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    19 views14 pages

    12.chapter Formula-05 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Dhruv jain

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14
    - Magnetism! f any object by virtue of which it can attract g Piees y | ey | | The property 0 jron or steel is ¢ Natural Magnet : : A natural magnet is an ore of iron (Fe,0,), which attracts small pig, of iron, cobalt and nickel towards it. Magnetite or lode stone is a natural magnet. alled magnetism. Artificial Magnet A magnet which is prepared artificially is called an_ artificial magne eg., a bar magnet, an electromagnet, a magnetieneedle, a horse-shy magnet etc. -__ According to molecular theory, every molecular of magnetic substan: (whether magnetised or not) is,a.complete magnet itself. The poles of a)magnet are the two points near but within the ends the magnet, at which the entire magnetism can be assumed to bk concentrated. The poles always occur in pairs and they are of equal stren: poles repel and unlike poles attract. th. Li Properties of Magnet _ (i) A freely suspended magnet always aligns itself into norths* direction. (ii) Like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic a a each other. (iii) Magnetic poles exist in pair. coulomb’s Law he force of interaction acting betwee e al to the product of the; rtional to the prod ei propo! N two may THLE pele. bole street is dane al he and yportional to the square of the distang, between then nd ve pre 7 oe i 1 = pole strengths, p distance het - 1 spre M2. = ole sti ae wnt permeability of free space po= agnetic Dipole Mi > dipole is an arrangement of tw Magner e strength separated by a very 5 el ee a ence edie © unlike magy mall distance. nce equé : @ current carrying par magnets loop ete gnetic Dipole Moment Ma roduct of the distance (2/) between ¢} The a of either pole is called magnetic di, streng a emetic dipole momen Magn ae | unit is joule/tesla’ or ‘ampere-metne™ ne two poles and the yy pole moment irection is from south polé towardS*horth pole Magnetic Field\Due.to a Magnetic Dipole () On Axial Line Bato 2Mr lfr>> 1, then Bato om 4n r’ On Equitorial Line B=—pP ir ' Ifr>>/, then ft 4n r° Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole ic di is placed in a unifor When a magnetic dipole (™) is place ™ magnet then a torque acts on it, which is given by tie fly ® t=MxB in t= MBsin0 where 0 is the angle between the dipole axis and magnetic field, Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field The work done in Totating the dipole against the action of the torqueis stored as potential energy of the dipole. Potential energy, U=W =- MBcos@=-M-B Current Carrying Loop A current carrying loop behaves as a magnetic dipole. If we lok upper ce of the loop and current is flowing anti-clockwise, then it ht anor oolarity and if current is flowing clockwise, then it bas @=™ Polar Magr dipole moment of a current carrying loop is given bY M= For uch turns M = NIA oe wher. I= current and A= area of cross-section of the coil. Gauss’s Law in Magnetism Surface j : susie always zen! Of magnetic field over any closed oF oP&? §,B-ds=0 | js that the net magnetic flux through te any as ANY surface { 18 always an atom any electron revolve i | in an orbi fren, gop. Therefore, atom behaves t itis equivalent to a uren as a magnetic dipole, a atic Moment of an Atom ni me moment of an atom M = ; ewr? e on an electron, w =a 7 ee ass of orbit Tectron, = angular velocity of electron and M=n ct ; 4nm spore h = Planck’ s constant and m = mass of an electron : Ste called Bohr magneton and its value is wna Am urth’s Magnetism iath is a huge magnet. There are three components “of earth’s sametism Geographic meridian 8 — FA Biv Magnetic meridian e smaller angle subtended Oe inati h gnetic Declination @) T eridian is called between the magnetic meridian and geographic m ‘Nagnetic declination. aller ‘Magnetic Inclination or Magnetic Dip © The ti. be subtended between the magnetic axis and hori 7 d magnetic inclination on magnetic a Oe {zontal Component of Earth’s Magnetit Fie orizontal wn he intensity of earth's magnetic field then Ponent of earth’s magnetic field H = Beosd ta : “ts from south to north direction. ro hat a bar magnet of earth ymed th has eal earth is . ak rr i¢ maps are maps obtained by drawing [i ' > fi places on the surface of earth, having the sane rough lue of a em etic element. magnetic moment 4 yeuttal points b . ar magnet is a poi . point of a Point at whic vat geld of a bar magnet and horizontal compunene resultant rai field are zero. of earth’s oi f a bar magnet i h pole of a bar magnet is placed toward; wn BOR Putral point is obtained on axial line. Se ee ae ath pao 2Mr__ 4n (2? - PP 2M | paHo 2M _ | prof then 4n r* a 1 f a bi i north pole of a k ar magnet is placed towards north pole of th | Oh then neutral point 1s obtained on equitorial line wy \ a An (r? + 1?) fi { _ Ho Me | re> sh then Beua ey | Tangent Law When a bar magnet is freely suspended under the combined effect of 7 ‘mo uniform magnetic fields of intensities Band H acting at 90° to ach other, then it bar magnet comes to rest making an angle @ with - the direction of H, then B=H tan@ Deflection Magnetometer ; bisa device used to determine M and H. Its working is based on ° t law. : Pe magnetometer can be used into two settings gent A setting In this setting the arms of the magnetometer are along east-west and magnet is parallel to the arms. ’ “tH <—d— In equilibrium B=H tan® po 2M _ Hy tan® an d° g In this setting the (ii) Tangent Bsettin| er are along f the magnetomet! so is arm: d magnet is P north-south an' to these arms. In equilibrium erpendicular B=H tan® uo M_ Hy tan@ 4x d° In above setting the experiment can be performed in two ways (a) Deflection method In this method one magnet is Used g a time and deflection in galvanometer is observed. Ratio of magnetic dipole moments of the'magnets M, _ tan®, Mg ~ tan 8, where®, and6, are mean values of deflection for two magnets, by Null method’ In this method both magnets are used ata time and no deflectioin condition is obtained. If magnets areat distances d, and d, then 4 3 d, Tangent Galvanometer It is a device used for detection and measurement of low electric currents, Its working is based on tangent law If @ is the deflecti ' galvanometer whe through it, then 7. 2k Htane= May tan@= G tan®= K tang M, s called galvanometer constant and K = called reduction factor of tangent galvanometer. Here N is number of turns in the coil and R is radius of the coil > coi Tangent also called = moving magnet — type galvanome galvanometer 1s ter. vibration Magnetometer on simple harmonic oscillations It is base suspended in uniform of a magnet magnetic field Time period of vibrations is given by T=2n I \ MH = moment of inertia of the Ss where. magnet. M = magnetic dipole moment of the magnet and al component ofearthis magnetic field. Gide Are placed one above the other and H = horizont ‘ards geographic north then time When two magnets of unequal north poles of-both, magnets are tow: period of oseillations\is given by i =2n | ia lar + M,) nd south pole of second magnet is If north pole of first magnet @ f towards geographic north, then time period of oscillations is given by [th =o |— a Ty = 20 Vy, - M2) H Then, +7; 7 Magnetic Flux ng through any surface 18 by be ni i elle eet of magnetic lines of force pass agnetic flux linked with that surface. Ma gnetic flux (6) = B. A = BA cos® where Bis mumetic ficld intensity or magnetic induction, Ais area of the surface. Tts unit is ‘weber’. Magnetic Induction The magnetic flux passing through pt magnetic induction. Magnetic induction (B) = $ er unit normal area, is eaeg Its unit is ‘waber/metre? * or ‘tesla’ Magnetic of Material To describe the magnetic pro} required (i) Magnetic Permeability It is the ability of a materia] permit the passage of magnetic lines of force through it,” perties of materials, following term B Magnetic permeability (1) = Fy where Bis magnetic induction and H is magnetising fore magnetic intensity. © or (ii) Magnetising Force or Magnetic Intensity The degre, to which a magnetic.field car’ magnetise a material is defn? din terms of magnetic.intensity. Magnetic intensity (H) = 2 uw (ii) Intensity of Magnetisation The magnetic dipole momen developed per unit volume of the material is called intensity d magnetisation. M_m Intensity of magnetisation (I) = — = — VA where v = volume and A = area of cross-section of the specime Magnetic induction B=\19 (H + I) (iv) Magnetic Susceptibility (x,,) ‘The ratio of the intensit!" ae (1)induced in the material to the magnetising!"" (H) applied, is called magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility (x,,) = ih FRetaton between Magnetic Parmeability and Susceptibility * ger | H =o (+ Xm) jon of Magnetic Materials icatio’ ssi ; of their magnetic properties magnetic materials are Ge basks ve categories itd jnto Sarma ; * piamaen etic substances * paramaen etic substances _ = erromnagn a Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Diamagnetic Substances Substances 5 ee when These Substances when | The Substances When We siistonces field, | placed in a Magnetic field, | Placed in a Magnetic field are a ae ee acquire feeble ™agnetism | strongly Magnetiseg en cic direction of jin the direction of araenaic field —H =e | | es These sun Pe ee are These Substances are feebly These Substances are strongly led by @ magnet. | attracted bya | Magnet. _| attracted, by a magnet. a iren a diamagnetic |The level of the Nowliquid is ferromagnetic. Souton is poured into a U- | paramagnetic Solution ‘in, ‘te and one arm is placed | that arm rises, ‘tetween the poles of Strong | | Tee7et, the level of solutio ” that arm is lowered, ®y tS) | | | | i Be | | | | | i Paramagnetic | | Solution Diamagnetic | | regs OF damagh |Paramognetie rea became ‘Feromaanete ~ og ye teen Suspended freely | Parallel to the Magnetic | becomes Parallel to the Magnetic | field. Magnetic field. Mes | | magnetic field. the | direction of the field, in the non-uniform magnetic | in 1 poate eld they move from | fieig me ret ances ate atacted eater to stonger part oto sony" fan Pe auteds the weaker fields, he magnetic feld slowly. rapiqi, = Magy, Iie, they move from stronger | | * to weaker magnetic field. Ene 6. [Their permeability Is less| Their permeability is slighty Ther pemagag tna Yell.__Ben thin one >Date man al ng Their susceptibility is small| Their susceptibility is small Their 8 and negative. ‘Theirjand positive. Their and posti - ba is|susceptibiliy is. inversely folow Cure lay Me Ps 7. susceptibilit |Bopsoent of| proportional to absolute (x = 1/7) temperature temperature which 5 at Curie Cure's law, i@., x= 1/T | ferromagnetic Ty change into panes _| substances, we i a 8. | Shape of diamagnetic liquid | Shape of paramagnetic No liquid 5 fe in a glass crucible and kept] liquid in a glass crucible, pve lover two magnetic poles. | and kept over two magnetic | Diamagnetic Liquid _| Poles. Paramagnetic Liquid OT 9. In these substances the|in these substances the|In these _substams magnetic lines of force are| magnetic lines of force are| magnetic lines of foce 2 farther than in air. _{closer than in air. | much closer than in ai 10. |The resultant magnetic These substances have a| These substances abo Mé moment of __these| permanent magnetic] a permanent mage d The : ba of @ paramagnetic substance contain even numbet The atoms or molecul posses les of i do not ea net magnetic moment. & paramagnetic substance atoms . electrons, Patamagnetic material contain odd 1¥">* Every atom or mol 5 its magnet moment, jo 1”, © @ Paramagnetie substance he t. its each atom or molecule is a tiny mae ud 3 Tal tiny regions called ae omar contain approximately 10° atoms. ‘ach dom j ins, Pac g strong magnet as all atoms or molecules in a domain oma fection of magnetic moment. me win Magnetism susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely bsolute temperature. Ln <> %m T = constant systeresis _ lagging of intensity of magnetisation (I) Te"hagnetic induction (B) behind u gnetising field (H), when a specimen of a Zmetic substance is taken through a mijete cycle of magnetisation is called hysteresis. Retentivity or Residual Magnetism the value of the intensity of magnetisationof 4 material, when the magnetising field is reduced to zero is called retentivity or residual magnetism of the material. Coercivity, The value of the reverse Inagnetising field that should be applied to a gven sample in order to reduce its intensity of magnetisation or magnetic induction to zero is called coercivity. Permanent Magnets Commonly steel is used to make a permanent magnet because steel ‘as high residual magnetism and high coercivity. Hectromagnets in tromagnets are made of soft iron because area of hysteresis loop iron is small. Therefore, energy loss is small for a cycle of sation and demagnetisation. Tagneti wamanent Magnets are made by the materials such as steel, for ch residual Magnetism as well as coercivity should be high. reise are made by the materials such as soft iron for which lua Magnetism is high, Coercivity is low and hysteresis loss is low. -———_ mportant Points of 5 ic length of magnet. - 2 x geometric leng! gnet. | © Magnetic length == gi i it is due to spin moti of magnetic moment !s lotion of e About faa pe of magnetic moment is due to the orbital motig lectong ret ; . ° oF co a When a magnet having magnetic moment M is cut into two equal ar (i) Parallel to its length m a xiat 22 (ii) Perpendicular to its length M =mx 1M | =mx-=— 22 | When a magnet of length /, pole strength m and | of magnetic moment M is turned into a semicircular arc then it new magnetic moment. M=mx2R=mx2x_(mR=) | x i lem | 2M 4) => (M=m xD * Athin magnet of moment M is turned into an arc TS aR of 90°. Then new magnetic moment. N,

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