POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

CHAPTER I

Introduction

Traffic in Metro Manila is a major problem in the Philippines. The demand

of the car in this past few years is greater than the road space and because of

this reason the result is a traffic congestion and if some drivers don’t follow the

traffic regulation it will occur into a traffic accident. Other reasons are poor and

narrow roads are sometimes occupied by the high number of trucks or bigger

vehicles than an ordinary car on the road that has a great influence on causes

of traffic congestion in the area. The proponents also find out that the Metro

Manila has the third longest traffic wait time in Asia, behind Bangkok and Jakarta

respectively. Moreover, based on Manila Times if we don’t resolve this issue, in

the next 5 years the traffic congestion we feel now will be stand-still or worse

due to the increasing of the car owner.

The proponents come up with a solution to minimize this problem

because in our Traffic Light Controlled System using Pressure sensor. In our

project, we will be utilizing the traffic light thoroughly by prioritizing the lane with

more vehicles by reducing their queuing time. In this scenario, we can lessen

the traffic that may build-up in a lane and their waiting time in their period of

travelling. Lastly, we can also minimize here the traffic accident that may occur.
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Background of the study

According to Boston Consulting Group in 2017 the Metro manila is the

3rd worst traffic in Southeast Asia. And for the traffic index for this 2019, It show

that the Philippines obtained a traffic index of 193.59. Trailing after Colombia,

Russia, Brazil and United Arab Emirates, The Philippines also ranked two in

having the worst traffic situation in Southeast Asia.

Road traffic congestion poses a challenge for all large and growing urban

areas. The full report on which this summary is based aims to provide policy

maker and technical staff with the strategic vision, conceptual framework and

guidance on some of the practical tools necessary to manage congestion in

such a way as to reduce its overall impact on individuals, families, communities

and societies.

Some project of the government like reconstruction of the road and

building a new skyway to lessen the traffic congestion. The proponents think

that this idea or project can help to minimize the traffic but not quite because of

too many vehicle owners and some of this project need more financial resources

and other materials to implement it. So the proponents view is to use the traffic

lights thoroughly by installing some new system and adding new features to

lessen the traffic congestion. Our focus for now is the traffic lights in intersection

lanes where most of traffics build up. Because this system will help to reduce

the queueing time of the drivers with a longer traffic by using pressure sensor
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connected to traffic lights. Pressure Sensor based traffic light is much better

than the timer based, it cannot detect traffic congestion and that is the downside

of it.

Statement of the problem

Traffic congestion is the major common problem here in Manila and due

to this problem, the traffic accidents have a high chance to occur.

This research aimed to minimize the traffic congestion and utilize the

traffic light profoundly for faster travelling.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following question:

1. By using the traffic light thoroughly, can it lessen the traffic we experiencing?

2. Possible solution for traffic congestion by improvising the traffic light?

a) Level of Priority

b) Range of Traffic

c) Number of Vehicles

3. If we utilize the traffic lights more efficiently, can it lessen the traffic

accidents?
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Theoretical Framework

“The theory that happens to be the current favorite of the apologists of

the Aquino administration is the volume of vehicles theory. According to this

theory, the monumental traffic that beleaguers Filipinos today is caused mainly

by the fact that there are just too many vehicles on the road. The proposed

solution, therefore, is vehicle reduction—something that was naturally met by a

lot of caterwauling. There’s already a vehicle reduction scheme in place that

grounds vehicles on certain days based on their plate numbers so yet another

scheme would be a cruel imposition. There are the methods and technology

theories that have been championed to various degrees by certain government

officials. These theories build on the assumption that if we upgrade the systems,

methods, and technologies around traffic management, traffic congestion will

be reduced. I don’t necessarily disagree with these theories—except that even

the most advanced methods, systems, and technologies will not work unless

the people component is addressed. “(Bong Austero, 2015)

Thus the reason the proponents like to implement our system controlled

by a pressure sensor to reduce the traffic congestion we experience here in

Manila. Because by lowering the queueing time in the traffic light by placing the

pressure sensors at the beginning and the end of a street, it might minimize the

traffic that we encounter nowadays. We also prioritize every lane with less

vehicle than with the more vehicle in the other lane to provide less traffic

congestion and accident.

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

The road has 4

pressure sensors per
lane. Every 5cm there The lane with the
will be a pressure most vehicle
HARDWARE
sensor measuring
Arduino, Pressure number will have
5cm. If the lane with
Sensor, LED bulb the least queuing
the most vehicle
numbers, the time in the 4
pressure sensor will intersection lane. If
SOFTWARE detect it. the lanes have
Arduino Software equal number of
If the lane have a vehicles, the timer
IMPLEMENTATION congested traffic on will be same. The
Hardware and the other side. It will traffic light will be
stop that lane have to red and the timer
Software
wait until there is a
will be stop if the
non-occupied space in
lane have a
that area.
congested traffic on
There will be a the other. The
pressure sensor in the pressure sensor in
center and will detect the center will
if there is a vehicles notify the nearby
above it. traffic officer if
there is a vehicle.

FEEDBACK
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Scope and Limitations

The scope of this project is to (1) Simulate how to use the Traffic light

controlled system using pressure sensor. (2) The size of the simulation board is

about 40 x 40 cm so the view will be a 4-way intersection lane in Shoe Ave and

Sumulong highway in Marikina City. (3) This only simulates how to minimize the

traffic congestion not the traffic accidents that will occur. (4) The center isle is

about 10 x 10 cm and have a pressure sensor measuring 7 cm. (5) the pressure

sensor can detect vehicles above it and will notify the traffic officer if there is a

vehicle in the center of the intersection lane. (6) The traffic light timer will stop

and the color will not be green if the other side of the lane is congested thus: (7)

the traffic light will only be green if there is a non-occupied space. (8) The scale

of a 5 real cars is equal to 1 toy car and (9) the scale of a 2 real truck is equal

to 1 toy truck and (10) the scale of 5 big cars is equal to 1 toy van. (11) The

scale measure of a car is 5 to 7 cm. (12) if the vehicle stay in the pressure

sensor 15 to 30 seconds the system will be activated and the lane with the most

vehicle have the least queuing time.

The limitations of this project will be (1) The pressure sensor will not

occupy all the space in a road (2) The longer the road, more pressure sensor

will be needed. (3) The pressure sensor will not notify the traffic officer

immediately because it must reach the 5 minute limit.

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Significant of the study

We all know that the traffic is a common problem, but it affects us

immensely. So that we make this Traffic Light Controlled System with Pressure

Sensor to reduce and minimize as much as possible the traffic here in Manila.

The goal of this research is to lessen the time of the drivers and the commuter’s

trip. We also conduct this research to minimize the traffic accidents by resolving

the traffic congestion issue.

This will be significant beneficiaries:

1. Drivers – there will be less queuing time if there is a congested traffic in

their lane.

2. Traffic enforcer – can easily caught the traffic violators.

Definition of terms

Traffic Light Controlled- a system that is controlled by sensors to

mitigate traffic congestion.

Traffic Index- is a composite index of time consumed in traffic due to job

commute, estimation of time consumption dissatisfaction, CO2

consumption estimation in traffic and overall inefficiencies in the traffic

system.

Traffic Congestion- is a condition on road networks that occurs as use

increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and

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increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the

physical use of roads by vehicles.

Traffic Flow- is the theory developed based on flow of vehicle on the

lane, and its connections with other vehicles, pedestrians, signals,

present on the road. Free movement of traffic is affected by many factors

like design speed, percentage of heavy vehicles, number of lanes, and

intersections present along the road

Pressure Sensor- the theory developed based on flow of vehicle on the

lane, and its connections with other vehicles, pedestrians, signals,

present on the road. Free movement of traffic is affected by many factors

like design speed, percentage of heavy vehicles, number of lanes, and

intersections present along the road

Traffic Simulation- or the simulation of transportation systems is the

mathematical modeling of transportation systems (freeway junctions,

arterial routes, roundabouts, downtown grid systems, etc.) through the

application of computer software to better help plan, design, and operate

transportation systems.

Four Way Intersection Lane- If you and another driver reach the

intersection at the same time, yield if the car is on your right. ... At a four-

way stop if two vehicles reach the intersection simultaneously, the

vehicle on the left must yield the right-of-way to the vehicle on the right.