“ THE SWING EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION 8. The network connecting the machines is not strietly in the steady state during swinging of the machines, both because of sudden cirouit changes, such as application or removal of a fault, and because of the more gradual change of phase of the cleotramotive forees due to the swinging. However, as the periods of oscillation of the machines are relatively long (of the order of 1 sec.) in comparison to the time constants of the network, the network may be assumed, without serious error, to be in the steady state at all times. Steady-state network solution is presented in Chapter III. 4.and 5, The assumption that each machine can be represented by @ ‘constant reactance in series with a constant voltage, and the assump- tion that the mechanical position of the rotor coincides with the phase angle of the constant voltage, are not entirely correct. As a rule, however, they do not lead to serious error in the determination of whether a given system is stable. Since examination and justifica- tion of these assumptions require # considerable knowledge of syn- chronous-machine theory, they will not be attempted at this point but vill be postponed to Chapter XII, Vol. III. Examns 4 A.25-Myva, Gl-eycle water-wheel generator delivers 20 Mw. over @ double- cireuit transmission line to large metropolitan system which may be re- garded as an infinite bus. ‘The generating unit (including the water whe 1) has a kinetic energy of 2.76 Mj. per Mva. at rated speed. The dizectaxis ‘wansient reactance of the generator is 0.30 per unit, ‘The transmission cir- cuits have negligible resistances, and each has a reactanes of 0.20 per unit on 2 25-Mva. bese, ‘The voltage behind transient reactance of the generator is 1.03 per unit, and the voltage of the metropolitan system is 1.00 per unit, A three-phase short cireuit occurs at the middle of one transmission circuit and is cleared in 0.4 sec, by the simultaneous opening of the cireuit breakers at both ends of the line. Calculate and plot the swing curve of the generator for 1 sec. Solution. ‘The swing curve will be calculated by point-by-point method 2, using a time interval of 0.05 sec. Before commencing the point-by-point calculations, we must know the inertia eonstent of the generator and the power-angle equations for three different conditions of the network, namely: (1) before the fault occurs; (2) while the fault is on; and (3) after the fault has been cleared. The power-angle equation depends on the reactance be- ‘tween the generator and the infinite bus. Network reduction. Figure 8a is a reactance diagram of the system. Before occurrence of the fault the reactance between points A and B is found by series and parallel combinations to be = 0304 2? = 040 per unitASSUMPTIONS MADE IN STABILITY STUDIES 5 ‘When the fault is cleared, one of the parallel circuits is disconnected, making the reactance X2= 0.30-+ 0.20 = 0.50 per unit ‘The equivalent series reactance between the generator and the infinite bus while the fault is on may be found most readily by converting the Y¥ circuit GABP to 2 A, eliminating junction @. The resulting circuit is shown in Fig. 8. ‘The reactance of the branch of the A between A and Bis 0.30 X 0.20 30 ALS 0.80 + 0.20 ++ 0.50 + 0.60 = 1.10 per unit ‘The values of reactance of the other two branches are not needed because these branches, being connected directly across the constant-voltege power X: @ Fia. 8. (c) Reactance diagram of a system consisting of a generator A supplying power over a double-cireuit transmission line to e large metropolitan system B ‘Example 4). (6) Equivalent circuit of the system with e three-phase short cireuit ‘t the middle of one transmission cireuit, point F of a. ‘The circuit of 6 is obtained ‘from that of @ by a Y-A conversion to eliminate point G. sources, have no effect on the power outputs of the sources, although they increase the reactive power outputs. The same is true of the 0.10-per-unit reagiance at B. The power-angle equation for the cirouit of Fig. 8b is the same as it would be with these three shunt branches omitted. Power-angle equations, The power-angle equation, giving the output Pas of generator A as a function of the angle 8 between voltages E and Es, is Pas = FA sind = C sind where C has the following values: Before fault, C= Habe = LOB X10 _ 5 og x 0.406 ‘THE SWING EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION ‘During fault, = Ese _ 103 X 1.00 _ x 0.50 Inertia constant, By eq, 54 — GH _ 1.00 2.76 After clearing, Cs 2.06 deny 7 go 69 288 X 10M per nit Initial conditions. ‘The power output of generator A before the fault given as 20 Mw., which on a 25-Myva. base is 0.80 per unit. The initial angular position of A with respect to B is found by the pre-feult power- angle equation: Pyar = 2.58 sin 181° Immediately after occurrence of the feult the angular position is unchanged, but the power output changes to that given by the fault power-angle equation Peas = 0.936 sin 8 = 0.986 sin 18.1° = 0986 0.310 0.290 pu. Point-bypoint calculations. Take the time interval as At = 0.05 sec. ‘The steps of caloulation for each point are as follows: Pot = Pi— Petart) = 0.800 Peon persunit power 2 (0.05)? BP Pawn = mea Petn-ty = 9.78 Pecan elec. deg. Abn = Abana + 9.76P eee lec. deg. By = bes + Ay elec. deg. on = C sin de per-unit power where C = Cz = 0.936 while the fault is on (0 < ¢ < 0.4 sec.). C= Cz = 2.06 after the fault has been cleared (0.4 <1). At t=O and t= 0.4 sec. there are discontinuities in P. and hence in P., and the average value should be used in calculating A3. ‘The calculations are carried out in Table 9. ‘The swing curve is plotted inPonmsr-Porer Couporarion or Swiva Conve (Exantrte 4) # Cae sees leere Pa [o7eP.] as | 3 ee.) | ou) (pu) | (pat.) | (le. de, )| (le. deg.) (eee deg.) o- [2.58 | 0.810[ 0.800] 0.000 18.1 o+ | 0.938 | 0.810 0.290| 0.510 1.1 avg. 0.255} 2.5 25 0.05 « 0.352] 0.930] 0.4701 4.6 20.6 Ta 0.10 . 0.465} 0.485} 0.365] 3.6 20.7 10.7 0.15 " o.ezt| 0.1] 0.219] 2.2 38.4 128 0.20 “ 0.79 07 512 35 0.25 “ 0.908 0.4 a7 Ba 0.90 “ 0.977 | 0.915 | ~0.115 7.8 12.0 0.35 _ 1.000 | 0.936 | ~0.136 99.8 10.7 90.40— “ 0.983 | 0.920 100.5 0.404 | 2.06 “ 2.028 0.40 eve. 1.472 | -0.672 | —6.6 44 0.45 « 0.968 | 1.995 | ~1.195 | —11.6 108.6 -15 0.50 o 0.992} 2,085 | ~2.245 | 12.1 7.1 10.6 0.85 7 0.976} 2.010 | -1.210 | —11.8 71.5 ~31e 0.60 a o.ze} 1.488 | —0.686 | — 6.7 48.1 38.1 0.65 7 0.139} 0.286] 0.514] 5.0 8.0 -33.1 0.70 «| -0.40|-o.87¢] 1.674] 16.3 25.1 ~16.8 0.75 «| -0.688 | -1.876] 2.178] 21.2 |-41.9 44 0.80 «| 0.600 | ~1.255| 2.055] 20.0 |-a7.5 mA 0.85 «| =0.227 | ~0.468 | 1.268] 12.4 -13.1 36.8 0.90 i“ 0.402 | 0.828 } ~0.08| -0.3 23.7 36.5 0.95 “ 0.868 | 1.788 | -0.988 | —9.6 60.2 m9 1.00 . 0.996 | 2.052 | -1.252 | ~12.2 85.1 12.7 105 | 97.8 a7a ‘THE SWING EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION ‘Fig. 9, together with curves for several other clearing times. The system is stable with 0.4-see. clearing. This fact becomes evident at 0.5 see., and the remainder of the swing computation is unnecessary if we merely wish to know whether the system is stable with the given clearing time. Exaupis 5 Determine the critical clearing time of a three-phase short circuit st the middle of one transmission line of the system of Example 4, assuming thet the cireuit breakers at both ends of the line open simultaneously. : ie =e ; olan i 3150 — 3 [Pritt clearing point > i ne, OE == os B00 + + : a 2 ae 7 1. Bo jt : ol 02 03 04 05 06 a7 08 09 i0 Time (seconds) ‘Fre. 9. Swing curves for the system of Fig. 8 Example 4). Solution. First, the swing curve for a sustained short cireuit is computed and plotted. The computations of Example 4 may be used up to t= 0.4 sec.; but for ¢> 0.4 sec. new computations must be made by use of the powerangle equation for the faulted condition, The swing curve is plotted in Fig. 9. Obviously the system is unstable for a sustained fault. By in- spection of the swing curve an estimate is made of the critical clearing time. Say that we estimate 0.5 sec. ‘The estimate is checked by computing the swing curve for 0.5-see. clearing, starting from the 0.5-sec. point of the computation for a sustained fault. Computation of only two points or so suffices to show that the system is stable with 0.5-sec. clearing, A longer clearing time is then tried. Several more swing curves may need to be calculated, until two clearing times, differing slightly, are found, for one of which the system is stable and for the other of which it is unstable. From‘REFERENCES re) the curves of Fig. 9 it may be concluded thet the critical clearing time lies between 0.6 and 0.65 sec. ‘The critical clearing angle lies between 126° and ur. Detailed computations are not given here because they are similar to those of Example 4. It should be stated again that usually only a few points need bbe calculated on each swing curve, departing from the curve for a sustained fault at the assumed clearing time, Exarts 6 In Example 4 find the maximum percentage deviation of the speed from its normal value, both before and after the time when itis first certain that the system is stable, Solution. As was mentioned in Example 4, about 0.5 see. after occurrence of the foul it is certain thet the system is stable. The relative speed (aver- aged over a time interval At) is Ad/Af, which, since At is constant, is propor- tional to Ad, ‘The maximum value of AB before 0.5 sec. is 13.5 elec. deg.; ‘the maximum value after 0.5 sec. is ~38.1 elec. deg. ‘The corresponding relative speeds are 18.5/0.05 = 270 elec. dog. per see. and —38.1/0.05 = —762 elec. deg. per sec. The normal speed, corresponding to a frequency of 60 c.p.s., is 60 X 360 = 21,600 elec. deg. per sec. The percentage devia~ tions from normal speed are (270/21,600)100 = 1.2% and (762/21,600)100 = 3.5%. It eppears that a governor set to be sensitive to = 1% change of speed Would have a negligible effect in determining whether the system was stable, although it might have some effect on the ensuing oscillations, ‘REFERENCES 1, ALBEE, Suboommities on Interconnection snd Stability Factors, “Fint ‘Report of Power System Stability,” lec. Bng., vol. 58, pp. 261-82, February, 1987. 2. Fampenice 8. Woops, Adeanced Coleulus, New York, Ginn & Co., 1928. Application of elliptic integrals to the motion of a pendulum, pp. 369-71. 3. V. Buss, “The Differential Analyzer: A New Machine for Solving Differential Equations,” Franklin Inst. Jour., vol. 212, pp. 447-88, October, 1931. 4. RH. Pass and EH. Bacxse, “System Stability as a Design Problem,” ALEE. Trans, vol. 48, pp. 170-94, Jenuary, 1920. Includes description of oint-by-point caloulation of swing curves. 5. LH. Suuncas and J. B. McCuuns, “Progress in the Study of System Sta- bility,” ATE.E. Trans, vol. 49, pp. 132-58, January, 1990. Appendix IV, Sample Swing Curve Calealation, pp. 145-8. 6. F. R. Loxaupr, ‘The Calculation of Altemstor Swing Curves,” A.ILEE. ‘Trans. vol. 49, pp. 1120-50, July, 1990; dise, pp. 1150-1. 7. 0. G. C. Daze, Bleciric Power Circuits, vol. Il, Power System Stabiity, ‘New York, McGraw-Hill Book Go., 1988. Four methods of point-by-point oaleu~ [tion of swing curves, pp. 391-401.