The following are true about ultrasound: A. itis produced by a piezoelectric crystals. (True) B the frequency of a sound wave is inversely related to its ane) wavelength ultrasound is a longitudinal wave form (True) D ultrasound caa be refracted (True) E_ ultrasound can be focused (Tre) Comments: Velocity = frequency x wavelength. Ultrasound can be focused reflected and refracted. In ultrasound: ‘A. impedance determines the proportion of sound energy reflected and transmitted at an interface. mise) B the size of a pulse generated in an A-scan is a measure of the ne) intensity of the reflected ultrasonic echo. me C. the sound travels poorly through air. (Ime) D the velocity is faster through a denser materials. (Ime) E_ the velocity is dependent on the temperature of the material (True) through which it travels. Comments: ‘The velocity of the ultrasound is dependent on the compressibility of the medium ‘through which it travels and the density. The greater the compressibility the slower the velocity. Compressibility is affected by temperature and hence this too will affect, velocity of ultrasound In ultrasound: A. the acoustic impedance of a material is the product of its density and the vdloaty of sound within ewe) B acoustic impedance determines beam refraction False) © as the angle of incidence increases less sound is reflected (rue) D athicker piezoelectric erystal has a lower resonance frequency (rue) E. athicker piezoelectric crystal has a longer wavelength. (Truc) Comments: ‘The physics of ultrasound appears quite commonly in the exam. Impedance is the product of the density of a material and the speed of sound in that material. Refraction is the bending ofa wave beam when it crosses at an oblique angle the interface of two materials, through which the waves propagate at different velocities. Acoustic impedance determines beam reflection.‘The following are true about the velocity of ultrasound: ‘A itis dependent on the frequency (True) B_ is faster through the soft tissue than the skull False) Cis faster through air than water (False) D_ is about 1540 m/s through the soft tissue (True) E_ is proportional to the compressibility of the medium through alse) which the sound travels Comments: Velocity of ultrasound is directly proportional to frequency (v=wavelengthx frequency) and upon the impedance of the medium through which the sound wave travels (velocity = impedance density of material through which the wave travels). It is inversely proportional to the compressibility of the medium (a function of density) ‘The velocity through water (1480 m/s) is faster than air (330 mvs). Which of the following is/are true concerning MRI? A. It involves ionizing radiation alse) B_Hasno recognised side effects on the foetus (Tme) C The pregnant mother should be tumed to her leit side during iiss scanning D Tissue with high hydrogen concentrations are difficult to (False) distinguish E_ Blood vessels appear white on scanaing False) Comments: Water is a molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are able to act as microscopic compass needles. When the body is exposed to a strong magnetic field, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are directed into order - stand "to attention". When submitted to pulses of radio waves, the energy content of the nuclei changes. After the pulse, a resonance wave is emitted when the auclei retum to their previous state. The small differences in the oscillations of the auclei are detected. By advanced computer processing, it is possible to build up a three-dimensional image that reflects the chemical structure of the tissue, including differences in the water content and in movements of the water molecules. This results in avery detailed image of tissues and orgaas in the investigated area of the body. In this manner, pathological changes can be documented.‘The following are true about the ultrasound: ‘A. impedance is measured in grams / cm 2 /sec (ime) B_ the closer the beam to the right angle the less the sound is cme) reflected C attenuation of ultrasound results in heating of tissues (True) D_ A-mode ultrasonography is displayed as 2 series of spikes (Ime) E_ B-mode ultrasonography is displayed as a series of spikes (True) Comments: Impedance is measured in g/em2/sec. Sound has energy aad on attenuation of that energy heat is created. Both types of ultrasound are displayed as spikes. Regarding diagnostic ultrasound: A Is pulsatile (Te) B Is ionising alse) © Is associated with a 1°C rise in bo erat ter 15 mins I ited with a 1°C ‘body temperature after 15, (alse) of scanning D. High frequency ultrasound has greatest tissue penetration Ealse) E_ Cavitation is a recognised effect (Tre) Comments: Asa sound beam passes through tissue, some of the energy of this sound wave is absorbed by the tissue. However for low intensities of ultrasound, the heat deposited is quickly dissipated and does not build up. Cavitation is due to the generation, growth, vibration and possible collapse of microbubbles in the tissue. These microbubbles are generated by the ultrasound waves. These bubbles may "move" with the sound beam or some may oscillate so strongly that the bubbles collapse suddenly producing local effects. In experimental conditions, ultrasound may produce biological effects on tissue by the following means: A. Acceleration of cell division (False) B_ Heat generation (True) C Cavitation (Tm) D_ Duplication of chromosome numbers alse) E. Microstreaming (True) Comment There are two principle bioeffects of ultrasound: Thermal and mechanical. Thermal is created through the impact of acoustic energy upon tissue. Mechanical bioefiects include cavitation through particulate streaming associated with the violent agitation of particles within the medium.Concerning radiation phy A. An electron has a greater mass than a proton False) B.A positron has the same charge as an election False) C A proton has a positive charge (Time) D_ A neutron has almost the same mass as a proton (Tme) E The hydrogen nucleus is a neutron: False) Comments: The atom is composed of a nucleus containing the positively charged protons and neutral neutrons of roughly equal mass orbited by the smaller negatively charged electrons. A positron is an elementary particle of roughly equal size to an electron but positively charged. Hydrogen atomic weight 1 is composed of a proton in its nucleus. The following are properties of laser: A. itis entirely monochromatic False) B all the photons are in phase (Tme) C all the photons have the same wavelengths (Tme) D_ the waves of light are parallel (Tme) E_ the distance between the mirrors within a laser tube is a multiple — of the wavelength of the light emitted Comments: Laser is virtually monochromatic but net entirely so. It is coherent ie photons have the same wavelength and in phase and collimated ic the lightwaves are parallel. The lase tube contains two mirrors with the distance between them a multiple of the light wavelen: The following are true about the modes of laser output: A. both Q-switched and mode-locked mode increases the laser cacigy bycompressing he-encigyaidime’ Cire) B_ mode-locked produces more power than either continuous or asses Q-switched mode ue): the duration of a pulse of laser produced by mode-locked mode Cie) is shorter than that of Q-switched mode } D in Qswitched mode, a shutter is placed inside the laser tube to ne) limit energy loss. ? E_ laser from continuous mode has a constant power and is (ire) measured in wats. Comments: ‘There are three modes of laser: continuous, Q switched and mode locked. Laser fiom continuous mode has a constant power and is measured in watts. Q switched and mode losked increase the energy by compressing the energy and the energy is measured in Joules. Mode locked compresses the laser more than Q switched and hence has more energyGamma irradiation can also be used to sterilize: A. glassware (True) B saline for injection Galse) C disposable needles and syringes (True) D latex catheters (Prac) E_ opening theatre linen alse) Comment Gamma radiation is a high-energy ionizing radiation produced by many radioactive substances. A major source for sterilization is the isotope known as cobalt 60. This type of radiation has good penetrating power and therefore can be used to sterilize pre- packaged materials such as petri dishes, bandages, disposable needles and syringes and latex catheters In experimental conditions, ultrasound may produce biological effects on tissue by the following means: A Acceleration of cell division False) B_ Heat generation (True) © Cavitation (True) D_ Duplication of chromosome numbers False) E. Microstreaming (Tme) Comments: There are two principle bioeffects of ultrasound: Thermal and mechanical. Thermal is created through the impact of acoustic energy upos tissue. Mechanical biosffects include cavitation through particulate streaming associated with the violent agitation of particles within the medium. Concerning radiation physics: ‘A. An electron has a greater mass than a proton False) B.A positron has the same charge as an electron False) C A proton has a positive charge (ime) D_ A.neutron has almost the same mass as a proton (ime) E. The hydrogen nucleus is a neutron False) Comments: The atom is composed of a nucleus containing the positively charged protons and neutral neutrons of roughly equal mass rbited by the smaller negatively charged electrons. A positron is an elementary particle of roughly equal size to an electron but positively charged (electron negatively charged so different charges). Hydrogen atomic weight 1 is composed of a proton in its nucleus