Basic Mathematics

LECTURE 6
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Basic Mathematics
LECTURE 6
 xn+1
1. ∫ xn .dx = +c
n+1
2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x. dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x. dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x. dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x. dx = –cot x + c

7.∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
 ∫ x –1
2
Example
x d
x

A. x2 + lnx + C
2

B. x – x
2
+C
2

C. x – lnx + C
2
2
D. None of these
Example ∫ sinx
cos2x dx

A. secx + C
B. secx
C. cosecx + C
D. - cosecx + C
Example Evaluate ∫cos2x⋅dx

1
A. sin2x + C
2
B. sin2x + C
C. -1
sin2x + C
2
D. 2sin2x + C
 1
Example Evaluate ∫ dx
2x + 3
A. 1
log(2x + 3) + C
2
B. 1
ln(2x + 3) + C
2
C. ln(2x + 3) + C

D. log(2x + 3) + C
Example Evaluate ∫ xdx
√x2 – 2
A. √t + C

B. ¼ √x2 – 2 + C

C. √x2 – 2 + C

D. -√x2 – 2 + C
What is Definite Integration?
Integration of f(x) w.r.t x between values of x from x = a to x = b
Integration take place for a defined set of values of x
Upper limit How to evaluate definite integral
b 1
∫ f(x).dx
a ∫ t3dt = ?
Lower limit 0
1 t4 1
∫ t3dt =
4
0 0
Upper limit – Lower Limit
t4 1 14 – 04 1
= 4 =
4 4 4
0
 3
Example Evaluate ∫ t2dt = ?
2

A. 5
3
B. 19
3
C. 15
D. None of these
Solution
3
∫ t2dt = ?
2
3 t3 3 1 33
∫ t2dt = =
2 3 2 3 t 2
1 3 3
= [3 –2 ]
3
27 – 8
=
3
19
=
3
 6
Example Evaluate ∫ dt
t =?
3
A. ln2
B. ln3
C. ln6
D. 1
 6
Solution dt
∫ t
=?
3
6 6
dt
∫ t = loge(t) 3
3
= loge6 – loge3
= loge 6
3
= loge 2
= ln2
= 0.693
 2
Example Evaluate ∫ etdt = ?
0

A. e2
B. e2 – 1
C. e4 – e
D. None of these
Solution 2
∫ etdt = ?
0
2 t 2
∫ e dt = et
0 0
= e2 – e0
= e2 – 1
What are applications of integration in Physics?

dx dv
v= a=
dt dt
∫dx =∫ vdt ∫dv = ∫ adt
x = ∫ vdt v = ∫ adt
 v = t + 1 (t in sec, v in m/s).
Example Find its position at 2s if position at t = 1s is x = –1m ?

A. 2.5 m
B. 3 m
C. 1.5 m
D. None of these
Solution dx
As v = t + 1 or =t+1
dt
x 2
∫ dx = ∫ (t + 1)dt
–1 1

t2 2
x x–1= +t
2 1
(2)2 (1)2
x – (–1) = +2 – +1
2 2
x = 1.5 m
Example a = t2 + 2t (t in sec, a in m/s2)
Find value of velocity at t = 1 sec if initial velocity is 2 m/s.
A. v = 10 m/
3
s
B. v = 2.33m/s
C. v = 8 m/
3
s
D. None of these
Solution a = t2 + 2t or
dv
= t2 + 2t
dt
v 1
∫ dv = ∫ (t2 + 2t)dt
2 0
v t3 2t2 1
v = +
2 3 2
0

v–2= 1 +1 –0= 4
3 3
v= 4 +2
3

10
v= m/s
3
Example What are applications of integration in Physics?

Area under a–t curve = ∫ adt

dv
Since a =
dt
dv a
Area = ∫ ⋅ dt = ∫ dv
dt
Area = change in velocity
t

Area under the acceleration time graph gives us the change in velocity.
Example For the v-t graph find the displacement in 4 sec.

A. 24 m2 v(m/s)

B. 12 m2 12

9
C. 48 m2
6

D. None of these 2

t(s
1 2 3 4
)
Solution For the v-t graph find the displacement in 4 sec.

v(m/s)
Area under the velocity time graph
gives us the displacement 12

9
1
Area under graph = 2 × 4 × 12 = 24 m2 6

t(s
1 2 3 4
)
Example If at t=0 the velocity is 2m/s,
find the velocity at t = 8s

a(m/s2)
A. 8m/s
B. 16m/s 3
C. 24m/s 2
D. None of these 1

(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 t(sec)
Solution If at t=0 the velocity is 2m/s, find the velocity at t = 8 secs

a(m/s2
Area under the acceleration ) Area = ½ × 2 × 2 =
time graph gives us the 3 2
change in velocity
2
1 2
Note : The area has to be
taken as positive if its above (0, 0) 2 4 6 8 t(sec)
the horizontal axis, and
2
negative if its below the Area = 6 × 2 = 12
Total area under the curve= 14
horizontal axis
Change in velocity in 8 secs = +14m/s
 You are given a rod of length L. The linear mass density is λ such that
Example λ = a + bx.
Here a and b are constants and the mass of the rod increases as x increases .
Find the mass of the rod .
A. aL+ bL2 Y
bL2
B. aL+
2 λ = a + bx
aL2
C. bL+ 2

D. None of these O x
L
Solution You are given a rod of length L. The linear mass density is λ such that λ =
a + bx. Here a and b are constants and the mass of the rod increases
as x increases as x decreases . Find the mass of the rod .
L y
M = dm1 + dm2 + ….. M = ∫ (a + bx)dx
0
M = ∫ dm L L
λ = a + bx
= ∫ adx + ∫ bxdx
0 0
x dx L
x
L x2 O L
= a x +b d
0 2 0 x
Mass of this element
dm = λ.dx bL2
= aL+
2
dm = (a + bx) dx
 Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is given by σ
Example = 2 + 2r , where r is the distance from the center.

A. 4π R R
2 3
+
2 3

B. 4π R2 + R3

π R + R
2 3
C. 2 3

D. π R2 + R3
 Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is given
Example by σ = 2 + 2r , where r is the distance from the center.

A. 4π R R
2 3
+
2 3

B. 4π R2 + R3

π R + R
2 3
C. 2 3
dr
r
D. π R2 + R3
Solution Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

Finding area of this element

dr
Method 1
r

dA = π(r + dr)2 – πr2

dA = π(r2 + (dr)2 + 2rdr) – πr2
dA = π(dr)2 + 2πrdr
dm =
dA = 2πrdr σdA
Very small
neglect
Solution Finding area of this element
Method 2 dr
Circumference = 2πr r r

Thickness = dr
dA = length × width
dA = 2πrdr d
dm =
2πr r
σdA
Solution Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

Finding area of this element dr

Method 3 (easiest) r

A = πr2
dA = π2rdr
dm =
σdA
Solution Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

dm = σ2πrdr
R dr
∫ dm = ∫ (2 + 2r)2πrdr r
0 R R
M = 4π [ ∫rdr + ∫ r2dr]
0 0
R R
M = 4π r2 r3 dm =
+
2 0 3 0 σdA

M = 4π R2+ R3
2 3
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