Introduction

It is not possible to manufacture a part with perfectly smooth surface.

Imperfections and irregularities are bound to occur. They arise in the form of
successive hill and valley.

Factors affecting

Vibration, material quality , type of machining, rigidity of the machine center,

type& material of cutting tool , cutting condition like feed, speed, depth of cut.

Reasons for controlling surface texture

(a) To improve the fatigue resistance, service life

(b) to reduce initial wear, frictional wear, corrosion etc.

Roughness vrs waviness

The irregularities on the machined surface may be divided into two part, Primary
texture(Roughness), and Secondary texture( Waviness).

The small irregularities comprising of small wavelength is called roughness. It is

caused by cutting tool shape, tool feed rate, friction, wear ,corrosion.

The surface irregularities of considerable wavelength is called secondary texture.

Measuring roughness

The surface roughness is assessed theoretically by three methods mathematically.

They are Centre Line Average method, Root mean square method, Ten point
height method.

The laboratory method of recording the roughness of a machined part is done by

using Profilometer, Tomilson Surface meter, Taylor Hob-son Talysurf, Sigma
Micro-test.