Convective heat transfer

Single phase Two-phase

Condensation
External Flows Internal flows Boiling
Filmwise condensation
Pool boiling
Forced convection Forced convection
Free convection Free convection
Mixed convection Mixed convection

Flow boiling
Dropwise condensation

Forced convection Mixed convection Free convection

Free and Mixed convection

1.External flows
Part 1
2.Governing equations for flow over flat plate
2.Nondimensional Parameters
3.Heat transfer correlations for
(a) Vertical plate
(b) Inclined plate
(c) Horizontal plate Part 2
(d) Vertical cylinder
(e) Horizontal cylinder
(f) Sphere
4.Internal flows
5.Correlations for internal flows
Part 3
4.Mixed Convection
6.Heat Transfer calculation for mixed convection flows
Free Convection (or) Natural Convection
Free Convection (or) Natural Convection
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate

Weight of the fluid within the control

volume is exactly balanced by the
difference in hydrostatic pressure forces
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate – Governing Equations
Assumptions:
1.Laminar flow
2.Incompressible
3. Two-dimensional flow
4.Boundary Layer approximation is valid
5.Body force term only due to gravity

Continuity equation:

X-momentum equation:

Energy Equation:

Y-momentum equation:
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate – Governing Equations

Using thermodynamic equation of state

Expanding the density function as a Taylor series for small departure from the
reference density,

where po is a reference pressure level (e.g. the pressure at the bottom of

the stagnation region, p∞,0). Most of the natural convection configurations
encountered in thermal engineering, the pressure correction terms
normally negligible.
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate – Governing Equations
Neglecting higher order terms

Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (a fluid property) defined as

For perfect gas β = 1/T ≈ 3×10-3 K-1; For typical liquids, β = 1/T ≈ 3×10-4 K-1
With a temperature difference in the fluid of 10oC, the variation of density can be only
a few percentage at most.
Free Convection– Governing Equations – Boussinesq Approximation

X-momentum equation:

Linearization of or
Joseph Valentin Boussinesq
Deducing the momentum equation to the above
form is recognized as Boussinesq approximation.
i.e. Variation of density is considered only in body
force term.

For natural and mixed convection flows, both

momentum and energy equations are coupled
Natural Convection – Non-dimensional Parameters
Free Convection over a Vertical Flat Plate

Heat Transfer Correlation by

Churchill and Chu

Only for Laminar Flows

All Correlations are given for constant temperature boundary conditions;

for q=constant ?
Properties should be calculated at (TS+T∞)/2 for external flows
Free Convection over Inclined Flat Plates
Free Convection over Long Horizontal Cylinders

Heat Transfer Correlation by Morgan Heat Transfer Correlation by

Churchill and Chu
Free Convection over Vertical Cylinders

If

Curvature effects are

negligible and Nu can be
calculated with the vertical
wall formula.

Correlation for laminar flows by LeFevre and Ede

(Accounts the effect of wall curvature)
Free Convection over Horizontal Plates

Small Surface Area Large Surface Area

Free Convection over Horizontal Plates

Low heating rate higher heating rate

In the turbulent convection regime, the flux of heat from heated boundary is
intermittent rather than steady and is accomplished by the formation of thermals
Free Convection over Horizontal Plates
Free Convection over Horizontal Plates: Heat Transfer Correlations

Characteristic length

Upper Surface of Hot Plate or Lower surface of Cold Plate

Lower Surface of Hot Plate or Upper Surface of Cold Plate