a HORSE CART (Forward / driving Friction) ( backward fa=fitf. / opposing common acceleration of the drictlon) Cart /horse =a P M=mass of horse BE Mo = mass of the cart POLL F eae ( (Sliding ¢_ tendenc fa -F =MaQ Ks ” SS Z —— a sivin icth CART ving friction sé = Moa Sliding tendency AS acceleration must ( be common ' icles Eats 3 {| a M Mo | i frictional forces are fo self adjusting (eiposinalfriction)@ue: @we: Mwe: Hella obsexver +tell us Something about yougselt )) observer Hi, lam @ non-inestial frame as accelerating towards right with At wat the ground what do you see ? observer. A block of mass M is accelerating towards me (towards left) with ag what are the forces on the block ? M observer: Real forces Mg vestically downwards, tension T vertically upwards and pseudo forte Fe = M@s# towards me Ctowards lett) + hat is your conclusion 2? m observer: the block is In vertical equilibrium as Mg and T neutrilises each other but pseudo force i$ responsible for it's acceleration a+ towards me Newton's law (s Valid@ obsenver at rest Cinertia\ frame) awe: what do you observe ? wm obsexver : The plock is at rest we: what are the forces ? mm observer « there ore two forces. Rea) forces pull of earth or weight, M9 verhcally downwards and support of the fable surface, normal reaction Ne vertically upwards e: what Is your conclusion ? i find the block ts at rest ts acceleration 1s zero, net force on the block 1S 2er0 OS weight MZ downwards and normal yeachon Ne upwards nullify eacn ofner =~ Fer = 0 =p as oO Newton's law I's valid ow @ obsewey:Non-Inertiat me : If an observer / frame accelerates art the ground it {s called non- inertial = Q; +-Om = ay = acceleration of the frame wrt the ground @™ example: Man inside an accelerating car observer / man inside accelerating IgE observer/man moving along a curve Wrt non-inertial frame when a block /body / system 1s analysed in the FBD (free body - diagram) All the real forces plus pseudo force (Fp) has to be shown to make Newton's law valid Real forces ( Weight, Tension, normal reaction + Friction) @ Pseudo force (Fr) m = moss of the object / block / system under observation / analysis oe = = -may =p Magnitude = may direction : opposite +¢ to OF If a is towards East =p pseudo force Fe towards West~“Real forces like Pseudo Force ered as mas Ground 1s consid: ter reference fe Inextial frame : ST Saae! wt the ground acceleration of frame Qs =0 the frame fs called inerhial Inertial frame may be at rest (v. =0) oy may be moving uniformly (Vv = constant) Example : An observer (a man) sitting ot rest on a chaiy placed on the ground (V=0) An observer (a man) sitting on a chaly Inside a bus moving with constant vetocthy (v =¢) |f the dynamics / statics of a system/body / block 1% analysed wrt inertial frame ONLY REAL FORCES are tobe shown in the weignt , Tension normal reaction, frictionRIVER- BOAT BY: = velocity of boat wrt water = Velocity of boat in still water Cwhen water Is still frame oF warer and the ground aye same) = WV = Velocity oF How = Velocity of water wort the ground CROSSING THE RIVER ALONG SHORTEST PATH @CASE-1. Easy Question —_», Transverseml i crossing means — transverse displacement — — i, ($1) = Width CW) Resultant path is -= sop Zw = along resultant velocity Ve R ret Ve eee a Ve » Ovift can be when Ve 7 2ero- Resultant path and velocity are absolutely transverse ines Se Ve= JVer-Vei = Ve C0s6 Ve the boat should Keep itself at an angle 6=sin’ (Yw/V 5) wrk transverse (against flow) OR (a0°+ 9) wrt the How@ obsenver at rest Cinertia\ frame) awe: what do you observe ? wm obsexver : The plock is at rest we: what are the forces ? mm observer « there ore two forces. Rea) forces pull of earth or weight, M9 verhcally downwards and support of the fable surface, normal reaction Ne vertically upwards e: what Is your conclusion ? i find the block ts at rest ts acceleration 1s zero, net force on the block 1S 2er0 OS weight MZ downwards and normal yeachon Ne upwards nullify eacn ofner =~ Fer = 0 =p as oO Newton's law I's valid ow @ obsewey:CASE -2 - Conceptual ouestion an tn’ such cose! COmPonentof Vp can never nullify Vw Approach to find direction of Va to have shortest route. E A % | ee | | | | Ve | \ | | % yemem bey : | Doift oy disp | 1 | | oa y Draw Vw alond See e longitudinal 1 flow, At the end point of Va 5 centre construct a circle of radius Vp Dyaw tangent to the circle from the tail of <> met the direction of Ve (by Jonng Vo the cenlve fo the point of tangent to the circle)WO COMMONLY ASKED Questions yelated to VECTORS Question 4: A man walks 20m towards East then 30m towards North and finally 30J2m South-West find the magnitude and direction of total displacement. solution: ee eonee To Solve this question students usually show N-S-E-W directions propezly and then start drawing vectors / displacements in sequence / one aftey another DON’T DO THAT cH 1¢ Show the directions e vectors from origin (tails at origin/ common point) @ Resolve the third displacement (which Is oblique) into components Find resultant using components. a 52 (north) and ($s) south both 30m gets cancelled vesuitantof Si (EH ws 20m and (Sr)west 30m < = 10m West CResultant displace - -ment)Question : 2 —_ a and B aye two vectors at an angle |20° such that resultant of these vectors ts per- -pendiculay to the smaller vector A and has magnitude 10 unit. Find the magnitudes of Randv solution: Te owangements of vectors is similar to RIVER-BOAT problem, crossing the yiver in or along shortest path (where Ve and Vas gives resultant VR which mustbe absolutely transverse) Cus Bco0s30* = R.--- (1) 6SiIN30' = A ---(2) 80530" resultant) Given R=10 From (4) : 120° 8.3 =10 BSin30° | A 2 (nullifies A’) => B = cyte roma eeinee ee =p A= OXy = FEXD F 3LONGITUDINAL CONSTRAINT For (1) Linear rigid object dl) string under tension Relative displacement (Xr) , velocity (Vret) and acceleration (Grai) along the lengih (longitudinal) is zero @P Approach: resolve xv ora of the end points olong the'length and equate them © Example: Mi velocity Of end points of i @ rigid rod is as Shown ast SJ e, relate Vi and Va uHon Mi a Sol i A (Va)y = Va 036, a ‘or &, aa Xe (Vi)u = Vi 0058, Ve equate longitudinal components Vi Cos, = Wa Cos Or @ Example: Find velocity of the block a 6 ¥ atthe Instant shown : ae solution © _ AO ae} i= yt cane | on ia Mi 6 Me tv Equating velocities along the length Ve = Velocity of blo Vicohe =i?Centripetal and Centrifugal Gpproach @ centripetat approach : Assume observer at the centre Find net force towards the centre PEquate net force towards thecenlve = centripetal force (™Y'/z) Example: Pendulum crosses ihe mean € (tentre) Position with velocity 2m/s Find tension inthe string t=soem ec Net force towards tr Ve2mis centre i = = T-mg = ™ : m= Akg Tt “Te mg + mu* : AL =4yo+ 4X4 oo mg = 72N Pr centrifugas approach: Assume observer / frome atroched io the body Vr ow all real fortes + centrifugal force mv “i radially 4 from cenbre @ Apply radial equilibriwn 1 Fe ve = force away Jrom Force ees cen f ene T=mg+ mvi/e or = 72N mgt, YLEquilibyium of simple pendulum Gob (suspended object) attached te stzing Permanently al rest % Apply equilibzjum in any direction~= like Horizontal / veatical yadial (along 1ength) F@D of the bob % | Teose Fa = Tsing NT Fa Fy = Tees Tsing : tone = Fu Fy Fy Squaring and adding =p T= VFtery @® Radial equilibrium ——— + Re! T= Fusing +Fycose Fa ee ease 6 Fv Y eyeoso + Fusing Fay swinging pendulum / momentary rest at extreme position ONLY RADIAL EaQuviLiaRiuUM ee SeBob at momentary rest (at the extreme position) [T=mgcoseo ) 4 Dont apply horizontal and vertical equilibrium Net force towards centre (C) T-mgcose = centripetal force Cv) mgcose Ts mgcose + MV Ag ‘) iCharge in uniform circular motion charged particle (G,m) ee —» moving along circle of Todlus 7 wlth constant Puy, speed Vv c - ae ae Time period ,T = ane See et 1 frequene Cece Me j (Here 470) rs i * © Equivalent cuwent I = of : = 4V/2tr (single turn circular Isop) — > @ Magnetic moment M = NIA =41. 9Y .1r* 7 amy 1 @,20, towards \M= PSs oF Yao away = from observer @ Angular momentum L who can see lways towards observer CO eckuilse circulation as m70 always) iLl =mvr He ratio ? Pere g ML. for 470 ah witb <0 = an m ibe for 4@oblique force to a block at rest over rough horizontal F Surface — Bs FGD: Feosé Finding No: Apply vertical equilibrium Cequilibrium normal te surface) No+Fsiné =mg = Ne =(mg-Fsine) Finding limiting friction: Fa = PsNe = Hs (m9 -Fsing) check condition for sliding » Glock will slide it (Net driving force along the surface) > limiting friction Here! cease > Hs (mg-Fsins) > Hsmg -sFsine F (case +Hssine) 7 452 ‘@ For siding FF ( Msm9 Cos +s SindQuestion : The arrangement shown x “Bx lying on @ horizontal plane = Unigorm transverse magnetic ze “ field @ is Applied. the slidey ® My { (m,e) is projected towards =, - a yignt alth velocity Ve. Find it's velocity as a funcHon of tHme and alse plor Yet graph. solukon wv be the Instantaneous velocity em{ € = phy, cuwent IT = a opposing magnetic force on the a jv Slider = T28 i a — tetaydation = ae ee 7h mR Fefordaton b= - 2M | BE dt mR dv, = Be at Vv mR uv t i limits dV. — Bu (at Integrating within { “ Ue f v a . = -B% peti (anviy. = - 26 ce) es in’ .- 88 t pv=Vvoe Vo mR * Velocity (s exponentially x falling function from inl- 4 . tal value VoQUESTIONS BASED oN NON UNIFORM CHARGE DISTRIBUTION ee eee Question -1: A thin rod of lenath L is $ charged in such a way that linear 3 5 charge density varies wrt distance Pa from one end as ACA) =X Gs where & is 4 positive constant gs Find totol charge distributed . Solution: oe Sz _ Atadistance *% nL tae from leftend dx = x= Tee =). be the length of @ small part charge on this part dQ = Adz = onde. Total charge Q= (dQ = foxax as et Lt 2@NCRMAL CONSTRAINT when hwo rigid susfaces in contact they can have relaive motion along the surface but not along the normal ( they donot jump or penetrate wit each ojher) At any instant for two points in contact relative displacemen OGe) velocihy (vrei) and aceleration (dx!) along (hormal)to the surfaces of contact must be zero Approach: Bj and By ave two badies in contact Pi ond Pa be hwo points in contact Ve and ve be the / Body velocities oF Prand Pz yesolve components along Nommal and @ equate then (MW) as = (Vs)n same Opproach for 1 Body Ba @ displacement (x) and eaceleraiton (2%)101. Man Ina lift CApparent weight) Wor = M(o+a) = M jap . a('+3) = Whee (+3) # a upward ag - 340 Wap =™M (9-4) , des = 9-2 = Mg(I-3) = lle (-%) dO downwards Wop =Wlac » Seh= 9 (For a=07 \ift may be moving up or dooon but with Vec) tote: moving “bwards w! th decreasing speed means @ down, %eb= 9-4 moving downwards oulth decreasing spaacl means & UP, Geh = Ora — hii i Block freed from the lor. Block colliding spring / Sp aoeneseA se sparing —~- : liga figs i e_veek as xf ahs oe ) a 16 Ta, Femp must be i ie ae ra (=) Ch alvin ) make emissive power double , temp id be increased to 24 times mia = (ME) = VE a dal = 18 times104. Cyclic thermodynamic process Duzing one complete cycle Su=o0 Wit--- tWn = DW = orea under Cin steps) Pay Netheat @it+Q.+--+@ = 27; = 2A Cin steps) Efficiency 1 = ZW _ Sumotaliin o¥@ zat Sum of all positive @ only los. Block gently lowered ovey rough (+) moving (v=¢) conveyor belt a a From frame ne ° ve ay de Disp of ebeesettel dunes’ A ; = 2KQ 4,2 Stopping time = 19 Displacement of belt (ost ground) ee & ve right Disp ob block uirk belt 2 500 = Kg Dispel BIC = Syp tee = =a ‘erk ground106. Average Translatahonal Kinetic energy For all molecules (meno, dia, poly) a CKE tans = ae ot Teta by /Ant Conan eis Total KE differs due te additional rotational modes (KE) sta = Zr (mono) 22r0 rotatima) CKE) pai Z&T (dia) 2 reiattonal (EE ) ht ———————— ee oF. order (A orf) oF Elechomagnehc Waves wseful 2 excettent Quy + " il &&r (pay) 3 rttolional Rayi Mohan *# we in Visible OW Xeroy y= ay micro decreasing wavelangin(n) —~— tS mw oN nn linen jog. Excess pressure = Pinside ~ Paatstte = Fescos Ro BUBBLE es (Two eftectye surface) Cone efechve surja) Peres: = 2T smaller YT) Pewess = a T_ greater ra 27 Pines T Pine Pot Pin = Pet 2 (same for alrbubple inwaler)104, Breaking slress and Breaking Tension (Tolerance) Te = Maximum shass material can tolevate (property of material) Tmax = Maximum tension wire /rod can tolerate Ts =O, = Tox = ThA A = cross sectiono\ area = Td -m* 4 Cetraular €5) % Thickness refered te radius / diameter \lo. Distance af closest appraach (o parlicle , nudeus ) \ 2. k.2¥er u su = min a a ae tain | K.2e* Smin = Sue\|l. Bullet sticks to pendulum black Pp consesvahon =a (M4m)V = mu = mu =e Ves Man sagan = SS Then E conservation —? }: nae ire, *g i mu \> so he 55 ( or us Mtn “nm y2gh Tf u given, h will be asked Tfhh tt yun i Trelastic collision (don't usé ivech energy conservahi@n z emt = (Mamjah WRONG APPRIACH \[2. Properhes of EM waves phase eiurerenie behwean oscillations of Ee Ee’ and BY =0 Angle behugon planes of oscillations of Band B B =e gad = 90" Steal yoko = Be DirecHon of propagation along E'xB" Poynting vector s= ee13, Cell with external resistance Vv. (E,7) Netemf = E + Vis Net resistance around loop = R+F = WV. Wo cuvent I = oe i a es Terminal voltage = PD across ext resistance R NaN eee oe T RtE 4% For max power in ext. resistance External resistance (A) = Internal resistance (7) —<$<$<$<$—$—_—— Sa ll. Blectsic Field between the plates of a charged copacitor _ WV. , V = potenhalor PD » B=» poren Air capacitor a q sepavaltan = Eo %. Field produced by individual plates = J 266 Dielechic capacitor *NS. EsHUx velocity and Horizontal range of jet Vepnux = J29h , h = height of surtace obsve hole / oridice For Jet (horizontal Se projectiie motion) | J U= (204. 1 if = time of Hight T= , ae sey ite Range = uT | AL = 2) 9CK-9) Range is moximum fir Y= [Rnax =] B Chile at mid height) We. Gyromagnehic Ralio magnetic moment _ mw a ae y Anguiay momentum SEe or. (% a w- (3 )+ : For positive charge (protons ot-parnicle) mt angle 6=0° ae Bn For negative charge (electron) —-,7 = 180° MipE angle ©IF. Balanced wheat stone bridge —» Meter bridge Bi Re ie Ri _ Rs Re Ry Bie gaivanometer reads 2ero Ri iooek : most sensitive Rix Ra or £—7 50cm Resistance Star ( Junction low application) Ti+. +13 =0 B =o) 4 (Wa-Vo (45 ya( a ) MA + (Y=) =O + Vo from the above (juneHon potento}) substitute value of Ls = ' dy me . eee fs as OssUm Hf yasutt ts Ne, ae ‘m lg. Vi-V Vv; ee t= ae 3 = Vo-'319. Small obseck projected towards havier ol vest ELASTIC COLLISION UL rest Thifal Ke = o- S) m Fraction of K retained by ™ havier fu = amin = lost by lignter (M+m)* Fraction of K retained by lighter L tis (a) = lost by havier ™Mm+m commonly askecl : neulvon bombarded towards a nadeus(A) at rest collides elastrcally Frachon setained by nudes (havier) 4A : = utling M=mA (Ari)* es Frachon retained by neubon Ciighter) = / Any Atl 120. Pendulum inside horizontally acceleraling vehicle = fan 5 Tamora Ge = (arta121. Banking of tracks / Bending of cyclist a: ave \ fonb= ; = 4h @y a ~ oa 6 <€ =_ Bh = level difference beiween inney / oueredge w= width of woad Road 122. Magnetic induction (8) at the cenbre of cuwenr camying (i) equilateral tangle fae ti) hexagon Civ) circle ———$ ee 193, Magnehic force beeen curents it lenoth (pardite)) i Force per unit leno i, a Aol ey 2iel d J | coppaite part (length £) rel polite ) L = aird124. VIRTUAL OBJECT for lens /mirror Rays of light converge fo © point P I A lens/misror [s placed Sf at distance 4 insront 1 i oj P i dives Take Us+d : J 1 \ \ Ih eee ete Use wo or U Was To locate image formed by mizor/lens . 125. Efficiency of Camnot's Engine Work - Q-Qz —— Heat supplied ay Se ae = . Qy TT Ti = temp of source Cink) T) = temp of Sink Cink) @, = heat absorbed duzing isethexmal expansion Q2- heat rejected elusing fsothesmal compression 126. capillary Rise in a tube of insufficient length Rise to the top 9 increases Meniscus becomes flat (greater rodius ot cusvature)123. zero magnetic field at eentve B=0 Examples : B ot the cenire =O condition :ecive of unitiym material and thickness ecenbe on line of entering / leaving line currents 123. PART OF LENS blocked / black painted Position ot image remains same , Intensity oF image becomes less (I’< I) I a (exposed area) ie Oxiginal area = blackenedarea _ Ay-Ay r original ayea As Aci) = Ava TR intensities —7v I(29. L-€ oscillations ! = £cve completely i electrical energy Poo ial completely mognetic oe eneroy ! oO: — vec * 4° or Ure For non yesistive (R=°) total energy conserved 130, PULSE at bottom end of uniform rope velocity at height ¥ from free end Vy = YOY Time taken 4o reach 40 foe 2/5 9 the top eu At different points frequency ( F) eX yemains the same v= const As the pulse moves up , tension increases , velocity increases =P d iInaeases VE — const. As ve (T aaat. Stoke's law and Tesminal velocity (Vr) = 6T3V Gree 2 - 4 me =U £=0 @ a: @rr viscous /drag force Teyminal state V4 =c net fore =0 UtFy=W Tesminal velocity Vr = 2 -2°2 (@s-e2) Mar o™ 775 one ae mm ts todyop use volume cons. Then apply Vr ota * Ee EEE——E 132. Size (tadius) dependence of MI 4 Bree =h) For coalision of drople TH constant mass if nothing is given menhioned 2 = (density, A109 @ =<) Tring =mr => iS a ing :T SInost Une very useful in ac, stim and Waves to. Work related to surface tension Work W = Surface tension (T) x Change in surface area (A) In case of bubbles / soap films do not forget to consider double area — ini b a ni cpreraved (axb) LE cars) = e i) = lower area (4xb) ee! outey oo aqme) A estat = 200 Total = 87>\4\. M,Z dependence CBohr's Atom) velocity VX z n Yodius ov & n* Zz enereay = & Ze ne Ti me period T = 2 oO) x a n a My =e ee n Fregueny 2+ fez n> Angulax momentum (L)L an Magnetic moment (M) independent of Z eee ee ES 142. Combination ot inductors Follows same combination rule as pesistors series: Ls = Ly+ba PARALLEL > 1 alt wp = Libs Ce a a litle 143, WANNING AND WAXING of Tuning forks -wanning / rubbing / sling —» f increases waxing /toading —? fF decreases Logical question of beats related to wanning and waxing of funing forks(444, MagneHc Hysteresis (8H curve) Applicable to ferromagnetic materials only 8 permanent magnet : hard magnele substance high yetentiviy and H coercivity . Bvt curve is short and tick (steel, alnico, Hesnal) electromagnet / transformer core : soft magnehe substance /Softiven low retenlivity and cerciviby By curve narrow , thin tall. Cles> area) ayea under the loop —7 energy dissipation per cycle. BEE ee (us. Conducting “ire and charge pariicle beam parallel cuvent wolves — neutral , hence only Fin , no Fe peam of rons —? Both Fm and Fe, but Fe dominates 2 re Fm een ° = Fe _ no Fe Fe 7 Fm A