Kinematics of a Fluid Element

Convection Rotation Compression/Dilation Shear Strain

(Normal strains)

K
Convection: u
K K K
i j k
K 1 K 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
Ω = ∇×u =
Rotation rate: 2 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
u v w
K
ω = vorticity

1   ∂w ∂v  K  ∂u ∂w  K  ∂v ∂u  K 
=  − i + − j +  − k 
2   ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  

Normal strain rates:

dLx
∂u
ε xx = dt =
Lx ∂x Ly
dL ∂v
ε yy = y =
dt ∂z
dL ∂w
ε ZZ = z = Lx
dt ∂z

Shear strain rates:

1  ∂u ∂u j  1 d  A ngle betw een edge 

ε ij =  i +  =   = ε ji
2  ∂x j ∂xi  2 dt  along i and along j 

Strain rate tensor:

ε xx ε xy ε xz 
 
ε yx ε yy ε yz 
 ε zx ε zy ε zz 
 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Divergence

K ∂u ∂v ∂w d (Volume )
∇•u = + + = / Volume
∂x ∂y ∂z dt

Substantial or Total Derivative

D ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
  
K

u •∇

=rate of change (derivative) as element move through space

Cylindrical Coordinates
K K K K
u = ux ex + ur er + uθ eθ
∂u ∂u 1 ∂uθ ur
ε xx = x ε rr = r εθθ = +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r
1  ∂  u  1 ∂ur 
ε rθ =  r  θ  +
2  ∂r  r  r ∂θ 
1  ∂u ∂u 
ε rx =  r + x 
2  ∂x ∂r 
1  1 ∂u ∂u 
εθ x =  x
+ θ
2  r ∂θ ∂x 

K 1 ∂ 1 ∂ur  K  1 ∂ux ∂uθ  K  ∂ur ∂ux  K

∇×u =  ( ruθ ) − ex +  − er +  − eθ
 r ∂r r ∂θ   r ∂θ ∂x   ∂x ∂r 
K ∂u 1 ∂ ( rur ) 1 ∂uθ
∇•u = x + +
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ

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