9999
2.13 0.9834 2.63 0.9957 3.13 0.9991 3.63 0.9999
2.14 0.9838 2.64 0.9959 3.14 0.9992 3.64 0.9999
2.15 0.9842 2.65 0.9960 3.15 0.9992 3.65 0.9999
2.16 0.9846 2.66 0.9961 3.16 0.9992 3.66 0.9999
2.17 0.9850 2.67 0.9962 3.17 0.9992 3.67 0.9999
2.18 0.9854 2.68 0.9963 3.18 0.9993 3.68 0.9999
2.19 0.9857 2.69 0.9964 3.19 0.9993 3.69 0.9999
2.20 0.9861 2.70 0.9965 3.20 0.9993 3.70 0.9999
2.21 0.9864 2.71 0.9966 3.21 0.9993 3.71 0.9999
2.22 0.9868 2.72 0.9967 3.22 0.9994 3.72 0.9999
2.23 0.9871 2.73 0.9968 3.23 0.9994 3.73 0.9999
2.24 0.9875 2.74 0.9969 3.24 0.9994 3.74 0.9999
2.25 0.9878 2.75 0.9970 3.25 0.9994 3.75 0.9999
2.26 0.9881 2.76 0.9971 3.26 0.9994 3.76 0.9999
2.27 0.9884 2.77 0.9972 3.27 0.9995 3.77 0.9999
2.28 0.9887 2.78 0.9973 3.28 0.9995 3.78 0.9999
2.29 0.9890 2.79 0.9974 3.29 0.9995 3.79 0.9999
2.30 0.9893 2.80 0.9974 3.30 0.9995 3.80 0.9999
2.31 0.9896 2.81 0.9975 3.31 0.9995 3.81 0.9999
2.32 0.9898 2.82 0.9976 3.32 0.9995 3.82 0.9999
2.33 0.9901 2.83 0.9977 3.33 0.9996 3.83 0.9999
2.34 0.9904 2.84 0.9977 3.34 0.9996 3.84 0.9999
2.35 0.9906 2.85 0.9978 3.35 0.9996 3.85 0.9999
2.36 0.9909 2.86 0.9979 3.36 0.9996 3.86 0.9999
2.37 0.9911 2.87 0.9979 3.37 0.9996 3.87 0.9999
2.38 0.9913 2.88 0.9980 3.38 0.9996 3.88 0.9999
2.39 0.9916 2.89 0.9981 3.39 0.9997 3.89 0.9999
2.40 0.9918 2.90 0.9981 3.40 0.9997 3.90 1.0000
2.41 0.9920 2.91 0.9982 3.41 0.9997 3.91 1.0000
2.42 0.9922 2.92 0.9982 3.42 0.9997 3.92 1.0000
2.43 0.9925 2.93 0.9983 3.43 0.9997 3.93 1.0000
2.44 0.9927 2.94 0.9984 3.44 0.9997 3.94 1.0000
2.45 0.9929 2.95 0.9984 3.45 0.9997 3.95 1.0000
2.46 0.9931 2.96 0.9985 3.46 0.9997 3.96 1.0000
2.47 0.9932 2.97 0.9985 3.47 0.9997 3.97 1.0000
2.48 0.9934 2.98 0.9986 3.48 0.9997 3.98 1.0000
2.49 0.9936 2.99 0.9986 3.49 0.9998 3.99 1.0000
4.00 1.0000
51
Table 4 Upper Critical Values of Student's T-distribution
0 t α
Tail Area α Tail Area α

df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005
1 3.0777 6.3138 12.706 31.821 63.657 51 1.2984 1.6753 2.0076 2.4017 2.6757
2 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248 52 1.2980 1.6747 2.0066 2.4002 2.6737
3 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409 53 1.2977 1.6741 2.0057 2.3988 2.6718
4 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041 54 1.2974 1.6736 2.0049 2.3974 2.6700
5 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321 55 1.2971 1.6730 2.0040 2.3961 2.6682
6 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074 56 1.2969 1.6725 2.0032 2.3948 2.6665
7 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995 57 1.2966 1.6720 2.0025 2.3936 2.6649
8 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554 58 1.2963 1.6716 2.0017 2.3924 2.6633
9 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498 59 1.2961 1.6711 2.0010 2.3912 2.6618
10 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693 60 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
11 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058 61 1.2956 1.6702 1.9996 2.3890 2.6589
12 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545 62 1.2954 1.6698 1.9990 2.3880 2.6575
13 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123 63 1.2951 1.6694 1.9983 2.3870 2.6561
14 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768 64 1.2949 1.6690 1.9977 2.3860 2.6549
15 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467 65 1.2947 1.6686 1.9971 2.3851 2.6536
16 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208 66 1.2945 1.6683 1.9966 2.3842 2.6524
17 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982 67 1.2943 1.6679 1.9960 2.3833 2.6512
18 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784 68 1.2941 1.6676 1.9955 2.3824 2.6501
19 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609 69 1.2939 1.6672 1.9949 2.3816 2.6490
20 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453 70 1.2938 1.6669 1.9944 2.3808 2.6479
21 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314 71 1.2936 1.6666 1.9939 2.3800 2.6469
22 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188 72 1.2934 1.6663 1.9935 2.3793 2.6459
23 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073 73 1.2933 1.6660 1.9930 2.3785 2.6449
24 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969 74 1.2931 1.6657 1.9925 2.3778 2.6439
25 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874 75 1.2929 1.6654 1.9921 2.3771 2.6430
26 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787 76 1.2928 1.6652 1.9917 2.3764 2.6421
27 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707 77 1.2926 1.6649 1.9913 2.3758 2.6412
28 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633 78 1.2925 1.6646 1.9908 2.3751 2.6403
29 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564 79 1.2924 1.6644 1.9905 2.3745 2.6395
30 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500 80 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
31 1.3095 1.6955 2.0395 2.4528 2.7440 81 1.2921 1.6639 1.9897 2.3733 2.6379
32 1.3086 1.6939 2.0369 2.4487 2.7385 82 1.2920 1.6636 1.9893 2.3727 2.6371
33 1.3077 1.6924 2.0345 2.4448 2.7333 83 1.2918 1.6634 1.9890 2.3721 2.6364
34 1.3070 1.6909 2.0322 2.4411 2.7284 84 1.2917 1.6632 1.9886 2.3716 2.6356
35 1.3062 1.6896 2.0301 2.4377 2.7238 85 1.2916 1.6630 1.9883 2.3710 2.6349
36 1.3055 1.6883 2.0281 2.4345 2.7195 86 1.2915 1.6628 1.9879 2.3705 2.6342
37 1.3049 1.6871 2.0262 2.4314 2.7154 87 1.2914 1.6626 1.9876 2.3700 2.6335
38 1.3042 1.6860 2.0244 2.4286 2.7116 88 1.2912 1.6624 1.9873 2.3695 2.6329
39 1.3036 1.6849 2.0227 2.4258 2.7079 89 1.2911 1.6622 1.9870 2.3690 2.6322
40 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045 90 1.2910 1.6620 1.9867 2.3685 2.6316
41 1.3025 1.6829 2.0195 2.4208 2.7012 91 1.2909 1.6618 1.9864 2.3680 2.6309
42 1.3020 1.6820 2.0181 2.4185 2.6981 92 1.2908 1.6616 1.9861 2.3676 2.6303
43 1.3016 1.6811 2.0167 2.4163 2.6951 93 1.2907 1.6614 1.9858 2.3671 2.6297
44 1.3011 1.6802 2.0154 2.4141 2.6923 94 1.2906 1.6612 1.9855 2.3667 2.6291
45 1.3006 1.6794 2.0141 2.4121 2.6896 95 1.2905 1.6611 1.9853 2.3662 2.6286
46 1.3002 1.6787 2.0129 2.4102 2.6870 96 1.2904 1.6609 1.9850 2.3658 2.6280
47 1.2998 1.6779 2.0117 2.4083 2.6846 97 1.2903 1.6607 1.9847 2.3654 2.6275
48 1.2994 1.6772 2.0106 2.4066 2.6822 98 1.2902 1.6606 1.9845 2.3650 2.6269
49 1.2991 1.6766 2.0096 2.4049 2.6800 99 1.2902 1.6604 1.9842 2.3646 2.6264
50 1.2987 1.6759 2.0086 2.4033 2.6778 100 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
∞ 1.2816 1.6449 1.9600 2.3263 2.5758
52
Table 5 Exact Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion p
Exact 90% Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion p
x n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8

0 0.000 0.451 0.000 0.393 0.000 0.348 0.000 0.312
1 0.010 0.657 0.009 0.582 0.007 0.521 0.006 0.471
2 0.076 0.811 0.063 0.729 0.053 0.659 0.046 0.600
3 0.189 0.924 0.153 0.847 0.129 0.775 0.111 0.711
4 0.343 0.990 0.271 0.937 0.225 0.871 0.193 0.807
5 0.549 1.000 0.418 0.991 0.341 0.947 0.289 0.889
6 0.607 1.000 0.479 0.993 0.400 0.954
7 0.652 1.000 0.529 0.994
8 0.688 1.000
x n=9 n = 10 n = 11 n = 12
0 0.000 0.283 0.000 0.259 0.000 0.238 0.000 0.221
1 0.006 0.429 0.005 0.394 0.005 0.364 0.004 0.339
2 0.041 0.550 0.037 0.507 0.033 0.470 0.030 0.438
3 0.098 0.655 0.087 0.607 0.079 0.564 0.072 0.527
4 0.169 0.749 0.150 0.696 0.135 0.650 0.123 0.609
5 0.251 0.831 0.222 0.778 0.200 0.729 0.181 0.685
6 0.345 0.902 0.304 0.850 0.271 0.800 0.245 0.755
7 0.450 0.959 0.393 0.913 0.350 0.865 0.315 0.819
8 0.571 0.994 0.493 0.963 0.436 0.921 0.391 0.877
9 0.717 1.000 0.606 0.995 0.530 0.967 0.473 0.928
10 0.741 1.000 0.636 0.995 0.562 0.970
11 0.762 1.000 0.661 0.996
12 0.779 1.000
x n = 13 n = 14 n = 15 n = 16
0 0.000 0.206 0.000 0.193 0.000 0.181 0.000 0.171
1 0.004 0.316 0.004 0.297 0.003 0.279 0.003 0.264
2 0.028 0.410 0.026 0.385 0.024 0.363 0.023 0.344
3 0.066 0.495 0.061 0.466 0.057 0.440 0.053 0.417
4 0.113 0.573 0.104 0.540 0.097 0.511 0.090 0.484
5 0.166 0.645 0.153 0.610 0.142 0.577 0.132 0.548
6 0.224 0.713 0.206 0.675 0.191 0.640 0.178 0.609
7 0.287 0.776 0.264 0.736 0.244 0.700 0.227 0.667
8 0.355 0.834 0.325 0.794 0.300 0.756 0.279 0.721
9 0.427 0.887 0.390 0.847 0.360 0.809 0.333 0.773
10 0.505 0.934 0.460 0.896 0.423 0.858 0.391 0.822
11 0.590 0.972 0.534 0.939 0.489 0.903 0.452 0.868
12 0.684 0.996 0.615 0.974 0.560 0.943 0.516 0.910
13 0.794 1.000 0.703 0.996 0.637 0.976 0.583 0.947
14 0.807 1.000 0.721 0.997 0.656 0.977
15 0.819 1.000 0.736 0.997
16 0.829 1.000
x n = 17 n = 18 n = 19 n = 20
0 0.000 0.162 0.000 0.153 0.000 0.146 0.000 0.139
1 0.003 0.250 0.003 0.238 0.003 0.226 0.003 0.216
2 0.021 0.326 0.020 0.310 0.019 0.296 0.018 0.283
3 0.050 0.396 0.047 0.377 0.044 0.359 0.042 0.344
4 0.085 0.461 0.080 0.439 0.075 0.419 0.071 0.401
5 0.124 0.522 0.116 0.498 0.110 0.476 0.104 0.456
6 0.166 0.580 0.156 0.554 0.147 0.530 0.140 0.508
7 0.212 0.636 0.199 0.608 0.188 0.582 0.177 0.558
8 0.260 0.689 0.244 0.659 0.230 0.632 0.217 0.606
9 0.311 0.740 0.291 0.709 0.274 0.680 0.259 0.653
10 0.364 0.788 0.341 0.756 0.320 0.726 0.302 0.698
11 0.420 0.834 0.392 0.801 0.368 0.770 0.347 0.741
12 0.478 0.876 0.446 0.844 0.418 0.812 0.394 0.783
13 0.539 0.915 0.502 0.884 0.470 0.853 0.442 0.823
14 0.604 0.950 0.561 0.920 0.524 0.890 0.492 0.860
15 0.674 0.979 0.623 0.953 0.581 0.925 0.544 0.896
16 0.750 0.997 0.690 0.980 0.641 0.956 0.599 0.929
17 0.838 1.000 0.762 0.997 0.704 0.981 0.656 0.958
18 0.847 1.000 0.774 0.997 0.717 0.982
19 0.854 1.000 0.784 0.997
20 0.861 1.000
53
Table 5 (continued)
x n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8

0 0.000 0.522 0.000 0.459 0.000 0.410 0.000 0.369
1 0.005 0.716 0.004 0.641 0.004 0.579 0.003 0.527
2 0.053 0.853 0.043 0.777 0.037 0.710 0.032 0.651
3 0.147 0.947 0.118 0.882 0.099 0.816 0.085 0.755
4 0.284 0.995 0.223 0.957 0.184 0.901 0.157 0.843
5 0.478 1.000 0.359 0.996 0.290 0.963 0.245 0.915
6 0.541 1.000 0.421 0.996 0.349 0.968
7 0.590 1.000 0.473 0.997
8 0.631 1.000
x n=9 n = 10 n = 11 n = 12
0 0.000 0.336 0.000 0.308 0.000 0.285 0.000 0.265
1 0.003 0.482 0.003 0.445 0.002 0.413 0.002 0.385
2 0.028 0.600 0.025 0.556 0.023 0.518 0.021 0.484
3 0.075 0.701 0.067 0.652 0.060 0.610 0.055 0.572
4 0.137 0.788 0.122 0.738 0.109 0.692 0.099 0.651
5 0.212 0.863 0.187 0.813 0.167 0.766 0.152 0.723
6 0.299 0.925 0.262 0.878 0.234 0.833 0.211 0.789
7 0.400 0.972 0.348 0.933 0.308 0.891 0.277 0.848
8 0.518 0.997 0.444 0.975 0.390 0.940 0.349 0.901
9 0.664 1.000 0.555 0.997 0.482 0.977 0.428 0.945
10 0.692 1.000 0.587 0.998 0.516 0.979
11 0.715 1.000 0.615 0.998
12 0.735 1.000
x n = 13 n = 14 n = 15 n = 16
0 0.000 0.247 0.000 0.232 0.000 0.218 0.000 0.206
1 0.002 0.360 0.002 0.339 0.002 0.319 0.002 0.302
2 0.019 0.454 0.018 0.428 0.017 0.405 0.016 0.383
3 0.050 0.538 0.047 0.508 0.043 0.481 0.040 0.456
4 0.091 0.614 0.084 0.581 0.078 0.551 0.073 0.524
5 0.139 0.684 0.128 0.649 0.118 0.616 0.110 0.587
6 0.192 0.749 0.177 0.711 0.163 0.677 0.152 0.646
7 0.251 0.808 0.230 0.770 0.213 0.734 0.198 0.701
8 0.316 0.861 0.289 0.823 0.266 0.787 0.247 0.753
9 0.386 0.909 0.351 0.872 0.323 0.837 0.299 0.802
10 0.462 0.950 0.419 0.916 0.384 0.882 0.354 0.848
11 0.546 0.981 0.492 0.953 0.449 0.922 0.413 0.890
12 0.640 0.998 0.572 0.982 0.519 0.957 0.476 0.927
13 0.753 1.000 0.661 0.998 0.595 0.983 0.544 0.960
14 0.768 1.000 0.681 0.998 0.617 0.984
15 0.782 1.000 0.698 0.998
16 0.794 1.000
x n = 17 n = 18 n = 19 n = 20
0 0.000 0.195 0.000 0.185 0.000 0.176 0.000 0.168
1 0.001 0.287 0.001 0.273 0.001 0.260 0.001 0.249
2 0.015 0.364 0.014 0.347 0.013 0.331 0.012 0.317
3 0.038 0.434 0.036 0.414 0.034 0.396 0.032 0.379
4 0.068 0.499 0.064 0.476 0.061 0.456 0.057 0.437
5 0.103 0.560 0.097 0.535 0.091 0.512 0.087 0.491
6 0.142 0.617 0.133 0.590 0.126 0.566 0.119 0.543
7 0.184 0.671 0.173 0.643 0.163 0.616 0.154 0.592
8 0.230 0.722 0.215 0.692 0.203 0.665 0.191 0.639
9 0.278 0.770 0.260 0.740 0.244 0.711 0.231 0.685
10 0.329 0.816 0.308 0.785 0.289 0.756 0.272 0.728
11 0.383 0.858 0.357 0.827 0.335 0.797 0.315 0.769
12 0.440 0.897 0.410 0.867 0.384 0.837 0.361 0.809
13 0.501 0.932 0.465 0.903 0.434 0.874 0.408 0.846
14 0.566 0.962 0.524 0.936 0.488 0.909 0.457 0.881
15 0.636 0.985 0.586 0.964 0.544 0.939 0.509 0.913
16 0.713 0.999 0.653 0.986 0.604 0.966 0.563 0.943
17 0.805 1.000 0.727 0.999 0.669 0.987 0.621 0.968
18 0.815 1.000 0.740 0.999 0.683 0.988
19 0.824 1.000 0.751 0.999
20 0.832 1.000
54
Table 5 (continued)
x n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8

0 0.000 0.653 0.000 0.586 0.000 0.531 0.000 0.484
1 0.001 0.815 0.001 0.746 0.001 0.685 0.001 0.632
2 0.023 0.917 0.019 0.856 0.016 0.797 0.014 0.742
3 0.083 0.977 0.066 0.934 0.055 0.882 0.047 0.830
4 0.185 0.999 0.144 0.981 0.118 0.945 0.100 0.900
5 0.347 1.000 0.254 0.999 0.203 0.984 0.170 0.953
6 0.414 1.000 0.315 0.999 0.258 0.986
7 0.469 1.000 0.368 0.999
8 0.516 1.000
x n=9 n = 10 n = 11 n = 12
0 0.000 0.445 0.000 0.411 0.000 0.382 0.000 0.357
1 0.001 0.585 0.001 0.544 0.000 0.509 0.000 0.477
2 0.012 0.693 0.011 0.648 0.010 0.608 0.009 0.573
3 0.042 0.781 0.037 0.735 0.033 0.693 0.030 0.655
4 0.087 0.854 0.077 0.809 0.069 0.767 0.062 0.728
5 0.146 0.913 0.128 0.872 0.114 0.831 0.103 0.791
6 0.219 0.958 0.191 0.923 0.169 0.886 0.152 0.848
7 0.307 0.988 0.265 0.963 0.233 0.931 0.209 0.897
8 0.415 0.999 0.352 0.989 0.307 0.967 0.272 0.938
9 0.555 1.000 0.456 0.999 0.392 0.990 0.345 0.970
10 0.589 1.000 0.491 1.000 0.427 0.991
11 0.618 1.000 0.523 1.000
12 0.643 1.000
x n = 13 n = 14 n = 15 n = 16
0 0.000 0.335 0.000 0.315 0.000 0.298 0.000 0.282
1 0.000 0.449 0.000 0.424 0.000 0.402 0.000 0.381
2 0.008 0.541 0.008 0.512 0.007 0.486 0.007 0.463
3 0.028 0.621 0.026 0.589 0.024 0.561 0.022 0.534
4 0.057 0.691 0.053 0.658 0.049 0.627 0.045 0.599
5 0.094 0.755 0.087 0.720 0.080 0.688 0.075 0.658
6 0.138 0.811 0.127 0.777 0.117 0.744 0.109 0.713
7 0.189 0.862 0.172 0.828 0.159 0.795 0.147 0.764
8 0.245 0.906 0.223 0.873 0.205 0.841 0.190 0.810
9 0.309 0.943 0.280 0.913 0.256 0.883 0.236 0.853
10 0.379 0.972 0.342 0.947 0.312 0.920 0.287 0.891
11 0.459 0.992 0.411 0.974 0.373 0.951 0.342 0.925
12 0.551 1.000 0.488 0.992 0.439 0.976 0.401 0.955
13 0.665 1.000 0.576 1.000 0.514 0.993 0.466 0.978
14 0.685 1.000 0.598 1.000 0.537 0.993
15 0.702 1.000 0.619 1.000
16 0.718 1.000
x n = 17 n = 18 n = 19 n = 20
0 0.000 0.268 0.000 0.255 0.000 0.243 0.000 0.233
1 0.000 0.363 0.000 0.346 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.317
2 0.006 0.441 0.006 0.422 0.006 0.404 0.005 0.387
3 0.021 0.510 0.020 0.488 0.019 0.468 0.018 0.449
4 0.043 0.573 0.040 0.549 0.038 0.527 0.036 0.507
5 0.070 0.631 0.065 0.605 0.062 0.582 0.058 0.560
6 0.101 0.685 0.095 0.658 0.090 0.633 0.085 0.610
7 0.137 0.734 0.128 0.707 0.121 0.681 0.114 0.657
8 0.176 0.781 0.165 0.753 0.155 0.726 0.146 0.701
9 0.219 0.824 0.205 0.795 0.192 0.768 0.181 0.743
10 0.266 0.863 0.247 0.835 0.232 0.808 0.218 0.782
11 0.315 0.899 0.293 0.872 0.274 0.845 0.257 0.819
12 0.369 0.930 0.342 0.905 0.319 0.879 0.299 0.854
13 0.427 0.957 0.395 0.935 0.367 0.910 0.343 0.886
14 0.490 0.979 0.451 0.960 0.418 0.938 0.390 0.915
15 0.559 0.994 0.512 0.980 0.473 0.962 0.440 0.942
16 0.637 1.000 0.578 0.994 0.532 0.981 0.493 0.964
17 0.732 1.000 0.654 1.000 0.596 0.994 0.551 0.982
18 0.745 1.000 0.669 1.000 0.613 0.995
19 0.757 1.000 0.683 1.000
20 0.767 1.000
55
Table 6 Distribution of The Sign-Test Statistic: P(X ≤ x), X ~ Bin(n, .5)
n
x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0.1250 0.0625 0.0313 0.0156 0.0078 0.0039 0.0020
1 0.5000 0.3125 0.1875 0.1094 0.0625 0.0352 0.0195
2 0.8750 0.6875 0.5000 0.3438 0.2266 0.1445 0.0898
3 1.0000 0.9375 0.8125 0.6562 0.5000 0.3633 0.2539
4 1.0000 0.9687 0.8906 0.7734 0.6367 0.5000
n
x 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 0.0001 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0107 0.0059 0.0032 0.0017 0.0009 0.0005 0.0003
2 0.0547 0.0327 0.0193 0.0112 0.0065 0.0037 0.0021
3 0.1719 0.1133 0.0730 0.0461 0.0287 0.0176 0.0106
4 0.3770 0.2744 0.1938 0.1334 0.0898 0.0592 0.0384
5 0.6230 0.5000 0.3872 0.2905 0.2120 0.1509 0.1051
6 0.8281 0.7256 0.6128 0.5000 0.3953 0.3036 0.2272
7 0.9453 0.8867 0.8062 0.7095 0.6047 0.5000 0.4018
8 0.9893 0.9673 0.9270 0.8666 0.7880 0.6964 0.5982
n
x 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0012 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.0064 0.0038 0.0022 0.0013 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002
4 0.0245 0.0154 0.0096 0.0059 0.0036 0.0022 0.0013
5 0.0717 0.0481 0.0318 0.0207 0.0133 0.0085 0.0053
6 0.1662 0.1189 0.0835 0.0577 0.0392 0.0262 0.0173
7 0.3145 0.2403 0.1796 0.1316 0.0946 0.0669 0.0466
8 0.5000 0.4073 0.3238 0.2517 0.1917 0.1431 0.1050
9 0.6855 0.5927 0.5000 0.4119 0.3318 0.2617 0.2024
10 0.8338 0.7597 0.6762 0.5881 0.5000 0.4159 0.3388
11 0.9283 0.8811 0.8204 0.7483 0.6682 0.5841 0.5000
n
x 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0008 0.0005 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
5 0.0033 0.0020 0.0012 0.0008 0.0005 0.0003 0.0002
6 0.0113 0.0073 0.0047 0.0030 0.0019 0.0012 0.0007
7 0.0320 0.0216 0.0145 0.0096 0.0063 0.0041 0.0026
8 0.0758 0.0539 0.0378 0.0261 0.0178 0.0121 0.0081
9 0.1537 0.1148 0.0843 0.0610 0.0436 0.0307 0.0214
10 0.2706 0.2122 0.1635 0.1239 0.0925 0.0680 0.0494
11 0.4194 0.3450 0.2786 0.2210 0.1725 0.1325 0.1002
12 0.5806 0.5000 0.4225 0.3506 0.2858 0.2291 0.1808
13 0.7294 0.6550 0.5775 0.5000 0.4253 0.3555 0.2923
14 0.8463 0.7878 0.7214 0.6494 0.5747 0.5000 0.4278
15 0.9242 0.8852 0.8365 0.7790 0.7142 0.6445 0.5722
56
Table 7 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V ≤ v)
v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0.5000 0.2500 0.1250 0.0625 0.0313 0.0156 0.0078

1 1.0000 0.5000 0.2500 0.1250 0.0625 0.0313 0.0156
2 0.7500 0.3750 0.1875 0.0938 0.0469 0.0234
3 1.0000 0.6250 0.3125 0.1563 0.0781 0.0391
4 0.7500 0.4375 0.2188 0.1094 0.0547
5 0.8750 0.5625 0.3125 0.1563 0.0781
6 1.0000 0.6875 0.4063 0.2188 0.1094
7 0.8125 0.5000 0.2813 0.1484
8 0.8750 0.5937 0.3438 0.1875
9 0.9375 0.6875 0.4219 0.2344
10 1.0000 0.7812 0.5000 0.2891
11 0.8437 0.5781 0.3438
12 0.9062 0.6562 0.4063
13 0.9375 0.7187 0.4688
14 0.9687 0.7812 0.5312
15 1.0000 0.8437 0.5937
16 0.8906 0.6562
17 0.9219 0.7109
18 0.9531 0.7656
19 0.9687 0.8125
20 0.9844 0.8516
21 1.0000 0.8906
22 0.9219
23 0.9453
24 0.9609
25 0.9766
26 0.9844
27 0.9922
28 1.0000
57
Table 7 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V≤ v) (continued)
v 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 0.0039 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

1 0.0078 0.0039 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001
2 0.0117 0.0059 0.0029 0.0015 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002
3 0.0195 0.0098 0.0049 0.0024 0.0012 0.0006 0.0003
4 0.0273 0.0137 0.0068 0.0034 0.0017 0.0009 0.0004
5 0.0391 0.0195 0.0098 0.0049 0.0024 0.0012 0.0006
6 0.0547 0.0273 0.0137 0.0068 0.0034 0.0017 0.0009
7 0.0742 0.0371 0.0186 0.0093 0.0046 0.0023 0.0012
8 0.0977 0.0488 0.0244 0.0122 0.0061 0.0031 0.0015
9 0.1250 0.0645 0.0322 0.0161 0.0081 0.0040 0.0020
10 0.1563 0.0820 0.0420 0.0210 0.0105 0.0052 0.0026
11 0.1914 0.1016 0.0527 0.0269 0.0134 0.0067 0.0034
12 0.2305 0.1250 0.0654 0.0337 0.0171 0.0085 0.0043
13 0.2734 0.1504 0.0801 0.0415 0.0212 0.0107 0.0054
14 0.3203 0.1797 0.0967 0.0508 0.0261 0.0133 0.0067
15 0.3711 0.2129 0.1162 0.0615 0.0320 0.0164 0.0083
16 0.4219 0.2480 0.1377 0.0737 0.0386 0.0199 0.0101
17 0.4727 0.2852 0.1611 0.0874 0.0461 0.0239 0.0123
18 0.5273 0.3262 0.1875 0.1030 0.0549 0.0287 0.0148
19 0.5781 0.3672 0.2158 0.1201 0.0647 0.0341 0.0176
20 0.6289 0.4102 0.2461 0.1392 0.0757 0.0402 0.0209
21 0.6797 0.4551 0.2783 0.1602 0.0881 0.0471 0.0247
22 0.7266 0.5000 0.3125 0.1826 0.1018 0.0549 0.0290
23 0.7695 0.5449 0.3477 0.2065 0.1167 0.0636 0.0338
24 0.8086 0.5898 0.3848 0.2324 0.1331 0.0732 0.0392
25 0.8437 0.6328 0.4229 0.2598 0.1506 0.0839 0.0453
26 0.8750 0.6738 0.4609 0.2886 0.1697 0.0955 0.0520
27 0.9023 0.7148 0.5000 0.3188 0.1902 0.1082 0.0594
28 0.9258 0.7520 0.5391 0.3501 0.2119 0.1219 0.0676
29 0.9453 0.7871 0.5771 0.3823 0.2349 0.1367 0.0765
30 0.9609 0.8203 0.6152 0.4155 0.2593 0.1527 0.0863
31 0.9727 0.8496 0.6523 0.4492 0.2847 0.1698 0.0969
32 0.9805 0.8750 0.6875 0.4829 0.3110 0.1879 0.1083
33 0.9883 0.8984 0.7217 0.5171 0.3386 0.2072 0.1206
34 0.9922 0.9180 0.7539 0.5508 0.3667 0.2274 0.1338
35 0.9961 0.9355 0.7842 0.5845 0.3955 0.2487 0.1479
36 1.0000 0.9512 0.8125 0.6177 0.4250 0.2709 0.1629
37 0.9629 0.8389 0.6499 0.4548 0.2939 0.1788
38 0.9727 0.8623 0.6812 0.4849 0.3177 0.1955
39 0.9805 0.8838 0.7114 0.5151 0.3424 0.2131
40 0.9863 0.9033 0.7402 0.5452 0.3677 0.2316
41 0.9902 0.9199 0.7676 0.5750 0.3934 0.2508
42 0.9941 0.9346 0.7935 0.6045 0.4197 0.2708
43 0.9961 0.9473 0.8174 0.6333 0.4463 0.2915
44 0.9980 0.9580 0.8398 0.6614 0.4730 0.3129
45 1.0000 0.9678 0.8608 0.6890 0.5000 0.3349
46 0.9756 0.8799 0.7153 0.5270 0.3574
47 0.9814 0.8970 0.7407 0.5537 0.3804
48 0.9863 0.9126 0.7651 0.5803 0.4039
49 0.9902 0.9263 0.7881 0.6066 0.4276
50 0.9932 0.9385 0.8098 0.6323 0.4516
51 0.9951 0.9492 0.8303 0.6576 0.4758
52 0.9971 0.9585 0.8494 0.6823 0.5000
58
Table 7 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V ≤ v) (continued)
v 15 16 17 18 19 20
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

1 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
9 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
10 0.0013 0.0007 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000
11 0.0017 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
12 0.0021 0.0011 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
13 0.0027 0.0013 0.0007 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
14 0.0034 0.0017 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001
15 0.0042 0.0021 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001
16 0.0051 0.0026 0.0013 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002
17 0.0062 0.0031 0.0016 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002
18 0.0075 0.0038 0.0019 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002
19 0.0090 0.0046 0.0023 0.0012 0.0006 0.0003
20 0.0108 0.0055 0.0028 0.0014 0.0007 0.0004
21 0.0128 0.0065 0.0033 0.0017 0.0008 0.0004
22 0.0151 0.0078 0.0040 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005
23 0.0177 0.0091 0.0047 0.0024 0.0012 0.0006
24 0.0206 0.0107 0.0055 0.0028 0.0014 0.0007
25 0.0240 0.0125 0.0064 0.0033 0.0017 0.0008
26 0.0277 0.0145 0.0075 0.0038 0.0020 0.0010
27 0.0319 0.0168 0.0087 0.0045 0.0023 0.0012
28 0.0365 0.0193 0.0101 0.0052 0.0027 0.0014
29 0.0416 0.0222 0.0116 0.0060 0.0031 0.0016
30 0.0473 0.0253 0.0133 0.0069 0.0036 0.0018
31 0.0535 0.0288 0.0153 0.0080 0.0041 0.0021
32 0.0603 0.0327 0.0174 0.0091 0.0047 0.0024
33 0.0677 0.0370 0.0198 0.0104 0.0054 0.0028
34 0.0757 0.0416 0.0224 0.0118 0.0062 0.0032
35 0.0844 0.0467 0.0253 0.0134 0.0070 0.0036
36 0.0938 0.0523 0.0284 0.0152 0.0080 0.0042
37 0.1039 0.0583 0.0319 0.0171 0.0090 0.0047
38 0.1147 0.0649 0.0357 0.0192 0.0102 0.0053
39 0.1262 0.0719 0.0398 0.0216 0.0115 0.0060
40 0.1384 0.0795 0.0443 0.0241 0.0129 0.0068
41 0.1514 0.0877 0.0492 0.0269 0.0145 0.0077
42 0.1651 0.0964 0.0544 0.0300 0.0162 0.0086
43 0.1796 0.1057 0.0601 0.0333 0.0180 0.0096
44 0.1947 0.1156 0.0662 0.0368 0.0201 0.0107
45 0.2106 0.1261 0.0727 0.0407 0.0223 0.0120
46 0.2271 0.1372 0.0797 0.0449 0.0247 0.0133
47 0.2444 0.1489 0.0871 0.0494 0.0273 0.0148
48 0.2622 0.1613 0.0950 0.0542 0.0301 0.0164
49 0.2807 0.1742 0.1034 0.0594 0.0331 0.0181
50 0.2997 0.1877 0.1123 0.0649 0.0364 0.0200
59
Table 7 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V ≤ v) (continued)
v 15 16 17 18 19 20
51 0.3193 0.2019 0.1217 0.0708 0.0399 0.0220

52 0.3394 0.2166 0.1317 0.0770 0.0437 0.0242
53 0.3599 0.2319 0.1421 0.0837 0.0478 0.0266
54 0.3808 0.2477 0.1530 0.0907 0.0521 0.0291
55 0.4020 0.2641 0.1645 0.0982 0.0567 0.0319
56 0.4235 0.2809 0.1764 0.1061 0.0616 0.0348
57 0.4452 0.2983 0.1889 0.1144 0.0668 0.0379
58 0.4670 0.3161 0.2019 0.1231 0.0723 0.0413
59 0.4890 0.3343 0.2153 0.1323 0.0782 0.0448
60 0.5110 0.3529 0.2293 0.1419 0.0844 0.0487
61 0.5330 0.3718 0.2437 0.1519 0.0909 0.0527
62 0.5548 0.3910 0.2585 0.1624 0.0978 0.0570
63 0.5765 0.4104 0.2738 0.1733 0.1051 0.0615
64 0.5980 0.4301 0.2895 0.1846 0.1127 0.0664
65 0.6192 0.4500 0.3056 0.1964 0.1206 0.0715
66 0.6401 0.4699 0.3221 0.2086 0.1290 0.0768
67 0.6606 0.4900 0.3389 0.2211 0.1377 0.0825
68 0.6807 0.5100 0.3559 0.2341 0.1467 0.0884
69 0.7003 0.5301 0.3733 0.2475 0.1562 0.0947
70 0.7193 0.5500 0.3910 0.2613 0.1660 0.1012
71 0.7378 0.5699 0.4088 0.2754 0.1762 0.1081
72 0.7556 0.5896 0.4268 0.2899 0.1868 0.1153
73 0.7729 0.6090 0.4450 0.3047 0.1977 0.1227
74 0.7894 0.6282 0.4633 0.3198 0.2090 0.1305
75 0.8053 0.6471 0.4816 0.3353 0.2207 0.1387
76 0.8204 0.6657 0.5000 0.3509 0.2327 0.1471
77 0.8349 0.6839 0.5184 0.3669 0.2450 0.1559
78 0.8486 0.7017 0.5367 0.3830 0.2576 0.1650
79 0.8616 0.7191 0.5550 0.3994 0.2706 0.1744
80 0.8738 0.7359 0.5732 0.4159 0.2839 0.1841
81 0.8853 0.7523 0.5912 0.4325 0.2974 0.1942
82 0.8961 0.7681 0.6090 0.4493 0.3113 0.2045
83 0.9062 0.7834 0.6267 0.4661 0.3254 0.2152
84 0.9156 0.7981 0.6441 0.4831 0.3397 0.2262
85 0.9243 0.8123 0.6611 0.5000 0.3543 0.2375
86 0.9323 0.8258 0.6779 0.5169 0.3690 0.2490
87 0.9397 0.8387 0.6944 0.5339 0.3840 0.2608
88 0.9465 0.8511 0.7105 0.5507 0.3991 0.2729
89 0.9527 0.8628 0.7262 0.5675 0.4144 0.2853
90 0.9584 0.8739 0.7415 0.5841 0.4298 0.2979
91 0.9635 0.8844 0.7563 0.6006 0.4453 0.3108
92 0.9681 0.8943 0.7707 0.6170 0.4609 0.3238
93 0.9723 0.9036 0.7847 0.6331 0.4765 0.3371
94 0.9760 0.9123 0.7981 0.6491 0.4922 0.3506
95 0.9794 0.9205 0.8111 0.6647 0.5078 0.3643
96 0.9823 0.9281 0.8236 0.6802 0.5235 0.3781
97 0.9849 0.9351 0.8355 0.6953 0.5391 0.3921
98 0.9872 0.9417 0.8470 0.7101 0.5547 0.4062
99 0.9892 0.9477 0.8579 0.7246 0.5702 0.4204
100 0.9910 0.9533 0.8683 0.7387 0.5856 0.4347
101 0.9925 0.9584 0.8783 0.7525 0.6009 0.4492
102 0.9938 0.9630 0.8877 0.7659 0.6160 0.4636
103 0.9949 0.9673 0.8966 0.7789 0.6310 0.4782
104 0.9958 0.9712 0.9050 0.7914 0.6457 0.4927
105 0.9966 0.9747 0.9129 0.8036 0.6603 0.5073
60
Table 8 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W ≤ w)
Note: nX is the smaller sample size, nY the larger sample size
nX = 2
nY
w 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 0.1667 0.1000 0.0667 0.0476 0.0357 0.0278 0.0222 0.0182 0.0152

4 0.3333 0.2000 0.1333 0.0952 0.0714 0.0556 0.0444 0.0364 0.0303
5 0.6667 0.4000 0.2667 0.1905 0.1429 0.1111 0.0889 0.0727 0.0606
6 0.8333 0.6000 0.4000 0.2857 0.2143 0.1667 0.1333 0.1091 0.0909
7 1.0000 0.8000 0.6000 0.4286 0.3214 0.2500 0.2000 0.1636 0.1364
8 0.9000 0.7333 0.5714 0.4286 0.3333 0.2667 0.2182 0.1818
9 1.0000 0.8667 0.7143 0.5714 0.4444 0.3556 0.2909 0.2424
10 0.9333 0.8095 0.6786 0.5556 0.4444 0.3636 0.3030
11 1.0000 0.9048 0.7857 0.6667 0.5556 0.4545 0.3788
12 0.9524 0.8571 0.7500 0.6444 0.5455 0.4545
13 1.0000 0.9286 0.8333 0.7333 0.6364 0.5455
14 0.9643 0.8889 0.8000 0.7091 0.6212
15 1.0000 0.9444 0.8667 0.7818 0.6970
16 0.9722 0.9111 0.8364 0.7576
17 1.0000 0.9556 0.8909 0.8182
18 0.9778 0.9273 0.8636
19 1.0000 0.9636 0.9091
20 0.9818 0.9394
21 1.0000 0.9697
22 0.9848
23 1.0000
nX = 3
nY
w 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 0.0500 0.0286 0.0179 0.0119 0.0083 0.0061 0.0045 0.0035

7 0.1000 0.0571 0.0357 0.0238 0.0167 0.0121 0.0091 0.0070
8 0.2000 0.1143 0.0714 0.0476 0.0333 0.0242 0.0182 0.0140
9 0.3500 0.2000 0.1250 0.0833 0.0583 0.0424 0.0318 0.0245
10 0.5000 0.3143 0.1964 0.1310 0.0917 0.0667 0.0500 0.0385
11 0.6500 0.4286 0.2857 0.1905 0.1333 0.0970 0.0727 0.0559
12 0.8000 0.5714 0.3929 0.2738 0.1917 0.1394 0.1045 0.0804
13 0.9000 0.6857 0.5000 0.3571 0.2583 0.1879 0.1409 0.1084
14 0.9500 0.8000 0.6071 0.4524 0.3333 0.2485 0.1864 0.1434
15 1.0000 0.8857 0.7143 0.5476 0.4167 0.3152 0.2409 0.1853
16 0.9429 0.8036 0.6429 0.5000 0.3879 0.3000 0.2343
17 0.9714 0.8750 0.7262 0.5833 0.4606 0.3636 0.2867
18 1.0000 0.9286 0.8095 0.6667 0.5394 0.4318 0.3462
19 0.9643 0.8690 0.7417 0.6121 0.5000 0.4056
20 0.9821 0.9167 0.8083 0.6848 0.5682 0.4685
21 1.0000 0.9524 0.8667 0.7515 0.6364 0.5315
61
Table 8 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W ≤ w) (continued)
nX = 4
nY
w 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 0.0143 0.0079 0.0048 0.0030 0.0020 0.0014 0.0010

11 0.0286 0.0159 0.0095 0.0061 0.0040 0.0028 0.0020
12 0.0571 0.0317 0.0190 0.0121 0.0081 0.0056 0.0040
13 0.1000 0.0556 0.0333 0.0212 0.0141 0.0098 0.0070
14 0.1714 0.0952 0.0571 0.0364 0.0242 0.0168 0.0120
15 0.2429 0.1429 0.0857 0.0545 0.0364 0.0252 0.0180
16 0.3429 0.2063 0.1286 0.0818 0.0545 0.0378 0.0270
17 0.4429 0.2778 0.1762 0.1152 0.0768 0.0531 0.0380
18 0.5571 0.3651 0.2381 0.1576 0.1071 0.0741 0.0529
19 0.6571 0.4524 0.3048 0.2061 0.1414 0.0993 0.0709
20 0.7571 0.5476 0.3810 0.2636 0.1838 0.1301 0.0939
21 0.8286 0.6349 0.4571 0.3242 0.2303 0.1650 0.1199
22 0.9000 0.7222 0.5429 0.3939 0.2848 0.2070 0.1518
23 0.9429 0.7937 0.6190 0.4636 0.3414 0.2517 0.1868
24 0.9714 0.8571 0.6952 0.5364 0.4040 0.3021 0.2268
25 0.9857 0.9048 0.7619 0.6061 0.4667 0.3552 0.2697
26 1.0000 0.9444 0.8238 0.6758 0.5333 0.4126 0.3177
27 0.9683 0.8714 0.7364 0.5960 0.4699 0.3666
28 0.9841 0.9143 0.7939 0.6586 0.5301 0.4196
29 0.9921 0.9429 0.8424 0.7152 0.5874 0.4725
30 1.0000 0.9667 0.8848 0.7697 0.6448 0.5275
nX = 5
nY
w 5 6 7 8 9 10
15 0.0040 0.0022 0.0013 0.0008 0.0005 0.0003

16 0.0079 0.0043 0.0025 0.0016 0.0010 0.0007
17 0.0159 0.0087 0.0051 0.0031 0.0020 0.0013
18 0.0278 0.0152 0.0088 0.0054 0.0035 0.0023
19 0.0476 0.0260 0.0152 0.0093 0.0060 0.0040
20 0.0754 0.0411 0.0240 0.0148 0.0095 0.0063
21 0.1111 0.0628 0.0366 0.0225 0.0145 0.0097
22 0.1548 0.0887 0.0530 0.0326 0.0210 0.0140
23 0.2103 0.1234 0.0745 0.0466 0.0300 0.0200
24 0.2738 0.1645 0.1010 0.0637 0.0415 0.0276
25 0.3452 0.2143 0.1338 0.0855 0.0559 0.0376
26 0.4206 0.2684 0.1717 0.1111 0.0734 0.0496
27 0.5000 0.3312 0.2159 0.1422 0.0949 0.0646
28 0.5794 0.3961 0.2652 0.1772 0.1199 0.0823
29 0.6548 0.4654 0.3194 0.2176 0.1489 0.1032
30 0.7262 0.5346 0.3775 0.2618 0.1818 0.1272
31 0.7897 0.6039 0.4381 0.3108 0.2188 0.1548
32 0.8452 0.6688 0.5000 0.3621 0.2592 0.1855
33 0.8889 0.7316 0.5619 0.4165 0.3032 0.2198
34 0.9246 0.7857 0.6225 0.4716 0.3497 0.2567
35 0.9524 0.8355 0.6806 0.5284 0.3986 0.2970
36 0.9722 0.8766 0.7348 0.5835 0.4491 0.3393
37 0.9841 0.9113 0.7841 0.6379 0.5000 0.3839
38 0.9921 0.9372 0.8283 0.6892 0.5509 0.4296
39 0.9960 0.9589 0.8662 0.7382 0.6014 0.4765
40 1.0000 0.9740 0.8990 0.7824 0.6503 0.5235
62
nX = 6 nX = 7
nY nY
w 6 7 8 9 10 w 7 8 9 10
21 0.0011 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 28 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

22 0.0022 0.0012 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002 29 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
23 0.0043 0.0023 0.0013 0.0008 0.0005 30 0.0012 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002
24 0.0076 0.0041 0.0023 0.0014 0.0009 31 0.0020 0.0011 0.0006 0.0004
25 0.0130 0.0070 0.0040 0.0024 0.0015 32 0.0035 0.0019 0.0010 0.0006
26 0.0206 0.0111 0.0063 0.0038 0.0024 33 0.0055 0.0030 0.0017 0.0010
27 0.0325 0.0175 0.0100 0.0060 0.0037 34 0.0087 0.0047 0.0026 0.0015
28 0.0465 0.0256 0.0147 0.0088 0.0055 35 0.0131 0.0070 0.0039 0.0023
29 0.0660 0.0367 0.0213 0.0128 0.0080 36 0.0189 0.0103 0.0058 0.0034
30 0.0898 0.0507 0.0296 0.0180 0.0112 37 0.0265 0.0145 0.0082 0.0048
31 0.1201 0.0688 0.0406 0.0248 0.0156 38 0.0364 0.0200 0.0115 0.0068
32 0.1548 0.0903 0.0539 0.0332 0.0210 39 0.0487 0.0270 0.0156 0.0093
33 0.1970 0.1171 0.0709 0.0440 0.0280 40 0.0641 0.0361 0.0209 0.0125
34 0.2424 0.1474 0.0906 0.0567 0.0363 41 0.0825 0.0469 0.0274 0.0165
35 0.2944 0.1830 0.1142 0.0723 0.0467 42 0.1043 0.0603 0.0356 0.0215
36 0.3496 0.2226 0.1412 0.0905 0.0589 43 0.1297 0.0760 0.0454 0.0277
37 0.4091 0.2669 0.1725 0.1119 0.0736 44 0.1588 0.0946 0.0571 0.0351
38 0.4686 0.3141 0.2068 0.1361 0.0903 45 0.1914 0.1159 0.0708 0.0439
39 0.5314 0.3654 0.2454 0.1638 0.1099 46 0.2279 0.1405 0.0869 0.0544
40 0.5909 0.4178 0.2864 0.1942 0.1317 47 0.2675 0.1678 0.1052 0.0665
41 0.6504 0.4726 0.3310 0.2280 0.1566 48 0.3100 0.1984 0.1261 0.0806
42 0.7056 0.5274 0.3773 0.2643 0.1838 49 0.3552 0.2317 0.1496 0.0966
43 0.7576 0.5822 0.4259 0.3035 0.2139 50 0.4024 0.2679 0.1755 0.1148
44 0.8030 0.6346 0.4749 0.3445 0.2461 51 0.4508 0.3063 0.2039 0.1349
45 0.8452 0.6859 0.5251 0.3878 0.2811 52 0.5000 0.3472 0.2349 0.1574
46 0.8799 0.7331 0.5741 0.4320 0.3177 53 0.5492 0.3894 0.2680 0.1819
47 0.9102 0.7774 0.6227 0.4773 0.3564 54 0.5976 0.4333 0.3032 0.2087
48 0.9340 0.8170 0.6690 0.5227 0.3962 55 0.6448 0.4775 0.3403 0.2374
49 0.9535 0.8526 0.7136 0.5680 0.4374 56 0.6900 0.5225 0.3788 0.2681
50 0.9675 0.8829 0.7546 0.6122 0.4789 57 0.7325 0.5667 0.4185 0.3004
51 0.9794 0.9097 0.7932 0.6555 0.5211 58 0.7721 0.6106 0.4591 0.3345
52 0.9870 0.9312 0.8275 0.6965 0.5626 59 0.8086 0.6528 0.5000 0.3698
53 0.9924 0.9493 0.8588 0.7357 0.6038 60 0.8412 0.6937 0.5409 0.4063
54 0.9957 0.9633 0.8858 0.7720 0.6436 61 0.8703 0.7321 0.5815 0.4434
55 0.9978 0.9744 0.9094 0.8058 0.6823 62 0.8957 0.7683 0.6212 0.4811
56 0.9989 0.9825 0.9291 0.8362 0.7189 63 0.9175 0.8016 0.6597 0.5189
57 1.0000 0.9889 0.9461 0.8639 0.7539 64 0.9359 0.8322 0.6968 0.5566
58 0.9930 0.9594 0.8881 0.7861 65 0.9513 0.8595 0.7320 0.5937
59 0.9959 0.9704 0.9095 0.8162 66 0.9636 0.8841 0.7651 0.6302
60 0.9977 0.9787 0.9277 0.8434 67 0.9735 0.9054 0.7961 0.6655
61 0.9988 0.9853 0.9433 0.8683 68 0.9811 0.9240 0.8245 0.6996
62 0.9994 0.9900 0.9560 0.8901 69 0.9869 0.9397 0.8504 0.7319
63 1.0000 0.9937 0.9668 0.9097 70 0.9913 0.9531 0.8739 0.7626
64 0.9960 0.9752 0.9264 71 0.9945 0.9639 0.8948 0.7913
65 0.9977 0.9820 0.9411 72 0.9965 0.9730 0.9131 0.8181
66 0.9987 0.9872 0.9533 73 0.9980 0.9800 0.9292 0.8426
67 0.9993 0.9912 0.9637 74 0.9988 0.9855 0.9429 0.8651
68 0.9997 0.9940 0.9720 75 0.9994 0.9897 0.9546 0.8852
69 1.0000 0.9962 0.9790 76 0.9997 0.9930 0.9644 0.9034
70 0.9976 0.9844 77 1.0000 0.9953 0.9726 0.9194
71 0.9986 0.9888 78 0.9970 0.9791 0.9335
63
nX = 8 nX = 9 nX = 10
nY nY nY
w 8 9 10 w 9 10 w 10
36 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 45 0.0000 0.0000 55 0.0000

37 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 46 0.0000 0.0000 56 0.0000
38 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 47 0.0001 0.0000 57 0.0000
39 0.0005 0.0003 0.0002 48 0.0001 0.0001 58 0.0000
40 0.0009 0.0005 0.0003 49 0.0002 0.0001 59 0.0001
41 0.0015 0.0008 0.0004 50 0.0004 0.0002 60 0.0001
42 0.0023 0.0012 0.0007 51 0.0006 0.0003 61 0.0002
43 0.0035 0.0019 0.0010 52 0.0009 0.0005 62 0.0002
44 0.0052 0.0028 0.0015 53 0.0014 0.0007 63 0.0004
45 0.0074 0.0039 0.0022 54 0.0020 0.0011 64 0.0005
46 0.0103 0.0056 0.0031 55 0.0028 0.0015 65 0.0008
47 0.0141 0.0076 0.0043 56 0.0039 0.0021 66 0.0010
48 0.0190 0.0103 0.0058 57 0.0053 0.0028 67 0.0014
49 0.0249 0.0137 0.0078 58 0.0071 0.0038 68 0.0019
50 0.0325 0.0180 0.0103 59 0.0094 0.0051 69 0.0026
51 0.0415 0.0232 0.0133 60 0.0122 0.0066 70 0.0034
52 0.0524 0.0296 0.0171 61 0.0157 0.0086 71 0.0045
53 0.0652 0.0372 0.0217 62 0.0200 0.0110 72 0.0057
54 0.0803 0.0464 0.0273 63 0.0252 0.0140 73 0.0073
55 0.0974 0.0570 0.0338 64 0.0313 0.0175 74 0.0093
56 0.1172 0.0694 0.0416 65 0.0385 0.0217 75 0.0116
57 0.1393 0.0836 0.0506 66 0.0470 0.0267 76 0.0144
58 0.1641 0.0998 0.0610 67 0.0567 0.0326 77 0.0177
59 0.1911 0.1179 0.0729 68 0.0680 0.0394 78 0.0216
60 0.2209 0.1383 0.0864 69 0.0807 0.0474 79 0.0262
61 0.2527 0.1606 0.1015 70 0.0951 0.0564 80 0.0315
62 0.2869 0.1852 0.1185 71 0.1112 0.0667 81 0.0376
63 0.3227 0.2117 0.1371 72 0.1290 0.0782 82 0.0446
64 0.3605 0.2404 0.1577 73 0.1487 0.0912 83 0.0526
65 0.3992 0.2707 0.1800 74 0.1701 0.1055 84 0.0615
66 0.4392 0.3029 0.2041 75 0.1933 0.1214 85 0.0716
67 0.4796 0.3365 0.2299 76 0.2181 0.1388 86 0.0827
68 0.5204 0.3715 0.2574 77 0.2447 0.1577 87 0.0952
69 0.5608 0.4074 0.2863 78 0.2729 0.1781 88 0.1088
70 0.6008 0.4442 0.3167 79 0.3024 0.2001 89 0.1237
71 0.6395 0.4813 0.3482 80 0.3332 0.2235 90 0.1399
72 0.6773 0.5187 0.3809 81 0.3652 0.2483 91 0.1575
73 0.7131 0.5558 0.4143 82 0.3981 0.2745 92 0.1763
74 0.7473 0.5926 0.4484 83 0.4317 0.3019 93 0.1965
75 0.7791 0.6285 0.4827 84 0.4657 0.3304 94 0.2179
76 0.8089 0.6635 0.5173 85 0.5000 0.3598 95 0.2406
77 0.8359 0.6971 0.5516 86 0.5343 0.3901 96 0.2644
78 0.8607 0.7293 0.5857 87 0.5683 0.4211 97 0.2894
79 0.8828 0.7596 0.6191 88 0.6019 0.4524 98 0.3153
80 0.9026 0.7883 0.6518 89 0.6348 0.4841 99 0.3421
81 0.9197 0.8148 0.6833 90 0.6668 0.5159 100 0.3697
82 0.9348 0.8394 0.7137 91 0.6976 0.5476 101 0.3980
83 0.9476 0.8617 0.7426 92 0.7271 0.5789 102 0.4267
84 0.9585 0.8821 0.7701 93 0.7553 0.6099 103 0.4559
85 0.9675 0.9002 0.7959 94 0.7819 0.6402 104 0.4853
86 0.9751 0.9164 0.8200 95 0.8067 0.6696 105 0.5147
64
Table 9 Upper Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution
0 χ 12−α 0 χα2
Tail Area 1 - α Tail Area α
df .995 .99 .975 .95 .90 df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 1 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 2 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 3 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 4 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 5 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 6 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 7 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 8 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 9 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 10 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 11 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 12 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 13 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 14 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 15 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 16 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 17 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 18 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 19 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 20 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 21 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 22 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 23 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 24 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 25 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 26 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 27 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 28 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 29 39.087 42.557 45.772 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 30 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
31 14.458 15.655 17.539 19.281 21.434 31 41.422 44.985 48.232 52.191 55.003
32 15.134 13.362 18.291 20.072 22.271 32 42.585 46.194 49.480 53.486 56.328
33 15.815 17.073 19.047 20.867 23.110 33 43.745 47.400 50.725 54.776 57.648
34 16.501 17.789 19.806 21.664 23.952 34 44.903 48.602 51.966 56.061 58.964
35 17.192 18.509 20.569 22.465 24.797 35 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275
36 17.887 19.233 21.336 23.269 25.643 36 47.212 50.998 54.437 58.619 61.581
37 18.586 19.960 22.106 24.075 26.492 37 48.363 52.192 55.668 59.892 62.883
38 19.289 20.691 22.878 24.884 27.343 38 49.513 53.384 56.895 61.162 64.181
39 19.996 21.426 23.654 25.695 28.196 39 50.660 54.572 58.120 62.428 65.476
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 40 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
41 21.421 22.906 25.215 27.326 29.907 41 52.949 56.942 60.561 64.950 68.053
42 22.138 23.650 25.999 28.144 30.765 42 54.090 58.124 61.777 66.206 69.336
43 22.859 24.398 26.785 28.965 31.625 43 55.230 59.304 62.990 67.459 70.616
44 23.584 25.148 27.575 29.787 32.487 44 56.369 60.481 64.201 68.709 71.893
45 24.311 25.901 28.366 30.612 33.350 45 57.505 61.656 65.410 69.957 73.166
46 25.041 26.657 29.160 31.439 34.215 46 58.641 62.830 66.617 71.201 74.437
47 25.775 27.416 29.956 32.268 35.081 47 59.774 64.001 67.821 72.443 75.704
48 26.511 28.177 30.755 33.098 35.949 48 60.907 65.171 69.023 73.683 76.969
49 27.249 28.941 31.555 33.930 36.818 49 62.038 66.339 70.222 74.919 78.231
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 50 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
65
Table 10 Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (ν1, ν2) df
0 Fα Tail Area = α
ν1
ν2 α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 .10 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86
.05 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5
.025 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3
.01 4052 5000 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022
.005 16211 20000 20615 22500 23056 23437 23715 23925 24091
2 .10 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38
.05 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38
.025 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39
.01 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39
.005 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4
3 .10 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24
.05 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81
.025 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47
.01 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35
.005 55.55 49.80 47.47 46.19 45.39 44.84 44.43 44.13 43.88
4 .10 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94
.05 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
.025 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90
.01 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66
.005 31.33 26.28 24.26 23.15 22.46 21.97 21.62 21.35 21.14
5 .10 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32
.05 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77
.025 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68
.01 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16
.005 22.78 18.31 16.53 15.56 14.94 14.51 14.20 13.96 13.77
6 .10 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96
.05 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
.025 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52
.01 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98
.005 18.63 14.54 12.92 12.03 11.46 11.07 10.79 10.57 10.39
7 .10 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72
.05 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68
.025 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82
.01 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72
.005 16.24 12.40 10.88 10.05 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51
8 .10 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56
.05 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39
.025 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36
.01 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91
.005 14.69 11.04 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34
9 .10 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44
.05 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18
.025 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03
.01 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35
.005 13.61 10.11 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54
66
Table 10 Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (ν1, ν2) df (continued)
ν1
ν2 α 10 12 15 20 24 30 60 120 ∞
1 .10 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.79 63.06 63.33
.05 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
.025 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1010 1014 1018
.01 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6313 6339 6366
.005 24224 24426 24630 24836 24940 25044 25253 25359 25465
2 .10 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49
.05 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.48 19.49 19.50
.025 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.48 39.49 39.50
.01 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
.005 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5
3 .10 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.15 5.14 5.13
.05 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.57 8.55 8.53
.025 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 13.99 13.95 13.90
.01 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.32 26.22 26.13
.005 43.69 43.39 43.08 42.78 42.62 42.47 42.15 41.99 41.83
4 .10 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.79 3.78 3.76
.05 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.69 5.66 5.63
.025 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.36 8.31 8.26
.01 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.65 13.56 13.46
.005 20.97 20.70 20.44 20.17 20.03 19.89 19.61 19.47 19.32
5 .10 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.14 3.12 3.10
.05 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.43 4.40 4.36
.025 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.12 6.07 6.02
.01 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.20 9.11 9.02
.005 13.62 13.38 13.15 12.90 12.78 12.66 12.40 12.27 12.14
6 .10 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.76 2.74 2.72
.05 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.74 3.70 3.67
.025 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 4.96 4.90 4.85
.01 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.06 6.97 6.88
.005 10.25 10.03 9.81 9.59 9.47 9.36 9.12 9.00 8.88
7 .10 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.51 2.49 2.47
.05 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.30 3.27 3.23
.025 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.25 4.20 4.14
.01 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.82 5.74 5.65
.005 8.38 8.18 7.97 7.75 7.65 7.53 7.31 7.19 7.08
8 .10 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.29
.05 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.01 2.97 2.93
.025 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.78 3.73 3.67
.01 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.03 4.95 4.86
.005 7.21 7.01 6.81 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.18 6.06 5.95
9 .10 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.16
.05 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.79 2.75 2.71
.025 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.45 3.39 3.33
.01 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.48 4.40 4.31
.005 6.42 6.23 6.03 5.83 5.73 5.62 5.41 5.30 5.19
67
ν1
ν2 α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 .10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35
.05 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02
.025 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78
.01 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94
.005 12.8 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97
12 .10 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21
.05 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80
.025 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44
.01 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39
.005 11.8 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20
15 .10 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09
.05 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59
.025 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12
.01 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89
.005 10.8 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54
20 .10 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96
.05 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39
.025 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84
.01 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46
.005 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96
24 .10 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91
.05 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30
.025 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70
.01 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26
.005 9.55 6.66 5.52 4.89 4.49 4.20 3.99 3.83 3.69
30 .10 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85
.05 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21
.025 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57
.01 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07
.005 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.45
60 .10 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74
.05 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04
.025 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33
.01 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72
.005 8.49 5.79 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 3.01
120 .10 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68
.05 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96
.025 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22
.01 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56
.005 8.18 5.54 4.50 3.92 3.55 3.28 3.09 2.93 2.81
∞ .10 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63
.05 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88
.025 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11
.01 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41
.005 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.74 2.62
68
ν1
ν2 α 10 12 15 20 24 30 60 120 ∞
10 .10 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.06
.05 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.62 2.58 2.54
.025 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.20 3.14 3.08
.01 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.08 4.00 3.91
.005 5.85 5.66 5.47 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.86 4.75 4.64
12 .10 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.90
.05 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.38 2.34 2.30
.025 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.85 2.79 2.72
.01 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.54 3.45 3.36
.005 5.09 4.91 4.72 4.53 4.43 4.33 4.12 4.01 3.90
15 .10 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.82 1.79 1.76
.05 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.16 2.11 2.07
.025 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.52 2.46 2.40
.01 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.05 2.96 2.87
.005 4.42 4.25 4.07 3.88 3.79 3.69 3.48 3.37 3.26
20 .10 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.68 1.64 1.61
.05 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.95 1.90 1.84
.025 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.22 2.16 2.09
.01 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.61 2.52 2.42
.005 3.85 3.68 3.50 3.32 3.22 3.12 2.92 2.81 2.69
24 .10 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.61 1.57 1.53
.05 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.84 1.79 1.73
.025 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.08 2.01 1.94
.01 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.40 2.31 2.21
.005 3.59 3.42 3.25 3.06 2.97 2.87 2.66 2.55 2.43
30 .10 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.54 1.50 1.46
.05 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.74 1.68 1.62
.025 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 1.94 1.87 1.79
.01 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.21 2.11 2.01
.005 3.34 3.18 3.01 2.82 2.73 2.63 2.42 2.30 2.18
60 .10 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.40 1.35 1.29
.05 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.53 1.47 1.39
.025 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.67 1.58 1.48
.01 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.84 1.73 1.60
.005 2.90 2.74 2.57 2.39 2.29 2.19 1.96 1.83 1.69
120 .10 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.32 1.26 1.19
.05 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.43 1.35 1.25
.025 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.53 1.43 1.31
.01 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.66 1.53 1.38
.005 2.71 2.54 2.37 2.19 2.09 1.98 1.75 1.61 1.43
∞ .10 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.24 1.17 1.00
.05 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.32 1.22 1.00
.025 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.39 1.27 1.00
.01 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.00
.005 2.52 2.36 2.19 2.00 1.90 1.79 1.53 1.36 1.00
69
Table 11 Critical Values for the Sk-test for Asymmetry
α α
n .10 .05 .025 n .10 .05 .025
5 0.88 1.07 1.21 19 0.94 1.20 1.42

6 0.71 0.88 1.02 20 0.88 1.12 1.33
7 0.91 1.13 1.30 21 0.95 1.20 1.43
8 0.77 0.96 1.13 22 0.89 1.13 1.35
9 0.92 1.15 1.35 23 0.95 1.21 1.43
10 0.81 1.01 1.19 24 0.89 1.14 1.36
11 0.93 1.17 1.37 25 0.95 1.21 1.44
12 0.83 1.05 1.24 26 0.90 1.15 1.37
13 0.93 1.18 1.39 27 0.95 1.21 1.44
14 0.85 1.08 1.27 28 0.90 1.15 1.37
15 0.94 1.19 1.41 29 0.95 1.21 1.44
16 0.86 1.10 1.30 30 0.91 1.16 1.38
17 0.94 1.19 1.41
18 0.87 1.11 1.32 ∞ 0.97 1.24 1.48
Table 12 Critical Values for the Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality
α α
n .10 .05 .01 n .10 .05 .01

31 0.972 0.965 0.950
32 0.972 0.966 0.950
3 0.891 0.879 0.869 33 0.973 0.967 0.951
4 0.894 0.868 0.824 34 0.974 0.968 0.953
5 0.903 0.880 0.826 35 0.974 0.969 0.954
6 0.910 0.888 0.838 36 0.975 0.969 0.955
7 0.918 0.898 0.850 37 0.976 0.970 0.956
8 0.924 0.906 0.861 38 0.976 0.971 0.957
9 0.930 0.912 0.871 39 0.977 0.971 0.958
10 0.934 0.918 0.879 40 0.977 0.972 0.959
11 0.938 0.923 0.886 41 0.977 0.973 0.960
12 0.942 0.928 0.892 42 0.978 0.973 0.961
13 0.945 0.932 0.899 43 0.978 0.974 0.961
14 0.948 0.935 0.905 44 0.979 0.974 0.962
15 0.951 0.939 0.910 45 0.979 0.974 0.963
16 0.953 0.941 0.913 46 0.980 0.975 0.963
17 0.954 0.944 0.917 47 0.980 0.976 0.965
18 0.957 0.946 0.920 48 0.980 0.976 0.965
19 0.958 0.949 0.924 49 0.981 0.976 0.966
20 0.960 0.951 0.926 50 0.981 0.977 0.966
21 0.961 0.952 0.930 55 0.982 0.979 0.969
22 0.963 0.954 0.933 60 0.984 0.980 0.971
23 0.964 0.956 0.935 65 0.985 0.981 0.973
24 0.965 0.957 0.937 70 0.986 0.983 0.975
25 0.966 0.959 0.939 75 0.987 0.984 0.976
26 0.967 0.960 0.941 80 0.987 0.985 0.978
27 0.968 0.961 0.943 85 0.988 0.985 0.979
28 0.969 0.962 0.944 90 0.988 0.986 0.980
29 0.970 0.963 0.946 95 0.989 0.987 0.981
30 0.971 0.964 0.947 100 0.989 0.987 0.982
70
Table 13 Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test

(k samples)
Notes: 1. In the table below, the critical values give significance levels as close
as possible to, but not exceeding the nominal α. The actual levels of
significance are in brackets.
2. When the table below is not applicable and k = 3 with the three group
sizes above 5 or k > 3 with all group sizes above 4, use the following
approximation:
hα ≈ χ α2 , df = k – 1
Nominal α
Group
Sizes .10 .05 .025 .01
222 4.571 (.06667) - - - - - -

321 4.286 (.10000) - - - - - -
322 4.500 (.06667) 4.714 (.04762) - - - -
331 4.571 (.10000) 5.143 (.04286) - - - -
332 4.556 (.10000) 5.361 (.03214) 5.556 (.02500) - -
333 4.622 (.10000) 5.600 (.05000) 5.956 (.02500) 7.200 (.00357)
421 4.500 (.07619) - - - - - -
422 4.458 (.10000) 5.333 (.03333) 5.500 (.02381) - -
431 4.056 (.09286) 5.208 (.05000) 5.833 (.02143) - -
432 4.511 (.09841) 5.444 (.04603) 6.000 (.02381) 6.444 (.00794)
433 4.709 (.09238) 5.791 (.04571) 6.155 (.02476) 6.745 (.01000)
441 4.167 (.08254) 4.967 (.04762) 6.167 (.02222) 6.667 (.00952)
442 4.555 (.09778) 5.455 (.04571) 6.327 (.02413) 7.036 (.00571)
443 4.545 (.09905) 5.598 (.04866) 6.394 (.02476) 7.144 (.00970)
444 4.654 (.09662) 5.692 (.04866) 6.615 (.02424) 7.654 (.00762)
521 4.200 (.09524) 5.000 (.04762) - - - -
522 4.373 (.08995) 5.160 (.03439) 6.000 (.01852) 6.533 (.00794)
531 4.018 (.09524) 4.960 (.04762) 6.044 (.01984) - -
532 4.651 (.09127) 5.251 (.04921) 6.004 (.02460) 6.909 (.00873)
533 4.533 (.09697) 5.648 (.04892) 6.315 (.02121) 7.079 (.00866)
541 3.987 (.09841) 4.985 (.04444) 5.858 (.02381) 6.955 (.00794)
542 4.541 (.09841) 5.273 (.04877) 6.068 (.02482) 7.205 (.00895)
543 4.549 (.09892) 5.656 (.04863) 6.410 (.02496) 7.445 (.00974)
544 4.668 (.09817) 5.657 (.04906) 6.673 (.02429) 7.760 (.00946)
551 4.109 (.08586) 5.127 (.04618) 6.000 (.02165) 7.309 (.00938)
552 4.623 (.09704) 5.338 (.04726) 6.346 (.02489) 7.338 (.00962)
553 4.545 (.09965) 5.705 (.04612) 6.549 (.02436) 7.578 (.00968)
554 4.523 (.09935) 5.666 (.04931) 6.760 (.02490) 7.823 (.00978)
555 4.560 (.09952) 5.780 (.04878) 6.740 (.02475) 8.000 (.00946)
611 - - - - - - - -
621 4.200 (.09524) 4.822 (.04762) 5.600 (.02381) - -
622 4.545 (.08889) 5.345 (.03810) 5.745 (.02063) 6.655 (.00794)
631 3.909 (.09524) 4.855 (.05000) 5.945 (.02143) 6.873 (.00714)
632 4.682 (.08528) 5.348 (.04632) 6.136 (.02294) 6.970 (.00909)
633 4.590 (.09773) 5.615 (.04968) 6.436 (.02229) 7.410 (.00779)
641 4.038 (.09437) 4.947 (.04675) 5.856 (.02424) 7.106 (.00866)
642 4.494 (.09986) 5.340 (.04906) 6.186 (.02453) 7.340 (.00967)
643 4.604 (.09997) 5.610 (.04862) 6.538 (.02498) 7.500 (.00966)
644 4.595 (.09847) 5.681 (.04881) 6.667 (.02495) 7.795 (.00990)
651 4.128 (.09271) 4.990 (.04726) 5.951 (.02453) 7.182 (.00974)
652 4.596 (.09807) 5.338 (.04729) 6.196 (.02481) 7.376 (.00982)
653 4.535 (.09932) 5.602 (.04956) 6.667 (.02452) 7.590 (.00999)
654 4.522 (.09974) 5.661 (.04991) 6.750 (.02473) 7.936 (.00998)
655 4.547 (.09835) 5.729 (.04973) 6.788 (.02484) 8.028 (.00988)
661 4.000 (.09774) 4.945 (.04779) 5.923 (.02381) 7.121 (.00932)
662 4.438 (.09824) 5.410 (.04993) 6.210 (.02443) 7.467 (.00982)
663 4.558 (.09948) 5.625 (.04999) 6.725 (.02462) 7.725 (.00985)
664 4.548 (.09982) 5.724 (.04950) 6.812 (.02458) 8.000 (.00998)
665 4.542 (.09987) 5.765 (.04993) 6.848 (.02489) 8.124 (.00990)
666 4.643 (.09874) 5.801 (.04905) 6.889 (.02493) 8.222 (.00994)
777 4.594 (.09933) 5.819 (.04911) 6.954 (.02446) 8.378 (.00992)
888 4.595 (.09933) 5.805 (.04973) 6.995 (.02485) 8.465 (.00991)
71
Table 13 Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test (continued)
Nominal α
Group
Sizes .10 .05 .025 .01
2211 - - - - - - - -
2221 5.357 (.06667) 5.679 (.03810) - - - -
2222 5.667 (.07619) 6.167 (.03810) 6.667 (.00952) 6.667 (.00952)
3111 - - - - - - - -
3211 5.143 (.08571) - - - - - -
3221 5.556 (.07143) 5.833 (.04286) 6.250 (.02143) - -
3222 5.644 (.10000) 6.333 (.04762) 6.978 (.01746) 7.133 (.00794)
3311 5.333 (.09643) 6.333 (.02143) 6.333 (.02143) -
3321 5.689 (.08571) 6.244 (.04246) 6.689 (.01786) 7.200 (.00595)
3322 5.745 (.09921) 6.527 (.04921) 7.055 (.02317) 7.636 (.01000)
3331 5.655 (.09786) 6.600 (.04929) 7.036 (.02429) 7.400 (.00857)
3332 5.879 (.09974) 6.727 (.04948) 7.515 (.02390) 8.015 (.00961)
3333 6.026 (.09779) 7.000 (.04351) 7.667 (.02338) 8.538 (.00838)
4111 - - - - - - - -
4211 5.250 (.09048) 5.833 (.04286) - - - -
4221 5.533 (.09788) 6.133 (.04180) 6.533 (.02063) 7.000 (.00952)
4222 5.755 (.09302) 6.545 (.04921) 7.064 (.02222) 7.391 (.00889)
4311 5.067 (.09524) 6.178 (.04921) 6.711 (.01905) 7.067 (.00952)
4321 5.591 (.09857) 6.309 (.04937) 6.955 (.02317) 7.455 (.00984)
4322 5.750 (.09980) 6.621 (.04949) 7.326 (.02496) 7.871 (.00999)
4331 5.689 (.09602) 6.545 (.04952) 7.326 (.02329) 7.758 (.00974)
4332 5.872 (.09929) 6.795 (.04925) 7.564 (.02494) 8.333 (.00985)
4333 6.016 (.09779) 6.984 (.04897) 7.775 (.02437) 8.659 (.00990)
4411 5.182 (.09968) 5.945 (.04952) 6.955 (.02349) 7.909 (.00381)
4421 5.568 (.09980) 6.386 (.04981) 7.159 (.02459) 7.909 (.00906)
4422 5.808 (.09882) 6.731 (.04872) 7.538 (.02453) 8.346 (.00941)
4431 5.692 (.09853) 6.635 (.04978) 7.500 (.02462) 8.231 (.00955)
4432 5.901 (.09950) 6.874 (.04983) 7.747 (.02500) 8.621 (.00999)
4433 6.019 (.09948) 7.038 (.04990) 7.929 (.02487) 8.876 (.00974)
4441 5.654 (.09801) 6.725 (.04979) 7.648 (.02470) 8.588 (.00986)
4442 5.914 (.09940) 6.957 (.04960) 7.914 (.02499) 8.871 (.00987)
4443 6.042 (.09980) 7.142 (.04954) 8.079 (.02494) 9.075 (.01000)
4444 6.088 (.09900) 7.235 (.04922) 8.228 (.02476) 9.287 (.00999)
22111 5.786 (.09524) - - - - - -
22211 6.250 (.08810) 6.750 (.02381) 6.750 (.02381) - -
22221 6.600 (.08889) 7.133 (.04127) 7.333 (.02222) 7.533 (.00952)
22222 6.982 (.09101) 7.418 (.04868) 7.964 (.02222) 8.291 (.00952)
31111 - - - - - - - -
32111 6.139 (.10000) 6.583 (.03571) - - - -
32211 6.511 (.10000) 6.800 (.04921) 7.200 (.02460) 7.600 (.00794)
32221 6.709 (.09873) 7.309 (.04889) 7.745 (.02317) 8.127 (.00937)
32222 6.955 (.09922) 7.682 (.04745) 8.182 (.02384) 8.682 (.00958)
33111 6.311 (.09286) 7.111 (.04048) 7.467 (.01190) - -
33211 6.600 (.09929) 7.200 (.05000) 7.618 (.02452) 8.073 (.00738)
33221 6.788 (.09892) 7.591 (.04919) 8.121 (.02437) 8.576 (.00984)
33222 7.026 (.09897) 7.910 (.04934) 8.538 (.02408) 9.115 (.00996)
33311 6.788 (.09779) 7.576 (.04545) 8.061 (.02325) 8.424 (.00909)
33321 6.910 (.09916) 7.769 (.04885) 8.449 (.02471) 9.051 (.00976)
33322 7.121 (.09979) 8.044 (.04915) 8.813 (.02472) 9.505 (.00999)
33331 7.077 (.09836) 8.000 (.04792) 8.703 (.02396) 9.451 (.00997)
33332 7.210 (.09965) 8.200 (.04940) 9.038 (.02452) 9.876 (.00966)
33333 7.333 (.09922) 8.333 (.04955) 9.200 (.02500) 10.200 (.00986)
72
Table 14 Upper Critical Values for the Friedman Test

(k treatments and b blocks)
Notes 1. In the table below, the critical values give significance levels as close as
possible to, but not exceeding the nominal α.
2. For values of k and b beyond the range of the table below, various
approximations are available.
k=3 k=4 k=5 k=6
b .05 .01 .05 .01 .05 .01 .05 .01

2 - - 6.000 - 7.600 8.000 9.143 9.714
3 6.000 - 7.400 9.000 8.533 10.13 9.857 11.762
4 6.500 8.000 7.800 9.600 8.800 11.20 10.286 12.714
5 6.400 8.400 7.800 9.960 8.960 11.68 10.486 13.229
6 7.000 9.000 7.600 10.200 9.067 11.867 10.571 13.619
7 7.143 8.857 7.800 10.543 9.143 12.114
8 6.250 9.000 7.650 10.500 9.200 12.300
9 6.222 9.556 7.667 10.73 9.244 12.44
10 6.200 9.600 7.680 10.68
11 6.545 9.455 7.691 10.75
12 6.500 9.500 7.700 10.80
13 6.615 9.385 7.800 10.85
14 6.143 9.143 7.714 10.89
15 6.400 8.933 7.720 10.92
16 6.500 9.375 7.800 10.95
17 6.118 9.294 7.800 11.05
18 6.333 9.000 7.733 10.93
19 6.421 9.579 7.863 11.02
20 6.300 9.300 7.800 11.10
21 6.095 9.238 7.800 11.06
22 6.091 9.091 7.800 11.07
23 6.348 9.391
24 6.250 9.250
25 6.080 8.960
26 6.077 9.308
27 6.000 9.407
28 6.500 9.214
29 6.276 9.172
30 6.200 9.267
31 6.000 9.290
32 6.063 9.250
33 6.061 9.152
34 6.059 9.176
35 6.171 9.314
36 6.167 9.389
37 6.054 9.243
38 6.158 9.053
39 6.000 9.282
40 6.050 9.150
41 6.195 9.366
42 6.143 9.190
43 6.186 9.256
44 6.318 9.136
45 6.178 9.244
46 6.043 9.435
47 6.128 9.319
48 6.167 9.125
49 6.041 9.184
50 6.040 9.160
73
Table 15 Bonferroni Critical Values
Critical Values B = tα/2g for Simultaneous 90% Confidence Intervals
Number of Intervals ( = g )
df 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
2 4.3027 5.3393 6.2053 6.9646 7.6488 8.2767 8.8602 9.4076 9.9248 12.186
3 3.1824 3.7405 4.1765 4.5407 4.8567 5.1377 5.3919 5.6251 5.8409 6.7411
4 2.7764 3.1863 3.4954 3.7469 3.9608 4.1478 4.3147 4.4657 4.6041 5.1668
5 2.5706 2.9117 3.1634 3.3649 3.5341 3.6805 3.8100 3.9263 4.0321 4.4558
6 2.4469 2.7491 2.9687 3.1427 3.2875 3.4119 3.5212 3.6190 3.7074 4.0579
7 2.3646 2.6419 2.8412 2.9980 3.1276 3.2383 3.3353 3.4216 3.4995 3.8055
8 2.3060 2.5660 2.7515 2.8965 3.0158 3.1174 3.2060 3.2846 3.3554 3.6319
9 2.2622 2.5096 2.6850 2.8214 2.9333 3.0283 3.1109 3.1841 3.2498 3.5054
10 2.2281 2.4660 2.6338 2.7638 2.8701 2.9601 3.0382 3.1073 3.1693 3.4093
11 2.2010 2.4313 2.5931 2.7181 2.8200 2.9062 2.9809 3.0468 3.1058 3.3338
12 2.1788 2.4030 2.5600 2.6810 2.7795 2.8626 2.9345 2.9978 3.0545 3.2729
13 2.1604 2.3796 2.5326 2.6503 2.7459 2.8265 2.8961 2.9575 3.0123 3.2229
14 2.1448 2.3598 2.5096 2.6245 2.7178 2.7962 2.8640 2.9236 2.9768 3.1811
15 2.1314 2.3429 2.4899 2.6025 2.6937 2.7705 2.8366 2.8948 2.9467 3.1456
16 2.1199 2.3283 2.4729 2.5835 2.6730 2.7482 2.8131 2.8700 2.9208 3.1150
17 2.1098 2.3156 2.4581 2.5669 2.6550 2.7289 2.7925 2.8484 2.8982 3.0885
18 2.1009 2.3043 2.4450 2.5524 2.6391 2.7119 2.7745 2.8295 2.8784 3.0653
19 2.0930 2.2944 2.4334 2.5395 2.6251 2.6969 2.7586 2.8127 2.8609 3.0447
20 2.0860 2.2855 2.4231 2.5280 2.6126 2.6834 2.7444 2.7978 2.8453 3.0264
21 2.0796 2.2775 2.4138 2.5176 2.6013 2.6714 2.7316 2.7844 2.8314 3.0101
22 2.0739 2.2703 2.4055 2.5083 2.5912 2.6606 2.7201 2.7723 2.8188 2.9953
23 2.0687 2.2637 2.3979 2.4999 2.5820 2.6507 2.7097 2.7614 2.8073 2.9820
24 2.0639 2.2577 2.3909 2.4922 2.5736 2.6418 2.7002 2.7514 2.7969 2.9698
25 2.0595 2.2523 2.3846 2.4851 2.5660 2.6336 2.6916 2.7423 2.7874 2.9587
26 2.0555 2.2472 2.3788 2.4786 2.5589 2.6260 2.6836 2.7340 2.7787 2.9485
27 2.0518 2.2426 2.3734 2.4727 2.5525 2.6191 2.6763 2.7263 2.7707 2.9391
28 2.0484 2.2383 2.3685 2.4671 2.5465 2.6127 2.6695 2.7191 2.7633 2.9305
29 2.0452 2.2343 2.3638 2.4620 2.5409 2.6068 2.6632 2.7126 2.7564 2.9225
30 2.0423 2.2306 2.3596 2.4573 2.5357 2.6012 2.6574 2.7064 2.7500 2.9150
35 2.0301 2.2154 2.3420 2.4377 2.5145 2.5786 2.6334 2.6813 2.7238 2.8845
40 2.0211 2.2041 2.3289 2.4233 2.4989 2.5618 2.6157 2.6627 2.7045 2.8620
45 2.0141 2.1954 2.3189 2.4121 2.4868 2.5489 2.6021 2.6485 2.6896 2.8447
50 2.0086 2.1885 2.3109 2.4033 2.4772 2.5387 2.5913 2.6372 2.6778 2.8310
55 2.0040 2.1829 2.3044 2.3961 2.4694 2.5304 2.5825 2.6280 2.6682 2.8199
60 2.0003 2.1782 2.2990 2.3901 2.4630 2.5235 2.5752 2.6203 2.6603 2.8107
70 1.9944 2.1709 2.2906 2.3808 2.4529 2.5128 2.5639 2.6085 2.6479 2.7964
80 1.9901 2.1654 2.2844 2.3739 2.4454 2.5047 2.5554 2.5996 2.6387 2.7857
90 1.9867 2.1612 2.2795 2.3685 2.4395 2.4985 2.5489 2.5928 2.6316 2.7774
100 1.9840 2.1579 2.2757 2.3642 2.4349 2.4936 2.5437 2.5873 2.6259 2.7709
110 1.9818 2.1551 2.2725 2.3607 2.4311 2.4896 2.5394 2.5829 2.6213 2.7655
120 1.9799 2.1528 2.2699 2.3578 2.4280 2.4862 2.5359 2.5792 2.6174 2.7611
250 1.9695 2.1399 2.2550 2.3414 2.4102 2.4673 2.5159 2.5582 2.5956 2.7359
500 1.9647 2.1339 2.2482 2.3338 2.4021 2.4586 2.5068 2.5487 2.5857 2.7244
1000 1.9623 2.1310 2.2448 2.3301 2.3980 2.4543 2.5022 2.5439 2.5808 2.7187
∞ 1.9600 2.1280 2.2414 2.3263 2.3940 2.4500 2.4977 2.5392 2.5758 2.7131
74
Table 15 Bonferroni Critical Values (continued)
df 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
2 6.2053 7.6488 8.8602 9.9248 10.886 11.769 12.590 13.360 14.089 17.277
3 4.1765 4.8567 5.3919 5.8409 6.2315 6.5797 6.8952 7.1849 7.4533 8.5752
4 3.4954 3.9608 4.3147 4.6041 4.8510 5.0675 5.2611 5.4366 5.5976 6.2541
5 3.1634 3.5341 3.8100 4.0321 4.2193 4.3818 4.5257 4.6553 4.7733 5.2474
6 2.9687 3.2875 3.5212 3.7074 3.8630 3.9971 4.1152 4.2209 4.3168 4.6979
7 2.8412 3.1276 3.3353 3.4995 3.6358 3.7527 3.8552 3.9467 4.0293 4.3553
8 2.7515 3.0158 3.2060 3.3554 3.4789 3.5844 3.6766 3.7586 3.8325 4.1224
9 2.6850 2.9333 3.1109 3.2498 3.3642 3.4616 3.5465 3.6219 3.6897 3.9542
10 2.6338 2.8701 3.0382 3.1693 3.2768 3.3682 3.4477 3.5182 3.5814 3.8273
11 2.5931 2.8200 2.9809 3.1058 3.2081 3.2949 3.3702 3.4368 3.4966 3.7283
12 2.5600 2.7795 2.9345 3.0545 3.1527 3.2357 3.3078 3.3714 3.4284 3.6489
13 2.5326 2.7459 2.8961 3.0123 3.1070 3.1871 3.2565 3.3177 3.3725 3.5838
14 2.5096 2.7178 2.8640 2.9768 3.0688 3.1464 3.2135 3.2727 3.3257 3.5296
15 2.4899 2.6937 2.8366 2.9467 3.0363 3.1118 3.1771 3.2346 3.2860 3.4837
16 2.4729 2.6730 2.8131 2.9208 3.0083 3.0821 3.1458 3.2019 3.2520 3.4443
17 2.4581 2.6550 2.7925 2.8982 2.9840 3.0563 3.1186 3.1735 3.2224 3.4102
18 2.4450 2.6391 2.7745 2.8784 2.9627 3.0336 3.0948 3.1486 3.1966 3.3804
19 2.4334 2.6251 2.7586 2.8609 2.9439 3.0136 3.0738 3.1266 3.1737 3.3540
20 2.4231 2.6126 2.7444 2.8453 2.9271 2.9958 3.0550 3.1070 3.1534 3.3306
21 2.4138 2.6013 2.7316 2.8314 2.9121 2.9799 3.0382 3.0895 3.1352 3.3097
22 2.4055 2.5912 2.7201 2.8188 2.8985 2.9655 3.0231 3.0737 3.1188 3.2909
23 2.3979 2.5820 2.7097 2.8073 2.8863 2.9525 3.0095 3.0595 3.1040 3.2739
24 2.3909 2.5736 2.7002 2.7969 2.8751 2.9406 2.9970 3.0465 3.0905 3.2584
25 2.3846 2.5660 2.6916 2.7874 2.8649 2.9298 2.9856 3.0346 3.0782 3.2443
26 2.3788 2.5589 2.6836 2.7787 2.8555 2.9199 2.9752 3.0237 3.0669 3.2313
27 2.3734 2.5525 2.6763 2.7707 2.8469 2.9107 2.9656 3.0137 3.0565 3.2194
28 2.3685 2.5465 2.6695 2.7633 2.8389 2.9023 2.9567 3.0045 3.0469 3.2084
29 2.3638 2.5409 2.6632 2.7564 2.8316 2.8945 2.9485 2.9959 3.0380 3.1982
30 2.3596 2.5357 2.6574 2.7500 2.8247 2.8872 2.9409 2.9880 3.0298 3.1888
35 2.3420 2.5145 2.6334 2.7238 2.7966 2.8575 2.9097 2.9554 2.9960 3.1502
40 2.3289 2.4989 2.6157 2.7045 2.7759 2.8355 2.8867 2.9314 2.9712 3.1218
45 2.3189 2.4868 2.6021 2.6896 2.7599 2.8187 2.8690 2.9130 2.9521 3.1000
50 2.3109 2.4772 2.5913 2.6778 2.7473 2.8053 2.8550 2.8984 2.9370 3.0828
55 2.3044 2.4694 2.5825 2.6682 2.7370 2.7944 2.8436 2.8866 2.9247 3.0688
60 2.2990 2.4630 2.5752 2.6603 2.7286 2.7855 2.8342 2.8768 2.9146 3.0573
70 2.2906 2.4529 2.5639 2.6479 2.7153 2.7715 2.8195 2.8615 2.8987 3.0393
80 2.2844 2.4454 2.5554 2.6387 2.7054 2.7610 2.8086 2.8502 2.8870 3.0259
90 2.2795 2.4395 2.5489 2.6316 2.6978 2.7530 2.8002 2.8414 2.8779 3.0156
100 2.2757 2.4349 2.5437 2.6259 2.6918 2.7466 2.7935 2.8344 2.8707 3.0073
110 2.2725 2.4311 2.5394 2.6213 2.6868 2.7414 2.7880 2.8287 2.8648 3.0007
120 2.2699 2.4280 2.5359 2.6174 2.6827 2.7370 2.7835 2.8240 2.8599 2.9951
250 2.2550 2.4102 2.5159 2.5956 2.6594 2.7124 2.7577 2.7972 2.8322 2.9637
500 2.2482 2.4021 2.5068 2.5857 2.6488 2.7012 2.7460 2.7850 2.8195 2.9494
1000 2.2448 2.3980 2.5022 2.5808 2.6435 2.6957 2.7402 2.7790 2.8133 2.9423
∞ 2.2414 2.3940 2.4977 2.5758 2.6383 2.6901 2.7344 2.7729 2.8070 2.9352
75
Table 15 Bonferroni Critical Values (continued)
df 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15
2 14.089 17.277 19.962 22.327 24.464 26.429 28.258 29.975 31.599 38.710
3 7.4533 8.5752 9.4649 10.215 10.869 11.453 11.984 12.471 12.924 14.819
4 5.5976 6.2541 6.7583 7.1732 7.5287 7.8414 8.1216 8.3763 8.6103 9.5679
5 4.7733 5.2474 5.6042 5.8934 6.1384 6.3518 6.5414 6.7126 6.8688 7.4990
6 4.3168 4.6979 4.9807 5.2076 5.3982 5.5632 5.7090 5.8399 5.9588 6.4338
7 4.0293 4.3553 4.5946 4.7853 4.9445 5.0815 5.2022 5.3101 5.4079 5.7954
8 3.8325 4.1224 4.3335 4.5008 4.6398 4.7590 4.8636 4.9570 5.0413 5.3737
9 3.6897 3.9542 4.1458 4.2968 4.4219 4.5288 4.6224 4.7058 4.7809 5.0757
10 3.5814 3.8273 4.0045 4.1437 4.2586 4.3567 4.4423 4.5184 4.5869 4.8547
11 3.4966 3.7283 3.8945 4.0247 4.1319 4.2232 4.3028 4.3735 4.4370 4.6845
12 3.4284 3.6489 3.8065 3.9296 4.0308 4.1169 4.1918 4.2582 4.3178 4.5496
13 3.3725 3.5838 3.7345 3.8520 3.9484 4.0302 4.1013 4.1643 4.2208 4.4401
14 3.3257 3.5296 3.6746 3.7874 3.8798 3.9582 4.0263 4.0865 4.1405 4.3495
15 3.2860 3.4837 3.6239 3.7328 3.8220 3.8975 3.9630 4.0209 4.0728 4.2733
16 3.2520 3.4443 3.5805 3.6862 3.7725 3.8456 3.9089 3.9649 4.0150 4.2084
17 3.2224 3.4102 3.5429 3.6458 3.7297 3.8007 3.8623 3.9165 3.9651 4.1525
18 3.1966 3.3804 3.5101 3.6105 3.6924 3.7616 3.8215 3.8744 3.9216 4.1037
19 3.1737 3.3540 3.4812 3.5794 3.6595 3.7271 3.7857 3.8373 3.8834 4.0609
20 3.1534 3.3306 3.4554 3.5518 3.6303 3.6966 3.7539 3.8044 3.8495 4.0230
21 3.1352 3.3097 3.4325 3.5272 3.6043 3.6693 3.7255 3.7750 3.8193 3.9892
22 3.1188 3.2909 3.4118 3.5050 3.5808 3.6448 3.7000 3.7487 3.7921 3.9589
23 3.1040 3.2739 3.3931 3.4850 3.5597 3.6226 3.6770 3.7249 3.7676 3.9316
24 3.0905 3.2584 3.3761 3.4668 3.5405 3.6025 3.6561 3.7033 3.7454 3.9068
25 3.0782 3.2443 3.3606 3.4502 3.5230 3.5842 3.6371 3.6836 3.7251 3.8842
26 3.0669 3.2313 3.3464 3.4350 3.5069 3.5674 3.6197 3.6656 3.7066 3.8635
27 3.0565 3.2194 3.3334 3.4210 3.4922 3.5520 3.6037 3.6491 3.6896 3.8446
28 3.0469 3.2084 3.3214 3.4082 3.4786 3.5378 3.5889 3.6338 3.6739 3.8271
29 3.0380 3.1982 3.3102 3.3962 3.4660 3.5247 3.5753 3.6198 3.6594 3.8110
30 3.0298 3.1888 3.2999 3.3852 3.4544 3.5125 3.5626 3.6067 3.6460 3.7961
35 2.9960 3.1502 3.2577 3.3400 3.4068 3.4628 3.5110 3.5534 3.5911 3.7352
40 2.9712 3.1218 3.2266 3.3069 3.3718 3.4263 3.4732 3.5143 3.5510 3.6906
45 2.9521 3.1000 3.2028 3.2815 3.3451 3.3984 3.4442 3.4845 3.5203 3.6565
50 2.9370 3.0828 3.1840 3.2614 3.3239 3.3763 3.4214 3.4609 3.4960 3.6297
55 2.9247 3.0688 3.1688 3.2451 3.3068 3.3585 3.4029 3.4418 3.4764 3.6080
60 2.9146 3.0573 3.1562 3.2317 3.2927 3.3437 3.3876 3.4260 3.4602 3.5901
70 2.8987 3.0393 3.1366 3.2108 3.2707 3.3208 3.3638 3.4015 3.4350 3.5622
80 2.8870 3.0259 3.1220 3.1953 3.2543 3.3037 3.3462 3.3833 3.4163 3.5416
90 2.8779 3.0156 3.1108 3.1833 3.2417 3.2906 3.3326 3.3693 3.4019 3.5257
100 2.8707 3.0073 3.1018 3.1737 3.2317 3.2802 3.3218 3.3582 3.3905 3.5131
110 2.8648 3.0007 3.0945 3.1660 3.2235 3.2717 3.3130 3.3491 3.3812 3.5028
120 2.8599 2.9951 3.0885 3.1595 3.2168 3.2646 3.3057 3.3416 3.3735 3.4943
250 2.8322 2.9637 3.0543 3.1232 3.1785 3.2248 3.2644 3.2991 3.3299 3.4462
500 2.8195 2.9494 3.0387 3.1066 3.1612 3.2067 3.2457 3.2798 3.3101 3.4245
1000 2.8133 2.9423 3.0310 3.0984 3.1526 3.1977 3.2365 3.2703 3.3003 3.4137
∞ 2.8070 2.9352 3.0233 3.0902 3.1440 3.1888 3.2272 3.2608 3.2905 3.4029
76
Table 16 Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : qα(r, ν)
α = .10
r
ν 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 8.929 13.44 16.36 18.49 20.15 21.51 22.64 23.62 24.48
2 4.130 5.733 6.773 7.538 8.139 8.633 9.049 9.409 9.725
3 3.328 4.467 5.199 5.738 6.162 6.511 6.806 7.062 7.287
4 3.015 3.976 4.586 5.035 5.388 5.679 5.926 6.139 6.327
5 2.850 3.717 4.264 4.664 4.979 5.238 5.458 5.648 5.816
6 2.748 3.559 4.065 4.435 4.726 4.966 5.168 5.344 5.499
7 2.680 3.451 3.931 4.280 4.555 4.780 4.972 5.137 5.283
8 2.630 3.374 3.834 4.169 4.431 4.646 4.829 4.987 5.126
9 2.592 3.316 3.761 4.084 4.337 4.545 4.721 4.873 5.007
10 2.563 3.270 3.704 4.018 4.264 4.465 4.636 4.783 4.913
11 2.540 3.234 3.658 3.965 4.205 4.401 4.568 4.711 4.838
12 2.521 3.204 3.621 3.922 4.156 4.349 4.511 4.652 4.776
13 2.505 3.179 3.589 3.885 4.116 4.305 4.464 4.602 4.724
14 2.491 3.158 3.563 3.854 4.081 4.267 4.424 4.560 4.680
15 2.479 3.140 3.540 3.828 4.052 4.235 4.390 4.524 4.641
16 2.469 3.124 3.520 3.804 4.026 4.207 4.360 4.492 4.608
17 2.460 3.110 3.503 3.784 4.004 4.183 4.334 4.464 4.579
18 2.452 3.098 3.488 3.767 3.984 4.161 4.311 4.440 4.554
19 2.445 3.087 3.474 3.751 3.966 4.142 4.290 4.418 4.531
20 2.439 3.078 3.462 3.736 3.950 4.124 4.271 4.398 4.510
24 2.420 3.047 3.423 3.692 3.900 4.070 4.213 4.336 4.445
30 2.400 3.017 3.386 3.648 3.851 4.016 4.155 4.275 4.381
40 2.381 2.988 3.349 3.605 3.803 3.963 4.099 4.215 4.317
60 2.363 2.959 3.312 3.562 3.755 3.911 4.042 4.155 4.254
120 2.344 2.930 3.276 3.520 3.707 3.859 3.987 4.096 4.191
∞ 2.326 2.902 3.240 3.478 3.661 3.808 3.931 4.037 4.129
ν 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 25.24 25.92 26.54 27.10 27.62 28.10 28.54 28.96 29.35 29.71
2 10.01 10.26 10.49 10.70 10.89 11.07 11.24 11.39 11.54 11.68
3 7.487 7.667 7.832 7.982 8.120 8.249 8.368 8.479 8.584 8.683
4 6.495 6.645 6.783 6.909 7.025 7.133 7.233 7.327 7.414 7.497
5 5.966 6.101 6.223 6.336 6.440 6.536 6.626 6.710 6.789 6.863
6 5.637 5.762 5.875 5.979 6.075 6.164 6.247 6.325 6.398 6.467
7 5.413 5.530 5.637 5.735 5.826 5.910 5.988 6.061 6.130 6.195
8 5.250 5.362 5.464 5.558 5.644 5.724 5.799 5.869 5.935 5.997
9 5.127 5.234 5.333 5.423 5.506 5.583 5.655 5.723 5.786 5.846
10 5.029 5.134 5.229 5.317 5.397 5.472 5.542 5.607 5.668 5.726
11 4.951 5.053 5.146 5.231 5.309 5.382 5.450 5.514 5.573 5.630
12 4.886 4.986 5.077 5.160 5.236 5.308 5.374 5.436 5.495 5.550
13 4.832 4.930 5.019 5.100 5.176 5.245 5.311 5.372 5.429 5.483
14 4.786 4.882 4.970 5.050 5.124 5.192 5.256 5.316 5.373 5.426
15 4.746 4.841 4.927 5.006 5.079 5.147 5.209 5.269 5.324 5.376
16 4.712 4.805 4.890 4.968 5.040 5.107 5.169 5.227 5.282 5.333
17 4.682 4.774 4.858 4.935 5.005 5.071 5.133 5.190 5.244 5.295
18 4.655 4.746 4.829 4.905 4.975 5.040 5.101 5.158 5.211 5.262
19 4.631 4.721 4.803 4.879 4.948 5.012 5.073 5.129 5.182 5.232
20 4.609 4.699 4.780 4.855 4.924 4.987 5.047 5.103 5.155 5.205
24 4.541 4.628 4.708 4.780 4.847 4.909 4.966 5.021 5.071 5.119
30 4.474 4.559 4.635 4.706 4.770 4.830 4.886 4.939 4.988 5.034
40 4.408 4.490 4.564 4.632 4.695 4.752 4.807 4.857 4.905 4.949
60 4.342 4.421 4.493 4.558 4.619 4.675 4.727 4.775 4.821 4.864
120 4.276 4.353 4.422 4.485 4.543 4.597 4.647 4.694 4.738 4.779
∞ 4.211 4.285 4.351 4.412 4.468 4.519 4.568 4.612 4.654 4.694
77
Table 16 Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : qα(r, ν) (continued)
α = .05
r
ν 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 17.97 26.98 32.82 37.08 40.41 43.12 45.40 47.36 49.07
2 6.085 8.331 9.798 10.88 11.74 12.44 13.03 13.54 13.99
3 4.501 5.910 6.825 7.502 8.037 8.478 8.853 9.177 9.462
4 3.927 5.040 5.757 6.287 6.707 7.053 7.347 7.602 7.826
5 3.635 4.602 5.218 5.673 6.033 6.330 6.582 6.802 6.995
6 3.461 4.339 4.896 5.305 5.628 5.895 6.122 6.319 6.493
7 3.344 4.165 4.681 5.060 5.359 5.606 5.815 5.998 6.158
8 3.261 4.041 4.529 4.886 5.167 5.399 5.597 5.767 5.918
9 3.199 3.949 4.415 4.756 5.024 5.244 5.432 5.595 5.739
10 3.151 3.877 4.327 4.654 4.912 5.124 5.305 5.461 5.599
11 3.113 3.820 4.256 4.574 4.823 5.028 5.202 5.353 5.487
12 3.082 3.773 4.199 4.508 4.751 4.950 5.119 5.265 5.395
13 3.055 3.735 4.151 4.453 4.690 4.885 5.049 5.192 5.318
14 3.033 3.702 4.111 4.407 4.639 4.829 4.990 5.131 5.254
15 3.014 3.674 4.076 4.367 4.595 4.782 4.940 5.077 5.198
16 2.998 3.649 4.046 4.333 4.557 4.741 4.897 5.031 5.150
17 2.984 3.628 4.020 4.303 4.524 4.705 4.858 4.991 5.108
18 2.971 3.609 3.997 4.277 4.495 4.673 4.824 4.956 5.071
19 2.960 3.593 3.977 4.253 4.469 4.645 4.794 4.924 5.038
20 2.950 3.578 3.958 4.232 4.445 4.620 4.768 4.896 5.008
24 2.919 3.532 3.901 4.166 4.373 4.541 4.684 4.807 4.915
30 2.888 3.486 3.845 4.102 4.302 4.464 4.602 4.720 4.824
40 2.858 3.442 3.791 4.039 4.232 4.389 4.521 4.635 4.735
60 2.829 3.399 3.737 3.977 4.163 4.314 4.441 4.550 4.646
120 2.800 3.356 3.685 3.917 4.096 4.241 4.363 4.468 4.560
∞ 2.772 3.314 3.633 3.858 4.030 4.170 4.286 4.387 4.474
ν 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 50.59 51.96 53.20 54.33 55.36 56.32 57.22 58.04 58.83 59.56
2 14.39 14.75 15.08 15.38 15.65 15.91 16.14 16.37 16.57 16.77
3 9.717 9.946 10.15 10.35 10.53 10.69 10.84 10.98 11.11 11.24
4 8.027 8.208 8.373 8.525 8.664 8.794 8.914 9.028 9.134 9.233
5 7.168 7.324 7.466 7.596 7.717 7.828 7.932 8.030 8.122 8.208
6 6.649 6.789 6.917 7.034 7.143 7.244 7.338 7.426 7.508 7.587
7 6.302 6.431 6.550 6.658 6.759 6.852 6.939 7.020 7.097 7.170
8 6.054 6.175 6.287 6.389 6.483 6.571 6.653 6.729 6.802 6.870
9 5.867 5.983 6.089 6.186 6.276 6.359 6.437 6.510 6.579 6.644
10 5.722 5.833 5.935 6.028 6.114 6.194 6.269 6.339 6.405 6.467
11 5.605 5.713 5.811 5.901 5.984 6.062 6.134 6.202 6.265 6.326
12 5.511 5.615 5.710 5.798 5.878 5.953 6.023 6.089 6.151 6.209
13 5.431 5.533 5.625 5.711 5.789 5.862 5.931 5.995 6.055 6.112
14 5.364 5.463 5.554 5.637 5.714 5.786 5.852 5.915 5.974 6.029
15 5.306 5.404 5.493 5.574 5.649 5.720 5.785 5.846 5.904 5.958
16 5.256 5.352 5.439 5.520 5.593 5.662 5.727 5.786 5.843 5.897
17 5.212 5.307 5.392 5.471 5.544 5.612 5.675 5.734 5.790 5.842
18 5.174 5.267 5.352 5.429 5.501 5.568 5.630 5.688 5.743 5.794
19 5.140 5.231 5.315 5.391 5.462 5.528 5.589 5.647 5.701 5.752
20 5.108 5.199 5.282 5.357 5.427 5.493 5.553 5.610 5.663 5.714
24 5.012 5.099 5.179 5.251 5.319 5.381 5.439 5.494 5.545 5.594
30 4.917 5.001 5.077 5.147 5.211 5.271 5.327 5.379 5.429 5.475
40 4.824 4.904 4.977 5.044 5.106 5.163 5.216 5.266 5.313 5.358
60 4.732 4.808 4.878 4.942 5.001 5.056 5.107 5.154 5.199 5.241
120 4.641 4.714 4.781 4.842 4.898 4.950 4.998 5.044 5.086 5.126
∞ 4.552 4.622 4.685 4.743 4.796 4.845 4.891 4.934 4.974 5.012
78
Table 16 Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : qα(r, ν) (continued)
α = .01
r
ν 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 90.03 135.0 164.3 185.6 202.2 215.8 227.2 237.0 245.6
2 14.04 19.02 22.29 24.72 26.63 28.20 29.53 30.68 31.69
3 8.261 10.62 12.17 13.33 14.24 15.00 15.64 16.20 16.69
4 6.512 8.120 9.173 9.958 10.58 11.10 11.55 11.93 12.27
5 5.702 6.976 7.804 8.421 8.913 9.321 9.669 9.972 10.24
6 5.243 6.331 7.033 7.556 7.973 8.318 8.613 8.869 9.097
7 4.949 5.919 6.543 7.005 7.373 7.679 7.939 8.166 8.368
8 4.746 5.635 6.204 6.625 6.960 7.237 7.474 7.681 7.863
9 4.596 5.428 5.957 6.348 6.658 6.915 7.134 7.325 7.495
10 4.482 5.270 5.769 6.136 6.428 6.669 6.875 7.055 7.213
11 4.392 5.146 5.621 5.970 6.247 6.476 6.672 6.842 6.992
12 4.320 5.046 5.502 5.836 6.101 6.321 6.507 6.670 6.814
13 4.260 4.964 5.404 5.727 5.981 6.192 6.372 6.528 6.667
14 4.210 4.895 5.322 5.634 5.881 6.085 6.258 6.409 6.543
15 4.168 4.836 5.252 5.556 5.796 5.994 6.162 6.309 6.439
16 4.131 4.786 5.192 5.489 5.722 5.915 6.079 6.222 6.349
17 4.099 4.742 5.140 5.430 5.659 5.847 6.007 6.147 6.270
18 4.071 4.703 5.094 5.379 5.603 5.788 5.944 6.081 6.201
19 4.046 4.670 5.054 5.334 5.554 5.735 5.889 6.022 6.141
20 4.024 4.639 5.018 5.294 5.510 5.688 5.839 5.970 6.087
24 3.956 4.546 4.907 5.168 5.374 5.542 5.685 5.809 5.919
30 3.889 4.455 4.799 5.048 5.242 5.401 5.536 5.653 5.756
40 3.825 4.367 4.696 4.931 5.114 5.265 5.392 5.502 5.599
60 3.762 4.282 4.595 4.818 4.991 5.133 5.253 5.356 5.447
120 3.702 4.200 4.497 4.709 4.872 5.005 5.118 5.214 5.299
∞ 3.643 4.120 4.403 4.603 4.757 4.882 4.987 5.078 5.157
ν 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 253.2 260.0 266.2 271.8 277.0 281.8 286.3 290.4 294.3 298.0
2 32.59 33.40 34.13 34.81 35.43 36.00 36.53 37.03 37.50 37.95
3 17.13 17.53 17.89 18.22 18.52 18.81 19.07 19.32 19.55 19.77
4 12.57 12.84 13.09 13.32 13.53 13.73 13.91 14.08 14.24 14.40
5 10.48 10.70 10.89 11.08 11.24 11.40 11.55 11.68 11.81 11.93
6 9.301 9.485 9.653 9.808 9.951 10.08 10.21 10.32 10.43 10.54
7 8.548 8.711 8.860 8.997 9.124 9.242 9.353 9.456 9.554 9.646
8 8.027 8.176 8.312 8.436 8.552 8.659 8.760 8.854 8.943 9.027
9 7.647 7.784 7.910 8.025 8.132 8.232 8.325 8.412 8.495 8.573
10 7.356 7.485 7.603 7.712 7.812 7.906 7.993 8.076 8.153 8.226
11 7.128 7.250 7.362 7.465 7.560 7.649 7.732 7.809 7.883 7.952
12 6.943 7.060 7.167 7.265 7.356 7.441 7.520 7.594 7.665 7.731
13 6.791 6.903 7.006 7.101 7.188 7.269 7.345 7.417 7.485 7.548
14 6.664 6.772 6.871 6.962 7.047 7.126 7.199 7.268 7.333 7.395
15 6.555 6.660 6.757 6.845 6.927 7.003 7.074 7.142 7.204 7.264
16 6.462 6.564 6.658 6.744 6.823 6.898 6.967 7.032 7.093 7.152
17 6.381 6.480 6.572 6.656 6.734 6.806 6.873 6.937 6.997 7.053
18 6.310 6.407 6.497 6.579 6.655 6.725 6.792 6.854 6.912 6.968
19 6.247 6.342 6.430 6.510 6.585 6.654 6.719 6.780 6.837 6.891
20 6.191 6.285 6.371 6.450 6.523 6.591 6.654 6.714 6.771 6.823
24 6.017 6.106 6.186 6.261 6.330 6.394 6.453 6.510 6.563 6.612
30 5.849 5.932 6.008 6.078 6.143 6.203 6.259 6.311 6.361 6.407
40 5.686 5.764 5.835 5.900 5.961 6.017 6.069 6.119 6.165 6.209
60 5.528 5.601 5.667 5.728 5.785 5.837 5.886 5.931 5.974 6.015
120 5.375 5.443 5.505 5.562 5.614 5.662 5.708 5.750 5.790 5.827
∞ 5.227 5.290 5.348 5.400 5.448 5.493 5.535 5.574 5.611 5.645
79
Table 17 Critical Values dα for Multiple Comparisons based

on the Kruskal-Wallis Test
k = the number of groups (treatments)
n = the common sample size of each group
Nominal Family Type I Error Rate α

(more accurate significance levels are in brackets)
k n .10 .05 .03 .01

3 2 - - 8 (.067) 8 (.067) 8 (.067)
3 3 14 (.111) 15 (.064) 16 (.029) 17 (.011)
3 4 21 (.106) 24 (.045) 25 (.031) 27 (.011)
3 5 29 (.106) 33 (.048) 35 (.031) 39 (.009)
3 6 38 (.103) 43 (.049) 46 (.030) 51 (.011)
4 2 11 (.086) 12 (.029) 12 (.029) 12 (.029)

4 3 20 (.108) 22 (.043) 23 (.023) 24 (.012)
4 4 31 (.097) 34 (.049) 36 (.026) 38 (.012)
5 2 14 (.121) 15 (.048) 16 (.016) 16 (.016)

5 3 27 (.084) 28 (.060) 30 (.023) 32 (.007)
5 4 - - 44 (.056) 46 (.033) 50 (.010)
6 2 - - 19 (.030) 19 (.030) 20 (.010)

6 3 - - 35 (.055) 37 (.024) 39 (.009)
7 2 - - 22 (.056) 23 (.021) 24 (.007)

7 3 - - 42 (.054) 44 (.026) 46 (.012)
8 2 - - 26 (.041) 26 (.041) 28 (.005)

8 3 - - 49 (.055) 51 (.029) 54 (.010)
9 2 - - 29 (.063) 30 (.031) 31 (.012)

10 2 - - 33 (.050) 34 (.025) 35 (.009)
11 2 - - 37 (.040) 38 (.020) 39 (.008)
12 2 - - 40 (.062) 41 (.033) 43 (.006)
13 2 - - 44 (.052) 45 (.028) 46 (.014)
14 2 - - 48 (.044) 49 (.024) 50 (.012)
15 2 - - 52 (.038) 52 (.038) 54 (.010)
80
Table 18 Critical Values eα for Multiple Comparisons based

on the Friedman Test
k = the number of treatments , b = the number of blocks
Nominal Family Type I Error Rate α

(more accurate significance levels are in brackets)
k b .10 .05 .03 .01
3 3 6 (.028) 6 (.028) 6 (.028) 6 (.028)
4 6 (.125) 7 (.042) 7 (.042) 8 (.005)
5 7 (.093) 8 (.039) 8 (.039) 9 (.008)
6 8 (.072) 9 (.029) 9 (.029) 10 (.009)
7 8 (.112) 9 (.051) 10 (.023) 11 (.008)
8 9 (.079) 10 (.039) 11 (.018) 12 (.007)
9 - - 10 (.048) 11 (.026) 12 (.013)
10 - - 11 (.037) 12 (.019) 13 (.010)
11 - - 11 (.049) 12 (.028) 14 (.008)
12 - - 12 (.038) 13 (.022) 14 (.012)
13 - - 12 (.049) 13 (.030) 15 (.009)
14 - - 13 (.038) 14 (.023) 16 (.007)
15 - - 13 (.047) 14 (.028) 16 (.010)
4 2 6 (.083) 6 (.083) 6 (.083) 6 (.083)
3 8 (.049) 8 (.049) 8 (.049) 9 (.007)
4 9 (.078) 10 (.026) 10 (.026) 11 (.005)
5 10 (.082) 11 (.037) 11 (.037) 12 (.013)
6 11 (.078) 12 (.037) 13 (.018) 14 (.006)
7 11 (.126) 13 (.037) 14 (.020) 15 (.008)
8 12 (.111) 14 (.034) 15 (.019) 16 (.009)
9 - - 15 (.032) 15 (.032) 17 (.010)
10 - - 15 (.046) 16 (.029) 18 (.010)
11 - - 16 (.041) 17 (.026) 19 (.009)
12 - - 17 (.038) 18 (.023) 20 (.008)
13 - - 18 (.032) 19 (.021) 21 (.008)
14 - - 18 (.042) 19 (.028) 21 (.011)
15 - - 19 (.037) 20 (.024) 22 (.010)
5 2 8 (.050) 8 (.050) 8 (.050) 8 (.050)
3 10 (.067) 10 (.067) 11 (.018) 12 (.002)
4 11 (.116) 12 (.054) 13 (.020) 14 (.006)
5 13 (.076) 14 (.040) 14 (.040) 16 (.006)
6 14 (.088) 15 (.049) 16 (.028) 17 (.013)
7 15 (.093) 16 (.052) 17 (.033) 19 (.009)
8 16 (.094) 18 (.036) 19 (.022) 20 (.012)
9 - - 19 (.037) 20 (.024) 22 (.008)
10 - - 20 (.038) 21 (.025) 23 (.009)
11 - - 21 (.038) 22 (.025) 24 (.010)
12 - - 22 (.038) 23 (.025) 25 (.011)
13 - - 23 (.035) 24 (.024) 26 (.011)
14 - - 24 (.034) 25 (.024) 27 (.011)
15 - - 24 (.045) 26 (.022) 28 (.010)
6 2 9 (.150) 10 (.033) 10 (.033) 10 (.033)
3 12 (.084) 13 (.030) 13 (.030) 14 (.008)
4 14 (.088) 15 (.047) 16 (.018) 17 (.006)
5 16 (.075) 17 (.047) 18 (.022) 19 (.010)
6 7 (.098) 19 (.040) 20 (.021) 21 (.010)
7 - - 20 (.049) 21 (.032) 23 (.010)
8 - - 22 (.039) 23 (.026) 25 (.008)
9 - - 23 (.043) 24 (.030) 26 (.012)
10 - - 24 (.047) 26 (.023) 28 (.009)
11 - - 26 (.036) 27 (.026) 29 (.012)
12 - - 27 (.039) 28 (.028) 31 (.009)
13 - - 28 (.039) 29 (.028) 32 (.010)
14 - - 29 (.040) 30 (.030) 33 (.011)
15 - - 30 (.040) 32 (.023) 34 (.012)
81
Table 19 Upper Critical Values for Kendall's

Rank Correlation Coefficient τ̂
Note: In the table below, the critical values give

significance levels as close as possible to, but
not exceeding the nominal α.
Nominal α
n .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001
4 1.000 1.000 - - - -
5 0.800 0.800 1.000 1.000 - -
6 0.600 0.733 0.867 0.867 1.000 -
7 0.524 0.619 0.714 0.810 0.905 1.000
8 0.429 0.571 0.643 0.714 0.786 0.857
9 0.389 0.500 0.556 0.667 0.722 0.833
10 0.378 0.467 0.511 0.600 0.644 0.778
11 0.345 0.418 0.491 0.564 0.600 0.709
12 0.303 0.394 0.455 0.545 0.576 0.667
13 0.308 0.359 0.436 0.513 0.564 0.641
14 0.275 0.363 0.407 0.473 0.516 0.604
15 0.276 0.333 0.390 0.467 0.505 0.581
16 0.250 0.317 0.383 0.433 0.483 0.567
17 0.250 0.309 0.368 0.426 0.471 0.544
18 0.242 0.294 0.346 0.412 0.451 0.529
19 0.228 0.287 0.333 0.392 0.439 0.509
20 0.221 0.274 0.326 0.379 0.421 0.495
21 0.210 0.267 0.314 0.371 0.410 0.486
22 0.203 0.264 0.307 0.359 0.394 0.472
23 0.202 0.257 0.296 0.352 0.391 0.455
24 0.196 0.246 0.290 0.341 0.377 0.449
25 0.193 0.240 0.287 0.333 0.367 0.440
26 0.188 0.237 0.280 0.329 0.360 0.428
27 0.179 0.231 0.271 0.322 0.356 0.419
28 0.180 0.228 0.265 0.312 0.344 0.413
29 0.172 0.222 0.261 0.310 0.340 0.404
30 0.172 0.218 0.255 0.301 0.333 0.393
31 0.166 0.213 0.252 0.295 0.325 0.389
32 0.165 0.210 0.246 0.290 0.323 0.379
33 0.163 0.205 0.242 0.288 0.314 0.375
34 0.159 0.201 0.237 0.280 0.312 0.369
35 0.156 0.197 0.234 0.277 0.304 0.361
36 0.152 0.194 0.232 0.273 0.302 0.359
37 0.150 0.192 0.228 0.267 0.297 0.351
38 0.149 0.189 0.223 0.263 0.292 0.346
39 0.147 0.188 0.220 0.260 0.287 0.341
40 0.144 0.185 0.218 0.256 0.285 0.338
41 0.141 0.180 0.215 0.254 0.280 0.334
42 0.141 0.178 0.213 0.250 0.275 0.329
43 0.138 0.176 0.209 0.247 0.274 0.324
44 0.137 0.173 0.207 0.243 0.268 0.321
45 0.135 0.172 0.204 0.240 0.267 0.317
46 0.132 0.169 0.202 0.239 0.264 0.314
47 0.132 0.167 0.199 0.236 0.260 0.310
48 0.129 0.167 0.197 0.232 0.257 0.307
49 0.129 0.163 0.196 0.230 0.253 0.303
50 0.127 0.162 0.192 0.228 0.251 0.300
51 0.126 0.161 0.191 0.225 0.249 0.297
52 0.124 0.158 0.189 0.223 0.246 0.294
53 0.123 0.157 0.187 0.221 0.244 0.290
54 0.122 0.156 0.185 0.219 0.241 0.287
55 0.121 0.154 0.182 0.216 0.239 0.285
56 0.119 0.152 0.181 0.214 0.236 0.282
57 0.118 0.152 0.179 0.212 0.234 0.279
58 0.117 0.149 0.177 0.210 0.232 0.276
59 0.116 0.148 0.176 0.209 0.230 0.274
60 0.115 0.147 0.174 0.207 0.228 0.272
82
Table 20 Upper Critical Values of Spearman's

Rank Correlation Coefficient Rs
Note: In the table below, the critical values give

significance levels as close as possible to, but
not exceeding the nominal α.
Nominal α
n .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001

4 1.000 1.000 - - - -
5 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.000 - -
6 0.657 0.829 0.886 0.943 1.000 -
7 0.571 0.714 0.786 0.893 0.929 1.000
8 0.524 0.643 0.738 0.833 0.881 0.952
9 0.483 0.600 0.700 0.783 0.833 0.917
10 0.455 0.564 0.648 0.745 0.794 0.879
11 0.427 0.536 0.618 0.709 0.755 0.845
12 0.406 0.503 0.587 0.678 0.727 0.818
13 0.385 0.484 0.560 0.648 0.703 0.791
14 0.367 0.464 0.538 0.626 0.679 0.771
15 0.354 0.446 0.521 0.604 0.654 0.750
16 0.341 0.429 0.503 0.582 0.635 0.729
17 0.328 0.414 0.488 0.566 0.618 0.711
18 0.317 0.401 0.472 0.550 0.600 0.692
19 0.309 0.391 0.460 0.535 0.584 0.675
20 0.299 0.380 0.447 0.522 0.570 0.662
21 0.292 0.370 0.436 0.509 0.556 0.647
22 0.284 0.361 0.425 0.497 0.544 0.633
23 0.278 0.353 0.416 0.486 0.532 0.621
24 0.271 0.344 0.407 0.476 0.521 0.609
25 0.265 0.337 0.398 0.466 0.511 0.597
26 0.259 0.331 0.390 0.457 0.501 0.586
27 0.255 0.324 0.383 0.449 0.492 0.576
28 0.250 0.318 0.375 0.441 0.483 0.567
29 0.245 0.312 0.368 0.433 0.475 0.558
30 0.240 0.306 0.362 0.425 0.467 0.549
31 0.236 0.301 0.356 0.419 0.459 0.540
32 0.232 0.296 0.350 0.412 0.452 0.532
33 0.229 0.291 0.345 0.405 0.446 0.525
34 0.225 0.287 0.340 0.400 0.439 0.517
35 0.222 0.283 0.335 0.394 0.433 0.510
36 0.219 0.279 0.330 0.388 0.427 0.503
37 0.215 0.275 0.325 0.383 0.421 0.497
38 0.212 0.271 0.321 0.378 0.415 0.491
39 0.210 0.267 0.317 0.373 0.410 0.485
40 0.207 0.264 0.313 0.368 0.405 0.479
41 0.204 0.261 0.309 0.364 0.400 0.473
42 0.202 0.257 0.305 0.359 0.396 0.468
43 0.199 0.254 0.301 0.355 0.391 0.462
44 0.197 0.251 0.298 0.351 0.386 0.457
45 0.194 0.248 0.294 0.347 0.382 0.452
46 0.192 0.246 0.291 0.343 0.378 0.448
47 0.190 0.243 0.288 0.340 0.374 0.443
48 0.188 0.240 0.285 0.336 0.370 0.439
49 0.186 0.238 0.282 0.333 0.366 0.434
50 0.184 0.235 0.279 0.329 0.363 0.430
51 0.182 0.233 0.276 0.326 0.359 0.426
52 0.180 0.231 0.274 0.323 0.356 0.422
53 0.179 0.228 0.271 0.320 0.352 0.418
54 0.177 0.226 0.268 0.317 0.349 0.414
55 0.175 0.224 0.266 0.314 0.346 0.411
56 0.174 0.222 0.264 0.311 0.343 0.407
57 0.172 0.220 0.261 0.308 0.340 0.404
58 0.171 0.218 0.259 0.306 0.337 0.400
59 0.169 0.216 0.257 0.303 0.334 0.397
60 0.168 0.214 0.255 0.301 0.331 0.394
83
Table 21 Sample Size for the T-test
µ − µ0
Sample size n required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations from µ0).
σ
These are approximate n for the two-sided test.
One-sided α = .005 (Two-sided α = .01) One-sided α = .01 (Two-sided α = .02)
Power K(d) = 1 - β Power K(d) = 1 - β
d .99 .95 .90 .80 d .99 .95 .90 .80 d
0.25 389 290 243 191 0.25 350 256 212 164 0.25
0.30 272 202 170 134 0.30 244 179 148 115 0.30
0.35 201 150 125 99 0.35 180 132 109 85 0.35
0.40 155 115 97 77 0.40 139 101 85 66 0.40
0.45 123 92 77 62 0.45 110 81 68 53 0.45
0.50 100 75 63 51 0.50 90 66 55 43 0.50
0.55 83 63 53 42 0.55 75 55 46 36 0.55

0.60 71 53 45 36 0.60 63 47 39 31 0.60
0.65 61 46 39 31 0.65 55 41 34 27 0.65
0.70 53 40 34 28 0.70 47 35 30 24 0.70
0.75 47 36 30 25 0.75 42 31 27 21 0.75
0.80 41 32 27 22 0.80 37 28 24 19 0.80

0.85 37 29 24 20 0.85 33 25 21 17 0.85
0.90 34 26 22 18 0.90 29 23 19 16 0.90
0.95 31 24 20 17 0.95 27 21 18 14 0.95
1.00 28 22 19 16 1.00 25 19 16 13 1.00
1.10 24 19 16 14 1.10 21 16 14 12 1.10

1.20 21 16 14 12 1.20 18 14 12 10 1.20
1.30 18 15 13 11 1.30 16 13 11 9 1.30
1.40 16 13 12 10 1.40 14 11 10 9 1.40
1.50 15 12 11 9 1.50 13 10 9 8 1.50
1.60 13 11 10 8 1.60 12 10 9 7 1.60

1.70 12 10 9 8 1.70 11 9 8 7 1.70
1.80 12 10 9 8 1.80 10 8 7 7 1.80
1.90 11 9 8 7 1.90 10 8 7 6 1.90
2.00 10 8 8 7 2.00 9 7 7 6 2.00
84
Table 21 Sample Size for the T-test (continued)
µ − µ0
Sample size n required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations from µ0).
σ
These are approximate n for the two-sided test.
d .99 .95 .90 .80 d .99 .95 .90 .80 d
0.25 296 210 171 128 0.25 255 176 139 101 0.25
0.30 207 147 119 90 0.30 178 122 97 71 0.30

0.35 152 109 88 67 0.35 131 90 72 52 0.35
0.40 117 84 68 51 0.40 101 70 55 40 0.40
0.45 93 67 54 41 0.45 80 55 44 33 0.45
0.50 76 54 44 34 0.50 65 45 36 27 0.50
0.55 63 45 37 28 0.55 54 38 30 22 0.55

0.60 53 38 32 24 0.60 46 32 26 19 0.60
0.65 46 33 27 21 0.65 39 28 22 17 0.65
0.70 40 29 24 19 0.70 34 24 19 15 0.70
0.75 35 26 21 16 0.75 30 21 17 13 0.75
0.80 31 22 19 15 0.80 27 19 15 12 0.80

0.85 28 21 17 13 0.85 24 17 14 11 0.85
0.90 25 19 16 12 0.90 21 15 13 10 0.90
0.95 23 17 14 11 0.95 19 14 11 9 0.95
1.00 21 16 13 10 1.00 18 13 11 8 1.00
1.10 18 13 11 9 1.10 15 11 9 7 1.10

1.20 15 12 10 8 1.20 13 10 8 6 1.20
1.30 14 10 9 7 1.30 11 8 7 6 1.30
1.40 12 9 8 7 1.40 10 8 7 5 1.40
1.50 11 8 7 6 1.50 9 7 6 5 1.50
1.60 10 8 7 6 1.60 8 6 6 5 1.60

1.70 9 7 6 5 1.70 8 6 5 4 1.70
1.80 8 7 6 5 1.80 7 6 5 4 1.80
1.90 8 6 6 5 1.90 7 5 5 4 1.90
2.00 7 6 5 5 2.00 6 5 4 4 2.00
85
Table 22 Sample Size for the Pooled T-test
µ X − µY
Sample size nX = nY required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations apart).
σ
These are approximate nX and nY for the two-sided test.
d .99 .95 .90 .80 d .99 .95 .90 .80 d
0.35 395 293 245 193 0.35 356 260 215 166 0.35
0.40 303 225 188 148 0.40 273 200 165 128 0.40
0.45 240 178 149 118 0.45 216 158 131 101 0.45
0.50 195 145 122 96 0.50 176 129 106 82 0.50
0.55 161 120 101 79 0.55 146 106 88 68 0.55

0.60 136 101 85 67 0.60 123 90 74 58 0.60
0.65 116 87 73 57 0.65 104 77 64 49 0.65
0.70 100 75 63 50 0.70 90 66 55 43 0.70
0.75 88 66 55 44 0.75 79 58 48 38 0.75
0.80 77 58 49 39 0.80 70 51 43 33 0.80

0.85 69 51 43 35 0.85 62 46 38 30 0.85
0.90 62 46 39 31 0.90 55 41 34 27 0.90
0.95 55 42 35 28 0.95 50 37 31 24 0.95
1.00 50 38 32 26 1.00 45 33 28 22 1.00
1.10 42 32 27 22 1.10 38 28 23 19 1.10

1.20 36 27 23 18 1.20 32 24 20 16 1.20
1.30 31 23 20 16 1.30 28 21 17 14 1.30
1.40 27 20 17 14 1.40 24 18 15 12 1.40
1.50 24 18 15 13 1.50 21 16 14 11 1.50
1.60 21 16 14 11 1.60 19 14 12 10 1.60

1.70 19 15 13 10 1.70 17 13 11 9 1.70
1.80 17 13 11 10 1.80 15 12 10 8 1.80
1.90 16 12 11 9 1.90 14 11 9 8 1.90
2.00 14 11 10 8 2.00 13 10 9 7 2.00
86
Table 22 Sample Size for the Pooled T-test (continued)
µ X − µY
Sample size nX = nY required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations apart).
σ
These are approximate nX and nY for the two-sided test.
d .99 .95 .90 .80 d .99 .95 .90 .80 d
0.35 301 214 173 130 0.35 259 178 141 102 0.35
0.40 231 164 133 100 0.40 199 137 108 78 0.40
0.45 183 130 105 79 0.45 157 108 86 62 0.45
0.50 148 106 86 64 0.50 128 88 70 51 0.50
0.55 123 87 71 53 0.55 112 73 58 42 0.55

0.60 104 74 60 45 0.60 89 61 49 36 0.60
0.65 88 63 51 39 0.65 76 52 42 30 0.65
0.70 76 55 44 34 0.70 66 45 36 26 0.70
0.75 67 48 39 29 0.75 57 40 32 23 0.75
0.80 59 42 34 26 0.80 50 35 28 21 0.80

0.85 52 37 31 23 0.85 45 31 25 18 0.85
0.90 47 34 27 21 0.90 40 28 22 16 0.90
0.95 42 30 25 19 0.95 36 25 20 15 0.95
1.00 38 27 23 17 1.00 33 23 18 14 1.00
1.10 32 23 19 14 1.10 27 19 15 12 1.10

1.20 27 20 16 12 1.20 23 16 13 10 1.20
1.30 23 17 14 11 1.30 20 14 11 9 1.30
1.40 20 15 12 10 1.40 17 12 10 8 1.40
1.50 18 13 11 9 1.50 15 11 9 7 1.50
1.60 16 12 10 8 1.60 14 10 8 6 1.60

1.70 14 11 9 7 1.70 12 9 7 6 1.70
1.80 13 10 8 6 1.80 11 8 7 5 1.80
1.90 12 9 7 6 1.90 10 7 6 5 1.90
2.00 11 8 7 6 2.00 9 7 6 4 2.00
87
Table 23 Sample Size for One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model
max ( µ i ) − min ( µ i )
Sample size n (for each group) required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations apart).
σ
( k = the number of groups )
K(d) = 1 – β(d) = .70 K(d) = 1 – β(d) = .80
d=
σ
α k 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00
.01 3 25 17 12 10 8 6 5 30 20 14 11 9 7 5
4 28 19 13 10 8 6 5 33 22 16 12 10 7 5
5 30 20 14 11 9 6 5 35 23 17 13 10 7 6
6 32 21 15 12 9 7 5 38 25 18 13 11 8 6
7 34 22 16 12 10 7 5 39 26 18 14 11 8 6
8 35 23 17 13 10 7 5 41 27 19 15 12 8 6
9 37 24 17 13 10 7 6 43 28 20 15 12 8 6
10 38 25 18 14 11 7 6 44 29 21 16 12 8 6
.05 3 17 11 8 7 5 4 3 21 14 10 8 6 5 4
4 19 13 9 7 6 4 4 23 15 11 9 7 5 4
5 21 14 10 8 6 5 4 25 17 12 9 7 5 4
6 22 15 11 8 7 5 4 27 18 13 10 8 6 4
7 24 16 11 9 7 5 4 29 19 14 10 8 6 5
8 25 16 12 9 7 5 4 30 20 14 11 9 6 5
9 26 17 12 9 8 5 4 31 21 15 11 9 6 5
10 27 18 13 10 8 6 4 33 21 15 12 9 6 5
.10 3 13 9 7 5 4 3 3 17 11 8 6 5 4 3
4 15 10 7 6 5 4 3 19 13 9 7 6 4 3
5 17 11 8 6 5 4 3 21 14 10 8 6 4 4
6 18 12 9 7 5 4 3 22 15 11 8 7 5 4
7 19 13 9 7 6 4 3 24 16 11 9 7 5 4
8 20 13 10 7 6 4 3 25 16 12 9 7 5 4
9 21 14 10 8 6 4 4 26 17 12 9 7 5 4
10 22 14 10 8 6 5 4 27 18 13 10 8 5 4
.20 3 9 6 5 4 3 3 2 12 8 6 5 4 3 3
4 11 7 5 4 4 3 2 14 9 7 5 4 3 3
5 12 8 6 5 4 3 3 16 10 8 6 5 4 3
6 13 9 6 5 4 3 3 17 11 8 6 5 4 3
7 14 9 7 5 4 3 3 18 12 9 7 5 4 3
8 15 10 7 6 5 3 3 19 12 9 7 6 4 3
9 15 10 7 6 5 3 3 20 13 9 7 6 4 3
10 16 11 8 6 5 4 3 21 14 10 8 6 4 3
88
Table 23 Sample Size for One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model (continued)
Sample size n (for each group) required to achieve power K(d) for d = (standard deviations apart).
σ
( k = the number of groups )
K(d) = 1 - β(d) = .90 K(d) = 1 - β(d) = .95
d=
σ
α k 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00
.01 3 37 24 18 13 11 8 6 43 29 20 16 12 9 7
4 40 27 19 15 12 8 6 47 31 22 17 13 9 7
5 43 28 20 15 12 9 7 51 33 23 18 14 10 7
6 46 30 21 16 13 9 7 53 35 25 19 15 10 8
7 48 31 22 17 13 9 7 56 36 26 19 15 10 8
8 50 33 23 17 14 9 7 58 38 27 20 16 11 8
9 52 34 24 18 14 10 7 60 39 28 21 16 11 8
10 54 35 25 19 15 10 7 62 40 29 21 17 11 8
.05 3 27 18 13 10 8 6 5 32 21 15 12 9 7 5
4 30 20 14 11 9 6 5 36 23 17 13 10 7 5
5 32 21 15 12 9 6 5 39 25 18 14 11 7 6
6 34 23 16 12 10 7 5 41 27 19 14 11 8 6
7 36 24 17 13 10 7 5 43 28 20 15 12 8 6
8 38 25 18 13 11 7 6 45 29 21 16 12 8 6
9 40 26 18 14 11 8 6 47 30 22 16 13 9 6
10 41 27 19 14 11 8 6 48 31 22 17 13 9 7
.10 3 22 15 11 8 7 5 4 27 18 13 10 8 6 4
4 25 16 12 9 7 5 4 30 20 14 11 9 6 5
5 27 18 13 10 8 5 4 33 22 15 12 9 6 5
6 29 19 14 10 8 6 4 35 23 16 12 10 7 5
7 31 20 14 11 9 6 5 37 24 17 13 10 7 5
8 32 21 15 11 9 6 5 39 25 18 14 11 7 5
9 33 22 16 12 9 6 5 40 26 19 14 11 8 6
10 35 23 16 12 10 7 5 42 27 19 15 11 8 6
.20 3 17 11 8 6 5 4 3 22 14 10 8 6 5 4
4 20 13 9 7 6 4 3 25 16 12 9 7 5 4
5 21 14 10 8 6 4 4 27 18 13 10 8 5 4
6 22 15 11 8 7 5 4 29 19 13 10 8 6 4
7 24 16 11 9 7 5 4 30 20 14 11 8 6 4
8 26 17 12 9 7 5 4 32 21 15 11 9 6 5
9 27 17 13 9 8 5 4 33 22 15 12 9 6 5
10 28 18 13 10 8 5 4 34 22 16 12 9 6 5
89
Table 24 Table of Pseudo-random Permutations of Size 9
Column
Row 1-5 6 - 10 1 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30
1 6 7 9 2 5 3 9 8 9 9 2 3 1 1 8 1 4 1 8 9 6 7 5 9 2 6 8 7 3 7
4 1 2 3 7 4 4 6 4 2 1 4 4 6 9 8 8 6 3 7 5 6 7 4 4 5 2 5 2 3
8 9 4 7 6 1 1 5 7 7 6 7 8 7 3 5 1 4 2 5 8 3 2 6 3 9 3 4 4 9
7 6 1 1 8 6 5 4 3 3 5 1 3 9 7 3 5 5 5 8 1 9 4 5 7 3 4 1 8 5
5 8 7 9 3 5 2 2 5 1 4 6 5 8 1 4 6 8 4 6 4 5 9 7 9 8 1 8 9 4
3 3 5 8 9 2 6 3 1 5 7 9 9 3 6 2 3 7 6 4 7 8 1 8 8 7 7 6 1 2
2 5 8 4 4 9 8 9 8 8 9 5 6 5 5 6 7 2 1 2 2 4 8 3 5 1 9 9 5 6
9 2 3 5 1 7 7 7 2 4 8 8 7 4 2 9 9 3 9 1 3 2 3 1 1 4 6 2 6 8
1 4 6 6 2 8 3 1 6 6 3 2 2 2 4 7 2 9 7 3 9 1 6 2 6 2 5 3 7 1
2 6 6 9 6 3 5 9 4 9 3 5 3 8 7 1 8 9 4 2 7 6 3 1 9 1 2 2 1 3 1
7 1 3 5 6 6 3 1 5 9 4 6 7 6 3 7 4 2 6 8 7 6 4 8 4 4 7 3 2 2
1 9 7 4 7 3 2 3 4 7 6 9 5 1 8 1 6 3 5 6 2 9 8 2 5 6 1 2 5 5
2 4 1 1 2 9 4 8 6 2 7 4 9 8 7 3 2 7 9 9 9 5 3 7 8 3 6 7 9 3
5 2 4 3 5 1 5 2 3 5 1 7 6 3 4 5 3 9 3 5 5 1 7 6 9 5 3 8 7 4
4 5 5 7 8 2 6 7 7 6 8 2 1 4 6 4 1 8 1 3 3 8 2 3 2 7 4 9 4 7
9 8 6 2 1 4 7 5 1 1 2 1 4 5 5 9 7 1 7 2 4 4 5 4 7 9 9 6 8 9
3 3 2 8 4 7 8 9 2 8 3 5 3 2 9 2 8 6 4 1 1 7 6 1 3 8 5 4 1 6
8 7 8 9 9 8 1 6 8 4 9 8 2 9 2 6 5 5 8 4 8 2 9 5 6 1 8 5 6 8
3 9 9 7 3 4 5 1 5 1 2 6 6 9 7 2 3 3 8 3 2 6 2 3 6 9 2 3 3 9 6
3 2 6 8 3 4 6 2 2 6 3 7 2 9 6 5 4 9 2 8 4 9 7 8 6 6 5 2 7 1
4 7 8 4 5 9 4 3 6 8 4 2 5 5 5 7 7 6 6 1 8 3 4 1 8 4 6 7 6 5
2 1 5 2 1 3 5 8 8 1 8 1 1 2 8 2 1 3 5 9 1 1 9 9 4 9 7 5 3 3
8 3 3 6 6 7 9 4 5 4 2 4 7 6 1 4 5 1 8 6 7 5 8 3 5 5 4 8 4 9
6 4 1 5 2 2 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 1 4 9 9 4 7 5 2 7 1 2 3 8 1 6 5 4
1 8 9 7 9 1 8 1 3 9 9 9 8 8 3 6 2 2 1 4 3 4 5 7 2 7 9 1 1 7
5 6 2 9 8 6 7 6 4 7 1 8 6 3 7 8 6 7 9 3 9 6 6 4 1 3 8 9 8 8
7 5 4 1 7 8 2 7 9 3 5 5 4 4 9 1 8 5 4 7 5 8 2 5 7 1 2 4 2 2
4 9 8 3 7 9 8 6 3 2 5 2 1 3 5 5 2 3 3 1 4 8 6 1 3 5 7 7 3 2 7
4 6 5 6 8 1 5 5 7 7 8 7 5 1 4 6 9 8 9 8 6 5 4 8 1 5 9 5 3 2
3 2 1 3 2 3 8 4 5 2 4 9 1 4 1 7 8 4 5 1 3 9 7 9 4 4 6 7 8 4
5 5 2 8 3 2 3 8 9 3 6 2 4 8 9 5 2 7 6 2 7 3 3 4 6 1 5 8 4 8
2 1 8 4 6 5 1 1 1 1 7 3 9 9 6 9 6 2 4 5 5 7 9 2 7 3 4 4 7 9
8 4 4 9 7 9 9 6 8 4 9 4 6 2 7 3 4 9 8 3 1 2 6 5 2 6 2 9 9 6
1 7 6 5 4 4 7 9 4 9 1 6 7 7 8 4 7 6 7 6 2 8 5 7 8 9 8 6 1 1
7 9 7 1 5 7 2 2 6 8 3 5 2 6 2 8 5 1 2 9 9 4 8 1 9 2 3 1 5 3
6 3 9 2 1 6 4 7 3 6 5 8 8 3 3 1 1 5 3 7 4 1 2 6 3 8 1 2 6 5
5 7 8 4 6 4 1 8 3 8 6 5 5 2 7 7 6 6 5 9 5 4 3 4 7 2 9 3 7 6 5
8 6 3 8 9 8 6 8 7 9 3 8 5 8 6 9 4 6 3 8 8 4 3 4 8 3 5 4 8 2
2 3 8 3 5 7 3 2 1 2 7 7 1 5 5 8 3 7 7 9 1 8 6 2 5 6 1 6 7 7
3 4 2 4 8 5 5 4 2 3 6 6 4 2 1 4 8 3 6 1 3 7 7 9 6 4 2 9 4 6
1 2 5 9 6 6 7 7 3 4 8 3 6 1 3 3 5 4 8 3 7 2 2 6 7 1 7 5 3 4
4 7 1 7 2 4 4 6 4 1 4 1 7 9 4 1 2 1 5 7 2 6 8 5 3 2 4 8 1 1
6 1 7 5 3 2 1 1 6 8 2 4 9 4 9 7 7 2 2 4 9 1 9 1 4 8 9 1 5 8
5 9 9 2 7 3 2 9 9 7 1 9 3 3 8 2 9 9 1 6 5 9 5 3 1 7 8 2 9 9
9 5 6 1 1 9 9 5 5 5 9 2 8 6 2 5 1 8 4 2 6 5 1 8 9 5 6 3 2 3
6 7 7 9 6 1 6 2 6 2 8 4 3 1 3 8 2 1 7 8 1 8 7 5 4 3 6 7 1 3 9
4 1 4 3 5 3 8 5 1 5 3 8 4 8 1 6 3 4 2 3 7 9 6 3 5 8 9 4 2 2
8 6 6 9 8 2 3 7 9 2 6 6 5 1 2 3 9 8 1 8 5 3 2 6 4 5 1 7 6 7
3 8 3 1 6 9 7 8 7 7 9 7 3 4 5 1 5 5 7 4 4 1 7 8 6 7 5 9 4 8
5 2 1 8 4 8 6 4 3 4 5 2 7 5 7 5 7 3 6 5 3 2 8 5 7 3 2 2 5 3
6 9 7 7 7 4 9 2 8 1 1 5 8 2 3 9 8 9 9 6 9 5 1 1 8 2 4 6 8 1
1 3 8 5 9 1 5 3 4 3 8 4 9 6 6 7 2 1 5 2 2 8 4 7 1 1 8 3 9 4
9 5 5 2 2 5 4 9 5 6 7 1 2 9 4 8 4 6 4 7 6 4 3 9 2 9 6 5 7 6
2 4 2 4 3 7 1 1 6 9 2 9 6 7 9 4 6 2 3 9 1 6 9 2 9 4 3 8 1 5
90
Table 25 Table of Pseudo-random Digits
Column
Line 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
1 08025 89354 66119 12852 61345 06509 02701 79607 80234 19263
2 43025 77001 02272 89797 66588 39793 29896 44604 85341 92320
3 58121 23577 36517 64643 17939 70833 93099 94744 91332 48159
4 72630 20838 00723 12788 18794 68202 03931 72078 30915 65350
5 99141 19701 25161 01414 17377 93195 09454 02719 24297 97428
6 61248 09975 46169 17215 34288 01118 14681 99216 85172 59198
7 86046 50522 74470 30125 95272 65600 85604 28241 31735 15291
8 92019 07352 93315 69852 07395 92103 08348 76089 55143 15496
9 30784 55302 32329 40934 52882 85483 68921 27908 68489 19321
10 80938 38097 53567 13720 36450 89775 08951 27155 27759 23319
11 18881 60759 71055 62716 97314 60851 26428 84725 66137 74139
12 19610 77947 72653 47772 57484 48855 57222 13081 21690 28187
13 77620 59682 58917 72290 72917 74614 41046 65690 45455 19840
14 72537 17153 23011 02602 70210 45615 28454 32116 31278 97910
15 51886 61216 82211 44246 55572 52746 44254 44267 10302 55859
16 05650 84958 74972 19326 36808 15344 05039 06076 23302 55065
17 42153 38890 78980 10323 38457 85522 94858 26063 02393 83151
18 71336 65235 56208 82491 69220 33615 07848 11847 72427 82828
19 14063 55790 96174 79234 88520 08859 72512 88798 31954 44967
20 45594 45992 25431 06642 94686 65565 23940 64499 34013 81164
21 54338 13992 94521 39220 20355 11344 32881 01038 42038 23483
22 88713 83287 29349 99464 95499 92499 33074 27496 16658 14281
23 23615 73976 21076 23476 09987 23591 58266 94120 40624 94174
24 86160 06090 91947 43277 39543 32532 54269 14948 16269 56600
25 97640 98709 22933 89872 16271 22821 17688 20347 35989 05584
26 06946 45370 50945 48067 44892 67609 01998 16973 29628 50044
27 90210 59549 31365 80765 58726 71099 64022 96701 00752 24962
28 84529 66423 78040 26211 32685 23461 56782 96864 35006 49181
29 11644 41528 90086 02595 85984 13908 18227 63685 57142 77014
30 35483 55588 23051 85364 05871 90463 51042 28996 07757 62484
31 49976 17369 59115 16680 10735 45136 66690 36683 20723 79252
32 62819 48093 86554 46644 27786 28694 07566 42762 25516 99507
33 62714 26321 44330 50378 10788 55520 69743 22297 17304 83174
34 16347 54320 40744 47838 05193 94386 30284 47898 52647 42887
35 89107 23856 92270 03999 87388 29279 44757 56034 69813 92039
36 70833 42469 63483 51138 95099 79174 33444 25899 38456 64150
37 51177 86088 31614 23778 86117 89430 45737 88533 44982 40705
38 70376 02710 13186 05649 18534 12061 29313 90739 01809 17546
39 50686 25769 56334 09464 76655 92663 26480 43425 62041 49220
40 95135 83236 90950 27914 20376 92565 48109 78847 62391 84305
41 86418 45001 47466 28022 84482 68299 34866 41402 28045 68438
42 56531 43586 32988 98735 66483 47607 25798 49431 97092 04877
43 68642 82406 43975 87638 68109 15218 11123 92261 75650 78929
44 61921 51815 65068 70294 22748 62150 63238 67770 53421 08217
45 10852 33613 38873 78795 85872 54927 04235 63069 18209 13667
46 44645 95861 12068 99406 96019 32551 73231 70296 63774 66304
47 50604 64568 44880 94258 14329 16618 54920 37843 21385 77860
48 58564 50497 01322 15771 94224 52629 71269 79096 73844 45855
49 91656 11778 27049 47254 86342 44802 28823 35996 69714 92375
50 13840 46431 63082 81615 05334 81525 41660 92580 81693 85560
91
92
Acknowledgements
Table 11: From "A simple test of symmetry about an unknown median", by Paul Cabilio
and Joe Masaro, Canadian Journal of Statistics, 24 (1996).
Table 12: Adapted from "Use of the Correlation Coefficient with Normal Probability Plots"
The American Statistician, 39 (1985) with permission of the authors, Stephen W.
Looney and Thomas R. Gulledge.
Table 13: Adapted from "Exact probability levels for the Kruskall-Wallis Test" by Ronald L.
Iman, Dana Quade and Douglas A. Alexander, in Selected Tables in
Mathematical Statistics, Volume 3, 1975, edited by H. L. Harter and D. B. Owen
for the IMS, with permission of Ronald L. Iman and Dana Quade.
Table 14: Adapted from "Technical Report #SW 16/72" of the Mathematical Centre,
Amsterdam, with permission of the author Dana Quade.
Table 16: Adapted from "Tables of range and studentized range", by H. Leon Harter, Ann.
Math. Statist., 31 (1960) with permission of the author H. Leon Harter.
Tables 17-18: Adapted from "Rank sum multiple comparisons in one- and two-way
classifications", Biometrika, 54 (1967) with permission of the authors B. J.
MacDonald and W. A. Thompson Jr.
Table 23: Adapted from "Tables of sample sizes in the analysis of variance" by T. L.
Bratcher, M. A. Moran and W. J. Zimmer, Journal of Quality Technology, 2
(1970), with permission of Tom Bratcher and W. J. Zimmer.
Tables 1-11, 15, 19, 20, 24, 25 were generated with the aid of honour students Steven Astels and
Kathy Swinamer.
Tables 21 and 22 were generated using an approximation found in "Introduction to Statistical

Analysis" by Wilfred J. Dixon and Frank J. Massey. Jr.. 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1983. The
values obtained were checked and corrected using the software package Statable by C.R. Mehta
and N.R. Patel.
Special thanks to Kathy Swinamer and Julia MacCluskey for typing of the manuscript.
93
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BASIC STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

Tenth Edition © 2001

P. Cabilio and J. Masaro

PROCEDURES and TABLES

INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF A POPULATION

INFERENCE CONCERNING SYMMETRY AND NORMALITY

INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF TWO POPULATIONS

INDEPENDENT SAMPLE DESIGN

INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION VARIANCES

INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION PROPORTIONS

ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA

COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN

RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN

TWO-FACTOR FACTORIAL DESIGN: EQUAL NUMBERS PER CELL

SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

One Sample T-test for the Population Mean µ

A simple random sample of size n is chosen from a

P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2P(T ≥ |t0|)

Notes: (a) For df > 100 use df = ∞, tα = zα and replace T by Z to

(b) To estimate µ with Error Bound E and Confidence Level

where σ̂ is a prior estimate of σ.

Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...

Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate

One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M

A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary

X = the number of xi > M0

P-value P(X ≤ x+) P(X ≥ x+) 2P(X ≤ a)

(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use

Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Sign...

Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate

One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

A simple random sample is chosen from a symmetric

Let di = xi - M0 and n' = the number of non-zero di

After throwing out all di = 0, let

P-value P(V ≤ v+) P(V ≥ v+) 2P(V ≤ a)

(c) For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use

Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Wilcoxon...

Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate Test

Sk-test for Asymmetry

Assumption A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution

H0: SCFSD (the Sample Comes From a Symmetric Distribution)

P-value 2P(Sk ≥ |sk0|)

Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality

Assumption A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution

H0: SCFND (the Sample Comes From a Normal Distribution)

1. Place the sample in column c1

Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location

NEITHER test is significant T1 rejects H0 OR T2 rejects H0

Examine the Examine the

Draw the appropriate conclusion Draw the appropriate conclusion

SCF a SCF a SCF a SCF a SCF a

Paired T-test for the Population Mean µd

A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

t0 is the observed value of T

P(T ≤ t0) P(T ≥ t0) 2 P(T ≥ |t0|)

Note: For df > 100 use df = ∞, tα = zα and replace T by Z to calculate

Minitab: Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

MTB > let c3 = c1 - c2

For the Paired T-test and/or CI, click

Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...

Insert c3 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate Test

Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md

A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),