Physics (www.tiwariacademy.in) (Chapter 10)(Wave Optics) (Class 12) Additional Exercises Question 10.11: ‘The 6563 A H, line emitted by hydrogen ina star is found tobe red shifted by 15 A Estimate the speed with which the stars receding from the Earth. €Answer 10.11: ‘Wavelength of H, line emitted by hydrogen, Star's red-shift, Q! —a) = 15 A= 15 x 10 Speed of light, ¢ = 3 x 10° m/s Let the velocity ofthe star receding away from the Earth be v. ‘The red shftis related with velocity as: Asta vaSu(t'-a) 563 A= 6563 « 10-m, _ 3x10 15x10 6563.10" ‘Therefore, the speed with which the star is receding away from the Earth is 6.87 « 10° m/s. 6.8710 mis Question 10.1: Explain how Corpuscular theory predicts the speed of light ina medium, say, water, tobe greater than the speed of light in vacuum. Is the prediction confirmed by experimental determination ofthe speed of light in water? Ifnot, which alternative picture of light is consistent with experiment? €answer 10.12: No; Wave theory Newton's corpuscular theory of light states that when light corpuscles strike the interface of two media from a rarer (ait) to a denser (water) medium, the particles experience forces of attraction normal to the surface. Hence, the normal component of velocity increases while the component along the surface remains unchanged. Hence, we can write the expression: esini = v sin 0 Where, i= Angle of incidence r= Angle of reflection c= Velocity of light in air v=Velocity of light in water We have the relation for relative refractive index of water with respect to air as: t= = Hence, equation (i) reduces to 2) Hence, it can be inferred from equation (ii) that v > c. This is not possible since this prediction is opposite to the experimental results of ¢> v. The wave picture of light is consistent with the experimental results. Question 10.1: You have learnt in the text how Huygens's principle leads to the laws of reflection and refraction, Use the same principle to deduce directly that a point object placed in front of a plane mirror produces a virtual image whose distance from the mirror is equal to the object distance from the mirror. eter €Answer 10.13: mq Letan object at 0 be placed in front of a plane mirror MO’ ata distance r (as shown in the given figure), rae A circle is drawn from the centre (0) such that it just touches the plane mirror at point 0’. According to Huygens’ Principle, XY is the wavefront of incident light. Ifthe mirror is absent, then a similar wavefront X'Y' (as XY) would form behind 0" at distance r (as shown in the given figure). X'Y’ can be considered as a virtual reflected ray for the plane mirror. ‘www.tiwariacademy.in Free web support in Education. 1Physics (www.tiwariacademy.in) (Chapter 10)(Wave Optics) (Class 12) 7 Hence, a point object placed in front of the plane mirror produces a virtual image whose distance from the mirror is equal to the object distance (F). Question 10.14: Let us ist some ofthe factors, which could possibly influence the speed of wave propagation: (Nature ofthe source. (i) Direction of propagation (il) Motion ofthe source and/or observer (iv) Wave length (©) Intensity of the wave On which of these factors, any, does (a) The speed of ightin vacuum, (b) The speed of ight ina medium (say, glass or water), depend? Eanswer 10.14: (a) The speed of lightin a vacuum Le,,3 * 10° m/s (approximately) isa universal constant. Its not affected by the motion of the source, the observer, or both. Hence, the given factor does not affect the speed of light na vacuum. (b) _Outof the listed factors, the speed of light in a medium depends on the wavelength of light in that medium. Question 10.15: For sound waves, the Doppler formula for frequency shift differs slightly between the two situations: 1) source at rest; observer ‘moving, and (ti) source moving; observer at ret. The exact Doppler formulas for the case of light waves in vacuum are, however, strictly identical for these situations. Explain why this should be so. Would you expect the formulas to be strictly identical for the {wo situations incase of light traveling ina medium? Eanswer 10.15: No Sound waves can propagate only through a medium. The two given situations are nat scientifically identical because the motion of an observer relative to a medium is different in the two. s. Hence, the Doppler formulas for the two situations cannot be the same. In case of ight waves, sound can travel ina vacuum, Ina vacuum, the above two cases are identical because the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer and the motion ofthe source. When light travels ina medium, the above two cases are not identical because the speed of light depends on the wavelength ofthe medium. Question 10.16: In double-slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width ofa fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.12. What is the spacing between the two slits? Eanswer 10.16: Wavelength of light used, A = 6000 nm = 600 x 10°? m Angular width of fringe, 0 = 0.1° = 0.1 x = *24rad Angular width ofa fringe is related to slit spacing (4) as: aries =d= =344x10-m ‘Therefore, the spacing between the slitsis 3.44 x 10~ m, ‘www.tiwariacademy.in Free web support in Education. a 2Physics (www.tiwariacademy.in) (Chapter 10)(Wave Optics) (Class 12) Question 10.17: Answer the following questions: (a) Ina single sit diffraction experiment, the width of te sits made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity ofthe central diffraction band? (b) In what way is difraction from each slitrelated to the interference pattern ina double-slit experiment? (€) When a tiny circular obstacte is placed inthe path of light From a distant source, a bright spot s seen atthe centre of the shadow ofthe obstacle, Explain why? (@) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and sound waves can bend around obstacles, how isit that the students are unable to see each other even though they can converse easily (6) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels ina straight line. Diffraction effects (observed when light propagates through small apertures/slts or around small obstacles) disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding location and several other properties of images in optical instruments ‘What isthe justification? €answer 10.17: (a) Inasingle slit diffraction experiment, ifthe width ofthe slitis made double the original width, then the size ofthe central difraction band reduces to half and the intensity ofthe central diffraction band increases up to four times. (6) The interference pattern ina double-slt experiment is modulated by diffraction from each slit. The pattern isthe result of the interference ofthe diffracted wave from each slit. (Q Whena tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen atthe centre of the shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle, which interferes constructively atthe centre ofthe shadow. This constructive interference produces a bright spot. (@)___ Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the sizeof the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength, of the waves. On the one hand, the wavelength ofthe light waves is too small in comparison to the size ofthe obstacle. Thus, the diffraction angle will be very small, Hence, the students are unable to see each other. On the other hand, the size ofthe wall is comparable to the wavelength ofthe sound waves. Thus, the bending ofthe waves takes place ata large angle. Hence, the students are able to hear each other. (€) The justification is that in ordinary optical instruments, the size of the aperture involved is much larger than the wavelength of the light used. Question 10.18: ‘Two towers on top of two hills are 40 km apart. The line joining them passes 50 m above a hill halfway between the towers. What isthe longest wavelength of radio waves, which can be sent between the towers without appreciable difraction effects? Eanswer 10.18: Distance between the towers, d= 40 km Height of the line joining the hills, d = 50 m. ‘Thus, the radial spread ofthe radio waves should not exceed 50 km. Since the hill located halfway between the towers, Fresnel’s distance can be obtained as: Zr= 20 km = 2 « 10m Aperture can be taken as:a=d=50m Fresnel’s distance is given by the relation, Z,=% a ‘Where, A= Wavelength of radio waves Zz _ (0° Dae ‘Therefore, the wavelength ofthe radio waves is 12.5 cm. 10 =O. 0 m=12.5 om Question 10.19: A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 ‘maway. Itis observed that the first minimum is ata distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. Find the width of the slit. ‘www.tiwariacademy.in Free web support in Education. Se 3Physics (www.tiwariacademy.in) (Chapter 10)(Wave Optics) (Class 12) €.Answer 10.19: Wavelength of ight beam, d= 500 nm = 500 10° Distance ofthe sereen fom thesilt D= 11m For first minima,n= 1 Distance between the sits = Distance ofthe first minimum from the centre of the screen can be obtained as: x= Iti elated tothe order of minima as: Smm=25 «10m mD a 50010" x1 25x10" ‘Therefore, the width ofthe slits is 0.2:mm. 2x10" m= 02 mm Question 10.2 Answer the following questions: (@) When a low flying aircraft passes overhead, we sometimes notice a slight shaking of the picture on our TV screen. Suggest a possible explanation. (b) As you have learnt in the text, the principle of linear superposition of wave displacement is basic to understanding intensity distributions in diffraction and interference patterns. Whats the justification of ths principle? €Answer 10.20: (2) Weak radar signals sent by low lying aircraft can interfere withthe TV signals received by the antenna. Asa result, the ‘TV signals may get distorted. Hence, when alow flying aircraft passes overhead, we sometimes notice slight shaking ofthe picture on our TV screen. (©) The principle oflinear superposition of wave displacements essential to our understanding of intensity distributions and interference patterns, This is because superposition follows from the linear character of differential equation that governs wave ‘motion. Ify: and ys are the solutions ofthe second order wave equation, then any linear combination of ys and ya will also be the solution ofthe wave equation. Question 10.2: Inderiving the single sit diffraction pattern, it was stated thatthe intensity is zero at angles of nA/a. justify ths by suitably dividing the slitto bring out the cancellation, EAnswer 10.21: Consider that a single sit of width d is divided inton smaller sits. ‘Therefore, width of each slit, Now, each of these infinitesimally small slit sends zero intensity in direction 8. Hence, the combination of these slits will give zero intensity. ‘www.tiwariacademy.in Free web support in Education a 4