VOL. 14, NO.

10, MAY 2019 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ANALYSIS OF TRAVELING

WAVE INDUCTION HEATING
Lina J. Rashad and Fadhil A. Hasan
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
E-Mail: fadhil.a.hassan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The analysis of the electromagnetic problem is the dominant aspect to investigate the performance of the
induction heating process. There are two universal analysis methods; the mathematical and numerical methods, each of
them has its own advantages and drawbacks. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the electromagnetic problem,
for the Traveling Wave Induction Heating (TWIH) system, by the aid of mathematical analytical approach. The 2-
dimensional model is analyzed and the solution of the electromagnetic field is concern on investigation the behaviour of
the magnetic field attenuation, material impedance, normal forces between the heater and material, the air gap flux, eddy
current density, produced power, magnetizing reactance and effective workpiece resistance. The analytical results are
verified by comparing them with that of the numerical analysis method. The comparison shows significant convergence
between the presented analytical method and the numerical analysis method. The percentage errors between the two
methods, for both of eddy current density and averaged power, are very acceptable for major analysis requirements. The
proposed model can replace the numerical model in an efficient manner in terms of the accuracy of the results in addition
to reducing the computation time and the provision of effort in building the numerical model.

Keywords: induction heating, Mathematical analysis, traveling wave induction heating, eddy current density.

INTRODUCTION About 63% of the eddy current density is flows

Generally, there are two main solving methods within the penetration depth. Thus, in IH about 87% of the
for the electromagnetic problem in the Traveling Wave heat is generated within this region [3], as shown in
Induction Heating (TWIH) systems; the analytical Figure-1, hence the time required for heating is much
(mathematical) solution, and numerical solution [1]. The shorter than that of fuel-fired furnaces. When the
numerical method is a global analysis tool in the workpiece is flat such as; strip, plate or thin slab (i.e. the
investigation of the TWIH performance, but this method width is much more than the thickness), insufficient
suffers from specific limitation such as; the long magnetic flux intercepted to induce a useful amount of
computational time, and the computation program doesn't heat, and effective heating is only possible if high-
give a general solution but presents an analytical solution frequency fields are used. This entails unacceptably high
for a particular case. Also, the heated workpiece capital cost equipment, low overall efficiency and very
parameters may vary from bath to bath during the heating large temperature differentials between the surface and the
process (such as material type and thickness) [2]. In other workpiece centre, leading to unacceptably temperature
words, for each case, it's required a different analytical distribution through the workpiece [4].
process and hence different finite element model. For
these reasons, the mathematical model of the TWIH
becomes essential in this work.
Physically, the skin effect is an important factor
which describes the rapid decreasing of the induced
currents with the penetration in the material. Eddy currents
tend to be concentrated on the surface of the material, it
results that the power and therefore the heat is mainly
dissipated on the surface. This skin effect is largely
depending on the frequency and the properties of the
workpiece. The skin effect is characterized by a certain
thickness, called “penetration depth 𝛿”, which
theoretically expressed by equation (1).

𝜌 Figure-1. The effect of skin depth on the current and

𝛿=√ (1) power densities.
𝜋𝑓𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟

Where 𝜌 is the resistivity of the material, 𝑓 is the
frequency, 𝜇𝑜 permeability of the free space, 𝜇𝑟 is the
relative permeability.
To overcome these problems in IH of a flat
workpiece, the induction coil is arranged so that the
magnetic flux passes through the workpiece perpendicular
to its surface. This produces induced eddy currents which
circulate in the plane of the workpiece, more magnetic

1943
 VOL. 14, NO. 10, MAY 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

flux intercepts the workpiece, inducing higher voltages g) The dimension of the heater is extended to infinity in
and, in turn, bigger currents and rapid heating of the both x- and y-direction.
workpiece. There are several methods of heating flat
materials; the most efficient method is the Traveling Wave Points 1 to 3 made for linear behaviour, points 4
Induction Heating (TWIH). and 5 are used to reduce the analysis dimension and
In this paper, the mathematical modelling and complexity. Point 6 is valid because the supply voltage
analysis, of the TWIH system, are presented in a two- and current are sinusoidal, and ideally distributed of the
dimensional model to investigate the electromagnetic field primary winding leads to the sinusoidal magnetic field.
quantities for both of the heater and heated workpiece. By Point 7 is made to cancel the edge and end turn effects
the 2-D model, the conception of the TWIH theory can be from the analysis.
derived by determination of the electromagnetic field
quantities within the heating system. The solution of the Electromagnetic fields analysis
electromagnetic field is concern on investigation the The Maxwell's equations are:
behaviour of the magnetic field attenuation, material
impedance, normal forces between the heater and material, ∇. B = 0 (2)
the air gap flux, eddy current density, produced power,
magnetizing reactance and effective workpiece resistance. ∂D
∇×H=J+ (3)
∂t

INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS ∂B
The analysis of the electromagnetic phenomena is ∇×E=− (4)
∂t
based on Maxwell's equations. This analysis assumes that
the system is magnetically linear. The TWIH analysis J = σE (5)
using the magnetic vector potential [5, 6], from which the
various field quantities are derived. Solutions are obtained Where: B is the magnetic field density, H is the magnetic
for the electromagnetic field distribution in various heating field intensity, J is the current density, D is the electric
regions; coils, airgap and workpiece. Figure-2 shows the field density, E is the electric field intensity, 𝛔 is the
selected model for analysis and the associated coordinate media conductivity.
system. Note: the bold letters refers to vector quantities.
The current sheets are assumed to be located of
the surface of the two primaries. The current flows in the
z
y-direction only and its line density (A/m) is represented
Laminated
σ=0 primery by [8]:
μ=μrμo
Jm
μ=μo g Jy = Jm ej(ωt−βx) (6)
2d
x Workpiece
Where: Jm is the maximum value of the current density,
𝜔 is the angular frequency, 𝛽 is the phase constant.
g
δ Since the displacement current density at low
Jm ∂𝐃
Laminated frequency is neglected i.e. = 0; Equation (3) becomes:
primery ∂t
y
∇×H=J (7)
Figure-2. The two-dimensional model of the TWIH.
Substitute (7) in (5) and 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 obtain:
In order to reduce the complexity of the analysis,
some assumptions, are taken into account, which is ∇ × B = 𝜇𝜎E (8)
convenient for electrical machine analysis [7, 8]:
Where 𝜇 is the permeability of the media.
a) The physical parameters of the materials are The magnetic vector potential (A) is defined as
homogeneous, isotropic and linear. [5, 6]:
b) The material is magnetically unsaturated.
c) The coil current is assumed to be current sheets in the ∇×A=B (9)
y-direction located on the surface of the primary core.
d) All y-direction of the magnetic field quantities is From equations (8) and (9):
ignored.
e) The conductivity of the primary core is neglected by ∇ × ∇ × A = 𝜇𝜎E (10)
laminated the core in the x-direction.
f) The variation of the electromagnetic field quantities in ∇. (∇. A) − ∇2 A = 𝜇𝜎(− ∂A⁄∂t) (11)
time and space are assumed to be harmonics.
∇. A = 0

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 VOL. 14, NO. 10, MAY 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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∇2 A = 𝜇𝜎(∂A⁄∂t) (12) 𝐴𝑦(𝑎) = (𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (24)

The excitation current produces only z-direction ax ay az

traveling field density at the pole face which travels in the 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑦
B=∇×A=[ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ] = −𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧
x-direction: 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
0 𝐴𝑦 0
Bz = Bm ej(ωt−βx) (13)
𝐵𝑥(𝑤) = −𝛾(𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (25)
Since (A) is assumed in y-direction and is not
function of (y): 𝐵𝑧(𝑤) = −𝑗𝛽(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (26)
𝛾
Ay = A(z) ej(ωt−βx) (14) 𝐻𝑥(𝑤) = − (𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (27)
𝜇

Therefore, equation (12) yields to: 𝛽

𝐻𝑧(𝑤) = −𝑗 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (28)
𝜇
𝜕2 𝐴𝑦 𝜕2 𝐴𝑦
+ = 𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝐴𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2 Similarly, the airgap magnetic fields are:
(15)
𝐵𝑥(𝑎) = −𝛽(𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (29)
While, in the airgap region:
𝜕2 𝐴𝑦 𝜕2 𝐴𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2
+
𝜕𝑧 2
=0 𝐵𝑧(𝑎) = −𝑗𝛽(𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (30)
(16)
𝛽
𝐻𝑥(𝑎) = − (𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (31)
𝜇𝑜
From equation (14):
𝛽
𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝐻𝑧(𝑎) = −𝑗 (𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (32)
= −𝑗𝛽𝐴(𝑧) 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) 𝜇𝑜
𝜕𝑥
(17)
In the other hand the electric field intensity are [9]:
𝜕2 𝐴𝑦
= −𝛽 2 𝐴(𝑧) 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (18) ax ay az
𝜕𝑥 2
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑧
E= ∇×B=[ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ] = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 ( −
𝜇𝜎 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Substitute equation (18) into (15) yields: 𝐵𝑥 0 𝐵𝑧
𝜕𝐵𝑥 𝜕𝐵𝑥
) − 𝑎𝑧
In the workpiece region: 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝐸𝑦(𝑤) = −𝑗𝜔(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (33a)
𝜕2 𝑨𝑦
− 𝛽 2 𝑨𝑦 = 𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑨𝑦 (19)
𝜕𝑧 2 For airgap the following relation can be used:
And for the airgap region: ax ay az
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕2 𝑨𝑦 ∇×E=[ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ] = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 H
2
− 𝛽 𝑨𝑦 = 0 (20) 𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝑧
𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥
( − ) 𝑎𝑥 − ( − ) 𝑎𝑦 + ( − ) 𝑎𝑧 =
Since the propagation constant 𝛾 equal to: 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 (𝐻𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 + 𝐻𝑧 ) Since 𝐻𝑦 = 0, then:
𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝛾= √𝛽 2 + 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜎 (21) 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=0
𝜕𝐸𝑦
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑥 = ( − )⇒ − 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑥 = (− )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐸𝑥
Equation (19) becomes: =0
𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑦
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑧 = ( − )⇒ − 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑧 = ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑨𝑦 2 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
− 𝛾 𝑨𝑦 = 0 (22) 𝐸𝑦(𝑎) = −𝑗𝜔(𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑧) + 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑧)). 𝑒 (33b)
𝜕𝑧 2

The solutions of these second order differential By applying the boundary conditions of this
equations (20) and (22) are: problem the constants of the final solutions can be
Workpiece: obtained as:
𝐵𝑚
𝐴𝑦(𝑤) = (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (23) 𝐴= (34)
−𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑) ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))

Airgap: 𝐵=0 (35)

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 VOL. 14, NO. 10, MAY 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
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𝐵𝑚 (𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑑)−𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑑)) Magnetic field attenuation

𝐶= (36)
𝑗𝛽 ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑔)) The attenuation of the magnetic field components
inside the workpiece can be derived from the solution of
𝐵𝑚 (𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑑)−𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑑))
𝐷= (37) the magnetic field as follow:
𝑗𝛽 ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑔))
The x-component of the magnetic flux density is
The performance of the normal and tangential obtained from equation (25):
magnetic field intensity are shown in Figures (3) and (4)
respectively. And the distribution of the electric field 𝐵𝑥(𝑤) = −𝛾𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (38)
intensity is shown in Figure-5.
Substitute equation (34) into (38) gives:

𝐵𝑚 𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑧).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)

7
x 10 𝐵𝑥(𝑤) = (39)
𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑) ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))
Normal magnetic field intensity

1
(A/m) (z-component)

0.5 On the workpiece surface (z=d), the x-component

0
of the magnetic flux density becomes:
-0.5
𝐵𝑚 𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑑).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝐵𝑥(𝑤) = (40)
-1 𝑗 ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))
30
Airgap 0.1
20 0.08
0.04 0.06
workpiece 10 -0.02
0 0.02 In the other hand the z-component of the
-0.06 -0.04
Vertical distance (mm)
thickness
0 -0.1
-0.08 magnetic flux density in the workpiece can be obtained
Workpiece length (mm)
from equation (26):
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
6

𝐵𝑧(𝑤) = −𝑗𝛽𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧) . 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)

x 10
(41)
Figure-3. The normal magnetic field intensity.
Substitute equation (34) into (35) gives:

𝐵𝑚 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (𝛾𝑧).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)

Tangential magnetic field intensity

x 10
7
𝐵𝑧(𝑤) = (42)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑) ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))
(A/m) (x-component)

1
Again, on the surface of the workpiece (z=d)
0
equation (42) can be reduced to:
-1
𝐵𝑚 𝛽 .𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
-2
𝐵𝑧(𝑤) = (43)
-3 ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))
30
Airgap 0.1
20 0.06 0.08

workpiece 10 -0.020
0.02 0.04 Equations (40) and (43) represent the x- and z-
-0.06 -0.04
Vertical distance (mm)
thickness
0 -0.1 -0.08 components of the magnetic flux density on the workpiece
Workpiece length (m)
surface. These equations can be more simplified if the
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
7
term (𝛽𝑔) is very small and assumed to be equal to zero
x 10
(this is true if the air gap does not exceed 2% of the heater
pole pitch) [10], from this assumption these equations
Figure-4. The tangential magnetic field intensity.
become at the surface of the workpiece:

𝛾 𝐵𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝐵𝑥(𝑤) = (44)
𝑗𝛽
100

𝐵𝑧(𝑤) = 𝐵𝑚 . 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
Electric field intensity

50
(45)
Ey (V/m)

0
From these equations, it may be noticed that the
-50
tangential component (x-component) of the magnetic flux
-100 density is proportion directly to the primary coil
25
Airgap 20
0.08 0.1
excitation, as well as heater parameters, supply frequency
15
0.04 0.06
workpiece 10 0 0.02 and physical properties of the heated material, such as
thickness 5 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02

Vertical distance (mm)

0 -0.1 -0.08 electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability. It's
Workpiece length (m)
important to mention here that the tangential component of
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 the magnetic flux density is the dominant component on
the workpiece surface. While the normal component (z-
Figure-5. The electric field intensity. component) of the magnetic flux density on the workpiece

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 VOL. 14, NO. 10, MAY 2019 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2019 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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surface depends largely on the primary coil excitation

current. x 10
9

Workpiece current density

4

Characteristic impedance of the workpiece 2

The characteristic impedance of the workpiece is

(A/m )
2
0
the main important parameter in the equivalent circuit,
-2
which is a very effective tool in the study of the TWIH
performance and design parameters. From the solution of -4
20

the electromagnetic field quantities in the two-dimensional 15

0.06 0.08
0.1
10 0.02 0.04
-0.020
model, the unit surface impedance of the workpiece can be Vertical distance (mm) 5
-0.06 -0.04
Workpiece length (m)
workpiece depth 0 -0.1 -0.08
obtained from the ratio of the tangential component of
electric to magnetic fields intensity [7, 10].
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
9
x 10
𝐸𝑦(𝑤)
𝑍𝑧 = | (46)
𝐻𝑥(𝑤) Figure-6. The eddy current distribution.
𝑧=𝑑

Substitute equation (27) and (33) into (46): Power producing and thrust force
The power produced within the workpiece and
−𝑗𝜔(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑)+𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) the thrust force can be derived from the solution of the
𝑍𝑧 = 𝛾 (47)
− (𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)+𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑)).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) electromagnetic field quantities in the two-dimensional
𝜇
model:
Since B = 0:
𝑓𝑥 = a x . (J × B) = 𝐽𝑦(𝑤) 𝐵𝑧(𝑤) (54)
𝑗𝜔(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑))
𝑍𝑧 = 𝛾 (48)
𝜇
(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)) Where 𝐚𝐱 denotes a unit vector in the x-direction.
If 𝐽𝑦(𝑤) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑧(𝑤) are written in a complex form, the time
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝑍𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ (𝛾𝑑); Or (49) average force density is [7, 10]:
𝛾 𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ (𝛾𝑑)

𝑓𝑥 = 12 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 [𝐽𝑦(𝑤)𝐵𝑧(𝑤)] (N/m3) (55)

From this equation the term 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)falls down
to zero, as workpiece thickness decreases, this means that
the workpiece impedance increases with the reduction of Substitute equation
its thickness. 2 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧)|2
1 𝜔𝜎𝛽 𝐵𝑚
𝑓𝑥 = (56)
2 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑)|2 |𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑔)|2
Eddy current density
The induced eddy current density in the The thrust force is:
workpiece can be obtained by [6, 8]:
𝑑 𝑤 ⁄2 𝑃𝜆
𝐽𝑦(𝑤) = 𝜎𝐸𝑦(𝑤) 𝐹𝑥 = ∫0 ∫−𝑤𝑐 ⁄2 ∫0 𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (N) (57)
𝑐

𝐽𝑦(𝑤) = −𝑗𝜎𝜔(𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧)). 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) (50) By using the mathematical relation:

1
Substitute the value of (A) in equation (50): |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧)|2 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑟𝑧) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑠𝑧)] (58)
2

−𝜔 𝜎 𝐵𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑧).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) Pλ wc ω σ β B2m {

sinh(2rd) sin(2sd)
+ }
𝐽𝑦(𝑤) = (51) Fx = 2r 2s
(N) (59)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑) ( 𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔)) 2 |γtanh(γd) sinh(βg)+β cosh(βg)|2 {cosh(2rd)+cos(2sd)}

On the surface of the workpiece (z=d), equation The variation of the thrust force within the
(51) becomes: workpiece, for different airgap values, is shown in Figure-
7:
−𝜔 𝜎 𝐵𝑚 .𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝐽𝑦(𝜔) = (52)
( 𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔))

By assuming the term (𝛽𝑔) is equal to zero,

because it is very small, equation (52) becomes:

−𝜔 𝜎 𝐵𝑚 .𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝐽𝑦(𝜔) = (53)
𝛽

The performance of the eddy current within the

workpiece is shown in Figure (6):

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𝑓𝑛 = −1
2
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 [𝐽𝑦(𝑤)𝐵𝑥(𝑤)] (N/m3) (65)
300
airgap=2mm
airgap=4mm
250 airgap=6mm Substitute equations
airgap=8mm
airgap=10mm
2 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 (−𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑧) cosh(γz))
𝜔 𝜎 𝐵𝑚
Thrust force (Newton)

−1
𝑓𝑛 =
200
(66)
2 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑)|2 |𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔)|2
150

The normal force is:

100

𝑑 𝑤 ⁄2 𝑃𝜆
𝐹𝑛 = ∫0 ∫−𝑤𝑐 ∫ 𝑓𝑛𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (N) (67)
50 𝑐 ⁄2 0

2 [−𝑟 2 cosh(2𝑟𝑑)−𝑠 2 cosh(2𝑟𝑑)+𝑟 2 +𝑠 2 ]

1 𝑃𝜆 𝑤𝑐 𝜔 𝜎 𝐵𝑚
𝐹𝑛 =
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
(68)
Workpiece thickness (mm) 2 2𝑟𝑠|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑑)|2 |𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) sinh(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 cosh(𝛽𝑔)|2

Figure-7. The thrust force of the workpiece. If the net normal force becomes negative, this
means that the force is repulsive, and this case occurs in
The workpiece power density can be obtained by: nonmagnetic materials. Whereas, if the force is positive
this means that the force is attractive, and this occurs in
(𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙(𝐽𝑦(𝑤)))2
𝑝𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙(𝐽𝑦(𝑤) 𝐸𝑦(𝑤) ), or 𝑝𝑤 = (W/m3) (60) magnetic materials, as shown in Figure-9.
𝜎

ω Bm cosh(γz) 2
pw = σ | | (W/m3) (61) 2000
cosh(γd) ( γtanh(γd) sinh(βg)+β cosh(βg)) airgap=2mm
1800 airgap=4mm
airgap=6mm
1600 airgap=8mm
The performance of the producing power density airgap=10mm
Normal force (Newton)

1400
within the workpiece is shown in Figure-8:
1200

1000

8 800
x 10

8 600
Power Density (W/m 3)

400
6

200
4

0
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Workpiece thickness (mm)
0
25
20
15 0.06 0.08
0.1 Figure-9. The normal force on the workpiece.
Vertical distance (mm) 10 0.02 0.04
-0.020
workpiece depth 5 -0.06 -0.04
0 -0.1 -.08 Workpiece length (m)
Magnetizing reactance
The unit impedance looking from a primary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
x 10 current sheet into the region below the current sheet
represents the unit magnetizing reactance in parallel with
Figure-8. The producing power in the workpiece.
the unit workpiece surface impedance, and can be obtained
as follows:
The power lost within the workpiece:
𝐸𝑦(𝑎)
𝑃𝑥 = ∫0 ∫−𝑤𝑐
𝑑 𝑤 ⁄2
∫
𝑃𝜆
𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (62) 𝑍𝑠 = | (69)
𝐻𝑥(𝑎)
𝑐 ⁄2 0 𝑧=𝑑+𝑔

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑟𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑠𝑑)
𝑃𝜆2 𝑤𝑐 𝜔 𝑓 𝜎 𝛽 𝐵𝑚
+ 2𝑠 } 2{ Substitute equations (33) and (31) into (69) to get:
2𝑟
𝑃𝑤 = |𝛾𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑔)+𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽𝑔)|2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑟𝑑)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑠𝑑)}
(63)
−𝑗𝜔(𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽(𝑑+𝑔))+𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽(𝑑+𝑔))).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝑍𝑠 = 𝛽
− (𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛽(𝑑+𝑔))+𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛽(𝑑+𝑔))).𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
𝜇𝑜
Normal force (70)
The normal force 𝐹𝑛 between the primary core of Substitute equations (45) and (46) into (70):
the TWIH and the workpiece can be found as follows:
The normal force density [10]: −𝛽𝑔 −𝑒 𝛽𝑔 (𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)+𝛽)
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝑒 (𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)−𝛽)
𝑍𝑠 = [ (𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)+𝛽) ] (71)
𝛽 𝑒 −𝛽𝑔 +𝑒 𝛽𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = a z . (J × B) = −𝐽𝑦(𝑤) 𝐵𝑥(𝑤) (64) (𝛾 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)−𝛽)

Where a z denotes a unit vector in the z-direction.

The time average force density is:

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Equation (71) represents the unit workpiece Workpiece thickness criterion

impedance Zz in parallel with the unit magnetizing In the expressions of the workpiece impedance in
reactance Xs as: equation (49), minimum impedance occurs when the term
(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)) approaches unity, this happen when the term:
𝑋𝑠 .𝑍𝑧
𝑍𝑠 = (72)
𝑋𝑠 +𝑍𝑧
|𝛾𝑑| ≥ 2.5 (81)
To find Xs from equation (72), Zz must approach
From this equation the critical thickness of the
infinity and this condition occurs in equation (49) when
workpiece is:
the term (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑑)) approaches to zero, substitute this
condition into equation (71) gives: 2.5
𝑑𝑐 = |𝛾|
(82)
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜
𝑋𝑠 = (73)
𝛽𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛽𝑔) 2.5
𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑐 ≈ (For high conducting material) (83)
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
Maximum airgap flux density
The maximum airgap flux density, neglecting 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑐 = 2.5 × 𝛿 (84)
edge and end turn effects, can be determined as follows:
The air gap flux density as assumed in equation (13): Where 𝑑𝑐 denotes the critical thickness of the half
workpiece.
Bz = Bm ej(ωt−βx) The critical thickness depends on the physical
properties of the workpiece material such as the electrical
The magnetic flux per pole can be obtained by conductivity and the magnetic permeability as well as the
integrating the flux density across the pole area as: supply frequency.
Physically, if the workpiece thickness is less than
𝑤 ⁄2 𝑃𝜆 𝑑
𝜓 = ∫−𝑤𝑐 ∫ B𝐳 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (74) critical thickness ( ≤ 2.5) the magnetic field will flow
𝑐 ⁄2 0 𝛿
across the workpiece thickness, resulting in a lower
𝑤 ⁄2 𝑃𝜆 reaction field, lower x-component of magnetic field
𝜓 = ∫−𝑤𝑐 ∫ Bm ej(ωt−βx) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (75)
𝑐 ⁄2 0 intensity at the workpiece surface and higher workpiece
impedance. And hence induced lower workpiece current,
2𝜆𝑤𝑐 𝐵𝑚
= −𝑗 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 (76) but due to the higher workpiece effective resistance, the
𝜋
workpiece power will be higher and, hence, perform
From Faraday's law; the induced back e.m.f per higher heater efficiency.
single turn is: If the workpiece thickness is greater than the
𝑑
critical thickness ( > 2.5), the magnetic field will
𝑑𝜓 𝛿
𝑒=− = −𝑗𝜔𝜓 (77) attenuate inside the workpiece rapidly before reaching the
𝑑𝑡
workpiece centre, at an approximate depth of (2.5𝛿).
Substitute equation (76) into (77) to get:
Effective workpiece resistance
2𝜔𝑤𝑐 𝜆𝐵𝑚 𝑗𝜔𝑡 The equivalent circuit technique is a simple and
𝑒=− 𝑒 (78)
𝜋 approximate tool in the analysis of the TWIH, for design
and performance calculations. The equivalent circuit
The r.m.s value of the back e.m.f per phase is: construction is based on the per-phase per-heater side.
From the similarity between TWIH with thick workpiece,
𝐸𝑝ℎ = −2√2𝑓𝑤𝑐 𝜆𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝐵𝑚 (79) and the solid core when subjected to an alternating
magnetic field, the methods of the core impedance
Where 𝑁𝑝ℎ denotes the number of turns per calculation can be applied to calculate the workpiece
phase, 𝐾𝑤 denotes the winding factor and the negative sign surface impedance, and hence, by referring this surface
indicates the direction of the back e.m.f with respect to the impedance (which is the important parameter in the
original cause (Linz's theory). equivalent circuit) to the coil side, as well as referring the
magnetizing reactance, the equivalent circuit can be
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑝ℎ developed.
⇒ 𝐵𝑚 = (80)
2√2 𝑓 𝑤𝑐 𝜆 𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 The magnetizing reactance can be derived from
the conventional AC machine theory, by neglecting any
Also, the maximum air gap flux density can be saturation, while the per-phase coil resistance and leakage
derived from Maxwell's equations as an alternative reactance can be adopted from the linear AC machine
method. theory. From the equivalent circuit of the TWIH and the
solution of the magnetic field in a two-dimensional model,

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an effective workpiece resistance can be derived as 𝑀. 𝑀. 𝐹 = 𝜆 𝐻𝑚 (95)

follows:
The workpiece resistance Rw can be obtained as: Equating equations (94) and (95) to get:
𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝑃 𝜋 𝜆 𝐻𝑚
𝑅𝑤 = 2 = 2 (85) 𝐼𝑙 = (96)
3𝐼𝑤 |𝐸𝑝ℎ | 2√2 𝑚 𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤
3 2
|𝑍𝑙 |
The workpiece impedance referred to the primary
The normal component of the magnetic flux coil side can be obtained as:
density in the air gap between the primary core surface
𝐸𝑝ℎ
and the workpiece surface, neglecting saturation and the 𝑍𝑙 = (97)
𝐼𝑙
end effects, given in equation (13):
Substitute equations (93) and (96) into equation
Bz = 𝐵𝑚 ej(ωt−βx)
(97) gives:
𝜇𝑜 𝜆 𝐽𝑚
𝐵𝑚 = (86) −4𝑚𝑤𝑐 (𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 )2 𝐸𝑚
𝜋𝑔 𝑍𝑙 = ∙ (98)
𝑃𝜋𝜆 𝐻𝑚

Where 𝐽𝑚 denotes the current sheet density (A/m) on the

primary surface. Substitute equation (78) into (98) to get:
The r.m.s value of the induced e.m.f per phase in
equation (79): 𝑍𝑙 = 𝐾𝑠 ∙ 𝑍𝑠 (99)

−4𝑚𝑤𝑐 (𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 )2
𝐸𝑝ℎ = −2√2𝑓𝑤𝑐 𝜆𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝐵𝑚 Where 𝐾𝑠 = is the heater constant.
𝑃𝜋𝜆
Substitute equations (99) and (93) into (85) to obtain:
Also, Maxwell's equation∇ × 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝐵 ⁄𝜕𝑡 , in
the air gap, can be simplified as follows: 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑟𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑠𝑑)
4𝜌𝑠 𝐾𝑠 𝑟 2 𝑠 2 𝑑 [
2𝑟 2𝑠
+ ]
𝑅𝑤 = ∙ [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑟𝑑)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 (100)
(𝑟 2 +𝑠 2 ) (2𝑠𝑑)]
𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐵𝑧
=− (87)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Where (𝜌𝑠 𝐾𝑠 ) is the dc resistance of the
𝜕𝐸𝑦 workpiece referred to the primary side. And the term:
= −𝑗𝜔𝐵𝑧 (88) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(2𝑟𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑠𝑑)
𝜕𝑥 4 𝑟 2𝑠2𝑑 [
2𝑟
+
2𝑠
]
{ ∙ [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑟𝑑)−𝑐𝑜𝑠 } represents the correction
(𝑟 2 +𝑠 2 ) (2𝑠𝑑)]
𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥)
= −𝑗𝜔𝐵𝑚 𝑒 (89) factor due to the depth of penetration.
𝜕𝑥

Integrating both sides of equation (89) to obtain: Verification aspects

In order to verify the analysis results, the
𝜔𝐵𝑚𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑥) produced eddy current density and power are compared
𝐸𝑦 = (90)
𝛽 with that of the system presented in [11]. That system was
analyzed numerically by using the finite-element
𝜔𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝑚 = (91) representation of the ANSYS program. The induced eddy
𝛽
current density, at the centre point of the workpiece,
𝛽𝐸𝑚 obtained by the analytical method is shown in Figure-10 as
𝐵𝑚 = (92) conjunction with that of the numerical method with a
𝜔
variation of strip thickness. Also, the same comparison
Substitute (92) into (79) to get: with a variation of air-gap is shown in Figure-11.
Moreover, the produced averaged power within the strip is
−2√2𝑓𝑤𝑐 𝜆𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝛽𝐸𝑚 −√2𝑤𝑐 𝜆𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝛽𝐸𝑚 depicted in Figure (12) and (13) as compared with that of
𝐸𝑝ℎ = = (93)
𝜔 𝜋 the numerical method due to the thickness and air-gap
variation respectively. Obviously, the results show
The M.M.F required to sustain the load current significant convergence between mathematical analysis
(workpiece current referred to the primary coil side) per method and numerical analysis method.
pole is given from the AC machine theory as [10]:
2√2 𝑚 𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 𝐼𝑙
𝑀. 𝑀. 𝐹 = (94)
𝑃𝜋

Where m is the phase number.

In an alternative form, the M.M.F can be obtained
as [10]:

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Figure-10. The eddy current densities with material Figure-13. The averaged produced power with
thickness variation. air-gap variation.

CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents the analysis and the
mathematical model, of the TWIH system, in the two-
dimensional coordinate to investigate the electromagnetic
field quantities for both of the heater and heated
workpiece. By the 2-D model, the conception of the TWIH
theory was derived by determining the parameters of the
electromagnetic problem within the heating system. The
solution of the electromagnetic field was involved in the
behaviour of the magnetic field attenuation, material
impedance, normal forces between the heater and material,
the air-gap flux, magnetizing reactance and effective
workpiece resistance. Simulation results show significant
convergence between the presented analytical method and
the numerical analysis method. The percentage errors
Figure-11. The eddy current densities with air-gap
between the two methods, for both of eddy current density
variation.
and averaged power, are very acceptable for major
analysis requirements. The proposed model can replace
the numerical model in an efficient manner in terms of the
accuracy of the results in addition to reducing the
computation time and the provision of effort in building
the numerical model.

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