Contents

Preface (original version) ............................................................ 13

Preface (revised and augmented version, 2012) ................................ 15

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Acknowledgments (original version) ............................................. 19
Transliteration ........................................................................... 23
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Transliteration Code ................................................................... 25
Music Notation System - Svaralipº 5ßvrilpº° .................................... 29
Name of Indian notes with their correspondances ...................................... 30
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A.
B. Help to the hand-writing of notes & bola-s 5bol° ........................................ 30
C. Notation system .................................................................................................. 32
D. Comparison : Bhatkhandeji & Paluskarji Svaralipº-s 5ßvrilpº° ................ 37
Sa

Introduction .............................................................................. 39
Part I : Kalya`n@a Group - k¬y`, å‘g ................................................. 45
1. Yaman - yamana - 5ymn° ..................................................................................... 47
2. Shuddh Kalyan - ›uddha kalya`n@a 5<uœ k¬y`,° ................................................. 51
3. Bhupali - bhu`pa`lº 5Bªp`lº° .................................................................................... 56
4. Jait Kalyan - jaita kalya`n@a 5jèt k¬y`,° .............................................................. 60
5. Chandrakant - can[draka`nta 5c‘dàk`~t° ................................................................. 62
Chart 1 : fiuddha Kalya`n@a, Bhu`pa`lº, De›aka`ra, Jaita Kalya`n@a, Can[draka`nta
Comparison ............................................................................................................... 64
6. Puriya Kalyan - pu`riya` kalya`n@a 5pªiry` k¬y`,° .................................................. 65
7. Sawani Kalyan - sa`vanº kalya`n@a 5s`vnº k¬y`,° ................................................ 68
8. Malashree - ma`la›rº 5m`l>º° ................................................................................ 70
9. Dhavalashree - dhavala`›rº 5Dvl`>º° .................................................................. 71
Chart 2 : Dhavala`›rº / Mala`›rº Comparison ....................................................... 72
Uncommon varieties of the kalya`n@a 5k¬y`,° Group ........................................... 73
10. Hem Kalyan - hema kalya`n@a 5hém k¬y`,° ........................................................ 73
8 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

11. Panch Kalyan - pan[ca kalya`n@a 5p‘c k¬y`,° ..................................................... 74

12. Samant Kalyan - sa`manta kalya`n@a 5s`m~t k¬y`,° ......................................... 75
13. Gaur Kalyan - gaura kalya`n@a 5gør k¬y`,° ...................................................... 75
14. Shree Kalyan - ›rº kalya`n@a 5>º k¬y`,° ............................................................ 75
15. Malarani - ma`la`ra`nº 5m`l`r`nº° .......................................................................... 76
16. Lakshmi Kalyan - lashmº kalya`n@a 5l∑mº k¬y`,° ........................................... 77
17. Vaijyanti - vaijayan[tº 5vèjy‘tº° ........................................................................... 77
18. Durga Kalyan - durga` kalya`n@a 5dug`! k¬y`,° .................................................... 78
Kalya`n@a 5k¬y`,° Group : Conclusion .................................................................... 80
Recapitulation : Kalya`n@a ra`ga-s : different types .............................................. 84
Part II : Sa`ran[ga Group - s`r‘g å‘g .................................................. 93
1. Vindravani Sarang - vr@nda`banº sa`ran[ga 5b9~d`bnº s`r‘g° ................................. 95
General features : Sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° family ............................................................. 97
2. Madhyamadi Sarang - madhyama`di sa`ran[ga 5mflym`id s`r‘g° ........................ 98
3. Shuddh Sarang - ›uddha sa`ran[ga 5<uœ s`r‘g° ................................................. 100

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4. Miya-Ki-Sarang - miyan[ kº sa`ran[ga 5imy`‘ kº s`r‘g° ....................................... 104
5. Samant Sarang - sa`manta sa`ran[ga 5s`m~t s`r‘g° ............................................ 106
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6. Badhans Sarang - bad]ahan[sa sa`ran[ga 5bF(h‘s s`r‘g° ..................................... 110
7. Lankadahan Sarang - lan[ka`dahana sa`ran[ga 5l‘k`dhn s`r‘g° ........................ 112
8. Narayani - na`ra`yan@º 5n`r`yNº° ........................................................................... 115
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Recapitulation : Sa`ran[ga ra`ga-s 5s`r‘g r`g° ........................................................ 118
Part III : Bhairava Group - Bèrv å‘g ............................................... 123
1. Bhairav - bhairava 5Bèrv° .................................................................................. 125
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2. Kalingada - ka`lin[gad]a` 5k`il‘gF(`° ..................................................................... 127

Chart 3 : Bhairava / Ka`lin[gad]a` Comparison .................................................... 128
3. Ramkali - ra`makalº 5r`mklº° ............................................................................. 130
4. Bibhas - bibha`sa 5ibB`s° ................................................................................... 133
Chart 4 : Bibha`sa / Reva` Comparison ................................................................ 134
5. Nat Bhairav - nat@a bhairava 5nz Bèrv° ............................................................ 136
6. Vasant Mukhari - vasan[ta mukha`rº 5vs‘t muK`rº° ............................................ 137
7. Kaushi Bhairav - kau›º bhairava 5kø<º Bèrv° ................................................. 139
Chart 5 : Kau›º Bhairava / Vasan[ta Mukha`rº Comparison ............................ 141
8. Jogiya - jogiya` 5joigy`° ...................................................................................... 142
Chart 6 : Jogiya` / Sa`verº Comparison ................................................................ 144
9. Gunkari - gun@aka`rº 5guNk`rº° ............................................................................. 145
Chart 7 : Jogiya` / Gun@aka`rº Comparison ........................................................... 146
10. Kabir Bhairav - kabºra bhairava 5kbºr Bèrv° ............................................... 147
11. Bairagi Bhairav - baira`gº bhairava 5bér`gº Bèrv° .......................................... 148
12. Mangal Bhairav - man[gala bhairava 5m‘gl Bèrv° ........................................ 149
13. Bangal Bhairav - ban[ga`la bhairava 5b‘g`l Bèrv° ......................................... 151
 Contents 9

14. Sorashtra Bhairav - saura`s@t@r@a bhairava 5sør`≈z« Bèrv° ................................. 153

15. Prabhat Bhairav - prabha`ta bhairava 5pçB`t Bèrv° ...................................... 155
16. Shiv Mat Bhairav - ›iva mata bhairava 5i<v mt Bèrv° ............................... 156
17. Anand Bhairav - a`nan[da bhairava 5a`n~d Bèrv° .......................................... 158
18. Bhatiyar - bhat@iya`ra 5Bizy`r° ......................................................................... 160
19. Bhankhar - bhan[kha`ra 5B‘K`r° ........................................................................ 164
Chart 8 : Bhat@iya`ra / Bhan[kha`ra Comparison .................................................. 167
20. Madhu Bhairav - madhu bhairava 5mDu Bèrv° ............................................... 168
21. Jogi Asavari - jogº a`sa`varº 5jogº a`s`vrº° ..................................................... 169
22. Ahir Bhairav - ahºra bhairava 5ahºr Bèrv° ................................................... 170
23. Bhairav Bahar - bhairava baha`ra 5Bèrv bh`r° .............................................. 173
Uncommon varieties : Bhairava group .............................................................. 176
24. Devranjani - devaran[janº 5dévr‘jnº° ................................................................ 176
25. Desh Gaud - de›a gaud]a 5dé< gøF(° ................................................................ 178
26. Meghranjani - megharan[janº 5méGr‘jnº° ......................................................... 178

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27. Jangula - jan[gu`la` 5j‘gªl`° ................................................................................. 180
28. Jhilaf - jhºlapha 5˜ºlf° ................................................................................... 181
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Bhairava group of ra`ga-s 5r`g° : Conclusion .................................................... 182
Recapitulation : Bhairava ra`ga-s 5r`g° - different types ................................. 184
Part IV : Gaurº Group - gørº å‘g ké r`g ............................................ 193
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Introduction ............................................................................................................. 195
1. Gauri - gaurº 5gørº° ............................................................................................. 195
2. Lalita Gauri - lalita` gaurº 5lilt` gørº° ............................................................ 200
3. Chaiti Gauri - caitº gaurº 5cètº gørº° ................................................................. 203
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Recapitulation : Gaurº an[ga 5gørº å‘g° - different types .................................. 204

Part V : Ka`nad]a` Group - k`nF(` å‘g ................................................ 209
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 211
1. Darbari Kanada - daraba`rº ka`nad]a` 5drb`rº k`nF(`° ........................................ 219
2. Adana Kanada - ad]a`na`` ka`nad]a` 5aF(`n` k`nF(`° ................................................ 227
Chart 9 : Daraba`rº / Ad]a`na` Comparison ........................................................... 230
3. Naiki Kanada - na`yakº ka`nad]a` 5n`ykº k`nF(`° ................................................. 231
4. Suha Kanada - suha` ka`nad]a` 5suh` k`nF(`° ......................................................... 237
5. Sughrai Kanada - suhgara`º ka`nad]a` 5sugr`ı k`nF(`° ........................................ 242
6. Suha Sughrai Kanada - suha` suhgara`º ka`nad]a` 5suh` sugr`ı k`nF(`° .............. 246
7. Devsakh - devasa`kha 5dévs`K° .......................................................................... 248
8. Bhavsakh - bhavasa`kha 5Bvs`K° ..................................................................... 252
9. Ram Sakh - ra`masa`kha 5r`ms`K° ..................................................................... 257
Chart 10 : Na`yakº Ka`nad]a`, Suha` Ka`nad]a`, Sughara`º Ka`nad]a`, Suha`
Sughara`º Ka`nad]a` & Devasa`kha Comparison ............................................ 258
10. Shahana - ›aha`na` ka`nad]a` 5<h``n` k`nF(`° ...................................................... 264
10 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

11. Raisa Kanada - ra`yasa` ka`nad]a` 5r`ys` k`nF(`° ............................................... 269

12. Huseni Kanada - husenº ka`nad]a` 5husénº k`nF(`° ............................................. 273
13. Mudriki Kanada - mudrikº ka`nad]a` 5muidàkº k`nF(`° ....................................... 288
Chart 11 : fiaha`na` Ka`nad]a`, Ra`yasa` Ka`nad]a`, Husenº Ka`nad]a` & Mudrikº
Ka`nad]a` Comparison .............................................................................................. 293
14. Kafi Kanada - ka`fº ka`nad]a` 5k`fº k`nF(`° ....................................................... 297
15. Bageshree Kanada - ba`ge›rº ka`nad]a` 5b`gé>º k`nF(`° .................................... 300
16. Kaunsi Kanada - kaun[sº ka`nad]a` 5kø–– ‘sº k`nF(`° ............................................. 307
Chart 12 : Ka`fº Ka`nad]a`, Ba`ge›rº Ka`nad]a` & Kaun[sº Ka`nad]a` (Ba`ge›rº An[ga)
Comparison ............................................................................................................. 319
17. Abhogi Kanada - abhogº ka`nad]a` 5aBogº k`nF(`° ......................................... 322
Part VI : Miscellaneous Ra`ga-s 5r`g° ............................................ 329
1. Ahir Lalit - ahºra lalita 5ahºr lilt° ................................................................ 331
2. Pancham - pan[cama 5p‘cm° ................................................................................ 333
Introduction on Åsa`varº based ra`ga-s ................................................................ 335

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3. Gandhari - ga`n[dha`rº 5g`'D`rº° ........................................................................... 340
4. Devgandhar - devaga`n[dha`ra 5dévg`‘D`r° ........................................................... 342
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5. Jait - jaita 5jèt° .................................................................................................... 344
6. Hemant - hemanta 5hém~t° .................................................................................. 348
7. Jhinjhoti - jhin[jhot@º 5i˜‘˜ozº° ............................................................................ 350
8. Kalavati - kala`vatº 5kl`vtº° .............................................................................. 354
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9. Lalit Pancham - lalita pan[cama 5lilt p‘cm° .................................................. 357
10. Dhanashree - dhana`›rº - 5Dn`>º° .................................................................... 359
11. Multani - mulata`nº 5mult`nº° ............................................................................ 363
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12. Multani Dhanashree - mulata`nº dhana`›rº 5mult`nº Dn`>º° .......................... 365

13. Khat - khat@a 5Kz° ............................................................................................. 367
14. Vashaspati - va`caspati 5v`cßpit° ..................................................................... 372
15. Madhukauns - madhukaun[sa 5mDukø–– ‘s° ......................................................... 373
16. Bhinna Shadj - bhinnas@ad@ja 5iB~~xF3j° ......................................................... 374
17. Maligaura - ma`lº gaura` 5m`lº gør`° ................................................................ 376
List of Illustrations ................................................................... 383
List of Comparative Charts of ra`ga-s 5r`g° .................................... 385
List of ra`ga-s 5r`g° examined in the Text ....................................... 389
Musicological Terminology ........................................................ 403
Glossary ................................................................................. 415
Bibliography ........................................................................... 439
Index ..................................................................................... 459
ËE
Introduction
The study of ra`ga 5r`g° forms is the backbone of Hindustha`nº ra`ga
san[gºta1 5ih~dußT`nº r`g s‘gºt° since its interest is not confined to
theoriticians and grammarians of music alone but directly concerns all the

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performing artists who have, in their « home-work », to ponder and study
the structure, form, movements and spirit of each ra`ga 5r`g° before
performance. Moreover, it is also practical because, if on the one hand,
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the theoretical study of their rules and structures is compulsary prior to
the performance of their elaboration in a`la`pa2 5å`l`p° and compositions,
on the other hand, it is only through the practical study of their most
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representative bandi›a3 5bi~d<° that a true insight into ra`ga 5r`g° may be
achieved.
Notwithstanding the utmost importance of the guru 5gu®° whose teachings
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are, by essence, irreplaceable, the present day musician, more than ever,
has to keep his ears open to what others perform and go into the
contemporary texts of the Pan@d@ita (Pan[d@ita) 5pi˙Ft? p‘iFt° for the
description of the ra`ga 5r`g° and their compositions. I insist on the
word « contemporary » because, while there exists an impressive amount
of classics or traditional texts on music, I dare say that, for the present day
artist, their study can only bringforth an intellectual satisfaction or a

1. The term san[gºta 5s‘gºt° encompasses vocal, instrumental music and dance. There is not,
traditionally, a term « music » in Sanskrit. The term Hindustha`nº 5ih~dußT`nº° - literally
« place » stha`na 5ßT`n° of the Hindu-s 5ih~dª° - applies to North Indian music (in opposition to
karnatic music - of the South) or « highbrow » music (in opposition to the so called
« popular » music) because transmitted by the classics - ›a`stra-s 5<`ßA° - of the Indian
musicological literature, the appellation Hindustha`nº ra`ga san[gºta 5ih~dußT`nº r`g s‘gºt° is
therefore, the most appropriate. We could translate it by « music of North Indian ra`ga-s
5r`g ° ».
2. Introductory movement of a ra`ga 5r`g° without percussion. See Glossary.
3. Generic term for musical theme or composition, either vocal or instrumental.
40 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

sound historical and cultural background but that they are absolutely of no
practical use in performance.
The ra`ga-s 5r`g°, despite their traditional rules which have been set at
lenght in the ›a`stra-s 5<`ßA° through the centuries, have nevertheless
undergone so many changes of forms that there seems to be a paradox
between tradition and change which deserves reflection.
I understand that, in the Indian context, tradition never means stagnation.
On the contrary, tradition is a thoroughly dynamic process which leaves,
within the rules, vast freedom for the creativity of the individual who
epurates, transforms and adds within the age-old frame-work. Perhaps,
this aspect of traditional music is a reflection of the Hindu 5ih~dª° way of
life, so structured that, to the foreigner, it often appears to imprison the
individual into an over-intricate knot of socio-religious bondages, while
behind the surface, it may well turn out to be nothing else than one

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accepted guide-line to freedom. Something totally incomprehensible to
the average modern western attitude which has discarded tradition
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as « old hat » and prefers to dabble for a ghost freedom. In other words,
while the westerner, in his way of life, as in his avant-garde music, hopes
liberating himself by doing away with the « established rules », the
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Indian, in his life and traditional arts, understands that freedom can be
more surely achieved by accepting and making the best of them.
Therefore, the study of ra`ga san[gºta 5r`g s‘gºt° offers us a valuable
example of the intricacies of a system which reflects the duality of
Sa

tradition and evolution as dynamic processes ― in other words ― of a

living tradition.
In the context of ra`ga 5r`g°, it means that it is only possible to know what
was performed a century ago at the most and that, even since Pan[d@ita
Bhatkhandeji's time, there has been not only an evolution of the styles and
techniques but also a change of fashion. While new ra`ga-s 5r`g° have
crept in, some previously popular ones have been relegated to the
background. For instance, not so long ago, ra`ga nat@a 5r`g nz° and pu`rvº
5pªvº–– !° were very much in fashion while today they are seldom performed
by the artists who prefer cha`ya`nat@a 5C`y`nz° and the hybrid pu`riya`
dhana`›rº 5pªiry` Dn`>º° ; a number of new ra`ga 5r`g°, either taken from
karn@a`t@aka san[gºta 5kn`!zk s‘gºt° like ra`ga va`caspati 5v`cßpit° and the like,
or composed by outstanding artists like Amir Khan, Kumar Gandharva,
Allaudin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan and Ravi Shankar to name but a few, have
momentarily established themselves but, time alone will tell whether they
will remain or fall into oblivion in coming generations.
 Introduction 41

While the form of many ra`ga-s 5r`g° is unique, quite a number of other
ra`ga-s 5r`g° have been attributed different forms by the scholars and
artists and it can be at times a frustrating affair to look into the matter
since an apparent confusion prevails because of the diversity of types. In
this regard, and notwithstanding the increased consciousness of the need
for a standardisation of the ra`ga-s 5r`g° which is mostly due to V. N.
Bhatkhande, there are still today a number of « clashes » between ra`ga-s
5r`g°. For instance, ra`ga 5r`g° A, type 1, may be totally similar to ra`ga 5r`g° B, type
3, and one may wonder if there exists at all a « true » or « authentic » version of a
ra`ga 5r`g° taking into account that, in due course of time, it may have taken
different forms under the same name - or vice-versa - or that both form and name
have undergone transformations.
Indian music was much less widespread in the past than it is today. The
vastness of the land, the lack of mass-media, the secretive attitude of the

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musicians who were closely guarding it within the family made it such
that, many good artists of recent times only knew a few ra`ga-s 5r`g°.
Many had to spend years just cooking, cleaning, lighting the hookah1 and
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massaging the ustad2 in the hope that he would teach them one day when
convinced of their sincerity and devotion. Needless to say that it remained
an unfulfilled dream for many who only ended-up with a very incomplete
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knowledge made-up of the scraps of what they managed to
surrepticiously steal by putting their ears against the door of the practice
chamber. Due to a faulty memory, to the insufficience of their material,
Sa

they may have added and transformed the ra`ga 5r`g° which, in time, came
to be passed on to their disciples. Such a distorted transmission must have
given rise to a multiplicity of types. Otherwise, how could we explain that
contemporary scholars have described four types of husenº ka`nad]a` 5husénº
k`nF(`°, a ra`ga 5r`g° supposedly created by Huseni, son of Bakshu ?
It also appears that a number of uncommon varieties may have been
created out of an occasional craving for originality and eccentricity or out
of a mistake : a foreign note, accidentally taken during the performance is
stressed instead of being covered-up, thus giving rise to another « entity » as
may have been the case for ra`ga lalita pan[cama 5r`g lilt p‘cm° and the
like. It is funny and sad to wonder how such ra`ga 5r`g° could manage to
find their way into the ›a`stra-s 5<`ßA°.

1. Water-pipe.
2. Honorific title given to one who has mastered an art. A Muslim equivalent of the Hindu`
Pan@d@ita (Pan[d@ita) 5ih~dª pi˙Ft°.
42 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

Finally, out of all the praka`ra-s1 5pçk`r° of the different groups, only a few
ra`ga-s 5r`g° are truly outstanding in spirit and form and have successfully
passed the « test of time ». Such forms as ka`fº 5k`fº°, khama`ja 5Km`j°,
bhairavº 5Bèrvº°, daraba`rº 5drb`rº°, bhairava 5Bèrv°, tod]º 5toF(º°, pu`riya` 5pªiry`°
etc. have such an intrinsic beauty and aesthetic appeal that they seem to
be « self-created » and indestructible.
The analysis of their components show that they are made-up of very
limited matter ― or phrases ― which are borrowed by all the secondary
ra`ga-s 5r`g°. In other words, the whole of ra`ga san[gºta 5r`g s‘gºt° can be
reduced to a small number of key phrases which are repeated, altered and
transposed to suit each individual ra`ga 5r`g°. From these main forms, have
sprung all the lesser varieties which are nothing than alterations or
amputations of the basic pillars of ra`ga san[gºta 5r`g s‘gºt°.
Despite the fact that many such sub-varieties are, in the words of Dr. K.

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C. Gangrade « nothing more than mind-teasers », that they do not
contribute in any positive way to ra`ga san[gºta 5r`g s‘gºt° and rather
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unnecessarily burden it, and inspite of their limited appeal and short-
comings, they nevertheless « exist » and therefore, may be studied, if
only for the sake of knowledge as they can help the musician to keep
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away from their identifiying phrases during the performance of a main
type. In this respect, pairs of ra`ga-s 5r`g° like bhu`pa`lº 5Bªp`lº° and
de›aka`ra 5dé<k`r°, bibha`sa 5ibB`s° and reva` 5rév`°, bhimapala`sº 5Bºmpl`sº°
and dhana`›rº 5Dn`>º°, megha malha`ra 5méD m¬h`r° and madhama`da
Sa

sa`ran[ga 5mDm`d s`r‘g°, bhairava 5Bèrv° and ka`lin[gad]a` 5k`il‘gF(`° to name

but a few, ressemble one another so closely that, in order to perform
one of them, a thorough knowledge of its immediate neighbour
becomes a must.
At last, the study of the main ra`ga-s 5r`g° and their varieties gives us a
deeper perception of the unequalled greatness of ra`ga 5r`g°.

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1. Type, version.
 Part V - Ka`nad]a` an[ga 5k`nF(` å‘g° 227

2. Adana Kanada - ad]a`na`` ka`nad]a` 5aF(`n` k`nF(`°

Ra`ga ad]a`na`` 5r`g aF(`n`° comes from a`sa`varº tha`t@a 5a`s`vrº T`z° (åΩ™]®†
¥]ª]å[ | å[ª]¥]†®™]Ωå ||) and is a variety of the ka`nad]a` 5k`nF(`° group which is
directly rattached to daraba`rº 5drb`rº°, its immediate counterpart also
using ™] - ¥] - ª] komala 5koml°.
Scholars tell us that, in the past, ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° was taken to come from ka`fº
tha`t@a 5k`fº T`z° and was either using ›uddha 5<uœ° ¥ or totally omitting it.
Nowadays, everyone perform it with komala 5koml° ¥] but there is
a « superficial » controversy regarding the note ª] : while O. Thakur,
V. R. Patwardhan, Master Krishnarao, Raja Nawab Ali and others
restrict the use of ª] to its komala 5koml° form, V.N. Bhatkhande, R.N.
Vaze, J. Shah etc. use ›uddha 5<uœ° ª as an « accessory » note in a`roha
5å`roh° only, while komala 5koml° ª] is taken in a`roha-avaroha 5å`roh-
åvroh° both.

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The use of both ª is perfectly justified in ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° because, moving
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practically exclusively in uttara`n[ga 5UEr`'&°, around ta`ra 5t`r° å[, the
ªå[ san[gati 5s‘git° will be frequently taken and ª, when komala 5koml°, will
have the natural tendancy to raise a bit. That is why some scholars have said
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that the ª of ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° is « higher » than an « ordinary » komala 5koml°
ª] or that it is « between komala 5koml° and ›uddha 5<uœ° ª ».
Therefore, whether komala 5koml° ª] only or both ª are taken, it does not
Sa

alter the vºra ra`sa 5vºr rs° and the can[cala 5c‘cl° nature of ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`°.
Let us study its characteristics :
Va`dº 5v`dº° : å[
Samva`dº 5sµv`dº° : †
Ja`tº 5j`tº° : can be understood as vakra-sampu`rn@a 5vkÇ sµpªN!°, although it is
also considered to be sampu`rn@a-s@a`d@ava 5x`Fv-sµpªN!° because of the ¥
varjita 5vij!t° in a`roha 5å`roh°1.
Åroha 5å`roh° : åΩ™]®†¥]ª]å[ | åΩ®†¥]ª]å[ ||
or åΩ™]®†¥]ªå[ | åΩ®†¥]ªå[ || ª ›uddha 5<uœ°
Avaroha 5åvroh° : å[¥]ª]† ™]®Ωå ||
Performing time : second or third prahara 5pçhr° of the night. Actually
performed around midnight.
Like in the other ka`nad]a` ra`ga-s 5k`nF(` r`g°, komala 5koml° ™] is vakra in
1. Although it is actually vakra 5vkÇ° and not varjita 5vij!t°.
228 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

avaroha 5vkÇ åvroh° and also ¥], like in daraba`rº 5drb`rº°. These notes are
taken in the same combinations as in daraba`rº 5drb`rº° although with
different expressions.
In ad]a`na 5aF(`n`°``, the « special » ®™]– | ª] ¥] a`ndolana 5å`~doln° of daraba`rº
5drb`rº° is not done in such a pronounced and elongated manner ;
moreover, ™]®Ω and å[¥]ª]† combinations are shorter in duration :
daraba`rº 5drb`rº° ®
™]–®ÁΩ——åΩ——å || å[Áª]Á¥]– ª]Á† ||
ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° ®
™]—— ®Ωå | ™]®Ωå or ®™]– ®Ωå | å[¥]ª]† | å[ª]¥]ª]† ||
In fact, komala 5koml° ™] and ¥] are often omitted in a`roha 5å`roh° :
åΩ®† | †ª]å[ | †ªå[ | †å[ ||
The åΩ®† san[gati 5s‘git° is so often taken in ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° that some scholars

e
had proposed a s@a`d@ava ja`tº 5x`Fv j`tº° ; however, as komala 5koml° ™] is also
taken in a`roha 5å`roh°, it is better to consider it as sampu`rn@a 5sµpªN!° or vakra
sampu`rn@a 5vkÇ sµpªN!°.
pl
These phrases omitting ™] in a`roha 5å`roh° and ¥] in a`roha-avaroha 5å`roh-
åvroh°, are typical of sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° (åΩ®†ªå[ | åª]†®Ωå ||) and indeed,
m
sa`ran[ga an[ga 5s`r‘g å‘g° is more prominent in ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° than in
daraba`rº 5drb`rº°. In this regard, O. Thakur says that ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° is
obtained by adding to sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° the notes ™] - ¥] taken in a vakra
avaroha 5vkÇ åvroh° fashion.
Sa

The same phenomena of the quantitative use of the sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° phrase
åΩ®† as a differentiating factor between daraba`rº 5drb`rº° and ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`°
is found in the ra`ga-s 5r`g° suha` 5suh`° and sughara`º 5sugr`ı° : while the former
uses ª“å ®™] - ® - † and ª“åÁ® ®™] ® † in a bhºmapala`sº 5Bºmpl`sº° fashion, the
latter uses the ª@åΩ®† of sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g°.
From that point of view, ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° and sughara`º 5sugr`ı°, both having
a strong sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° element, are close to one another especially if, to
complicate matters, we bring in the fact that there exists a type of
sughara`º 5sugr`ı° in which ¥] is komala 5koml° ! Then, both ra`ga-s 5r`g° -
uttara`n[ga pradha`na 5UEr`'& pçD`n° and sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° dominant - would be
undissociable. Furthermore, if ka`fº tha`t@a 5k`fº T`z° ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° was
performed with ¥ varjita 5vij!t°, it would become similar to a variety of
sughara`º 5sugr`ı° in which ¥ is varjita 5vij!t°. At last, ka`fº tha`t@a 5k`fº T`z°
ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° using ›uddha 5<uœ° ¥ would also get similar to the accepted
form of sughara`º 5sugr`ı° which uses ›uddha 5<uœ° ¥ in avaroha 5åvroh°.
 Part V - Ka`nad]a` an[ga 5k`nF(` å‘g° 229

Therefore, we must stick to the accepted versions of these ra`ga-s 5r`g° in

order not to end-up completely confused : the note ¥ acts as a « separating
agent » between ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° and sughara`º 5sugr`ı° which are, otherwise,
quite similar in spirit and movements.
As ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° uses åΩ ® ™] as well as åΩ®, we could also speak of its
resemblance with ra`ga 5r`g° suha` sughara`º 5suh` sugr`ı° which uses both
a`rohº 5å`rohº° forms and with megha malha`ra 5méD m¬h`r° whose formula is
madhuma`da sa`ran[ga 5mDum`d s`r‘g° in a malha`ra 5m¬h`r° spirit.
That is why some scholars have said that ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° is a mixture of
ka`nad]a` 5k`nF(`° and megha 5méD° while others have given its formula as a
mixture of sughara`º 5sugr`ı°, sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° and ka`nad]a` 5k`nF(`°. I feel that
it is better to consider ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° as a mixture of ka`nad]a` 5k`nF(`° and
sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° than anything else because åΩ®† and ª]† are sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g°
movements found in megha 5méD° and not vice-versa ; furthermore, against

e
the second formula, suffice to say that sughara`º 5sugr`ı° is itself a ka`nad]a`
5k`nF(`° variety and that it is sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° dominated.
pl
Most of all, ad]a`na`` 5aF(`n`° is just an uttara`n[ga pradha`na 5UEr`'& pçD`n°,
faster moving and lighter version of the gan[bhºra 5g‘Bºr° daraba`rº 5drb`rº°.
m
Calana 5cln°
(a&)ªËyuét rtoa&ªa&--ªËyé uét eérza ¡ azrtyéua& ua&z& a&yé uzt rtªËyéua& z&®Áeé& r&z&a&
a&ua&z&a&ua&- uét rtªa& yéua&z&pyéuét uéuétrtb eérza ¡ u`a®zrtªËyéua& uéuétrtua&,
Sa

rtyéuéa& ¡ t rtpa&ªa&oyé uét tua&z&r&t& ®Áe&é r&z&a& ua&z&uaBªËyéuét rtpa&--

uétrtuét®eé rza z®eé, rtªËyé, ua& yéuéa& z&a&ua&b yéué®t ª(a&) ¡¡
Bibiographical References
BHATKHANDE, Vishnu Narayan. Kramika Pustaka Ma`lika`. Vol.IV : descr.
698-699 ; compos. 700-740 ; vista`ra 837-840.
BHATKHANDE, Vishnu Narayan. San[gºta fia`stra. Vol.IV : descr. 561-582 ;
compos. 569, 578-580 ; vista`ra 569-570, 576-577.
BHATKHANDE, Vishnu Narayan. Svara Ma`lika`. Compos. 106-108.
BHATT, Balvantray. Bha`varan[ga Laharº. Vol.I : compos. 102-114.
GANDHARVA, Kumar. Anu`pa Ra`ga Vila`sa. Compos. 76-78.
KHAN, Raja Nawab Ali. Ma`riphunnagama`ta. Vol.I : descr. 241-242 ; compos.
242-243. Vol.II : compos. 201-203.
MOUTAL, Patrick. Hindusta`nº Gata-s Compilation : Instrumental Themes in
North Indian Classical Music. Compos. 59-60.
PATWARDHAN, Narayan Rao. Tarala Praban[dha`valº. Compos. 1.
230 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

PATWARDHAN, Vinayak Rao. Ra`ga Vij~a`na. Vol.I : descr. 38-39 ; compos.

41-62 ; vista`ra 39-41.
PHULAMBRIKAR, Master Krishnarao. Ra`ga San[graha. Vol.III : compos. 61-70.
RATANJANKAR, S. N. Abhinava Gºta Man[jarº. Vol.I : compos. 188-191.
Vol.IIb : compos. 100-101, 212-214.
SHAH, Jaisuklal. Ka`nad@a` Ke Praka`ra. Descr. 34-35 ; compos. 36-45 ; vista`ra 35.
SRIVASTAVA, Harichandra. Ra`ga Paricaya. Vol.III : descr. 48-50 ; vista`ra 50-51.
THAKUR, Omkarnath. San[gºta`njali. Vol.III : descr. 70-71 ; compos. 74-81 ;
vista`ra 71-74.
VAZE, Ramkrishna Narahar. San[gºta Kala` Praka`›a. Vol.I : descr. 119 ; compos.
118. Vol.II : descr. 81 ; compos. 81-84.

Chart 9 : Daraba`rº / Ad]a`na Comparison

A. Points of resemblance
1 both
2
are ka`nad]a` ra`ga-s 5k`nF(` r`g°
" come from a`sa`varº tha`t@a 5a`s`vrº T`z°

e
3 "
pl
use ™] - ¥] - ª] komala 5koml°
4 " use ™] - ¥] as vakra svara-s 5vkÇ ßvr° in avaroha 5åvroh° : ™]®Ω | ¥]ª]† |
5 " are vakra sampu`rn@a 5vkÇ sµpªN!° or sampu`rn@a s@a`d@ava ja`tº 5sµpªN! x`Fv j`tº°
m
6 " are performed around midnight
B. Points of difference
Sa

Nb P oints of Daraba`rº Ad]a`na

comparison 5drb`rº° 5aF(`n`°
1 Va`dº-samva`dº Ω-† å[ - †
2 Use of ª only komala 5koml° ª] both ª usually taken
Åndolana ®eé – ®e é– short or not a`ndolita
3 5å`~doln° ªËy é– ªËyé – short or not a`ndolita
Low Normal
4 ™] - ¥] value in between Ω+ & ™] + although slightly oscillated
®eé– roz - åz-a ®eé rz a
5vkÇ°
5 Vakra ®eé– z - z - a ®eérza
expression a&oªËoyé–uéot a&yuét, a&uét
6 Mºn[d@a-s 5mº‘F° long, slow moving faster & shorter
7 Stha`na-s 5ßT`n° mandra & madhya 5m~dà-mfly° madhya & ta`ra 5mfly-t`r°
8 Movements slow, dignified faster, vivacious
9 Nature gan[bhºra 5g‘Bºr° can[cala 5c‘cl°
azeé rza : azeé, rtyé
10 Sa`ran[ga 5s`r‘g° more proeminent
sometimes azrtyé– uét
294 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

e
pl
m
Sa
 Part V - Ka`nad]a` an[ga 5k`nF(` å‘g° 295

e
pl
m
Sa
296 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I

e
pl
m
Sa
460 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I
A chalan ........................... 112
abhogi ............................... 322
abhogi kanada ........ 322-324, 356
bibliography ................... 325
chalan ........................... 324
abhori ................................ 322
bibliography ................... 325
adana kanada ........ 212, 214-215,
224-225, 227-230, 231-233,
242-245, 256, 266, 279, 368, 370
bibliography ................... 229
chalan ........................... 229
ahir bhairav .......... 168, 170-172,
173-174, 185, 188, 189, 331-332
pl
bibliography ................... 172
chalan ........................... 172
ahir lalit ................ 183, 331-332
bibliography ................... 332
m
chalan ........................... 332
alhaiya bilaval ..................... 159
anand bhairav 158-159, 161, 175,
Sa
180, 185, 188, 189
bibliography ................... 160
chalan ..................... 159-160
asa gauri ..................... 195, 203
asavari ... 157, 169-170, 223-224,
335-338, 340, 342, 368, 370
bibliography ................... 338
chalan ........................... 337
asavari ang .................. 335, 370
audav bilaval ...................... 375
audav devgiri ................... 58, 60
B bhairav ..... 42, 125-126, 127-128,
badhans sarang .. 97-98, 106-107,
110-112, 119, 250
bibliography ................... 112
bageshree ...... 139, 171, 265-267,
274-275, 289-290, 298, 300-304,
308-311, 313, 323
bibliography ................... 281
bageshree ang 139, 289, 301-302,
307-311, 319
bageshree kanada ........ 215, 271,
273-274, 278, 289, 298, 300-304,
307-309, 319
bibliography ................... 306
chalan ........................... 305
bahaduri todi ...................... 212
e
bahar ..... 172-173, 189, 238-239,
256, 265-267, 274-275, 278-280,
288-289, 309
bibliography ................... 282
bahuli ................................ 368
bairag ......................... 148, 168
bairagi bhairav ..... 148-149, 168,
184, 188
bibliography ................... 149
chalan ........................... 149
balhans .............................. 110
bangal ............................... 151
bangal bhairav . 151-152, 184, 186
bibliography ................... 152
chalan ........................... 152
bans kanada .................. 279-280
bibliography ................... 283
barari ................................ 368
barwa ................................ 276
bibliography ................... 283
basant mukhari .................... 137
130-133, 136, 139-141, 145,
147-149, 151, 154-160, 170-171,
173, 183-184, 185, 186, 188, 195,
 Index
197, 200, 221, 225, 266, 331, 368,
370
bibliography ................... 127
chalan ........................... 126
bhairav ang .......... 123, 125-126,
128-131, 136-142, 144, 145,
147-151, 153, 155-158, 160, 164,
168-170, 173, 178, 180-184,
195-196, 198, 201-202, 205, 369
bhairav bahar ....... 139, 170, 172,
173-175, 185, 189
bibliography ................... 175
chalan ........................... 175
bhairavi ......... 42, 138, 157, 186,
365-366, 368, 370
bhairavi ang ......... 137, 359, 361,
365-366
e bihagda .............................. 171
pl
bhankhar ....... 161-163, 164-167,
184-185, 188, 334
bibliography ................... 167
m
chalan ........................... 166
bhatihar ............................. 160
bhatiyali ............................ 160
bhatiyar ......... 158-159, 160-163,
Sa
164-166, 167, 184-185, 188, 189,
201, 205, 266
bibliography ................... 163
chalan ........................... 163
bhatiyari ............................ 160
bhavsakh .... 248, 249, 252-254,
255, 256, 257-258, 368
bibliography ................... 256
chalan .............. 253, 255-256
bhimpalasi ...... 42, 228, 234-235,
238-240, 254, 265, 270, 311, 313,
322, 360-362
bhimpalasi ang .................... 360
bhinnashadj ........... 349, 374-375
bibliography ................... 376
chalan ........................... 376
bhookosh ........................... 375
461
bhup .................... 52, 56, 75, 90
bibliography ..................... 59
bhup kalyan ................ 51-53, 56
bibliography ................ 55, 59
bhupali ...... 42, 51-54, 56-58, 60,
62-63, 64, 71, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85,
129, 133-134, 186, 344
bibliography ..................... 59
chalan ............................. 58
bibhas 42, 129, 133-135, 152, 184,
186, 344-345
bibliography ................... 135
chalan ..................... 133-135
bihag ... 68-69, 73, 75, 78, 80, 84,
89, 90, 362
bihari ................................ 312
bilaskhani todi .................... 338
chalan ........................... 338
bilaval ........................ 180, 257
bilaval ang ..... 175, 248, 266, 362
bindrabani ........................... 95
C
chaiti gauri .... 182, 195, 197-198,
203, 205
bibliography ................... 204
chalan ........................... 204
chanchalsas malhar ........ 114, 119
chandini kedar ...................... 88
chandrakant . 55, 62-64, 80, 83, 85
bibliography ..................... 63
chalan ............................. 63
chandrakauns ............... 307, 373
bibliography ................... 316
chaurasi tank ...................... 153
chaurayshi tank ................... 153
chayanat ... 40, 77, 80, 84, 87, 360
462 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I
D bibliography ................... 252
darbari kanada .......... 42, 51, 56,
211-214, 219-225, 227-229, 230,
231-232, 235-236, 244, 266, 275,
279, 281, 297-298, 303-304, 312,
314, 324
bibliography ................... 226
chalan ........................... 225
desh ... 96, 106, 108-109, 119, 360
desh ang ............................ 116
desh gaud . 178, 179, 183-184, 187
bibliography ................... 178
chalan ........................... 178
deshakh ............................. 248
deshakhya .......................... 248
deshashi ............................. 248
pl
deshkar 42, 57-58, 60, 62, 64, 134,
186, 344-345, 353
desi . 113, 119, 223, 276-277, 303,
368, 370
m
bibliography ................... 283
desi ang ............................. 113
desi kanada ........................ 303
Sa
devgandhar ... 279, 335, 337, 340,
342-343, 370
bibliography ............ 284, 343
chalan ..................... 342-343
devgandhar todi................... 342
bibliography ................... 344
devgiri bilaval ................. 54, 58
devranjani ..... 176-177, 178-179,
183-184, 187
bibliography ................... 177
chalan ........................... 177
devranji ............................. 176
devsag ............................... 248
devsakh . 212-213, 215, 231, 234,
236-237, 239-240, 242, 244,
248-251, 253, 258-259, 265, 290,
292, 368
chalan ........................... 252
dhaka ................................ 375
dhanashree ..... 42, 254, 290, 311,
313, 342, 359-363, 365-366
bibliography ................... 363
chalan ........................... 362
dhanashree (bhairavi ang) ..... 361
dhanashree (khamaj or bilaval
ang) .................................. 362
dhanashree kalyan ................. 66
dhani ................... 270, 361, 373
dhani kanada ...................... 270
dhannasi ............................ 359
dhannasika ......................... 359
e
dhanyashree ....................... 359
dhavalashree .. 60, 71-72, 80, 84,
86
bibliography ..................... 72
chalan ............................. 72
dhuliya malhar ........ 96, 108, 116
divya hindol ....................... 374
divya pancham .................... 333
durga .. 51, 56, 78, 81, 88-89, 116,
145, 150, 188, 322-323, 351, 355,
374
durga kalyan.......... 51, 78, 81, 88
bibliography ..................... 79
dvigandhar ......................... 342
G
gandhar ............................. 368
gandhari ....... 335, 337, 340, 342,
368-370
bibliography ................... 341
chalan ........................... 341
gandhari todi ... 336-337, 340, 341
gara ............................ 350, 352
gaud sarang ..... 80, 83-84, 88, 118
gaur kalyan ................ 75, 81, 90
 Index
bibliography ..................... 75
chalan ............................. 75
gauri .......... 128, 182, 184, 185,
195-199, 200-204, 205, 368, 378
bibliography ................... 199
chalan .................... 197, 199
gauri ang .............. 182, 195, 204
gopi ka vasant ..................... 312
bibliography ................... 317
gorakh kalyan . 82, 108, 116, 119,
323
bibliography ................... 325
gujari todi .......................... 368
gunji kanada ....................... 279
bibliography ................... 285
gunkali ....................... 145, 376
gunkari .... 144, 145-146, 184, 187
e bibliography .............. 62, 346
pl
bibliography ................... 146
chalan ........................... 146
gunkri ............................... 145
m
gurjari ............................... 368
H bibliography ................... 347
Sa
hamir ... 56, 73, 75, 77, 80-81, 84,
87, 89-90
hamir kalyan .............. 74, 81, 89
hans kalyan .......................... 82
hansdhwani .......................... 82
hem .................................... 74
hem kalyan ....... 73-74, 81, 89, 90
bibliography ..................... 74
chalan ............................. 74
hem khem ............................ 73
hemant ........................ 348-349
bibliography ................... 349
chalan ........................... 349
hevitri ............................... 355
hindol ... 80, 83-84, 86, 333-334,
376
hindoli ............................... 375
463
huseni kanada ........ 41, 267, 271,
273-276, 278-281, 288-289, 291,
293, 300-302
bibliography ................... 281
chalan .............. 277-278, 281
I
iman ................................... 47
J
jaijaiwanti ................... 280, 352
bibliography ................... 285
jait ......................... 60, 344-345
chalan ..................... 345-346
jait kalyan .. 58, 60-61, 62-63, 64,
80, 83, 85, 345, 353
bibliography .............. 61, 347
chalan ............................. 61
jaitshree ............................. 345
jaldhar kedar ...... 81, 89, 116, 351
jamini kalyan........................ 47
jangula ................. 180, 184, 188
bibliography ................... 181
chalan ........................... 181
jaunapuri ........................... 336
jaunpuri .. 157, 223-225, 335-338,
340-343, 370
bibliography ................... 339
chalan ........................... 337
jaunpuri todi ....................... 337
jayant kanada ...................... 280
bibliography ................... 286
jayat .................................. 344
jet ..................................... 344
jhilaf .................... 181, 184, 186
bibliography ................... 182
chalan ........................... 182
464 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I
jhinjhoti ....................... 350-353
bibliography ................... 354
chalan ........................... 353
jhinjoti .............................. 350
jogi ................................... 142
jogi asavari ... 169-170, 182, 184,
187
bibliography ................... 170
chalan ........................... 170
jogiya .......... 142-144, 145, 146,
147-148, 169-170, 177, 183-184,
186, 187, 366, 376
bibliography ................... 144
chalan ........................... 144
jogkauns ..................... 307, 312
bibliography ................... 317
pl
K 256-258, 264-271, 273-277,
kabir bhairav .. 147-148, 183-184,
m
186
bibliography ................... 148
chalan ........................... 148
kafi .. 42, 104, 170, 223, 246-247,
Sa
271, 276, 280, 297-299, 301-304,
310, 350, 359-361
kafi ang .... 298-299, 313, 360-361
kafi kanada ... 104, 215, 271, 273,
278-280, 289, 297-300, 301,
303-304, 319
bibliography ................... 299
chalan ........................... 299
kalavati ........... 322-323, 354-356
bibliography ............ 325, 356
chalan ........................... 356
kalavati (karnatak) ......... 355-356
kalavati kalyan .................... 355
kalingada ........ 42, 125, 126-129,
131-132, 138, 147-148, 153-156,
161, 184, 185, 186, 196-197,
199-205, 225
bibliography ................... 129
chalan ........................... 129
kalingada paraj .................... 128
kalyan .. 47, 65-67, 69, 73-74, 82,
86-87, 90
kalyan ang . 45, 47, 51, 54, 56-57,
60, 62, 65, 68, 70-71, 73-78,
80-81, 83-84, 101, 118, 345, 372
kalyani ................................ 47
kamod .. 56, 73-74, 77, 80-81, 84,
87, 89-90, 101
kamod kalyan ....................... 81
kanada ............................... 104
kanada (rag) ....................... 214
kanada ang ........ 56, 73, 99, 104,
e
211-215, 219, 221, 224, 227, 229,
231, 234, 235, 238, 240, 242-243,
244-245, 246, 248-249, 252-254,
279-280, 288-293, 297-305,
307-315, 319, 322, 360, 368, 370
kanada bahar ...................... 280
bibliography ................... 286
kanada malhar ..................... 280
bibliography ................... 286
kaunsi ............................... 307
kaunsi kanada ...... 139, 140, 141,
300-301, 307-315, 319
bibliography ............. 315-316
chalan ........................... 315
kaushi .................. 139, 307, 312
bibliography ................... 317
kaushi bhairav ...... 137, 139-141,
147-148, 184, 186
bibliography ................... 142
chalan ..................... 141-142
kaushi dhvani ..................... 375
kaushi kanada ..................... 186
bibliography ................... 317
kaushidhvani ...................... 375
kaushik .............................. 307
 Index
kaushikadhwani .................. 375
kaushiya ............................ 312
kausi ................................. 307
kedar ... 69, 73-74, 80, 84, 88, 89,
116, 171, 265
khamaj ........... 42, 82, 171, 213,
257-258, 348, 350-352, 368, 370,
372, 374
khamaj ang ............ 350-351, 362
khanbavati ...... 116, 140, 350-351
khat ............................ 367-369
bibliography ................... 371
chalan ........................... 371
khat todi ............................ 369
bibliography ................... 371
khem .................................. 73
khem kalyan .................... 73-74
e 109, 111, 118, 119, 149
pl
kokila pancham ................... 333
komal asavari .. 335-337, 340, 369
bibliography ................... 339
m
komal bageshree .................. 312
bibliography ................... 317
konsi ................................. 311
kosi ................................... 311
Sa
koushiya ............................ 312
kudai ................................. 243
kulai ................................. 243
L 106-107, 110
lacchasakh ............. 248-249, 356
lachari todi .................. 337, 343
lakshmi kalyan ........... 77, 81, 88
bibliography ..................... 77
chalan ............................. 77
lakshmi todi ................. 337, 343
lakshmisakh ....................... 248
lalit ........ 154-156, 179, 186-187,
200-202, 205, 331, 357-358
lalit ang . 179, 183, 187, 199-200,
202, 333-334, 357
465
lalit pancham .... 41, 183, 200, 357
bibliography ................... 358
chalan ........................... 358
lalita gauri ........... 182, 195, 199,
200-202, 205
bibliography ................... 203
chalan ..................... 201-202
lankadahan sarang . 108, 112-115,
118, 119
bibliography ................... 115
chalan ........................... 113
M
madhamad sarang . 42, 96-97, 98,
madhu bhairav ....... 168, 184, 188
bibliography ................... 169
chalan ........................... 169
madhukauns .......... 307, 373-374
bibliography ................... 374
chalan ........................... 374
madhumad sarang .. 98, 107, 188,
229
madhur dhvani .................... 374
madhuvanti .................. 373-374
madhyamadi .................... 98-99
madhyamadi sarang ......... 98-99,
bibliography ................... 100
chalan ............................. 99
malarani .................... 76, 81, 88
bibliography ..................... 77
chalan ............................. 77
malashree .... 60, 70-72, 80, 84, 86
bibliography ..................... 71
chalan ............................. 71
malav ................................ 378
malayamaruta ..................... 355
malgunji ...................... 279, 352
bibliography ................... 286
466 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I
malhar ........................ 104, 224
malhar ang ........... 99, 105, 108,
114-116, 119, 213, 224, 229,
234-235, 243, 258, 266, 280, 291,
360
malhua kalyan ................. 73, 82
malhua kedar ........................ 89
mali gaura .......................... 199
maligaura ..................... 376-379
bibliography ................... 380
chalan ........................... 380
malkauns ........... 139-141, 186,
307-308, 311-315, 373-374, 376
malkauns ang ....... 301, 307-308,
310-311, 315
malva gauri ........... 195, 199, 205
mand .... 161-163, 166, 188, 255,
348
pl
mangal bhairav ..... 145, 149-150,
185, 188
m
bibliography ................... 150
chalan ........................... 150
mangal kanada .................... 292
manjh ................................ 348
Sa
maru bihag ............. 89, 334, 363
marugaura .......................... 376
marwa . 65, 67, 86, 161, 195, 198,
205, 377-379
marwa gauri .......... 195, 198, 205
marwa kalyan ....................... 67
megh ................................. 213
megh malhar 42, 51, 99, 115, 119,
229, 234-235
meghranjani ... 178-179, 183-185,
187
bibliography ................... 180
chalan ........................... 179
mirabai ki malhar .......... 280-281
bibliography ................... 286
miya ki malhar .... 104-105, 213,
223, 234, 280-281
bibliography ................... 287
miya ki sarang .............. 104, 119
bibliography ................... 105
chalan ........................... 105
mudrika kanada ................... 292
mudriki kanada ........... 273-274,
288-293, 300-301
bibliography ................... 293
chalan ........................... 292
multani ........... 363-364, 365-366
bibliography ................... 364
chalan ........................... 364
multani dhanashree 359, 365-366,
373
bibliography ................... 366
e
chalan ........................... 366
N
naiki kalyan ......................... 81
naiki kanada .... 56, 211-215, 219,
223, 231-236, 237-238, 240,
242-244, 250, 258-259, 264, 266,
271, 277, 290-292, 301-303, 315
bibliography ................... 236
chalan ........................... 236
narayani .......... 108, 115-116, 119
bibliography ................... 116
chalan ........................... 116
nat ........ 40, 69, 90, 136, 186, 360
nat bhairav ............ 136, 184, 186
bibliography ................... 137
chalan ........................... 137
nat kalyan ............................ 81
nur sarang .................... 102, 119
P
pahadi .................. 171, 350, 353
pahadi jhinjhoti ................... 353
panch kalyan .............. 74, 81, 89
 Index
bibliography ..................... 74
chalan ............................. 74
pancham ............... 333-334, 375
bibliography ................... 335
chalan ........................... 334
pancham bageshree ... 289, 300,
304
pancham malkauns .............. 312
bibliography ................... 318
paraj ........................... 128, 183
patdeep .............................. 362
patdeep ang ........................ 362
patdeepki ........................... 362
pathahansika ....................... 110
patmanjari .......................... 277
bibliography ................... 287
prabhat bhairav ..... 155-156, 184,
e ramsakh ... 248-249, 252, 257-258
186, 200
pl
bibliography ................... 156
chalan ........................... 156
m
pradeepki ........................... 362
pranvendra madhyam ........... 331
purba .................................. 65
purba kalyan ........................ 67
Sa
purbya ................................ 65
puriya ...... 42, 65-67, 86-87, 199,
377-379
puriya ang .......................... 379
puriya dhanashree . 40, 66-67, 87,
195, 199, 202, 205, 360, 378-379
puriya kalyan .. 65-67, 80, 82-83,
87
bibliography ..................... 68
chalan ............................. 68
purn pancham ..................... 333
purva ............................. 66, 86
purva kalyan ............... 65-67, 86
bibliography ..................... 68
purvi .... 40, 65-66, 82, 195, 204,
360, 377-379
467
purvi ang .......... 195, 197-202,
204-205, 379
purvi kalyan ......................... 82
R
raisa kanada .. 215, 233, 254, 264,
267-268, 269-272, 273, 276, 278,
289, 291, 293, 300-301, 309
bibliography ................... 272
chalan ........................... 272
ramkali .. 126, 128, 130-131, 155,
184, 185, 368
bibliography ................... 132
chalan ........................... 132
bibliography ................... 258
revti kanada ........................ 303
rewa ............... 42, 134, 186, 345
S
sahana kanada ..................... 264
sahna kanada ...................... 264
sakh ang .... 215, 248, 249, 251,
253, 256-257, 368-370
salang ........................... 96, 118
samant ............................... 106
samant kalyan ............. 75, 81, 89
bibliography ..................... 75
chalan ............................. 75
samant sarang .. 106-109, 116, 119
bibliography ................... 109
sampurn pancham ................ 334
sarang ...... 95, 96, 101, 104, 108,
148-149, 223-224, 229, 368, 370
sarang ang .......... 93, 95-99, 101,
105-106, 108-116, 118-119, 213,
224-225, 228-229, 234-235,
238-239, 243-246, 250-251, 258,
468 Comparative Study of Hindusta`nº Ra`ga-s - Vol. I
266-267, 271, 291-292, 298, 335,
360
saraswati ................. 73, 372-373
savani kalyan
chalan ............................. 90
savant ................................ 106
savant sarang ...................... 106
saveri ............. 143-144, 184, 187
sawani ........................... 68, 69
sawani kalyan .. 68-70, 80, 90, 353
bibliography ..................... 70
shahana ....................... 254, 257
shahana kanada .... 56, 212, 215,
233, 242, 245, 264-268, 269, 271,
273-276, 278-279, 288-292, 293,
300-301, 309-311
bibliography ................... 269
pl
chalan ........................... 268
shahanai kanada .................. 244
shahna kanada ..................... 264
m
sham ka vasant .................... 376
sham ki vasant .................... 379
shana kanada ...................... 264
shankara .......... 51, 56, 60, 71, 81
Sa
shankara kalyan ............... 51, 81
shiv bhairav ........................ 156
shiv mat bhairav ... 156-157, 184,
186
bibliography ................... 158
chalan ........................... 157
shivranjani ......................... 323
bibliography ................... 326
shobhana kanada ................. 264
shorastra tank ..................... 187
shree ...... 178, 196-198, 203-205,
378-379
shree ang ........ 134, 197-198, 379
shree bhairav ...................... 156
shree gauri ............ 195, 198, 205
shree kalyan ............... 75, 81, 86
bibliography ..................... 76
shuddh bhairav .................... 156
shuddh kalyan .. 49, 51-55, 56-58,
60-63, 64, 68-69, 74-76, 78, 80,
83, 85, 89-90
bibliography ..................... 55
chalan ............................. 55
shuddh karnat ..................... 214
shuddh malhar .... 81, 89, 116, 351
shuddh pancham .................. 333
shuddh sarang ...... 77, 88, 95-96,
100-103, 111, 118, 119
bibliography ................... 103
chalan ........................... 103
shuddh vasant ..................... 334
shyam ............................... 368
e
shyam kalyan .. 74, 76-78, 80, 82,
84, 87, 88-89, 101-102
sindhura ....... 223, 246-247, 301,
303-304, 350
sohni ........................... 333-334
sorashtra bhairav .... 153-154, 184
bibliography ................... 155
chalan ........................... 154
sorashtra tank ..................... 153
sorat ............................. 96, 360
sugharayee ......................... 246
sughrai kanada ..... 212, 214-215,
223, 228-229, 231-233, 237,
239-240, 242-245, 246-247,
250-251, 253, 258-259, 265-267,
290-292, 308, 368, 370
bibliography ................... 245
chalan ........................... 245
suha kanada ... 212, 214-215, 228,
231-236, 237-240, 242-244,
246-247, 250-251, 253-254,
258-259, 265-267, 274-275, 277,
292, 308, 311, 368-370
bibliography ................... 241
chalan ........................... 241
 Index
suha sughrai kanada ........... 212,
214-215, 229, 231-232, 234, 237,
239-240, 242, 244, 246-247, 253,
258-259, 308
bibliography ................... 248
chalan ........................... 247
sur malhar ............. 108-109, 116
sut sarang ........................... 100
T bibliography ..................... 97
tilak kamod ...... 82, 312, 350-351
bibliography ................... 318
tilak shyam .......................... 82
todi .... 42, 157, 337, 340, 368-370
V
e yaman ....... 47-49, 63, 66-67, 75,
pl
vaijyanti ................ 77-78, 81, 86
bibliography ..................... 78
m
chalan ............................. 78
vairati ................................ 368
vangeshree .................. 350, 352
varari ................................ 368
Sa
vasant ................... 334, 378-379
vasant mukhari ..... 137-138, 141,
184, 186
bibliography ................... 138
ËE
469
chalan ........................... 138
vashaspati .......... 40, 82, 372-373
bibliography ................... 373
chalan ........................... 373
vindrabani ........................... 95
vindravani ........................... 95
vindravani sarang ....... 51, 95-97,
98-99, 103-104, 106-107,
109-111, 118-119, 243
chalan ............................. 97
vinod kalyan ........................ 81
vriddhans ........................... 110
Y
78-80, 82, 84, 85, 86-88, 90, 126,
222, 372
bibliography ..................... 50
chalan ............................. 50
yaman kalyan .. 47, 49-50, 55, 74,
85, 89
bibliography ..................... 51
yamani bilaval ... 49, 80, 83-84, 89
yamuna kalyan ..................... 47
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