Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures

E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Theoretical framework
 Seismic interferometry for damage identification: Case study of isolated
masonry tower
 Ambient noise deconvolution interferometry for damage identification
Sciri Tower
Consoli Palace
San Pietro bell-tower
 Ongoing research works: continuous ambient noise deconvolution
interferometry in the Sciri Tower
Conclusions

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

E. García-Macías
Introduction

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
The Petroleum Handbook
Shell Petroleum, 1948.

http://blogoklahoma.us

Seismic Explorations, Inc., Houston, Texas (July - October 1940)

DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry is the process of cross-correlating seismic traces recorded at
different locations at the Earth’s surface with the aim of retrieving information about
the subsurface.
Schuster, G. T., Yu, J., Sheng, J., & Rickett, J. (2004). Interferometric/daylight seismic imaging. Geophysical Journal International, 157(2), 838-852

xA

A B

xB

Reflection

Cross-correlation

tAB

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
 Snell’s Law

Veeken, P. C. (2013). Seismic stratigraphy and depositional facies models. Academic Press.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
Kees Wapenaar, Evert Slob, Joost van der Neut, Jan Thorbecke, Filippo Broggini and Roel Sniede. Seismic interferometry and beyond. Workshop
“Waves in complex media” Grenoble, December 13, 2013.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
Lin, F. C., Ritzwoller, M. H., & Snieder, R. (2009). Eikonal tomography: surface wave tomography by phase front tracking across a regional broad-
band seismic array. Geophysical Journal International, 177(3), 1091-1110.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
Draganov, D., Campman, X., Thorbecke, J., Verdel, A., & Wapenaar, K. (2009). Reflection images from ambient seismic noise. Geophysics, 74(5),
A63-A67.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
 Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
Introduction E. García-Macías
Theoretical framework

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
 Rahmani, M., & Todorovska, M. I. (2013). 1D
system identification of buildings during
earthquakes by seismic interferometry with
waveform inversion of impulse responses—
method and application to Millikan library. Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 47,
157-174.

Deconvolution
interferometry
Sun, H., Mordret, A., Prieto, G. A., Toksöz, M. N.,
& Büyüköztürk, O. (2017). Bayesian
characterization of buildings using seismic
interferometry on ambient vibrations. Mechanical
Systems and Signal Processing, 85, 468-486.

Virtual source
(Reference)

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Introduction E. García-Macías
Impulse response functions

Transfer
function

Green’s function

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Theoretical framework E. García-Macías
 Fourier TFs Filtering IRFs
transform

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Theoretical framework E. García-Macías
 Phase Group

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlM9vq-bepA&feature=share

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Theoretical framework E. García-Macías
 Ebrahimian, M., & Todorovska, M. I. (2013). Wave propagation in a
Veeken, P. C. (2013). Seismic stratigraphy and depositional facies Timoshenko beam building model. Journal of Engineering
models. Academic Press. Mechanics, 140(5),04014018.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

Theoretical framework E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for
damage identification: Case
study of isolated masonry
tower

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Ambient noise deconvolution
interferometry for damage
identification

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
Ongoing research works:
continuous ambient noise
deconvolution interferometry
in the Sciri Tower

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures
E. García-Macías
 Daily fluctuations of natural Correlation with
frequencies environmental temperature

Automated
Operational Modal
Analysis

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

E. García-Macías
9-14 Hz
Fs=200 Hz

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

E. García-Macías
Conclusions

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic

structures
E. García-Macías
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
 CONCLUSIONS
 Seismic interferometry conceives the dynamic response of structures as a superposition of
travelling waves, and exploits wave delays to infer local damage.

 This methodology can be easily implemented through the peak-picking analysis of arrival times, that
is to say, this technology can be fully data-driven.

 Given that wave delays are obtained in relative terms to a certain reference position or virtual
source, the assessed wave velocities do not depend on the soil-structure interaction.

 The conducted numerical studies have demonstrated that this methodology is apt for damage
identification, i.e. damage detection, localization and, to some extend, damage quantification.

 There are still some open issues:

 Severe limitations of the frequency sampling rate for moderate-rise structures.
 Data management of acceleration records with high sampling rates.
 Correlation with environmental effects such as temperature.
 Development of control charts based on continuous SHM schemes for assisting decision-making
and implementation of corrective actions.

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

E. García-Macías
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Seismic interferometry for SHM of historic structures

E. García-Macías