Kinematics 2D

LECTURE 2
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Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 2
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JEELIVE
Let’s Begin!
This curved path was shown by Galileo
to be a Parabola.
 Important Motion Parameters in a Projectile
Unknown Parameters
u Velocity at any time t
Maximum Height H
Horizontal Range R
θ Time of Flight T
Equation of Trajectory

➔ Point of projection P
➔ Initial velocity (u)
➔ Angle of projectile θ
 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
Motion in 2 Dimensions is basically combination of TWO 1-Dimensional
motions.
VISUALIZE Projectile Motion
Analysis of Maximum Range Of Projectile
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (900 - θ) projected
with same velocity.
R/H Trick
Examples of Ground to Ground Projectile
Example Find the time after which the velocity vector will make an
angle of 370 with the horizontal.
A. t = 0.15 sec
B. t = 0.25 sec
C. t = 0.35 sec
D. t = 0.45 sec

10 m/s

530
Example A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of
projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of flight in the two cases,
then their product is proportional to Rn. The value of n is:

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 Example A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of
projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of flight in the two cases,
then their product is proportional to Rn. The value of n is:

Solution: A projectile has same range for angles θ and (90 – θ)

2u sinθ
For angle θ t1 =
g
2u sin(90o – θ)
For angle (90 – θ) t2 =
g
2u cosθ
t2 =
g
2u sin θ 2u cos θ
⇒ t1t2 =
g g
Solution:
2u sin θ 2u cos θ
⇒ t1t2 = t1t2 ∝ R1
g g

2 u2(2 sin θ cos θ ) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

= g
g
2 u2 sin 2θ
=
g g

u2 sin 2θ
R = g

2R
⇒ t1t2 = g
⇒n=1
Variation of Range and Height with u & θ
 ➔ u is kept constant
➔ θ is increased
Y

θ
X
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
➔ u is kept constant u2sin2θ For constant u
➔ θ is increased R = g R ∝ sin 2θ
Y u
u2sin2θ For constant u
H = 2g
u u H ∝ sin2θ
u

θ4
θ3
θ2
θ1
X1 X
O(0,0)
X3 X2
X4
 Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
➔ u is kept constant
➔ θ is increased u2sin2θ u2sin2θ
Y R = g H = 2g
u
u
u
We can observe that,
θ3 As θ increases,
θ2 Hmax increases
θ1
Range first increases then
O(0,0) X1 X
decreases
X3 X2 Rmax for θ = 450 and as θ
increases,

R increases from θ = 00 to 450

R decreases from θ = 450 to θ =
900
➔ θ is kept constant
➔ u is increased
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
Y
u3 ➔ θ is kept constant
➔ u is increased

u2 y3 u2sin2θ For constant θ

R = g R ∝ u2
u1 y2 u2sin2θ For constant θ
H = 2g H ∝ u2
y1
θ

X
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
Y ➔ θ is kept constant
u3 ➔ u is increased

u2 y3

u1 y2

y1
θ

X
We can observe that,
★ As u increases, Range of projectile also increases
★ As u increases, Maximum Height of projectile increases
Variation of Range and Height with Air Friction
Equation Of Trajectory
Equation of Trajectory
Y
(x , y)

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X

x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
Equation of Trajectory
Y
x y
(x , y)
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
u sin θ u
y ax = 0 ay = -g
θ
u cos θ X
x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
x

1
x = uxt + axt2 1
2 y = uyt + ayt2
1 2
x = u cos θ t + (0) t2 1
2 y = (u sin θ) t + (– g) t2
x = (u cos θ ) t 2
x 1
t = y =(u sin θ) t - g t2
u cos θ 2
Equation of Trajectory
1
x = uxt + axt2 1
2 y = uyt + ayt2
1 2
x = u cos θ t + (0) t2 1
2 y = (u sin θ) t + (– g) t2
x = (u cos θ ) t 2

x 1
t = y =(u sin θ) t - g t2
u cos θ 2

x 1 x 2
y = u sinθ – g
u cos θ 2 u cosθ

1 g x2
y = x tanθ –
2 u2 cos2θ
Equation of Trajectory
Y
(x , y)

u sin θ u 1 g x2
y y = x tanθ –
2 u2 cos2θ
θ
u cos θ X

Equation of trajectory is of the form y = ax – bx2

The equation represents a parabola.

1 g
where a = tanθ b= 2 u2 cos2θ

Thus, trajectory of the projectile is parabolic in nature.

Equation of Trajectory
Y (R/2, H) Equation of trajectory y = ax – bx2

θ
(R, 0)
(0, 0) X
 Example A particle is projected obliquely into air with velocity of 98
m/s at an angle of elevation of 300. Write down its equation
of motion. g = 9.8 m/s2
Y

θ
X
 Example A particle is projected obliquely into air with velocity of 98
m/s at an angle of elevation of 300. Write down its equation
of motion. g = 9.8 m/s2

Solution: u = 98 m/s , θ = 300 , g = 9.8 m/s2

Equation of a projectile is given by
1 gx2
y = x tan θ –
2 (u2 cos2 θ)
1 gx2
y = x tan 30 –
2 (u2 cos2 30)
x 9.8 x2
∴ y = –
√3 3
2 98 × 98 ×
4
x x
y= 1 –
√3 490 √3
Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
 Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
Solution:

Analyzing motion in Analyzing motion in

vertical direction Horizontal direction
1 1
– H = uyt – 2 gt2 R = uxt + 2 axt2
1
– 500 = 0 – × 10 t2 = 50 × 10 + 0
2
100 = t2 R = 500 m

t = 10 sec
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