READ ALOUDS:

1. Fence
Fence, humanly erected barrier between two divisions of land, used to
mark a legal or other boundary, to keep animals or people in or out, and
sometimes as an ornament. In newly settled lands fences are usually
made of materials at hand, e.g., stone, earth, or wood.
2. Parkinson
C. Northcote Parkinson, a British writer, formulated Parkinson’s rule:
"Work expands to fill the time allotted to it; or, conversely, the amount of
work completed is in inverse proportion to the number of people
employed." Simply said: If you have an hour to do a 5-minute job, it will
take an hour to do it. A large number of people accomplish less work than
a smaller number of people.
3. Copyright
The quest for a user-friendly copyright regime began a decade ago when
the Hong Kong government launched a public consultation on “Copyright
Protection in the Digital Environment” in December 2006. Although this
consultation initially sought to address Internet-related challenges, such
as those caused by peer-to-peer file- sharing technology, the reform
effort quickly evolved into a more comprehensive digital upgrade of the
Hong Kong copyright regime.
4. Composition of body
Your body's composed of trillions of cells; lots of different types of cells
that make up different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is
also where 10 times that number of bacteria call 'home sweet home.' But
don't be afraid these bacteria do more good than harm to you. And
besides, just in case you wanted to strike up a conversation with your
tenants, you and your bacteria do have a few things in common.
5. Bats
Historically what has been used to estimate bats has been photographic
estimates, visual estimates, mark-recapture estimates, and those have
been highly prone to bias. “Newer technology, like thermal imaging
cameras is accurate, but expensive. So at a time of epic bat mortality -
due to, for example, the fungal white-nose syndrome that’s wiping out
bats in Canada and the U.S”
6. Plant's response
What we found is that the plant is actually damaged by herbivores like
most plants are in nature. And in response to that it secretes sugar from
the wound edges where the herbivores have damaged the plant." Tobias
Lortzing is a graduate student at Freie University Berlin and one of the
study authors.
7. Kinderman
Kinderman says he thinks the compound could be a win-win for the planet
- and the animals. "You know the methane is kind of a waste product.
And this energy, instead of losing it for the animal, it can be reused for
the animal in terms of performance, and at the same time we are doing
something for greenhouse gas emission and climate change" The
product's not on the market yet - toxicology tests are ongoing.
8. Birds
They controlled for the birds' age, sex, body size and species. And they
found that the hunted specimen ‘s brains were actually five percent
smaller, on average, than the brains of birds that died by other means.
"The surprising thing is that, if you
make a smaller kind of analysis of liver or heart size, there is absolutely
no difference there. So this is specific to the brain."
9. Momentum
By this time, however, paleontological momentum had moved to England.
In 1812, at Lyme Regis on the Dorset coast, an extraordinary child named
Mary Anning, aged eleven, twelve or thirteen, depending on whose
account you read, found a strange fossilized sea monster; 17 feet long
and now known as the ichthyosaurus, embedded in the steep and
dangerous cliffs along the English Channel.
10. Clementson
Clementson wanted to see if claims of question dodging actually held up,
historically—not necessarily in the unique case of Trump. So Clementson
analyzed the transcripts of 14 presidential debates, from 1996 to 2012.
Overall, he found 51 accusations of question dodging— 26 by Dems, 25
by Republicans.
11. Eye
Some people object that in order for the eye to modify and still remain a
useful instrument to its owner, many changes would have had to take
place simultaneously. However, it is not necessary to suppose this if the
modifications were extremely slight and gradual.
12. Health-related curriculum
The curriculum enhances the general management program with health-
related courses, Dr. Schulman says. Required courses include healthcare
in the 21st century and the economics and strategy of health-sector
management. Students may also take electives such as medical device
commercialization, healthcare marketing, and the economics and
management of the pharmaceutical industry.
13. English Revolution
The English Revolution has been interpreted in several ways by
historians: as a fight between the aristocratic Cavaliers, who were open to
life, and the serious Puritans; as a battle for power between parliament
and the monarchy over the rights of Englishmen that had been going on
for centuries; and as a class war similar to the French Revolution, of
which it was a forerunner.
14. Supernova
The term supernova was coined in the 1930s by a memorably odd
astrophysicist named Frits Zwicky. Born in Bulgaria and raised in
Switzerland, Zwicky came to the California Institute of Technology in the
1920s and there as once distinguished himself by his abrasive personality
and erratic talents. He didn't seem to be outstandingly bright, and many
of his colleagues considered him little more than "an irritating buffoon".
15. Non-material culture
In comparing material with none-material culture - the first being the
objects and technologies we create, and the second our customs, beliefs
and attitudes - the speaker gives greater emphasis to the material
culture. He gives the example of the development of genetic science and
the benefits it has brought to mankind, despite a fair amount of
opposition.
16. Psychologist
Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in
Japan, strolls into one of Japan's many cat cafes. These establishments
allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats.
They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet
ownership. But Takagi isn't a typical customer. She's not there for feline
affection, but to probe their minds.
17. DeLone and McLean
DeLone and McLean's model has been criticized by some authors. Indeed,
this model is specific to contexts of voluntary use of information
technology. The usage variable remains a success variable of information
systems if the user himself decides to adopt or reject the technology.
However, for mandatory uses, such as for ERP systems, the use of the
technology is obvious. The success of information systems cannot,
therefore, be measured by usage.
18. Australian slang (Most Repeated)
Australians do speak English, however, for some tourists and travelers, it
can be difficult to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian
and American English were seen to be very tenuous. At least some
colloquialisms in Australian English does not exist in other types of
English.
19. Statistical information (Most Repeated)
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information
strengthens modern societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made
on such things as where to open schools and hospitals, how much money
to spend on welfare payments and even which football players to replace
at half-time.
20. Book choosing (Most Repeated)
This book is no ordinary book, and should not be read through from
beginning to end. It contains many different adventures, and the path you
take will depend on the choices you make along the way. The success or
failure of your mission will hinge on the decisions you make, so think
carefully before choosing.
21. Russia (Most Repeated)
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating
in the development like the Reformation that many Russians taking pride
in their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most
unusual member of
European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open
to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
22. Diplomacy
For diplomacy the starting point must be that globalization requires
bridges and removes barriers. A policy of containment is a difficult
strategy in the age of the fiber-optic cable, the jumbo jet and the satellite
dish. There will always be the exception, such as the murderous regime in
Iraq where the only safe strategy is to keep it in the isolation ward until it
accepts the norms of international behavior. Or the military dictatorship in
Burma which has persistently failed to respond to dialogue. It takes two
to critically engage.
23. MBA (Most Repeated)
Exhilarating, exhausting and intense, there are just some of the words
used to describe doing an MBA, everyone's experience of doing MBA is, of
course, different though denying that it's hard and demanding work
whichever course you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of
studying in the UK so that must be a sustainable benefit against form in
one pain.
24. Side effects
Where there are effects, there are often side effects. The car is a boon to
mobility, but can lead to obesity, deaths and pollution. Burning fossil fuel
may keep economies going, but wrecks the climate in the long run. In a
similar way, there are side effects to information technology in education
settings - from childcare to the classroom to the lecture hall and beyond.
25. Weakness (Most Repeated)
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall
retail sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers
enjoyed healthy
increases across the board, according to government figures released
Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised
higher.
26. The founding fathers
The founding fathers established constitutional protections for the press
because they understood that leaving the watchdog function to partisan
politicians wouldn't necessarily serve the public interest, both sides have
too many incentives to preserve the status quo and ignore problems that
elude quick fixes.
27. Equity (Most Repeated)
It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of business
school, but 9 times out of 10, the students who nab these jobs are the
ones who had private equity experience under their belt before even
starting their MBA program.
28. Infinite variations
Surprisingly, despite what appear to be infinite variations, all difficult
conversations share a common structure. When you're caught up in the
details and anxiety of a particularly difficult conversation, this structure is
hard to see. But understanding that structure is essential to improving
how you handle your most challenging conversations.
29. Adulthood
Once most animals reach adulthood, they stop growing. In contrast, even
plants that are thousands of years old continue to grow new needles,
add new wood, and produce cones and new flowers, almost as if parts of
their bodies remained “forever young”. The secrets of plant growth are
regions of tissue that can produce cells that later develop into specialized
tissues.
30. Lincoln (Most Repeated)
Lincon's apparently radical change of mind about his war power to
emancipate slaves was caused by the escalating scope of war, which
convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and
strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
31. He
By beginning so early, he knows that he has plenty of time to do
thoroughly all the work he can be expected to do. All his work having
been finished in good time, he has a long interval of rest in the evening
before the timely hour when he goes to bed. After a sound night's rest, he
rises early next morning in good health and spirits for the labors of a new
day.
32. Tube-shaped mic-robot
Each tube-shaped mic-robot is a sandwich of three materials. A graphene
outer layer, which binds to heavy metals. A middle layer of nickel, which
gives the bots magnetic polarity, so they can be pulled through
wastewater with magnets. And platinum inside for propulsion. Just add a
bit of peroxide to the wastewater, and it'll react with the platinum to form
water and oxygen bubbles, which can propel the tubes along.
33. Trump (Most Repeated)
Trump has threatened to declare China a currency manipulator, but
experts say he has little legal or economic basis to take such a step. He
has also threatened to impose a tariff of up to 45 percent on Chinese
imports if Beijing doesn't "behave," a move that could lead to a trade war
and damage the economies of both nations.
34. Police force
Britain, then, was slower to create and develop a police force than the
rest of Europe. France had one long before indeed, the word police is
taken from the
French. This fact was not unimportant, as the very idea of a police force
was seen as foreign as that is, French and particularly undesirable, and
was generally regarded as a form of oppression.
35. Dike formation
This study marks the first time scientists have linked dike formation to
large, damaging earthquakes, and Wauthier is looking back through
history for more examples. She says researchers will never be able to
predict exactly when an earthquake might strike after a dike intrusion.
But at least now, researchers and rift zone residents know they're not just
in for bangs they may also be in for shudders.
36. Samuel Shian
Study author Samuel Shian, a materials scientist, says this smart glass is
cheaper than others, and uses minimal power much less, for example,
than something like a curling iron. And since it's flexible and foldable, he
says it could even be used for things like camouflage uniforms, to switch,
for example, from green and brown to white and gray. "This would be
very useful when the background landscape suddenly changes, such as
during early snowfall."
37. Neuro science
Since plato, philosophers have described the decision-making process as
either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we "blink" and go
with our gut. But as scientists break open the mind's black box with the
latest tools of neuro science, they're discovering that this is not how the
mind works. Our best decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling
and reason – and the precise mix depends on the situation.
38. Mathematics
Competence in mathematics was another trouble spot. More than half
said that their real task school's graduates are deficient in mathematics,
more than 10% of respondents said college’s graduates are deficient in
the subject, while 70% said they are adequate.
39. Grand Canyon (Most Repeated)
Few things in the world produce such amazement such as the Grand
Canyon. It took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast
wonder. It is 17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of
Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its
towering rims.
40. Edison and Tesla (Most Repeated)
Tesla actually worked for Edison in his early career. Edison offered to pay
him the modern equivalent of a million dollars to fix the problems he was
having with his DC generators and motors. Tesla fixed Edison's machines
and when he asked him for the money which he was promised, Edison
laughed him off and had this to say:" Tesla, you don't understand our
American humor".
41. Tesla and Edison
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basic of modern alternating current
electric power systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million
dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator improvement.
However, when Tesla asked about the money, Edison replied, "Tesla, you
don't understand our American humor." The pair then became arched
rivals.
42. MBA courses
Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting,
and marketing, today's MBA students are enrolling on courses for
environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business
schools require a course in
environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according
to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in October 2005.
43. Electric car (Most Repeated)
First-year university students have designed and built a groundbreaking
electric car that recharges itself. Fifty students from the University of
Sydney's Faculty of Engineering spent five months cobbling together bits
of plywood, foam and fiberglass to build the ManGo concept car. They
developed the specifications and hand built the car. It's a pretty radical
design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in each wheel.
44. Black swans
Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all
swans were white. Dutch mariner, Antonie Caen, was the first to be
amazed at the sight of Australia’s Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636.
Explorer Willem de Vlamingh captured two of these creatures on
Australia’s Swan River and returned with them to Europe to prove their
existence.
45. Restaurant
The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the
city has long been known as a major factor in its likely success or failure.
Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little
about their location. All they can do is work to improve customer access
to their premises. Restaurateurs often do this by engaging in battles
with local authorities about car parking.
46. Brain development
Scientific studies show that by age three there is a gap in brain
development between kids who are read to aloud and those who are not,
and children from low- income families are disproportionately impacted by
this gap. Making sure all
parents know the importance of reading aloud to their children is critical
to closing the achievement gap.
47. Grid resources
The grid-based infrastructure enables large-scale scientific applications to
be run on distributed resources. However, in practice, grid resources are
not very easy to use for the end-users who have to learn how to generate
security credentials. There is an imminent need to provide transparent
access to these resources so that the end- users are shielded from the
complicated details.
48. Social media (Most Repeated)
Social media are playing an increasingly important role as information
sources for travelers. The goal of this study is to investigate the extent to
which social media appear in search engine results in the context of
travel-related searches. It also provides evidence for challenges faced by
traditional providers of travel-related information.
49. Mental illness (Most Repeated)
A mental illness is a health problem that significantly affects how a person
feels, thinks, behaves, and interacts with other people. People who
experience mental illnesses and their family and friends suffer a great
deal due to these illnesses. According to the World Health Organization,
depression will be one of the biggest health problems worldwide by the
year 2020.
50. Black swans (Most Repeated)
From that point on, black swans and Australia have been closely linked.
During the nineteenth century, the original Western Australian colony was
called "the Swan River Settlement." In 1973, the black swan was officially
proclaimed as the "bird emblem" of the Government of Western Australia
and now appears on the state flag.
Today, the black swan is still found in various wetland habitats in
Australia, including the Murray River in the wine growing region South
Eastern Australia.
51. Bookkeepers (Most Repeated)
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and
medium-sized businesses has uncovered 65 instances of theft in more
than five years, with more than $31 million stolen. Of the cases identified
by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men.
However, male bookkeepers who defrauded their employer stole three
times, on average, the amount that women stole.
52. Fast food (Most Repeated)
Hundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without
giving it too much thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle
ramifications of their purchases. They just grab their tray off the counter,
find a table, take a seat, unwrap the paper, and dig in. The whole
experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
53. Tourism
Tourism is a challenging sector on which divides statistic since businesses
serving tourists, also service local people. Therefore, it is not a
straightforward to estimate how much business sectors' revenue and how
many jobs are due to tourist expenditures.
54. Over-packaging
The free market is extremely competitive and companies are constantly
trying to gain an edge over their rivals. Merchandising and brand image
play a major role in attracting customers, but they often lead to over-
packaging. This is a serious problem since most packaging these days are
made of plastics which are not biodegradable. Some people blame the
manufacturers for their blatant disregard, while others point the finger at
consumers.
55. Love
It seems that when it comes to love, men and women are designed to
misconstrue misread and misunderstand one another and themselves.
You discover that in fact they make good sense. Being a deluded romantic
is often the best way to make a good-biologically successful-choice about
a potential partner on the basis.
56. Stress
This study tracked about 1,000 adults in the United States, and they
ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, 'how
much stress have you experienced in the last year? They are also asked,
‘how much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors people in
your community?’ And then they used public records for the next five
years to find out who died.
57. Brain
Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes
to complex functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced
in animals, but experiments on humans are hard. Yet, even today, some
parts of the brain, like the motor cortex, are better understood. Nor is
complete knowledge always needed. Machine learning can recognize
patterns of neural activity; the brain itself gets the hang of controlling
BCIS with extraordinary ease. And neurotechnology will reveal more of
the brain's secrets.
58. Science competition
This year the National Environmental Science Competition received
excellent undergraduate and postgraduate entries from all across the
country, with a wide range of projects. We are delighted that our awards
are encouraging exciting and valuable projects that go beyond research
and analysis to develop solutions for a number of key problems.
Information about the shortlisted projects will be posted on our website in
the first week in June.
59. Legal writing
Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities
subjects, and precision is more important than variety. Sentence
structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of term is often
required.
60. Marketing management
For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing
plan, such as Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Principles
of Marketing, this is the only planning handbook that guides students
through step by step creation of a customized marketing plan while
offering commercial software to aid in the process.
61. The semiconductor industry
The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of
electric systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller
devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and
technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of
alternative device technologies.
62. Lenient parents (Most Repeated)
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to
upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents had been very
strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister,
younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are you talking
about?" she said. "Our parents were very lenient."
63. Situation of economic
In his landmark account, first published over twenty years ago, the author
argues that the ignorance and lethargy of the poor are direct results of
the whole situation of economic, social and political domination. By
being kept in a situation in which
critical awareness and response are practically impossible the
disadvantaged are kept 'submerged'.
64. Utterance
In multi-lingual countries, code-mixing, the use of more than one variety
in the same utterance or sentence and code-switching, the use of
different languages or varieties between sentences is common and
natural. Despite its frequency, or perhaps because of it, some scholars
and self-appointed guardians of linguistic morality, view both code-mixing
and code-switching as a sign of linguistic deficiency.
65. Japanese tea ceremony V2 (Most Repeated)
The Japanese tea ceremony is a tour influenced by Buddhism in which
green tea is prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful
setting. The ceremony can take as long as four hours and there are many
traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.
66. Japanese tea ceremony V1
In Japan, tea ceremony is a ritual-like formalism in which green tea you
prepare and serve to multiple guests in a tea full setting. The ceremony
can take as long as four hours and there are many tradition gestures that
the server and the guests must perform.
67. Tesla
Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison.
Nonetheless Edison offered him a job, promising Tesla fifty thousand
dollars if Tesla could redesign Edison’s breakdown-prone DC generator
designs. The new generator designs were a vast improvement over
Edison’s originals. Upon completing the job
Tesla went to Edison to collect the $50,000 promised for the task. 'Tesla,’
Edison replied, ‘you don’t understand our American humor.’ And Tesla
was never paid.
68. Father (Most Repeated)
Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning,
made us all breakfast and read the newspaper. After that he would go to
work. He worked as a writer. It was a long time before I realized he did
that for a living.
69. Fiscal year (Most Repeated)
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State
account in accordance with the University’s financial plan. Funds are
allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers are
responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the
appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds
70. Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a
depth of over a mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that
formed the Grand Canyon are subjected to debate by geologists, recent
evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the
canyon at least 17 million years ago.
71. Marine Biologist
The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the
Strandlopers, an ancient people who lived on the coastline, because of
their connection to the sea. Their way of life intrigued him. As a child he
had spent a lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting things – so he
began to study them, and discovered some interesting information about
their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on.
72. market research
Market research is a vital part of the planning of any business. However,
experienced you or your staff may be in a particular field, if you are
thinking of introducing a service to a new area, it is important to find out
what the local population thinks about it first.
73. CD quality sound
Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis—a study
of studies—on whether people can really perceive better-than-CD quality
sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400
participants and nearly 13,000 listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out
the better-than-CD-quality track 52.3 percent of the time. Statistically
significant, if not all that impressive.
74. Thompson
"Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful
amusement ride," writes Judith Adams in The American Amusement Park
Industry. "His coasters combined an appearance of danger with actual
safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating speed, and allowed the public to
intimately experience the Industrial Revolution’s new technologies of
gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights."
75. Free trade
Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not
interfere with trade. No tariffs are applied to imports or exports, and
people are allowed to trade goods and services as they please. Supply
and demand dictate the prices for which goods and services sell and are
the only factors that determine how resources are allocated in society.
76. Smoking Ban
A smoking ban is a public policy that includes criminal laws and health
regulations that prohibit smoking in certain public places and workspaces.
There are varying definitions of smoking employed in this legislation. The
strictest definitions define smoking as being the inhalation of any tobacco
substance while the loosest define smoking as possessing any lit tobacco
product.
77. Galaxy
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus
A, an elliptical galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The
other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636,
another elliptical galaxy located 47 million lightyears from Earth in the
constellation Virgo.
78. Brain
The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and right
hemispheres. Each hemisphere provided a different set of functions,
behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative
side of the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side.
79. Introvert and extrovert
Introverts tend to recharge by spending time alone. They lose energy
from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large
crowds. Extroverts, on the other hand, gain energy from other people.
Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much
time alone. They recharge by being social.
80. Easy to use statistics
The development of easy-to-use statistics is being taught and learned.
Students can make transformations of variables, create graphs of
distributions of variables, and select among statistical analyses all at the
click of a button. However, even with these advancements, students
sometimes find statistics to be an arduous task.
REPEAT SENTENCES:

1. The new drug will be tested in North America.

2. Without doubt, his primary motive was economic growth.
3. I'm afraid Professor Jones doesn't suffer fools gladly.
4. Does the professor keep regular office hours?
5. The thought never crossed my mind.
6. Vessels carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body. (Most
Repeated)
7. The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities.
(Most Repeated)
8. All of our accommodations are within walking distance to the academic
buildings.
9. The application form must be submitted before the end of term.
10. History is not a collection of dates and events.
11. Generally, students have unusual problems in school, you can pay by
cash or using a credit card.
12. Before choosing your university course, you should consider your
career.
13. The problem with this is that it fails to answer the basic question.
14. The professor will be the last speaker this evening. (Most Repeated)
15. The gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease rapidly as
expected.
16. In market, short time thought often lead to disaster.
17. Participants were not performing an actual purchase.
18. The website interface represents the stimulus that influence
consumer's decision making.
19. Diagnosis is not a discrete or limited process.
20. This essay examined the use of computer in the science classroom.
21. science-based approach is vital for effective advancements.
22. A key feature in drug development is examination of the
pharmacological effects.
23. This process has enabled the rational identification of core machinery.
24. Genetic and biochemical analyses have generated a detailed portfolios
of mechanisms.
25. Cellular engineering strategies are highly desirable.
26. There has been a rapid growth in the commercial market.
27. Most of the strategies are in a preclinical state.
28. The current and conventional method has many disadvantages
including the side effects.
29. Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living
organism.
30. Quantitative and temporal parameters of food consumption were
used.
31. We developed a method for evaluation of dynamic changes.
32. Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.
33. The aim of the work, presented could be formulated as follows.
34. The search for universal explanations plays an important role in the
development of archaeological theory.
35. The chief industries are weaving, leather making, dying and working
in iron and pottery.
36. I think it’s a shame that some foreign language teachers were able to
graduate from college without ever having studied with a native speaker.
37. The university will introduce several new courses in the coming year.
38. It is clear that little accurate documentation is in support of this
claim. (Most Repeated)
39. In the past, people ate very different food.
40. It is easy to provide the definition of the world.
41. During the second term, you are supposed to submit one essay per
week.
42. It provides an opportunity to work with other disciplines.
43. Student discount cards can be used on campus in the coffee house.
44. People with active lifestyles are less likely to die early or have major
illnesses.
45. Politicians can make better decisions if they listen to the public
opinion.
46. In our campus, prospective students have access to thirteen college
libraries. (Most Repeated)
47. You need to give a better example to support your argument.
48. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. (Most
Repeated)
49. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic
and speech time. (Most Repeated)
50. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice
outstripped theory. (Most Repeated)
51. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future
progress. (Most Repeated)
52. Research has found that there is no correlation between diet and
intelligence.
53. Please explain what the author means by sustainability. (Most
Repeated)
54. Students are not allowed to take the journal out of the library.
55. The well-known economist was supposed to reread the subscription
before eight.
56. You can retake the module if your marks are too low.
57. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body.
58. But they haven't come to widespread use yet.
60. The investigation aims to establish stains of the problem.
61. The lecture management in Japan will take place in the week seven.
62. There is a limited amount of departmental funding which is available
for qualified students.
63. The chemistry building is still open during vacation. (Most Repeated)
64. Tomorrow's lunchtime seminar on nuclear engineering has been
postponed.
65. It's important to keep this medicine in the fridge.
66. His academic supervisor called in to see him last night.
67. Higher fees cause the student to look more critically at what
universities offer.
68. Is hypothesis on black hole as rendered moot as explanation of
explanations? (Most Repeated)
69. She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true.
70. This session is not supported by documentation.
71. The television output is giving evident educational programming.
72. The study of archaeology requires intensive international fieldwork.
(Most Repeated)
73. That country's economy is primarily based on tourism. (Most
Repeated)
74. Note-taking methods work great both on paper and digitally.
75. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life
forms.
76. He is almost never in his office. (Most Repeated)
77. Environmentalism is a category in which universities are competing.
78. You must go to the reception to pick up your student card.
79. Chapter one provides the historical background to the topic.
80. Storytelling is a common teaching technique in many countries.
81. Folk tales are passed orally from generation to generation.
82. At the 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America. (Most
Repeated)
83. The US ranks twenty-second in foreign aid, given it as a percentage
of GDP. (Most Repeated)
84. Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who require
additional support. (Most Repeated)
85. I am pleased to report that many topics have been involved in this
lecture. (Most Repeated)
86. Students who selected two to three courses may need an extension.
87. You need to be careful when quoting Internet source.
88. One of the hardest things about starting university is finding your way
around.
89. The new professor used to work in a world bank.
90. There is a position available for assistant lecturer for mathematics.
91. Many medical volunteers no longer have access to medical literature.
92. Most of these criticisms can be shown as false.
93. He told me it was the most important assignment of all.
94. Would you pass the material text book on the table?
95. All lecture handouts are downloadable on the university website.
(Most Repeated)
96. University students pay a lot of money for their education.
97. I spent my time really studying human beings.
98. The program will be shown on the television during the weekend.
99. A hundred years ago, Albert Einstein first published his theory of
general relativity.
100. My satisfaction was complete when she looked at me.
101. Half of the marks in mathematics are allocated to the correct
working.
102. The content of the book on the cover must be in capitals.
103. Our log books make up of five percent of total marks.
104. Please prepare a PowerPoint presentation for tomorrow's meeting.
(Most Repeated)
105. She ate a sandwich and drank juice.
106. All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week.
107. It is acknowledged that his work is groundbreaking. (Most Repeated)
108. You can get a student card at the reception.
109. When I was in school, I had many of the same problems you do
now.
110. The result of the study will be published next month.
111. The real reason for world's hunger is not the lack of food, but
poverty.
112. She has been in the library for a long time.
113. 39.5% California residents don't speak English at home.
114. It is utmostly important that you don't rely on translation online.
115. The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees.
116. Remember to sign the attendance register before leaving the lecture
hall. (Most Repeated)
117. To understand its entity, we need to go back to its origin.
118. Children are not allowed in the chemical labs.
119. I'm glad that you've got it.
120. The test selected materials from all chapters in this course this
semester.
121. You should include your name and identity number in the
registration form. (Most Repeated)
122. The course registration is open early March for new students.
123. I didn't understand the author's point of view on immigration. (Most
Repeated)
124. The tutorial is held on the 8th of April.
125. The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online.
126. I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and
orange juice.
127. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available
online.
128. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. (Most
Repeated)
129. Physics is the subject of matters and energy.
130. The theoretical proposal was challenged to grasp. (Most Repeated)
131. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
(Most Repeated)
132. All students and staff have the access to printers and laptops. (Most
Repeated)
133. As for me, it is a strategy to go to judicial review.
134. I still don't understand the last sentence. (Most Repeated)
135. It's time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar.
136. Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day.
(Most Repeated)
137. On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three. (Most
Repeated)
138. Residents hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in
the semester.
139. Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.
140. The application form is available in the office.
141. The development was mainly included in chapter nine.
142. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers'
attention. (Most Repeated)
143. The information on the Internet becomes more reliable.
144. The library will be closed for 3 days over the bank holiday weekend.
145. The majority of the hardware that we are using was built for a
customer.
146. The office said Dr. Smith would arrive later today.
147. The results will be available in the main course and online.
148. The trial is to increase the interests of the issue and the jurisdiction.
149. There will be a guest lecturer visiting the department next month.
(Most Repeated)
150. This can be used as a starting point of my discussion today.
151. This year we are applying to use a different type of assessment on
this module.
152. Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical
flow. (Most Repeated)
153. We don't have enough evidence to draw conclusions.
154. We don't teach in the same way that we used to.
155. We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday. (Most
Repeated)
156. Would you pass me the book on the left-hand side?
157. You will be less stressed if you are well prepared for the exam.
158. My tutorial class will begin on next Monday morning.
159. We provide a wide range of courses to undergraduate and
postgraduate students.
160. The original Olympic game is one kind of original festival. (Most
Repeated)
161. International students can get help with locating housing near the
university. (Most Repeated)
162. Maybe it is time for me to make some changes.
163. Next time, we will discuss the influence of the media on public
policy.
164. Please come to the next seminar properly prepared.
165. Please hand in assignments at the main office.
166. Professor Smith will be late for today's lecture. (Most Repeated)
167. That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the 20th century.
168. The country suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present-
day Germany and Denmark.
169. The final year will consist of four taught courses and one project.
170. The fire left the area almost completely devoid of vegetation.
171. The lecture on child's psychology has been postponed until Friday.
(Most Repeated)
172. The lecture would deal with the influence of technology on music.
(Most Repeated)
173. The meeting will take place in the main auditorium.
174. The mismatch between the intended and reported uses of the
instrument has become clear.
175. The part of the story is the story of my father.
176. The professor will talk about the summary in the lecture.
177. The seminar will be on the last week of the quarter.
178. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam
techniques. (Most Repeated)
179. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture for geology.
180. There is plenty of cheap accommodation off-campus.
181. There will be no extensions given for this project.
182. A lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for
alternative work.
183. We are warning the clients that the rates are increasing.
184. We will discuss these two pictures in the next lecture.
185. We've decided to ask you to write four short pieces of written
coursework this year.
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RETELL LECTURES:
1. 3 stages of brain development (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about how the brain is built from the bottom up. The brain first
builds basic circuits responsible for basic skills before building more complex
circuits. It is shaped by the reciprocal relationship between genetics and
experience. The brain also has multiple sections that specializes in different
processes like cognitive function or emotion. A child who is socially competent
will affect more productive learning while a child preoccupied with fears or
anxiety will have impaired learning.

2. Haussmann's renovation of Paris (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Since Paris was originally
founded as a small village, Emperor Napoleon III hired Haussmann to oversee its
rebuilding. His basic instructions were to bring light and air into the central
districts and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Haussmann also created
large avenues that connected the districts and made all the avenues look
roughly the same. The result was to remove any local characteristics and create
a uniform Paris.

3. Price of housing

The speaker discusses how housing affordability in Australia has disrupted the
typical housing cycle where people move out of their family homes as young
adults and have housing security in old age. Young people now generally live at
home for much longer and they generally rent for longer. They're also more
likely to be saddled with a mortgage into their retirement. Affordable rent is also
an elusive right as we have very low rental vacancies and high turnover.

4. Topic: Technology erode privacy

The lecture is about how technology continues to erode privacy. Privacy is a

human right, as per the Universal Declaration. Locks and obscured glass provide
evidence that we care about our privacy. However, technological advances such
as security cameras and body scanners take away distance, anonymity and
privacy. This process isn't going to slow down as new quantum technologies are
now able to do gravitational sensing and see through walls.

5. Biology (Most Repeated)

The lecture discusses the basics of biology. Biology is defined as the study of life
in living organisms. An organism is a living thing, such as plants and puppies.
However, things get complicated when you ask yourself 'what is life?’. Everyone
has their own separate definition. So, before biology was invented, scientists
needed to agree on the definition of life.
6. London taxi drivers

The lecture is about how the Great Exhibition of 1851 gave us the world’s
premier taxi service. Visitors were appalled because the cabbies and their horse
-drawn carts were terrible, and they couldn’t find their way to the exhibition.
After a public outcry, the Public Carriage Office was set up to oversee licensing
of major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851 had to pass the
London knowledge, which is the ability to remember 25,000 streets and the
main arterial roads.

7. London fog

The speaker discusses Turner’s 1835 painting ‘The Thames above Waterloo
Bridge’, which depicts the London Fog. Smoke is at the painting’s centre. The
bridge is partly obscured by the steam and smoke rising from the river. The
smoky shot- tower and the various industries are barely visible. Rodner sees
this painting as an essay on the energy and complexity of modern polluted
organism. The speaker think that the smoke represents a flourishing economy,
but also dirt and pollution.

8. Animal behaviour (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about animal behavior. We study animal behavior because we are
interested in understanding why animals do what they do. Conservation
biologists also need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them.
However, sometimes you can’t predict the research outcome. Although
Nottebohm was initially interested in birds’ singing, his research led to an
overhaul of the entire field of neurobiology. Additionally, the study of animal
behavior has had many new developments.

9. Immigration control (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about immigration control. Removing all immigration controls

would double the world economy’s size, and even a small relaxation would lead
to disproportionally big gains. It’s hard to argue against a policy that will give so
much help to poorer people. It isn’t just migrants who gain, but also the
countries they come from through money they send home. The remittances are
also not wasted as they go straight into the pockets of local people.

10. Animal behavior

The speaker discusses the two fundamental questions about animal behavior:
proximate and ultimate. Proximate questions are concerned with mechanisms
that bring about behavior while ultimate questions are concerned with the
evolution of behavior. Proximate and ultimate questions can be further divided
into two subquestions. Together, these comprise Tinbergen's four questions
about animal behavior which represent the different ways of studying it.
Understanding the difference between those four questions are fundamental to
understanding behavior and the whole of biology.
11. Fire safety

The speaker discusses BSI’s worldwide reputation in testing and certification of

fire safety products. Their team provides BSI height mark and Cee testing and
certification for a range of products. They also help clients enter global markets
through familiarity with market access regulations of most countries. The BSI
height market is acknowledged worldwide as a symbol of trust and integrity.
Each product is subject to rigorous testing and production control audits that
ensure that they perform the required standards of safety and quality.

12. Smartphone apps

The lecture is about Patel and his team’s new sensing systems. Although the
initial focus was around energy and water monitoring, they are now focused on
adapting the technology for personal health monitoring. They want to to take
advantage of all the functionality built in our smartphones. For instance, this app
can use microphones in smartphones to listen to background noise such as
coughing. According to the researchers, the built-in sensors in smartphones may
have far- reaching applications and implications for our health.

13. Happiness (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about the use of happiness research in public policy. Bhutan is the
only county that has adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index
of government policy. It has had a good deal of success in education, health and
economic growth. But other countries are now beginning to have enough interest
to do policy analyses of happiness research. Countries like Australia and France
are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness.

14. A survey

The speaker talked about the importance of paying attention to how surveys are
conducted. The survey showed that 62% of people indicated that the internet is
the source they most often use to get information. However, the survey was
conducted on the website global and mail.com. The sample was a biased sample
since people who did this survey on a website must be frequent users of the
internet.

15. A new instrument

The lecture is about the Skoog, a new instrument. It helps students with special
needs by allowing them to get involved in making music themselves. Unlike
traditional instruments, the Skoog is a mixture of software and a sensor,
designed to be touched and played with. Working with kids in classrooms has
helped inform how it needs to work. It has been inspiring to work with these
kids and provide them with an ability to start playing their own music.

16. Superman

The lecture is about heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength in the face of
disaster. The stories almost always involve one person lifting a car off of
another. Some aspect of leverage or buoyancy probably played some role,
making the feats more believable. The majority of cases are anecdotal, and
often, people were unable to summon the super strength again. But anecdotal
evidence suggests that in times of crisis, some people can temporarily exercise
superhuman strength.

17. Bilingual kids (Most Repeated)

The speaker discusses some concerns about raising children bilingually. This is
based on the conceptualization that the human brain at birth is essentially
monolingual. Parents are worried that using two languages at home will confuse
their child. They are also worried that if both parents use both languages,
especially if they use both languages interchangeably, the child will not be able
to separate the languages.

18. Teaching (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about the speaker’s research on teaching, motivated by his

students’ need to learn. For him, the end product was always better
understanding, or a unifying theory that can help in teaching the subject. He
views teaching as a vehicle for trying new ideas and for teaching research
results. He has also uncovered interesting research problems in the course of
teaching. He believes that this unity of research and teaching characterises the
successful professor.

19. Payment structures - straight salary

The lecture discussed straight salary sales compensation plans. This type of
structure involves paying salespeople a straight but competitive salary, and
nothing else. It is most often used when your industry prohibits direct sales,
when salespeople work as part of small groups and all contributions are equal, or
when your sales team is relatively small. However, these plans don't tend to
offer motivation to salespeople as there are no incentives for them to work
harder.

20. Payment structures - salary plus commission (Most Repeated)

The speaker talks about salary plus commission sales compensation plans,
possibly the most common plans used today. Salespeople receive a lower base
salary, but also receive commission pay. Organizations use this structure when
there are opportunities to support all salespeople on this structure and when
there are proper metrics for tracking sales to ensure fair splits. It is often the
better choice as opposed to straight salary because it offers motivation to
increase productivity, as well as more stability.

21. Payment structures - commission only

The lecture is about commission only sales compensation plans where you pay
your sales people only for the sales they bring in. These plans are easier to
administer than salary plus commission and provide better value for your
money. Although they attract fewer candidates, they do attract top-performing
sales professionals. However, they can also create aggression within your sales
team and low income security, which can lead to a high turnover rate, and sales
rep burnout from stress.

22. Dog and sound

The speaker talks about dogs’ ability to distinguish between different types of
growls. Neither another dog’s playful snarls nor growls of a dog being
approached by a strange deter this dog from approaching some food. However,
the dog does back off at the sound of a dog protecting its food.

23. Australian immigration history (Most Repeated)

The lecture is about Australia’s immigration history. The first inhabitants in

Australia were the Australian Aboriginal people. This migration was during the
end of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were lower and Australia and New
Guinea formed a single landmass. During the 1970s and 1980s, southern Asian
refugees

migrated to Australia. This is when Australia first began to adopt a policy termed
"multiculturalism". In 2004-05, Australia had a 40% increase in settlers over the
past 10 years.

24. Morton prince

The speaker discusses the work of American physician and psychologist Morton
Prince, wherein the influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of dissociation
is strikingly apparent. According to Rieber, Prince pioneered the phenomenon of
popularizing MPD. In “Dissociation of a Personality”, Prince tells the story of Miss
Christine Beau-champ, a person in whom he claims several personalities have
become developed.

25. Human behavior

The lecture discusses explanations for human behavior. Human behavior is

influenced by internal personal factors as well as external environmental factors.
Personal factors include people’s beliefs and their individual thinking about it,
while the environmental factors include temperature and air pressure. In
conclusion, human behavior is affected by both himself and the environment.
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Which place has higher humidity, desert or rainforest? Rainforest

2. Which color we made by blending black and white? Grey

3. Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America to
Europe? By ship

4. Which one would you most likely to see in the lake, a swan or a crocodile? A
swan

5. What is the wet place does crocodile prefer to live? Swamp

6. What are your options in gender when you completing an application form?
Male and female

7. How do you call a student that has finished his first year? Sophomore

8. If one’s response is simultaneous, quick or slow? Quick

9. In statistics, what is a circle divided into many parts called? Pie

10. How many extra days in February in a leap year? One

11. What is the collection of pictures called? Album

12. How would you describe the process in which ice becomes water? Melting

13. What is a thermometer used to measure? Temperature

14. What kind of animal is butterfly? Insect

15. What natural resource is used in paper industry? Wood

16. What is a man-made river called? Canal

17. What do you call an individual musical sound? Solo

18. What kind of knowledge do scientists believe in, subjective or objective?

Objective

19. What kind of drugs are used for killing bacteria? Antibiotics

20. What do we call the government runs by the dictator, autocracy or

democracy? Autoracy

21. What do we call the science of animal life, biology or zoology? Zoology

22. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best example
for academic English: tolerate or put up with it? Tolerate

23. Under which circumstance would you describe the economy as a good one,
the one with high unemployment or low unemployment? Low unemployment
24. What do we call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines? Pharmacist or
chemist

25. What do we call the language which is confused and unintelligible, jargon or
vocabulary? Jargon

26. A man whose wife is dead. Is he a widow or widower? Widower

27. What do we call the first paragraph of a report? Introduction

28. What kind of forms are tragedy and comedy? Literature

29. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: by plane, by public

transportation or car model? Car model

30. What is the thing that has iron inside and can attract iron? Magnet

31. Which one has more academic articles, magazines or journals? Journals

32. What is the opposite of convex? Concave

33. What is the opposite of still? Dynamic or active

34. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best term to
describe academic English: tolerant or rigorous? Rigorous

35. Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend? Knee

36. How many times does a biannual magazine published in one year? Two

37. What will snow become after it's melt? Water

38. What electronic device wakes you up in the morning? Alarm clock

39. What publication reports daily news? Newspaper

40. What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or

magazine? Headline

41. What is the second month of the year? February

42. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic,
lazy or passive? Enthusiastic

43. What kind of transportation runs on the railway? Train

44. How do you call the tower containing a light to warn or guide ships at sea?
Beacon or lighthouse

45. Who is a physician who performs surgical operations? Surgeon

46. "We went somewhere", how do you understand it's a past sentence? Went

47. What is the opposite side that sun rises? West

48. What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material? Fracture

49. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot

50. What institution helps people save money? Bank

51. Which kind of people use periodic table to study? Chemist

52. Some magazines are published once a year, and some are published twice a
year. How do you describe the type of magazine that is published four times a
year? Quarterly

53. How do you describe the line that segment a circle? Chord

54. How do you describe the line that divide a circle into the same half?
Diameter

55. How do you call someone who likes to drink heavily every day? Alcoholic

56. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? Debt

57. Which one can be put into a backpack, a book or a table? A book

58. If a species is described as venomous, what substance it has? Toxin

59. What is the opposite of maximize? Minimize

60. How often is an annual conference held in one year? Once a year

61. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have?
Fracture

62. Which literacy genre describes all details of a famous person's life?
Biography

63. If you invented something, what can you apply to prevent others copying
your invention? Patent

64. Despite all the advances and qualities of sexes, would more men or women
play professional football? Men

65. Where is the "Power" button? Upper left

66. What material is used both on window and light bulb? Glass

67. Which continent do China, India, Korea and Japan locate? Asia

68. What do people hold over head when it’s raining? Umbrella

69. In the word 'postgraduate', what does the 'post' mean? After

70. How do we call a baby cat? Kitten or pussy

71. What is the name for cultivating and managing gardens? Horticulture

72. What is the antonym of artificial? Natural or genuine or real

73. What does the sun do during dawn? Sunrise

74. What is the fluid that pumped from the organ related to cardiology? Blood

75. What do we call the place selling gold and silver? Jewelry store or bullion
market

76. Why do plants need bees? Pollination or pollinating

77. How do we call the people who work in companies? Employee or officer

78. What type of shape has four corners, four lines that are equal in length?
Square or diamond

79. What type of plant is mint? Herb

80. What does the sun do during dusk? Sunset

81. Where is the crossword normally seen? Newspaper

82. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? Bilingual

83. What is the line between countries? Boundary or border

84. Unions work for who, workers or managers? Workers

85. What is the feature that guitars and violins have in common? Strings

86. What is called our planets such as sun, earth and moon? Solar system

87. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people
together as a sporting event? The Olympic Games

88. Do scapegoats escape or undertake the crime? Undertake

89. If a parent has a couple of children, how many children does he have? Two

90. What is the opposite word of "stale"? Fresh

91. Which is easier to be recycled, plastic or paper? Paper

92. Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano

93. What do we call the "Times New Roman" in word? Typeface/Font

94. In addition to the A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel? U

95. What is the altitude related to, weight or height? Height

96. What is a part of the digestive system and is essential for churning food?
Stomach

97. Which is more expensive, gold or silver? Gold

98. What is the item of footwear intended to protect and comfort human foot?
Shoes

99. What is a standard set of letters that is used to write one or more languages
based upon the general principle? Alphabet
100. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words?
Thesaurus

101. Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is dangerous? Nicotine

102. What century are we now? Twenty first

103. In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with
ourselves? Closed reserve book

104. What material is used for most of vehicles and craft? Metal

105. A dozen is a grouping of which number? Twelve

106. What is the name of the student who has not completed his course?
Undergraduate student

107. When a company's position improved, revenue decrease or increase?

Increase

108. If you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a certain topic,
where to find it? Index

109. Where do we hang our clothes, closet or drawer? Closet

110. Which source is more reliable, magazine or journal? Journal

111. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or
a bibliography? A bibliography

112. What’s the material that we use to stick two things together? Glue

113. What type of resources does an electric device use? Electricity

114. What is the time after noon called? Afternoon/Post Meridian (P.M.)

115. What is the opposite of positive? Negative

116. What is the day that someone is born? Birthday

117. What is someone that can’t see called? Blind

118. What is one half of 100%? 50%

119. What instrument do you use when long-distance learning? Computer

120. What does a sundial measure? Time

121. What do you call the middle of something? Center

122. The instructions that tell you how to cook food? Recipe

123. Name a country located in the Southern hemisphere. Australia/ New

Zealand etc.

124. If a coat had a stain on it, where would you take it? Dry cleaner’s
125. If a button has come off a shirt, what would someone most likely use to
put it back on? Needle and thread.

126. How do butterflies fly? Flutter

127. Which one is past tense: "has gone", "went" or "going"? Went.

128. In mathematics and arithmetic, there are addition, multiplication, division.

What is the other one? Subtraction

129. Which category does a novel fit in, a book or a printer? A book

130. What color is the medal if you win the competition? Gold

131. What can't you do after drinking? Driving.

132. When you get lost in city. What do you need? Map

133. Which department studies the human body part of heart? Cardiology

134. How many years are there in a millennium? A thousand years What do you
call a person who makes a living by serving people food? A Cook

135. What do you call a person who write novels for a living? Novelist

136. Who cuts men’s hair? Barber

137. What are the people that plant food, raise crop are commonly known as?
Farmers

138. What is the red liquid that flows through a body? Blood

139. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? Baker

140. What is a series of events that happen in your mind while you are
sleeping? Dream

141. What is the piece of paper with official information written on it called?
Document

142. Which kind of shop contain more kinds of products, supermarket or

grocery? Supermarket

143. What kind of crime has someone stealing items from a shop committed:
shop fitting or shoplifting? Shoplifting

144. Where you can see the whale? Ocean / Sea

145. How many days in a week? 7 days

146. Tons kilograms and stones measure what property? Weight

147. What is more fuel-efficient, car or truck? Car

148. Which department has increased their revenue over the three years? Sale

149. What is the quickest way to get to the 21st floor? By elevator / lift
150. Why people wear gloves when they do experiment? Protection

151. What is the chemical name of Gold? Mg, Au OR O2? AU

152. What does the black square represent? Students

153. What does ASAP mean? As soon as possible

154. How many years are there in a decade? 10 years

155. What word is used to describe frozen water? Ice

156. A planet or a galaxy that is very distant can be seen with what device?
Telescope

157. What is the name of the field of study that studies the human mind and
behavior? Psychology

158. Would fresh milk last longer in a fridge or in a cool cupboard? Fridge

159. Would a person suffering problems with their vision consult a biologist or
an optometrist? Optometrist

160. Which of the 5 senses are you using, if you detect the odor of gas in a
laboratory or in your kitchen? Smell

161. A lack of which kind of weather causes drought, dry weather or rainy
weather? Rainy weather

162. Name a city in the USA. New York or Washington or Boston

163. What is the month between January and March? February

164. How many years does it take to finish undergraduate study? Three or
four years

165. How many years are there in a century? 100 (years)

166. The large island just off the coast of mainland Europe is the home to which
country? The United Kingdom

167. Will it be better to use kilometers or kilograms to measure the distance

between two cities? Kilometers

168. To improve their health and fitness, most people either try to improve their
diet or? Do more physical exercise

169. There are two main ways to pay for goods bought in a shop, one is by
cash, and the other is by? Credit card

170. What is the last thing to do when baking a cake? Cook it in the oven

171. What is the quickest way to travel from Hong Kong to Paris? By plane

172. This work is due for submission, one month from 15th June. On what date
should it be submitted? The 15th (of) July
173. Which of these was last to be explored, the Himalayas, the moon or
Australia? The moon

174. Where would you go to see exhibits of dinosaurs? A museum

175. In which century did the automobile become manufactured on a mass

scale? The 20th century

176. What does the main difference between a wristwatch and a clock relate to?
Their relative sizes

177. Where would you go to work out on a treadmill? Gymnasium

178. Where do you pay for your purchases at a supermarket? Checkout

179. Which of these would probably be found in an office, a printer, a blanket or

a nailbrush? A printer

180. What do we call the last game in a sporting competition, which decides the
champion? The final

181. If someone is feeling a little ill, they may say they are feeling under the
what? Weather

182. What do you call the document that gives you details about your
qualifications and work experience? Resume / CV

183. What is the economic sector that deals with farming? Agriculture

184. A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make?
Profit

185. Who is the main journalist responsible for producing a newspaper or

magazine? Editor

186. What is the word for the place where a river starts? Source

187. What is the word in geometry for a shape that has three sides? Triangle

188. When ice is at room temperature, what does it become? Water / liquid

189. What type of food is an apple? Fruit

190. What are winter, spring, summer and autumn? Seasons

191. When the writer of a book is unknown, what word is used for the author?
Anonymous

192. What do we call the organs in our chest that we use to breathe? Lungs

193. What desk should you go to when you first arrive to stay at a hotel?
Reception/Check-in.

194. What do we call the meeting where an employer asks a potential employee
questions about their work experience? Interview
195. A manufacturing process releases noxious gases. What is the most
important safety measure for workers at that plant? ensuring good
ventilation, or appropriate footwear. (Ensuring good) ventilation

196. Historians use evidence to draw conclusions about the past, would a
contemporary artist's painting of an ancient battle be an original source or
secondary source? Secondary source

197. How do you call the pointing device that is connected to the computer?
Mouse

198. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas? Mitigation
or migration? Migration

199. How do you describe the desert? Humid or dry? Dry

200. How many alphabets are there in English? 26

201. How many days added in February during a leap year? One day.

202. How many months are in a year? Twelve/Twelve months

203. How many people are there in a quartet? Four/Four people

204. How many seasons are there in a year? Four/Four seasons

205. How many sides does a pentagon have? Five/Five sides

206. How many years does a centennial celebrates? 100 years

207. How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and plants?
Archaeologist

208. How would you describe an economy that is largely based on farming?
Agricultural

209. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which
color is mostly likely to be picked? Black.

210. If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or pharmacist?
Jeweler

211. In which subject would you learn gravity? Physics or chemistry? Physics.
SUMMARISE WRITTEN TEXTS:

1. Oil price decline

A plunging oil price has dragged UK inflation to zero over recent months. But
analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot solely be attributed to oil.

Discount retailers continue to steal market share from established industry

giants, taking an increased chunk of both food and non-food markets. And, as
retail analyst Nick Bubb notes, “the big supermarkets have had to respond to
this by bringing down their own ‘rip off’ prices”. The result is a sector-wide fall in
prices paid at the till.

The growth of online retailers has also brought prices down, in part due to the
ease with which customers can compare prices and purchase goods elsewhere if
they find an item cheaper on a competitor’s site. Retailers are also reluctant to
offer different prices in their physical and online stores, according to retail
analyst Richard Hyman, which means shops are forced to cut prices on the high
street.

An ever-expanding range of shops is also to blame, according to Mr. Hyman.

“Overcapacity is the biggest of the issues affecting prices,” he says. “In the last
10 years, online alone has added the equivalent of 110m square feet of trading
space— that’s roughly equal to 65 additional Westfield London shopping malls.
An increase in supply of retailers, with no increase in demand, has left the
industry massively oversupplied.”

2. Take-all disease

The soil dwelling fungus ‘take-all’ inflicts devastating stress to the roots of
cereals crops worldwide and is a major disease problem in UK wheat crops.

However, recent field trial data from Rothamsted Research, an institute of the
BBSRC, has demonstrated that farmers could control this devastating disease by
selecting wheat cultivars that reduce take-all build up in the soil when grown as
a first wheat.

Wheat is an important staple crop worth 1.6 Billion a year to the UK economy
alone. This work funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research
Council (BBSRC), the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(Defra) and the HGCA will help farmers to increase yields, combating global food
security and contributing to UK economic growth.

Take-all disease, caused by the fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici,

reduces grain yield and quality and results in an increased amount of residual
applied nitrogen fertilizer left in the soil post-harvest. Despite the use of
chemical, biological and cultural control methods the take-all fungus is still one
of the most difficult pathogens of wheat to control. The risk of take-all infection
in second and third wheat crops is directly linked to the amount of fungus
remaining in the soil after the first wheat is harvested.

The Rothamsted Research study, published in Plant Pathology, has demonstrated

that wheat cultivars differ in their ability to build-up the take-all fungus.

Growing a low building cultivar, such as Cadenza, as a first wheat crop can be
used to manipulate take-all inoculum levels in the soil resulting in better yields
from the second and third wheat crops. Yield increases of up to 2 tons per
hectare in 2nd wheats have been observed.

3. The Great Sphinx

The face, though better preserved than most of the statue, has been battered by
centuries of weathering and vandalism. In 1402, an Arab historian reported that
a Sufi zealot had disfigured it “to remedy some religious errors.” Yet there are
clues to what the surface looked like in its prime. Archaeological excavations in
the early 19th century found pieces of its carved stone beard and a royal cobra
emblem form its headdress. Residues of red pigment are still visible on the face,
leading researchers to conclude that at some point, the Sphinx’s entire visage
was painted red. Traces of blue and yellow paint elsewhere suggest to Lehner
that the Sphinx was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors.

For thousands of years, sand buried the colossus up to its shoulders, creating a
vast disembodied head atop the eastern edge of the Sahara. Then, in 1817, a
Genoese adventurer, Capt. Giovanni Battista Caviglia, led 160 men in the first
modern attempt to dig out the Sphinx. They could not hold back the sand, which
poured into their excavation pits nearly as fast as they could dig it out. The
Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan finally freed the statue from the sand in the
late 1930s.

“The Sphinx has thus emerged into the landscape out of shadows of what
seemed to be an impenetrable oblivion,” the New York Times declared.

4. Benefits of physical activities

Promoting active lifestyles can help us address some of the important challenges
facing the UK today. Increasing physical activity has the potential to improve the
physical and mental health of the nation, reduce all-cause mortality and improve
life expectancy. It can also save money by significantly easing the burden of
chronic disease on the health and social care services. Increasing cycling and
walking will reduce transport costs, save money and help the environment.
Fewer car journeys can reduce traffic, congestion and pollution, improving the
health of communities.

Other potential benefits linked to physical activity in children and young people
include the acquisition of social skills through active play (leadership, teamwork
and co-operation), better concentration in school and displacement of anti-social
and criminal behavior. The importance of physical activity for health was
identified over 50 years ago. During the 1950s, comparisons of bus drivers with
more physically active bus conductors and office-based telephonists with more
physically active postmen demonstrated lower rates of coronary heart disease
and smaller uniform sizes in the more physically active occupations. This
research led the way for further investigation, and evidence now clearly shows
the importance of physical activity in preventing ill health. It is important for us
to be active throughout our lives. Physical activity is central to a baby’s normal
growth and development. This continues through school, and into adulthood and
older years. Being physically active can bring substantial benefits and there is
consistent evidence of a dose–response relationship, i.e. the greater the volume
of physical activity undertaken, the greater the health benefits that are obtained.

5. Is Language decaying or not？

Let us begin by asking why the conviction that our language is decaying is so
much more widespread than the belief that it is progressing, in an intellectual
climate where the notion of the survival of the fittest is at least as strong as the
belief in inevitable decay, it is strange that so many people are convinced of the
decline in the quality of English, a language which is now spoken by an
estimated half billion people – a possible hundredfold increase in the number of
speakers during the past millennium.

One’s first reaction is to wonder whether the members of the anti-slovenliness

brigade, as we may call them, are subconsciously reacting to the fast-moving
world we live in, and consequently resenting change in any area of life. To some
extent this is likely to be true. A feeling that ‘fings ain’t wot they used to be’ and
an attempt to preserve life unchanged seem to be natural reactions to
insecurity, symptoms of growing old. Every generation inevitably believes that
the clothes, manners and speech of the following one have deteriorated. We
would therefore expect to find a respect for conservative language in every
century and every culture and, in literate societies, a reverence for the language
of the ‘best authors’ of the past.

6. Australia-US Alliance (Most Repeated)

Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time.
David Day, for example, looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to
America" statement of December 1941, a moment remembered as embodying a
fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance away from Britain towards the
US. As Day points out, the shift to the US as our primary ally was a long, drawn-
out process which occurred over half a century. Curtin's statement is iconic - it
represents and symbolizes the shift - but in and of itself it made almost no
difference. Russell McGregor makes similar arguments with regard to the 1967
referendum, falsely hailed in our memories as a huge advance in Aboriginal
rights.

There are many other important events which our contributors examine - the
campaign to save the Franklin River; the landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of
gold in 1851, the disastrous Premiers' Plan designed to cope with the Great
Depression, to name just a few.

Taken together, our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian

history are not as simple as might be imagined. There is of course the issue of
what should be included and what should not be - what, after all, makes a
moment or an event sufficiently important to be included in an official narrative?
Just as importantly, the moments and events that are included in narrative
histories are open to multiple interpretations.

We hope this collection will provide an important reminder to those wanting to

impose a universal history curriculum for our schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson
to all Australians wishing to understand their nation's past; History is never
simple or straightforward, and it always resists attempts to make it so.

7. Fertile farmland

A farming technique practiced for centuries by villagers in West Africa, which

converts nutrient-poor rainforest soil into fertile farmland, could be the answer
to mitigating climate change and revolutionizing farming across Africa.

A global study by researchers has for the first-time identified and analyzed rich
fertile soils found in Liberia and Ghana. They discovered that the ancient West

African method of adding charcoal and kitchen waste to highly weathered,

nutrient poor tropical soils can transform the land into enduringly fertile, carbon-
rich black soils which the researchers dub ‘African Dark Earths’.

Similar soils created by Amazonian people in pre-Columbian eras have recently

been discovered in South America — but the techniques people used to create
these soils are unknown. Moreover, the activities which led to the creation of
these anthropogenic soils were largely disrupted after the European conquest.

Encouragingly researchers in the West Africa study were able to live within
communities as they created their fertile soils. This enabled them to learn the
techniques used by the women from the indigenous communities who disposed
of ash, bones and other organic waste to create the African Dark Earths.

8. Writing system

The origins of writing are largely unclear. Writing systems were created
independently all over the world. The earliest we know of were developed in the
Middle East around 5,000 years ago. But other scripts were invented in India,
Egypt, China and Central America. It has been suggested that some of these
systems may have influenced others, but this has not been proved.

These forms of writing look completely different, follow different rules and are
often read in completely different ways. But they all perform the same basic
function. They are all a visual means of recording language.
Knowledge of some early scripts invented in certain regions was picked up by
peoples living in surrounding areas. They would then adopt and adapt them to
their own needs and language. Chinese, for example, was adopted in Japan and
Korea, though it had to be altered to apply to the languages spoken there.

Methods of recording information have varied over time and place. Not all
sophisticated societies have developed writing systems and not all methods of
recording information require writing.

The Inca empire of South America was at its height in the sixteenth century AD
and held power over a huge area that stretched from modern Equador and Peru,
to areas of Bolivia and Chile. It was a complex civilisation, but did not develop a
writing system.

9. Wright brothers

After the 1905 flying season, the Wrights contacted the United States War
Department, as well as governments and individuals in England, France,
Germany, and Russia, offering to sell a flying machine. They were turned down
time and time again -- government bureaucrats thought they were crackpots;
others thought that if two bicycle mechanics could build a successful airplane,
they could do it themselves. But the Wright persisted, and in late 1907, the U.S.
Army Signal Corps asked for an aircraft. Just a few months later, in early 1908,
a French syndicate of businessmen agreed to purchase another.

Both the U.S. Army and the French asked for an airplane capable of carrying a
passenger. The Wright brothers hastily adapted their 1905 Flyer with two seats
and a more powerful engine. They tested these modifications in secret, back at
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina for the first time in several years. Then the brothers
parted temporarily -- Wilbur to France and Orville to Virginia.

In 1908 and 1909, Wilbur demonstrated Wright aircraft in Europe, and Orville
flew in Fort Meyer, Virginia. The flights went well until Orville lost a propeller and
crashed, breaking his leg and killing his passenger Lt. Thomas Selfridge. While
Orville recuperated, Wilbur kept flying in France, breaking record after record.
Orville and his sister Kate eventually joined Wilbur in France, and the three
returned home to Dayton to an elaborate homecoming celebration. Together,
Orville and Wilbur returned to Fort Meyer with a new Military Flyer and
completed the U.S. Army trials. A few months later, Wilbur flew before over a
million spectators in New York Harbor -- his first public flight in his native land.
All of these flights stunned and captivated the world. The Wright Brothers
became the first great celebrities of the twentieth century.

10. The History of the Khoikhoi in South Africa

In around 2300 BP (Before Present), hunter gatherers called the San acquired
domestic stock in what is now modern day Botswana. Their population grew, and
spread throughout the Western half of South Africa. They were the first
pastoralists in southern Africa, and called themselves Khoikhoi (or Khoe), which
means 'men of men' or 'the real people'. This name was chosen to show pride in
their past and culture. The Khoikhoi brought a new way of life to South Africa
and to the San, who were hunter gatherers as opposed to herders. This led to
misunderstandings and subsequent conflict between the two groups.

The Khoikhoi were the first native people to come into contact with the Dutch
settlers in the mid-17th century. As the Dutch took over land for farms, the
Khoikhoi were dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their
numbers dwindled. The Khoikhoi were called the ‘Hottentots’ by European
settlers because the sound of their language was so different from any European
language, and they could not pronounce many of the words and sounds.

11. Nutrition science

Most of the time when I embark on such an investigation, it quickly becomes

clear that matters are much more complicated and ambiguous — several shades
grayer — than I thought going in. Not this time. The deeper I delved into the
confused and confusing thicket of nutritional science, sorting through the long-
running fats versus carb wars, the fiber skirmishes and the raging dietary
supplement debates, the simpler the picture gradually became. I learned that in
fact science knows a lot less about nutrition than you would expect – that in fact
nutrition science is, to put it charitably, a very young science. It’s still trying to
figure out exactly what happens in your body when you sip a soda, or what is
going on deep in the soul of a carrot to make it so good for you, or why in the
world you have so many neurons – brain cells! – in your stomach, of all places.
It’s a fascinating subject, and someday the field may produce definitive answers
to the nutritional questions that concern us, but — as nutritionists themselves
will tell you — they’re not there yet. Not even close.

Nutrition science, which after all only got started less than two hundred years
ago, is today approximately where surgery was in the year 1650 – very
promising, and very interesting to watch, but are you ready to let them operate
on you? I think I’ll wait awhile.

12. Infants imitation

Contrary to popular belief, babies under a few months don't grin at you because
they're copying your own smile, according to new research. Many studies have
indicated that from birth, infants imitate the behaviors and facial expressions of
the adults around them. However, a team of Australian, South African and
British researchers have released a study this week that refutes this widespread
belief. "Numerous studies from the 1980s and 90s indicated no imitation by
newborns, while others claimed it was there," says Virginia Slaughter, a biologist
at the University of Queensland and co-author of the study. "We wanted to clear
up the confusion because the 'fact' that newborns imitate is widely cited, not just
in the fields of psychology, neuroscience and pediatrics, but also in popular
sources for parents." The international research team, led by Janine
Oostenbroek, a psychologist at the University of York in the UK, exposed more
than 100 infants to a broad range of gestures and recorded their responses at
one, two, six and nine weeks of age. The gestures included social cues like
adults poking their tongues out, frowning or grinning, as well as non-social cues
such as pointing or opening a box.

The findings showed no link between behaviors exhibited by babies in their first
few months and the gestures they were exposed to. The babies were just as
likely to exhibit gestures they had never seen before as repeat ones they had.
For instance, babies stuck their tongues out just as frequently if they were being
exposed to pointing or opening a box, rather than anything to do with mouths or
tongues.

13. Modern art (Most Repeated)

Broadly speaking, there are two different ways of thinking about modern art, or
two different versions of the story. One way is to view art as something that can
be practiced (And though of) as an activity radically separate from everyday life
or worldly concerns. From this point of view, art is said to be “autonomous” from
society – that is, it is believed to be self-sustaining and selfreferring. One
particularly influential versions of this story suggest that modern art should be
viewed as process by which features extraneous to a particular branch of art
would be progressively eliminated, and painters or sculptors would come to
concentrate on problems specific to their domain. Another way of thinking about
modern art is to view it as responding to the modern world, and to see modern
artists immersing themselves in the conflicts and challenges of society. That is to
say, some modern artists sought ways of conveying the changing experiences
generated in European by the twin processes of commercialization (the
commodification of everyday life) and urbanization. From this point of view,
modern art is a way of reflecting on the transformation that created what we
call, in a sort of shorthand, “modernity”.

14. Academic networking

Getting to know fellow academics, especially more senior ones, can be very
daunting. Lecturers and researchers are used to spending a lot of time in
isolation working independently. The thought of going public and ‘selling
yourself' does not seem enticing. However, it is easier than you think to begin to
develop your own career-enhancing networks. Your PhD supervisor and
examiners or if you are already in post, your mentor, are a great place to start.
They will have been chosen

to guide you because they are more experienced and in most cases they will
work close to your field of interest. Ask their advice for ways of building up your
own network of contacts. Also it is easier to approach someone unknown to you
if you can mention the name of a mutual acquaintance.

If you are a postgraduate who is serious about a career in academia, or a more

senior scholar wanting to develop one, you will surely be attending conferences
on a fairly regular basis. There is no right or wrong number of these, some
scholars stick to one or two a year, others seem to attend one a month!
Conferences are the main way that academics network with each other, so do
not miss out on these opportunities. If you are presenting a paper it gives others
a chance to see what you are working on, and the informal sections of the
programmed (such as food and drink breaks) encourage mingling and further
discussion.

15. Continental drift

According to the theory of continental drift, the world was made up of a single
continent through most of geologic time. That continent eventually separated
and drifted apart, forming into the seven continents we have today. The first
comprehensive theory of continental drift was suggested by the German
meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912. The hypothesis asserts that the
continents consist of lighter rocks that rest on heavier crustal material—similar
to the manner in

which icebergs float on water. Wegener contended that the relative positions of
the continents are not rigidly fixed but are slowly moving—at a rate of about one
yard per century.

According to the generally accepted plate-tectonics theory, scientists believe that

Earth's surface is broken into a number of shifting slabs or plates, which average
about 50 miles in thickness. These plates move relative to one another above a
hotter, deeper, more mobile zone at average rates as great as a few inches per
year. Most of the world's active volcanoes are located along or near the
boundaries between shifting plates and are called plate-boundary volcanoes.

The peripheral areas of the Pacific Ocean Basin, containing the boundaries of
several plates, are dotted with many active volcanoes that form the so-called
Ring of Fire. The Ring provides excellent examples of plate-boundary volcanoes,
including Mount St. Helens.

However, some active volcanoes are not associated with plate boundaries, and
many of these so-called intra-plate volcanoes form roughly linear chains in the
interior of some oceanic plates. The Hawaiian Islands provide perhaps the best
example of an intra-plate volcanic chain, developed by the northwest-moving
Pacific plate passing over an inferred “hot spot” that initiates the magma-
generation and volcano-formation process.

16. Logged forest

Mammals can be one of the hardest-hit groups by habitat loss, and a lot of
research has been carried out to find the best ways to conserve mammal
diversity.

Much of this research has focused on very large-scale changes in land use and
the impacts this will have on overall mammal diversity. However, many
important decisions about land use are made at much more local scales, for
example at the level of individual landowners.
Now, in a detailed study led by Imperial College London that looked at mammal
diversity across different small-scale landscapes in Borneo, researchers have
identified previously logged forests as an overlooked source of refuge for
mammals.

These ‘selectively logged’ forests, where only certain tree species are removed,
are often considered to be degraded and are frequently cleared to make way for
plantations. The new results, published in the journal Ecological Applications,
suggest they should be better protected.

The team recorded mammals using trap-and-release techniques and motion-

sensing cameras over three years, creating an unprecedented 20,000 records of
species in three land-use types: old-growth forest, logged forest and oil palm
plantation. This is one of the most intensive studies of rainforest mammal
diversity ever undertaken.

To their surprise, they found that mammal diversity for large mammals, like the
clouded leopard and civets, was similar for both old-growth forests and logged
forests. For small mammals, such as squirrels and rodents, the diversity was
actually higher in logged forests.

17. Micro-plastics

Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of
plastic particles finding their way into the world’s oceans, new research has
proved.

Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their
natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The
growing problem of microplastics – tiny particles of polymer-type materials from
modern industry – has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but
the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials.
Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the
oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other
convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea,
through inadequate waste disposal systems and sewage outfall. Another growing
source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics,
for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter
waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and
forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans. The impact of these materials
has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small
particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow
the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a buildup in their digestive
tracts.

18. International trade (Most Repeated)

The world is shrinking rapidly with the advent of faster communication,

transportation, and financial flows. Products developed in one country—Gucci
purses, Sony electronics, McDonald’s hamburgers, Japanese sushi, German
BMWs—have found enthusiastic acceptance in other countries. It would not be
surprising to hear about a German businessman wearing an Italian suit meeting
an English friend at a Japanese restaurant who later returns home to drink
Russian vodka and watch Dancing with the Stars on TV.

International trade has boomed over the past three decades. Since 1990, the
number of multinational corporations in the world has grown from 30,000 to
more than 63,000. Some of these multinationals are true giants. In fact, of the
largest 150 “economies” in the world, only 81 are countries. The remaining 69
are multinational corporations. Walmart, the world’s largest company, has
annual revenues greater than the GDP of all but the world’s 21 largest countries.

Between 2000 and 2008, total world trade grew more than 7 percent per year,
easily outstripping GDP output, which was about 3 percent. Despite a dip in
world trade caused by the recent worldwide recession, the world trade of
products and services last year was valued at more than $12 trillion, about 17
percent of GDP worldwide.

Many U.S. companies have long been successful at international marketing:

McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, Starbucks, GE, IBM, Colgate, Caterpillar, Boeing, and
dozens of other American firms have made the world their market. In the United
States, names such as Sony, Toyota, Nestlé, IKEA, Canon, and Nokia have
become household words. Other products and services that appear to be
American are, in fact, produced or owned by foreign companies.

19. Guinness world record

One of Guinness World Records’ more unusual awards was presented at the
National Maritime Museum yesterday. After a 100-day trial, the timepiece known
as Clock B – which had been sealed in a clear plastic box to prevent tampering –
was officially declared, by Guinness, to be the world’s “most accurate mechanical
clock with a pendulum swinging in free air”. It was an intriguing enough award.
But what is really astonishing is that the clock was designed more than 250
years ago by a man who was derided at the time for “an incoherence and
absurdity that was little

short of the symptoms of insanity”, and whose plans for the clock lay ignored for
two centuries. The derision was poured on John Harrison, the British clockmaker
whose marine chronometers had revolutionized seafaring in the 18th century
(and who was the subject of Longitude by Dava Sobel). His subsequent claim –
that he would go on to make a pendulum timepiece that was accurate to within
a second over a 100-day period – triggered widespread ridicule. The task was
simply impossible, it was declared. But now the last laugh lies with Harrison. At
a conference, Harrison Decoded: Towards a Perfect Pendulum Clock, held at
Greenwich yesterday, observatory scientists revealed that a clock that had been
built to the clockmaker’s exact specifications had run for 100 days during official
tests and had lost only five-eighths of a second in that period.
20. Online safety for children (Most Repeated)

When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web, he surely didn’t anticipate
that children would end up becoming some of its main users. Most start using
the internet at the average age of three – and as recent research shows,
children now spend more time playing and socializing online than watching
television programs. Given this change in habits, it is not surprising that a recent
House of Lords report has raised online safety and behavior as an important
issue. The report said that for children, learning to survive in a world dominated
by the internet should be as

important as reading and writing. The House of Lords Communications

Committee also warned that children should not be leaving school without “a
well-rounded understanding of the digital world”. It also suggested that the
government should think about implementing new legal requirements and a
code of conduct companies would have to adhere to, which would help to bring
the internet up to “childfriendly standards”. Of course, trying to rectify this lack
of child-centered design is not an easy task, but one that requires the
cooperation and goodwill of many sectors. It will need to involve consultation
with technology, education, legal and policy experts. And it would also be a good
idea to make children and young people part of the process.

21. The importance of soil

It’s very easy to forget about what’s in the ground beneath our feet and why it’s
so important to protect it. One tablespoon of soil contains more organisms than
there are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms
combine with minerals, water, air and organic matter to create a living system
that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil can store as much as 3,750
tons of water per hectare, reducing the risk of flooding, and the International
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural emissions
could be mitigated if we improved the health of our soil. Good soil management
also increases disease

resistance in livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers – yet soil and its
impact on the health of our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the
most neglected links in UK agriculture. Over the last 50 years’ agriculture has
become increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers, with applications today
around 10 times higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical
fertilizer NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all the nutrition a
plant requires, but it also has a detrimental effect on the long-term health of the
land: research suggests there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the
world’s soils.

22. Asda

Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much
customers can save by cutting back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge
Transfer Partnership (KTP) with the University of Leeds. The idea behind the KTP
was for the University, using Asda’s customer insight data, to apply its research
to identify, investigate and implement ways of helping customers to reduce their
food waste.

This was one of the first times that a major retailer had tried to deliver large-
scale sustainability changes, with the two-year project seen as a way for Asda to
position themselves as true innovators in this area. The campaign focused on
providing customers with advice on everything from food storage and labelling,
to creative recipes for leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged
customers to make

changes in their own homes. In fact, two million customers have said they will
make changes to how they deal with food waste in their own homes, leading to
an average saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a reduction in waste.
A key aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed by the University to work
in the firm and help deliver the desired outcomes of the KTP. As a part of the
collaboration with Asda, Laura Babbs was given the task of driving forward the
sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the success of her work,
Laura eventually became a permanent member of the team at Asda.

23. Giant panda

The worldwide population of wild giant pandas increased by 268 over the last
decade according to a new survey conducted by the government of China. The
increase in population brings the total number of wild giant pandas to 1,864. The
population increase represents 16.8% rise compared to the last panda survey in
2003. Wild giant pandas, a global symbol of wildlife conservation, are found only
in China's Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu provinces. According to the report,
formally known as the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey, the geographic
range of pandas throughout China also increased. The total area inhabited by
wild giant pandas in China now equals 2,577,000 hectares, an expansion of
11.8% since 2003. “These results are a testament to the conservation
achievements of the Chinese government,” said Xiaohai Liu, executive director of
programs, WWF-China. “A lot of good work is being done around wild giant
panda conservation, and the government has done well to integrate these efforts
and partner with conservation organizations including WWF.” The report, the
fourth in a series of decadal (10 year) surveys conducted by the State Forestry
Administration of China, began in 2011 with financial and technical support from
WWF. Much of the success in increasing the panda population comes as a result
of conservation policies implemented by the Chinese government, including the
Natural Forest Protection Project and Grain for Green.

24. Fallow fields: resting the lands

With a good system of crop rotation, and especially with the addition of any sort
of fertilizer you may be able to come up with, it’s possible to grow crops on a
plot of land for upwards of 2 – 3 years at a time with good results. Ultimately,
though, you must let the land rest if you hope to continue farming there in the
long-run. Allowing a plot of land to rest for a period of time is known as letting
the field go fallow, and there are several reasons for this.

Allowing a field or plot to lie fallow means that you don’t grow anything new on
it, don’t harvest anything and don’t graze any animals on the land for at least a
year. Sometimes a field will lay fallow for two, three or even four years, but the
traditional

standard on many farms was to let a field lie fallow once every 2 – 3 years. This
fallow period allows the land to replenish many of its nutrients. The root
networks of various grasses or groundcovers (like clover) have a chance to
expand and grow, which further strengthens the soil and protects it from
erosion. During the fallow period, there are many beneficial flora and micro-
fauna, including cyanobacteria, which live in the soil. These microorganisms
continue to be active at the root level, steadily improving the quality of the soil
so that when you come back in a year or two, you can begin planting food or
cash crops anew.

25. People-watching observation

According to researchers, the invisibility cloak illusion stems from the belief that
we are much more socially observant than the people around us. This means
that, while we watch and wonder about other people as much as possible, we
often think that people around us are less aware. This illusion occurs because,
while we are fully aware of our own impressions and speculations about other
people, we have no idea about what those other people are thinking unless they
choose to share with us, something that rarely happens except in exceptional
circumstances. To better understand what is happening, it is important to
consider the groundbreaking research by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman
on cognitive biases. When people make judgments about other people in social
situations, they often depend on specific biases such as the availability heuristic,
i.e., that we attach more significance to thoughts that come to mind easily. This
is why we consider thoughts about other people as being more important than
thoughts about inanimate objects. And so, as we look around us, we tend to
focus our thoughts on the people we see and what they happen to be doing.
Which is why people-watching can be so addictive. What adds to the sense that
we are relatively invisible to others is that people tend to be as discreet as
possible about their people-watching. Just because other people aren't sharing
their observations with us, it's easy to pretend that they are not as observant as
we are. Of course, people may share their people- watching observations with
anyone they happen to be with but, for the most part, that only applies to
something remarkable enough to comment on. For most of us, what we are
seeing tends to be extremely private and not to be shared with others.

26. Animals (Most Repeated)

No animal is capable of asking questions or generating problems that are

irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or its evolutionarily-designed needs.
When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn't ask itself why it does so, or whether
there is a better way of doing it. When a swallow flies’ south, it doesn't wonder
why it is hotter in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further south.
Humans do ask themselves these and many other kinds of questions, questions
that have no relevance, indeed make little sense, in the context of evolved
needs and goals. What marks out humans is our capacity to go beyond our
naturally-defined goals such as the need to find food, shelter or a mate and to
establish human-created goals.

27. Males and females

Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established,
even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are
changing tune.

László Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied

the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which
information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101
species. In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing.

Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because either their
songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they
live in less well-studied areas such as the tropics (Behavioral Ecology, DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arl047). Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight.
“He emphasised the importance of male sexual display, and this is what
everyone has been looking at.”

The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an

evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that,
in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these
ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from
their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to
attract mates.
ESSAYS:
1. TV

Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for

disseminating news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What
is your opinion about this?

2. Formal written examination

Formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

3. Decision making

Senior executives should get their employees involved in the decision making
process. What is your opinion in this?

4. Learning

With enough amount of motivation and practice, people can learn anything that
the experts teach in the classroom. Do you agree or not?

5. Voting

In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you agree with
the notion of compulsory voting?

6. Shopping malls (Most Repeated)

Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do
you think this is a good or bad change?

7. Life and work (Most Repeated)

Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly
have time for their personal life. Discuss.

8. Responsibilities (Most Repeated)

Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your
opinion? Support it with personal examples.

9. Advertisement in school

Some people think placing advertisements in school is a great resource for public
schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by
treating them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which
position you most agree with and discuss why you choose that position. Support
your point of view with details from your own experiences, observations or
reading.
10.Migrants

In the 18th century due to industrialization, a lot of people migrated to

developed countries. This affected lifestyle and increased problems in developed
countries. What is your opinion about this?

11. Women in the workplace

Most high-level jobs are done by men. Should governments encourage that a
certain percentage of these jobs be reserved for women? What is your opinions?

12. Mass media

The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, influences our society and
shapes our opinions and characters. What is your opinion? / Mass media have an
influence on human, particularly on younger generation. It plays a vital role on
shaping the opinions of people. What do you think about it?

13. Digital age (Most Repeated)

Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made
us more knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use your own experience to
support.

14. Cashless society (Most Repeated)

Advantages & disadvantages of cashless society

15. Unhealthy lifestyle

Many people are living in poor lifestyle which affected people’s health. List some
unhealthy lifestyles and give some solution suggestions to national health
service.

16. Climate

You are given climate as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain
why you picked this up the particular area of your study?

17. Urbanization

Over half of population lives in cities. Is it a positive or negative development?

18. Pressing problems (Most Repeated)

The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do
you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and
give the solution?

19. Education

“The only thing that interferes with my learning is education.” – Albert Einstein.
What did he mean by that? Do you think he is correct?
20. Communication

Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the

positive and negative impacts of this change.

21. Industrial revolution

Do you believe that the industrial revolution was the main factor for problems in
developed nations?

22. The internet (Most Repeated)

Does the advent of the Internet change the role of teachers? To what extent do
you agree?

23. New language

Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. It is more

positive for their future prospects, though it can also have some adverse effects.
Do you agree or disagree?

24. Social media

What are the pros and cons of staying connected on social media 24 hours a
day?

25. Fun v.s. money

Different people are successful in different fields. Some people work long hours
to get success, but others feel that we should spend free time for fun than
money. Which style closely related to you and explains your opinion?

26. Xenophobia

Xenophobia has accelerated rapidly in the western countries. According to you

what solutions can be proposed by government and individuals?

27. Tourism

Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some
disadvantages. Discuss.

28. Online materials

Online materials like music, movies, xxx are accessible at no cost. Do you think
online material should be accessed at no cost?

29. Library (Most Repeated)

With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than
constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this
position and give your own point of view.
30. Films

For children, use films to study is as important as study literature. To what

extent do you agree?

31. Learn and exams

Some people claim that instead of having to prepare for huge numbers of exams
in school, children should learn more. To what extent do you agree with this
statement?

32. Medical technology (Most Repeated)

The advanced medical technology will expand human’s life. Do you think it is a
blessing or a curse?

33. Experiential learning

Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work
well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is
the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high schools or
colleges?

34. Packaging

Do you think consumers should avoid over-packaged products or is it the

responsibility of manufacturers to avoid extra packaging? Give your views or any
relevant examples based on your own experience.

35. Theatres

There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and
works of theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience

36. A man’s life

Some people say that a man’s life is defined by the place where he grows up.
What is your opinion? Use a celebrity to support your idea.

37. Competitive environment

Is a competitive environment in school or university good or bad? Discuss and

give your own experiences as examples.

38. Invention

Talk about an invention that you think beneficial or harmful.

39. Education

The purpose of education is for workers and good members of society, or

individuals to fulfill their life. Which opinion do you agree with?
READING BLANKS:

1. Effective leaders

In search of lessons to apply in our own careers, we often try to emulate what
effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves
that work in one context may make little sense in another. A more productive,
though more difficult, approach is to look at how such leaders think. After
extensive interviews with more than 50 of them, the author discovered that
most are integrative thinkers -that is, they can hold in their heads two
opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new idea that contains
elements of each but is superior to both.

2. SWIMS

Understanding the number of species, we have in our marine environment is a

basic need if we are to protect and conserve our biodiversity. This is vital in
today's rapidly changing world, not just here in Hong Kong, but especially in
Southeast Asia which holds the world's most diverse marine habitats. SWIMS is
playing a major role in trying to measure and conserve these important
resources, both within Hong Kong but also, together with its regional
collaborators, in Southeast Asia." said Professor Gray A. Williams, the leader of
this study and the Director of HKU SWIMS. The enormous array of marine life in
Hong Kong, however, has yet to receive its desirable level of conservation as
currently only less than 2% of Hong Kong's marine area is protected as marine
parks or reserve as compared with approximately 40 % of our terrestrial area.
The Government has committed to designate more new marine parks in the
coming years. The Brothers Marine Park in the northern Lantau waters will be
launched soon, which will bring Hong Kong's total protected marine area to
more than 2%. The research team welcomed the initiative of the new marine
park while also urging the Hong Kong government to move towards the global
target of at least 10% marine protected area by the year 2020 under United
Nation's Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

3. Promoting good customer service

Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn’t
realize how important this aspect of their business is, they will be at an instant
disadvantage in their industry. Good customer response equates to loyal
customers, which are the cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how
money you invest in your marketing, if you don't much have the fundamental
elements of your business right, it's wasted money.

4. Sigmund Freud

That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-century

culture is not in doubt. Nor is there any doubt that at all times there was both
fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and influence. But the
exact means by which Freud became, despite this hostility, a master of
intellectual life, on a par, already in the 1920s, with Karl Marx, Albert Einstein,
Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not been sufficiently explored. Strikingly,
Freud emerged as a twentieth-century icon without the endorsement and
support of an institution or a profession (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and
Russell). Where are we to look for the details of this story of an emergent - and
new figure of immense cultural authority? One of the principal aims of this book
is to show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site -
Cambridge, then as now a university town stranded in the English Fens with a
relatively small fluctuating population.

5. Global heating

Three degrees does not sound like much, but it represents a rise in
temperature compared with the global heating that occurred between the last
ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century.
When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar regions
as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century
when it is three degrees hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate
of often unbearable heat and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The
consequences for humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the
full impact of the plants and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst case
scenario, there might - in the twenty-second century - be only a remnant of
humanity eking out a diminished existence in the polar regions and the few
remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.

6. Daniel Harris (Most Repeated)

Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until
photography finally supplanted illustration as the “primary means of
advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the
drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s
attitude, posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of
the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that
the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all,
but angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered
in an attitude of introspection; the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish
angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the severity
like an emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin.

7. English language

English is the world's language. Such dominance has its downside, of course.
There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps
twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of
über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now
dying at the rate of about one a fortnight.
8. Kiwi (Most Repeated)

A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to

produce the definitive book on New Zealand's national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A
Natural History was written by Dr. Isabel Castro and features photographs by
Rod Morris. Dr.

Castro has been working with kiwi since 1999, with a focus on their behavior.
"I've specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging,
but also in their interactions with their environment and other kiwi," she says.
The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and closest
relatives to their feeding and breeding behavior and current conservation issues,
making this the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in these
fascinating birds. The book is the second title in a new series on New Zealand's
wildlife, targeted at a family readership.

9. Brain actions

Researchers in Europe and the US wanted to find out exactly what happens to
our brain when we find ourselves stunned with fright in the hope of better
understanding how fear interplays with human anxiety disorders. For the first
time, they traced and linked three parts of the brain responsible for freezing
behaviours: the amygdala, ventrolateral periaqueductal grey region and
magnocellular nucleus. Mice are excellent lab animals where it comes to anxiety
and fear experiments.

When a mouse is scared, its defensive behaviours range from freezing,

attacking, risk assessment or fleeing the scene. How a mouse acts depends on
variables such as access to escape routes or the level of threat faced. So
Andreas Lüthi at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in
Switzerland and colleagues from Europe and the US observed brain activity in
mice placed in frightening situations to trace the brain circuits responsible for
freezing behaviours. In particular, the researchers wanted to learn more about a
part of the brain called the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey region, which was
believed to play some part in a mouse’s instinct to freeze or flee.

10. Job-hunting (Most Repeated)

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you

are marketing a product — yourself — to a potential employer. The first thing
the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every
effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing
properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge
and a positive first impression.

Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of
course, that you are judged. Throughout the entire job-seeking process
employers use short-cuts, heuristics or rules of thumb, to save time. With cover
letters, it’s the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With
resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it’s
how you’re dressed that sets the tone of the interview.

How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but
you should also try and do a little investigating of your prospective employer so
that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the
organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or underdress (the

more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don’t care
enough about the job.

11. Folklore (Most Repeated)

Folklore, a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions,

stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a
given community by processes of repetition is not reliant on the written word.
Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms
embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens,
spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes.
Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or
locality to the next by word of the month are said to constitute an oral
tradition.

11. Edison (Most Repeated)

Like Ben Franklin, Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor.
Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime.
He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When
Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the
time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that
progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions,
earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park" The most famous of his
inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Beside the light bulb, Edison
developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing
moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the
telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius
is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." In tribute to this
important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one
minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

12. Halcyon days (Most Repeated)

Those were his halcyon days when his music was constantly heard in Venice,
and his influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road,
performing

and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's

scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for other instruments.
13. Animals coordination

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord

called the central patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive
muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking,
depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the
CPG to switch between different modes, such as going from a standstill to
walking.

14. Serving on a jury (Most Repeated)

Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for
jury service. A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a
verdict. There are often procedures and requirements, including a fluent
understanding of the language and the opportunity to test jurors' neutrality or
otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or
partial to one side.

15. Dairy farms

A few summers ago I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, which
despite being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similar in
their strengths and vulnerabilities. Both were by far the largest, most
prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective districts. In
particular, each was centered around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for
sheltering and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into
opposite-facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both
farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer,
produced their hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through
the winter, and increased their production of summer fodder and winter hay by
irrigating their fields. The two farms were similar in an area (a few square
miles) and barn size, Huls barn holding somewhat more cows than Gardar barn
(200 vs. 165 cows, respectively). The owners of both farms were viewed as
leaders of their respective societies. Both owners were deeply religious. Both
farms were located in gorgeous natural settings that attract tourists from afar,
with backdrops of high snow-capped mountains drained by streams teaming with
fish, and sloping down to a famous river (below Huls Farm) or 3ord (below
Gardar Farm).

16. Dark energy (Most Repeated)

The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible

substance called dark matter and a force that repels gravity known as dark
energy. Scientists have not yet observed dark matter directly. It doesn't
interact with baryonic matter, and it's completely invisible to light and other
forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect
with current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the
gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters. The
visible universe—including Earth, the sun, other stars, and galaxies—is made of
protons, neutrons, and electrons bundled together into atoms. Perhaps one of
the most surprising discoveries of the 20th century was that this ordinary, or
baryonic, matter makes up less than 5 percent of the mass of the universe.

17. Water security (Most Repeated)

Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment

Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that about one- third of the world's
population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with a
disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population
growth, the task of providing water for human consumption will become
increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but vital
resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states.
The UN is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration
among Member States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the water issue
together with partner UN agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the
UN can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this
field. In this regard, events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm
come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about championing water
issues.

18. Allergies (Most Repeated)

Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically
harmless to most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune
system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your body.
(Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant
pollen, or medicines — are known as allergens.) In an attempt to protect the
body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those
antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the
bloodstream, one of which is histamine (pronounced: HIS-tuh-meen). The
histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal
tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that
same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that every
time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have some form of allergy
symptoms.

19. Leadership

Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking.
It is a bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the
efforts of others. But moral authority does not come from simply managing
people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes
from many sources, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity,
and showing a real and deep understanding of the business in question. All these
factors build

confidence. Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave
unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt and lose their conviction, or
they are blinded by power, lose self-awareness and thus lose connection with
those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has
to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they
understood the difference between right and wrong. It is up to them to abide by
a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not,
we fire them or vote them out.

20. Legal deposit (Most Repeated)

Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the
nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future
published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the material for the
use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the
designated legal deposit libraries. The Legal Deposit Libraries are the British
Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales, the
Bodleian Libraries, Oxford and the University Library, Cambridge. The legal
deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited
publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their
premises, are preserved for the benefit of future generations, and become part
of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the online catalogs and
become an essential research resource for generations to come.

21. Seatbelt

I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a

helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are
prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on
the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on
wheels". But a book on 'Risk' by my colleague John Adams has made me re-
examine my convictions.

Adams has completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible

precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat
belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands
of lives every year. Between 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of
seat belts is compulsory had on average about five percent road accident death
than before the introduction of law. In the United Kingdom road deaths
decreased steadily about seven thousand a year in.

22. Bronze vs Silver (Most Repeated)

In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich

(1995) found that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in
television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that
bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were
the most salient because they were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver)
or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred.
Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic
athletes (among others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons
based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver
medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations
are higher than those of bronze medalists. We provide a test between
expectancy-based versus category- based processing and discuss circumstances
that trigger each type of processing.

23. Southern cone

In the southern cone especially, from Venezuela to Argentina, the region is rising
to overthrow the legacy of external domination of the past centuries and the
cruel and destructive social forms that they have helped to establish. The
mechanisms of imperial control – violence and economic warfare, hardly a
distant memory in Latin America – are losing their effectiveness, a sign of the
shift toward independence. Washington is now compelled to tolerate
governments that in the past would have drawn intervention or reprisal.
Throughout the region a vibrant array of popular movements provides the basis
for a meaningful democracy. The indigenou6s populations, as if in a rediscovery
of their pre-Columbian legacy, are much more active and influential, particularly
in Bolivia and Ecuador. These developments are in part the result of a
phenomenon that has been observed for some years in Latin America: As the
elected governments become more formally democratic, citizens express an
increasing disillusionment with democratic institutions. They have sought to
construct democratic systems based on popular participation rather than elite
and foreign domination.

24. Descendants of the Maya (Most Repeated)

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as

the corn people. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to
acknowledge their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of
their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the calories Mexican
eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So
when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a statement of
fact: The very substance of the Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a
manifestation of this plant.

25. Interdisciplinary center

A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from
the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed
at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way
for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on
research that concerns them both. "This center will bring the two departments
together in an area where they overlap in the physics of the very early
universe," said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical
observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy,
discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's
leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle
accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratory. Dr.
Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university,
called the Center's advent "a very exciting development" for that department.

26. Sales Jobs (Most Repeated)

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of
the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial,
manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently
and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some
form of goals needs to be in place as motive and guide their performance.
Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas.
Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly
goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of
service calls they must perform during a set time period. Production workers in
manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas
such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a
firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople
achieve their performance goals. The success of the business hinges on the
successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the
financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the
sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's
products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.

27. Classic

One of the most important things to remember is that "classic" does not
necessarily translate to "favorite" or "bestselling". Literature is instead
considered classic when it has stood the test of time and it stands the test of
time when the artistic quality it expresses - be it an expression of life, truth,
beauty, or anything about the universal human condition - continues to be
relevant and continues to inspire emotional responses, no matter the period in
which the work was written. Indeed, classic literature is considered as such
regardless of book sales or public popularity. That said, classic literature
usually merits lasting recognition - from critics and other people in a position to
influence such decisions and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of
language as well as technical excellence - is a must, not everything that is well-
written or is characterized by technical achievement or critical acclaim will
automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works that have not been
acknowledged or received positively by the writer's contemporaries or critics
can still be considered as classics.

28. Fluid (Most Repeated)

If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an

unusual way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a
Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential
method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects
involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of
Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was
recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
(SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when
he tried to use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar
systems. The algorithms available at the time were incapable of describing the
complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective
approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of
particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid. SPH has become a
central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution
of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of
planet building.

29. Tomb

The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West
Bank in Luxor but the area in front of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far
from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on the area in
the evening, it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment,
journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the ready. The
reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered the tomb in 1922 the
mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display. Inside the
subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass,
accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were
slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus where it has been
rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then
placed on a wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech,
climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the outer chamber of the
tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now greets
visitors.

30. Herb

A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and

how they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use
of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient
Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions
far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an
Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called
Dioscorides wrote an herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known
as 'De materia medica', it became the most influential work on medicinal plants
in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated
manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul)
survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of
European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for
apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and potions prescribed by
physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by
William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard,
whose illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of
William Morris four centuries later.

31. Foreign policy (Most Repeated)

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border.
No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth.
A state's relation with its neighbors, at least in the formative years, are greatly
influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.

Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of
reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as
handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the core of the
empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas
adjoining the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different.
It is important to note in this connection that the concept of international
boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet
to emerge in India under Mughal rule.

32. Video-conferencing technology (Most Repeated)

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such
intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-
to- face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the
resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has
introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon
Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally
responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held
across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of
international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a
point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however,
can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the
world – with unrivaled transmission quality.

33. Film

Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a
brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an
army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur; we raise money to
make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a
reasonably small sum. Besides, to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't
something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner.
We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film 4, BBC Films and the UK Film
Council, all of these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is
very different to producing in America or even Europe because the economic
dynamic is different.

34. Intelligence comparing

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult. How do you

compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at
intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The
relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence.
Comparing across species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain
than a human simple because it is a large beast, instead we use the
Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of
its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet
are humans, followed by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general
rule, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict
vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce).
Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have large EQ's than
solitary animals.

35. Northern spotted owls

Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the
range of the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify
landscape features that influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no
distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape
features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation
valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene
flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a
“genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls
readily fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls
with potential for long- distance dispersal, landscape features can have an
important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.

36. Push and pull factors (Most Repeated)

People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for
moving can come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push
and pull factors' - those that encourage people to leave a region, and those that
attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move
include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for
work or retiring from work, leaving the congestion of city living, wanting a
more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In
reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a
person or family to move.

37. Bennett (Most Repeated)

In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly
frustrated at how the government seemed to be encouraging an exploitative
farming binge. He went directly after the Department of Agriculture for
misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature;
he thundered in speeches.

38. Architectural Museum

The Edo-Tokyo Tatemono En is an open-air architectural museum, but could be

better thought of as a park. Thirty buildings from the 19th and early 20th
centuries from all around Tokyo were restored and relocated to the space, where
they can be explored by future generations to come. The buildings are a
collection of houses and businesses, shops, and bathhouses, all of which would
have been present on a typical middle-class street from Edoera to Showaera
Tokyo. The west section is residential, with traditional thatched roof bungalows
of the 19th century. Meiji-era houses are also on view, constructed in a more
Western style after Japan opened its borders in 1868. The Musashino Sabo Cafe
occupies the ground floor of one such house, where visitors can enjoy a cup of
tea. Grand residences like that of Korekiyo Takahashi, an early 20th century
politician assassinated over his controversial policies, demonstrate how the
upper class lived during that time period. The east section is primarily
businesses from the 1920s and ‘30s, preserved with their wares on display.
Visitors are free to wander through a kitchenware ship, a florist’s, an umbrella
store, a bar, a soy sauce shop, a tailor’s, a cosmetics shop, and an inn complete
with an operational noodle shop.

39. Opportunity cost (Most Repeated)

Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do,

there is always a trade-off. We must trade off one thing for another because
resources are limited and can be used in different ways. By acquiring something,
we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The
notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions
involve several alternatives. For example, if you spend an hour studying for an
economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue other activities. To
determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the
best of these “other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to
studying economics are studying for a history exam or working in a job that pays
$10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time than
working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points
you could have received on a history exam if you studied history instead of
economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative, the opportunity cost
of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.

40. Primates

With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among
the most attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals
live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size makes it easy for them
to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs,
and snails.

Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor
teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving
telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they have finished. But as
vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets
and tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.

41. SpaceX (Most Repeated)

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at
1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an
uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day
carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a
promising development for the US human spaceflight program,” said Robyn
Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a teleconference with the
media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would
consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we prove
out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for
a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.” SpaceX hopes to
win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station
using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these
trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.

42. History books (Most Repeated)

What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but
what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to
be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past
should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history
lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England and
Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was
the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about
it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time,
Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the
question of content. There were two main camps on this issue – those who
thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who favored
what was referred to as 'world history'.

43. Professor Phoenix

Moreover, for Professor David Phoenix, the dean of the faculty of science and
technology, the return of single-honours chemistry is a matter of credibility and
pride. "If you say you're a science faculty, you have to have all the core
sciences, and this course will mean we attract a new supply of potential Masters
and PhD students in chemistry." Phoenix is adamant that the new course will
teach solid chemistry, but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a
teaching approach that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate.
This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as
how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study, he
says, students will be exposed to the same core chemistry unchanged over
decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more engaging and more
likely to lead to more fundamental learning. It is an approach that symbolizes
chemistry} ’s recent success story: moving with the times, while holding fast to
the subject’s essential role as a building block of science and technological
advance.

44. Alchemy

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people

attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there
was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart no list of
elements, to the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons,
gluons, and quarks. Instead, it was made of substances, and one substance-say,
walnut oil - could be just as pure as another - say, silver - even though modern
chemistry would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous.
Without knowledge of atomic structures how would it be possible to tell
elements from compounds?

45. Intractable debt

Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development

abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate
is both timely and interesting as it subsumes the economic debate to the
broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in
developing countries.

Debt-for Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for

a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including
accounting and finance); non-Govemment organizations (NGOs); civil society
groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector
organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor has developed an
international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an
Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for
development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes
from aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and contribute to
regional security.

46. Life expectancy

Life expectancy: Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and
internationally recognized indicators of population health. It focuses on the
length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the
general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long
Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life would be a
desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure
exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress
Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth
improved for both sexes. A girl born in

2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to
79. 3 years. Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more
than girls'(3.1 compared with 2. 1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes'
life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases
in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately,
life expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in
Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples.

47. Complementary therapies (Most Repeated)

Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths,

chiropractors, and acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in
Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with
enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact
and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of complementary
therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances
of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.

48. Parliament (Most Repeated)

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse
copyright can confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for
artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original one, which can go
on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth
that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade
Agreement with the US which required the extension of copyright to 70 years
after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the
ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her
whodunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A.
Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandals are that been peasants
politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which
depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much
more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so, they have
betrayed our trust.

49. Egg-eating snakes

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs.
Some eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has
no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone.
The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat.

50. Artists
In the U.S, artists in the mid-1950s began to create a bridge to Pop. Strongly
influenced by Dada and its emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects,
artists increasingly worked with college, consumer products, and a healthy dose
of irony. Jasper Johns reimagined iconic imagery like the American flag Robert
Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects and Larry Rivers
used images of mass-produced goods. All three are considered American
forerunners of Pop.

51. Spanish speakers

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to

understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not
necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use
neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US
schools. The confusion is partly political — the Spanish — speaking world is very
diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This
means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect
taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland"
Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America.
While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary,
residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally
speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted
for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was
spoken in Spain in the sixteenth centuries and was brought to the Americans by
the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and northern Spain, called
Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These
include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th". In Madrid, "gracias" (thank
you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras- see-as" in Latin America).
Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the
informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much
like British English sounds to US residents.

52. New Zealand

Twelve hundred miles east of Australia lay the islands of New Zealand. Long
before they were discovered by Europeans, a Polynesian race of warriors, the
Maoris, had sailed across the Pacific from the northeast and established a
civilization notable for the brilliance of its art and the strength of its military
force. When Captain Cook visited these islands towards the end of the 18th
century, he estimated that the population numbered about a hundred thousand.

53.Countries

What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many
countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've
explored the whole planet; we have international travel, satellite navigation and
plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know
how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies
according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but
others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a
straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally
agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries
find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.

54. Genetically modified foods

Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is

not noticeably better or cheaper. The greater benefit proponents argue, is
that genetic engineering will play a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning
population. Opponents disagree, asserting that the world already grows more
food per person than ever before - more, even than we can consume.
READING Writing BLANKS:
Question1 (Most Repeated)

Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great [diversity] to ancestors
that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last
10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.

This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a [major] source of
diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of [biological]
diversity on Earth. The finding runs [counter] to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself.

Question2

Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures
[revealed] today. Fewer children played truant this spring term compared with
the spring term last year. Children missed 3 unauthorized days of school last
term, compared with 3.7 days of school in the same [period] last year. But a
[hardcore] group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for
more than three-quarters of all those on unauthorized absence, are more likely
to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period last

year. Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their
school last term, [compared] with 0.9% for the same term last year.

Question3

Symbiosis is a general term for [interspecific] interactions in which two species

live together in a long-term, [intimate] association. In everyday life, we
sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a relationship that [benefits] both
parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can
include close, lasting relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects
on the participants.

Question4 (Most Repeated)

Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and
conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. One is
the desire to start

again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have

demolished the settlement, or fire [destroyed] it, or the new city [marks] a
new political beginning.

The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: [established] settlements

attract people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their
arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established
city [unless] its development has been almost completely [accidental] or is
lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the
beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good
example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which was
[surveyed] in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people
would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came.

Question5 (Most Repeated)

Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in
the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as
likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet [revolution], which
has greatly increased the [volume] and range of course materials available
online in the past five years.

The [temptation] now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't

need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of
Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in
the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes
are generally well [attended] for the early weeks, it often does not last.

"There is concern at the university level about student attendance [dropping]

and why students are not coming to lectures." Dr Krause said. But lecturers'
pride - and [fierce] competition among universities for students - mean few are
willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.

Question6

The article subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the 'Corporate Culture'
literature to critical scrutiny, the body of the article is [devoted] to teasing out
the distinctive basis of

its appeal compared with earlier management [theory]. It is seen to build upon
earlier efforts (e.g. 'theory Y') to constitute a self-disciplining form of employee
subjectivity by asserting that 'practical autonomy' is [conditional] upon the
development of a strong corporate culture.

The paper illuminates the dark side of this project by drawing attention to the
subjugating and totalitarian [implications] of its excellence quality prescriptions.
To this end, [parallels] are drawn with the philosophy of control favored by the
Party in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty- Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the
'double think' contention that autonomy can be realized in mono cultural
conditions that systematically [constrain] opportunities to wrestle with
competing values standpoints and their associated life projects.

Question7 (Most Repeated)

In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics
comes from the Greek [root] "to build." Putting these two words together, we
get the term plate tectonics, which [refers] to how the Earth's surface is built of
plates. The theory of plate tectonics [states] that the Earth's outermost layer is
[fragmented] into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving
[relative] to one another.
Question8 (Most Repeated)

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and
use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The
music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – [reflects]
who we are.

But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that
may not have a definitive answer. One [leading] researcher, however, has
proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in
the loving bond between mother and child.

In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born

professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally
spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers [adopt] when speaking
to infants and toddlers.

As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes
occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more
fragile infants and a [critical] need for stronger relationships between mothers
and their newborn babies.

According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria,

‘motherese’ arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help
[ensure] an infant’s survival.

Question9

No two siblings are the same, not even [identical] twins. Parents often
[puzzle] about why their children are so different from one another. They'll say,
'I [brought] them l up all the same.' They forget that what [determines] our
behaviour isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us,
and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way. However, it is
possible to [group] sibling relationships under three [broad] headings - close,
distant, and anxious attachment.

Question10 (Most Repeated)

Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in

Melbourne, and PhD student Anita Schneider, recently [tested] a new wrinkle
cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a liquid containing
Myoxinol, a patented [extract] of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of
their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol.
Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self- assessment,
photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results
were [impressive]. After a month the [depth] and number of wrinkles on the
Myoxinol- treated side were reduced by approximately 27 per cent.

But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be

published in a scientific journal. It’s hard to even find studies that show the
active ingredients in cosmetics [penetrate] the skin, let alone more
comprehensive research on their effects.

Even when [rigorous] studies are commissioned, companies usually control

whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.

Question11

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly [representing] the interests of

peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The [extent] to which
they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural
relative to the urban population. The other is a matter of social [integration]:
for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or
peasantry must not be integrated with the other [major] sections of society.
Thus a country might possess a sizable rural population but have an economic
system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their
incomes, not to their [occupations] or location.

Question12

People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the
modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well,
partly because of [straightforward] error, and partly because explicit ideas are
hard to [convey] accurately: there is no way to download them directly from
one brain to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a
language will not give identical definitions of [every] word. So it can be only
rarely, if ever, that two people hold [precisely] the same cultural idea in their
minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or
a religion dies, or even before, schisms typically happen. The movement's most
devoted followers are often shocked to [discover] that they disagree about
what its doctrines really are.

Question13

Look at the recent-Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times.

Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the [current]
time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Welch and General Electric, and Bill
Gates, and Microsoft. Neither have achieved their world class status [through]
playing nice. Welch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his
business through and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions.
Microsoft one of the [highest] profile cases of bullying market dominance of
recent times - and Gates has been able to achieve financial status where he can
choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.

Question14

Timing is important for revision. Have you [noticed] that during the school day
you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you
don't like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on some [occasions] you
just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that
particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent [effort] from you. The same is true of
revision. Your mental and physical [attitudes] are important. If you try to
revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision
will be [inefficient] and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh,
alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster.
However, if you make no plans and just [slip] in a little bit of revision when you
feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable
so you don't keep putting it off.

Question15

Economic dimension of globalization [involves] the international financial

institutions i.e. the IMF & WB. Stabilization and adjustment are sponsored by the
two [respectively] and are rooted in the ideology of free market. At the other
end of the spectrum, protesters see globalization in a very different light than
the treasury secretary of the United States, or the finance or trade ministers of
most of the advanced industrial countries. The difference in [views] is so great
that one wonders, are the protestors and the policymakers talking about the
same [phenomenon]? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions of
those in [power] are so clouded by special and particular interests?

Question16

In search of lessons to [apply] in our own careers, we often try to emulate what
effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves
that work in one context may make little sense in another. A more
[productive], though more difficult, approach is to look at how such leaders
[think]. After extensive interviews with more than 50 of them, the author
discovered that most are [integrative] thinkers -that is, they can hold in their
heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new idea that
contains elements of [each] but is superior to both.

Question17 (Most Repeated)

Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of

[tremendous] intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists
were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
thousands of [species] new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the
complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of its [value] to
humankind.

Question18

It's that time again: exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you
wonder where the year's gone already. You start [wondering] how you going to
cope with it all. Fear and [anxiety] are insidious things and they can take hold if
you don't do something about them. This amounts to a bad type of stress which
is just what you don't need, especially at this time of year. This is not to say that
all anxiety is bad, however. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more
motivated and more [purposeful]. It can help you to plan your work and to
think more clearly and [logically] about it. In other words, it can help you to
stay on top of things. So how can you limit your stress and stay in control?
There are a number of practical things you can do, even at this late stage before
the exams. Don't give up hope, even if you start to feel snowballed when you
think of the all the work you have to do. First of all, it's essential to get yourself
organized. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things
you have to do to [prepare] for the exams. If you feel there's too much to do,
then work out priorities for your work. Outstanding assignments should take
priority but make sure to leave time for [revision] of your lecture notes.

Question19 (Most Repeated)

For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living
away from home for an [extended] period. It is a [definite] break from home.
In my point of view, this is the best thing that you can do. I know you have to
fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself
without your parents but the truth is some time in your life you are going to
have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But they are only just a phone call
away, and it is really good to have some QUALITY TIME without them. The first
few weeks can be a [lonely] period. There may be concerns about forming the
friendship.

When new students look around, it may seem that everyone else is self-
confident and [socially] successful! The reality is that everyone has the same
concerns.

Increased personal freedom can feel both wonderful and [frightening].

Students can come and go as they choose with no one to hassle them. The
strange environment with new kinds of procedures and new people can create
the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to be
expected. You meet so many more people in the halls

than if you stayed at home. The main points about living away from home are
NO PARENTS! You don't have to tell them where you're going, who you're going
with, what time you'll be coming, why you're going etc. etc.

You learn various social skills you have to get along with your roommates Living
with them can present special, sometimes intense, problems. Negotiating
respect of personal property, personal space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can
be a complex task. The complexity increases when roommates are of different
[backgrounds] with very different values. It is unrealistic to expect that
roommates will be best friends. Meaningful, new relationships should not be
expected to develop overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy
in high school friendships the same will be true of intimacy in university
friendships.
Question20

Alaska's the Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to [shipwrecks]. They
have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran
[aground] near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic
[archipelago] in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the
ship's infestation [scurried] ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there
have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.

Question21 (Most Repeated)

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were
recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that
sense, share a common cultural [heritage]. Although in close proximity to one
another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations
by world [standards]. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on
many fronts. In terms of population [characteristics], Australia and New
Zealand have much in common. Both countries have minority indigenous
populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady
stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both
countries have [experienced] similar declines in fertility since the high levels
recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that
both countries are faced with an ageing population, and the [associated]
challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing group
within the community.

Question22

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans

Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth
Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of
adults. Of course, all three had to work and [interact] with adults, but all three
really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran
a puppet theatre and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he
wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands
of editions since the 19th century.

Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen's
works: "The Ugly Duckling," "The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Nightingale,"
"The Little Mermaid," "The Match Girl," and many others. Though, as with most
folk and fairy tales, they [strike] adult re-readers much differently than they do
young first-time readers.

Charming tales of ducks who feel [awkward] because they don't fit in, only to
exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-
identifiable messages: don't tease people because they're different; don't fret
about your being different because someday you'll discover what special [gifts]
you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen's tales (including "The Ugly Duckling,"
which is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more [painful]
thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous--in general, the
things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but
it's not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they
manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

Question23

The exponential growth of the internet was [heralded], in the 1990s, as

revolutionizing the production and [dissemination] of information. Some
people saw the internet as a means of [democratizing] access to knowledge.
For people [concerned] with African development, it seemed to offer the
possibility of [leapfrogging] over the technology gap that separates Africa from
advanced industrialized countries.

Question24 (Most Repeated)

Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as [early] as

1550. These [primitive] railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which
horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.
Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.

By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
Wagonways evolved into Tramways and spread throughout Europe. Horses still
provided all the pulling power. In 1789, an English man, William Jessup designed
the first wagons with [flanged] wheels. The flange was a groove that allowed
the wheels to grip the rail better; this was an important design that carried over
to later locomotives.

Question25 (Most Repeated)

For a start, we need to change our [concept] of 'retirement', and we need to

change mind- sets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of
high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement.

Today, government encourages them to [delay] their retirement. We now need

to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers
[gradually] reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in
how they combine their work and non-work time.

We also need to recognize the broader change that is occurring in how people
work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship
between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of
jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the
[barriers] between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible
conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements.

They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so

that the needs of employers and employees can be met [simultaneously]. This
approach supports the different transitions that occur across the life course – for
example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care
of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.

Question26 (Most Repeated)

"Sustainable job growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the

aftermath of a recession. The problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and
may be seen as [hindering] job growth.

The sentiment 'any job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as
well as people, especially in the context of high unemployment. However, if the
[balance] between improving the quality of [existing] jobs and creatingnew
jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work
stress among [current] and future workers, which in turn has health, economic
and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at
Work highlights these [concerns], and describes the context, determinants and
consequences of work-related stress in Britain.

Question27 (Most Repeated)

In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and
[multifaceted]. There are as many causes of non-attendance as there are non-
attenders. Each child has his/her own [unique] story, and whilst there may
often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child
demands and [deserves] an individual response, tailored to meet his/her
individual needs. This applies [equally] to the 14-year-old who fails to attend
school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-old who fails to
attend because he/she is [embarrassed] about changing for PE in front of
peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and to the seven-year-old who
is teased in the playground because he/she does not wear the latest designer-
label clothes.

Question28

Stress that tense feeling often connected to have too [much] to do, too many
bills to pay and not enough time or money is a common emotion that knows few
[borders]. About three fourths of people in the US, Australia, Canada, France,
Germany, Italy say they [experience] stress on a daily basis, according to
[polling]. The anxious feelings are even more intense during the holidays.
Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People
in the US cited financial pressure as the top worry.

Question29

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity
of its cross-cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal
[powerfully] to real needs in the capitalist [society]. Disney’s marketing is
unique because it captured the [symbolic] essence of childhood but the
company has gained access to all public communication media. Movies,
television shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all
point to the parks and each other.

Question30

Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized

mechanisms, occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main
[characteristics] to arbitration. The first is that it is a voluntary process under
which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be [bound] by the
judgment of a third party which has no other authority over them; the
judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no
clear body of [law] or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject
to any prior agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis
of justice is deemed [suitable].

Question31

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity doing

something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and
energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece Citizen Kane, at twenty-
five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating
at age thirty-two, with Moby-Dick. Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano
Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms,
like lyric poetry, the [importance] of precocity has hardened into an iron law.
How old was T.S. Eliot when he wrote The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock (I grow
old ... I grow old)? Twenty-three. Poets peak young, the creativity researcher
James Kaufman maintains, the author of Flow agrees: “The most creative lyric
verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard
psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading [authority] on creativity, “Lyric poetry
is a [domain] where [talent] is discovered early, burns brightly, and then
peters out at an early age.”

Question32

Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger or so says a
new study from Harvard University, which shows that another person’s
experience is often more [informative] than your own best guess. The study,
which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert,
professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller stumbling
on Happiness, along with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also of
Harvard, and

Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia. If you want to know how much you
will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone else
enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself says Gilbert.
"Rather than closing our eyes and [imagining] the future, we should examine
the experience of those who have been there.
Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has
shown that people have difficulty predicting what they will like and how much
they will like it, which [leads] them to make a wide variety of poor decisions.
Interventions aimed at [improving] the accuracy with which people imagine
future events have been generally unsuccessful.

Question33

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the

Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations,
conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great outdoors
[aboard] the Russian-flagged.

Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in

1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on
board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and
history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented
on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a [growing] cause of debate as ice melts,
new shipping routes open, and natural resources become [accessible].
Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The
Arctic Grail.

Question34

Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before
1800, alcohol and opium had [little] success in easing pain during operations.
Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain
and patients [remained]

conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and lasted
a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick
afterwards. It was highly [flammable] and was transported in heavy glass
bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side effects.
However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because
of the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to [regulate] the dosage.

Question35

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to its

unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter,
the organization can take [action] on a wide range of issues and provide a
forum for its 193 Member States to [express] their views, through the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other
bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations reaches every [corner]
of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict
[prevention], and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the
United Nations and its system (specialized agencies, funds, and programmes)
affect our lives and make the world a better place.

Question36 (Most Repeated)

Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere every year but the gas is usually [harmless]. When a volcano
erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't
[concentrated] in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped
[underground] under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a
dense [cloud], it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.

Question37 (Most Repeated)

Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of shark’s
[personalities] may help scientists learn more about what drives their choice of
things like prey and [habitat]. Some sharks are shy, and some are outgoing
some are [adventurous], and some prefer to stick close to what they know,
information that could prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide
behavior [patterns].
REORDER PARAGRAPHS:

1. Lindbergh (Most Repeated)

 After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as
the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of
Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
 He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois,
Peoria and Chicago.
 During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the
mail under any circumstances.
 After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and
immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to
advise him to send a truck.

2. SEPAHUA (Most Repeated)

 SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle,

nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into
the Urubamba.
 That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched
between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from
the town. “Boundaries are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only
in Lima,” the capital.
 In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to
regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where
this is allowed.
 It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
 Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map,
with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage
strict management plans and sustainable extraction.

3. Bankrupt

 In MontCat have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for

cleanup in either of two ways.
 Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company
bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business
efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear
responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
 If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted
by cleanup costs (as in the case of ARCO that I shall discuss below), the
company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the
costs.
 In either case, either the mine site or areas downstream of it remain
toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government
and the
  Montana state government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the
cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state
fund.

4. Foreign aid (Most Repeated)

 But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
 Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into
curbing their bad practices.
 Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.
 Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent
than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in
power.

5. Sustainable development (Most Repeated)

 Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still

believe in both.
 The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable
development as” development which meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
 Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development
could not be systained. Is this true?
 Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to
new technologies and huge improvements in living standards.
 To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future
generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating
sense that we are living on borrowed time.

6. Computer Science

 Why Applied Computer Science?

 Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to
solve computer- related problems.
 With rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed
constantly, it is hard to say what those problems will be.
 One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out.

7. Copernicanism

 The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth

century transformed not only the natural philosophic leanings of
astronomers but also the store of conceptual material accessible to writers
of fiction.
 During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose,
namely that of the scientific cosmic voyage.
  Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional
characters’ journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
 In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves
earth-like in character.
 Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate
the seventeenth- century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the
Copernican framework.

8. Palaus

 Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from
the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and
activity of our brains.
 They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked
at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in
brain functionality and or behavior.
 The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains
perform, and even their structure.
 For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies
found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such
as sustained attention or selective attention.

9. Science and technology (Most Repeated)

 It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology

are important.
 Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some
fairly recent developments in science and technology.
 Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument.
 But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our
communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.

10. Poor students

 England’s most selective universities must do more to attract teenagers

from disadvantaged backgrounds if they want to charge higher tuition
fees, the country’s fair access watchdog has warned.
 Professor Les Ebdon, director of Fair Access to Higher Education, has said
universities can no longer make excuses about the number of poorer
students they take on.
 In a statement issued yesterday, Prof Ebson dismissed the argument from
the country’s most selective universities, which claim that young people
from poorer backgrounds generally secure worse grades.
 Such defenses from the country’s most elite universities “do not hold
water”, Prof Ebdon said, as he urged the institutions to do more to widen
their intakes.
11. Easier said than Done

 In 'Easier Said than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might
find it hard to live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting
adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms.
 Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioral science for
strategies that people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate
lifestyle changes.
 These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive
to not follow through on an intention.
 Changing existing behavior can be a difficult task, but with the help of
these strategies new behaviors can become habitual, facilitating a long-
term sustained healthy lifestyle

12. American housing

 Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to

government data released on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the
fastest rate in 13 years.
 House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 percent
from a year ago to $239,800.
 The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month,
while inventories of unsold homes stood at 537,000.
 The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 percent to an annual
rate of 166,000.
 Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said:
"Builders will probably have to continue to work off bloated stocks of
finished homes for most of 2007."
 However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as a
cause for concern but remains curiously.

13. Repeat photography project

 In 1997 Lisa McKeon, a physical scientist with the United States

Geological Survey who works in the park, came across a pair of historic
photographs depicting the glaciers she studies.
 Over the years, countless photos of the majestic park have been snapped,
and many of those have become part of the park’s official archive,
spanning over a century.
 It was a lightbulb moment: Why not use the old photos to create a
timeline of the morphing glaciers, and add new photos every year?
 The Repeat Photography Project was born

14. Easier said than done

 Many of us know what we should be doing to live healthily, yet many of us

struggle to actually actively manage our health.
  In 'Easier Said than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might
find it hard to live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting
adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms.
 Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioral science for
strategies that people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate
lifestyle changes.
 Changing existing behavior can be a difficult task, but with the help of
these strategies new behaviors can become habitual, facilitating a long-
term sustained healthy lifestyle.

15. Restaurant

 The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the

city has long been known as a major factor in its likely success or failure.
 Once restaurants are established in such environments, they can do little
about their location.
 All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
 Restaurateurs often do this by engaging in battles with local authorities
about car parking.

16. Railway

 Ever since the completion of the Great Western Railway, in the 1840s,
intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass near
Bath, England.
 The question was this: did the railway’s creator, Isambard Kingdom
Brunel, really have the tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun
rose on his birthday—April 9th—it would be flooded with light?
 This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decided to
test the rumor once and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
 “When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-
shape,” communications manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
 While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers
generously chalked that up to centuries of dirt and grime.

17. Botanical conservation

 The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International) has revealed

that more than 60,000 species of trees are available globally. The
organization compiled the list of trees on the basis of data gathered from
its network of 500 members organizations.
 The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two
years from sources including over 500 published contents and 80 experts
in the BCGI’s network.
 BGCI in collaboration with the International Union for Conservation of
nature identified 60,065 tree species currently living on earth.
 Of that number, more than half were found to only occur in a single
country, which could suggest an increased vulnerability to threats, said
the authors of the database.
18. Sloths and birds

 A Technology for recording brainwaves in wild animals awakens a more

sophisticated understanding of the function of sleep. Studies using
miniature sleep recording devices known as neurologgers have already
challenged several long-held beliefs about the sleeping habits of sloths
and birds.
 Three toed sloths, for example, sleep far less than once thought.
 And male sandpipers can go almost entirely without sleep during the
three-week breeding season, helping maximize success at that time.
 Now John Lesku of La Trobe University in Melbourne and his colleagues
are using neurologgers to investigate whether light pollution interferes
with the circadian rhythms of tammar wallabies in Australia.

19. Rugby

 Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major

sporting events: imagining the nation is easier when there is a national
team playing another nation (Hobsbawm, 1990).
 Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon,
being perhaps the main thing that unites people in Wales.
 In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in
Wales share.
 From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation
– with the sport providing both widespread interest and one of the few
positive associations of outsiders’ perceptions of Wales.

20. Reading

 Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate their

communication into another medium, and in this case the medium
provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
 So reading is a very special ability that we have.
 Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be
taught to read, write and spell.
 So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have
the abilities necessary to master reading, it is something that most of us
only accomplish through the direct help of others.

21. Earthquake (Most Repeated)

 At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were
awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city.
 The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute
and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the
800-mile San Andreas fault.
 But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the
great fire that followed.
  The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and,
in some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for
their property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).

22. Elephants

 Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to

monitor that country’s dwindling elephant population. They took along
three drones, which they planned to use to count the elephants, follow
their herds, and map their migrations.
 Only things didn’t exactly go as planned.
 The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet
to 300 feet above them. And it wasn't just that the elephants noticed
them; in many cases, the elephants were clearly agitated. Some of them
took off running. In at least one case, an elephant used her trunk to hurl
mud in the drone’s direction. “She had her baby with her,55 said Missy
Cummings, the director of Duke’s Robotics Lab.
 The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because
drones, it turns out, sound a lot like bees. And elephants do not like bees.
At all.

23. Jean Briggs

 Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has
described how, within these communities, growing up is largely seen as a
process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding (known in Inuit as
ihuma).
 Young children don't possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry
frequently and are incapable of understanding the external difficulties
facing the community, such as shortages of food.
 Because they can't be reasoned with, and don't understand, parents treat
them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency.
 It's only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents
attempt to teach them or discipline them.

24. New Ventures (Most Repeated)

 New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the

world’s most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia,
India, Indonesia and Mexico.
 We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked
with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear,
measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water
use, and sustainable agriculture.
 Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
 For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar,
refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases
them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
25. Ecological footprint

 Ecological footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of

nature.
 On the demand side, the ecological footprint measures the ecological
assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources it
consumes.
 It tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas; cropland,
grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon
demand on land.
 On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s bio-capacity represents the
productivity of its ecological assets.
 Both the ecological footprint and bio-capacity are expressed in global
hectares— globally comparable, standardized hectares with world
average productivity.

26. Tectonic plate

 The mantle makes up 84 percent of Earth’s volume, and though it’s solid
rock, over the course of millions of years, it behaves like a liquid.
 This leads the tectonic plates on top to slowly jostle one another.
 The buildup and sudden release of friction from this movement can cause
earthquakes.
 The movement also creates gaps in tectonic plates, which reduce the
pressure on the mantle beneath it, allowing it to melt and push through.

27. Airbnb

 Back in 2008 a small company in San Francisco called Airbnb had a

dream.
 People with spare bedrooms would welcome strangers into their homes
and share restaurant recommendations with them for a small fee.
 Fast forward to 2016 and the big, successful Airbnb is considered a
mainstay of what we now call "the sharing economy".
 It is also the business that defines the mentality of the millennial.

28. Painting and photography

 Dependence, rivalry, envy, emulation: painting and photography, like

members of a dysfunctional yet inseparable family, just cannot cast off
lineages of influence and appropriation.
 Photography, from its appearance in 1839, looked to painting for
fundamental models of depiction.
 Yet it threw the older medium into crisis, removing at a stroke painting’s
unique capacity to bear witness.
 How these two media leapfrogged through the Victorian age, defining
themselves against one another, is the subject of Tate Britain’s exhibition
Painting with Light.
29. European Union (Most Repeated)

 The European Union has two big fish problems.

 One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its
own fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
 The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.
 The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West
Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of
Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
 As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way
as ours.

30. Summer school

 The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the eleventh
neutron summer school at Chalk River on May 8 – 13, 2011.
 The aim of the school is to cover a wide range of topics associated with
thermal neutron scattering, including powder diffraction, stress analysis,
texture, reflectometry, and small-
 angle neutron scattering together with the underlying theory associated
with neutron scattering.
 The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by
people in any of these fields.
 For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering's
Neutron Summer School.

31. Karl Marx

 Karl Marx is arguably the most of the most famous political philosopher of
all time, but he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the
nineteenth century.
 During his 11 years writing for the New York Tribune - their collaboration
began in 1852 - Marx tackled an abundance of topics, from issues of class
and the state to world affairs.
 Particularly moving pieces' highlight social inequality and starvation in
Britain, while others explore his groundbreaking viewson the slave and
opium trades - Marx believed Western powers relied on these and would
stop at nothing to protect their interests.
 Above all, Marx’s fresh perspective on nineteenth-century events
encouraged his readers to think, and his writing is surprisingly relevant
today.

32. Speak English well (Most Repeated)

 Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or

academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a
pretty high level.
  Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high
achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them.
 Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little
idea how difficult it is to master another language.
 Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty
and informal.
 This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial
expressions, it makes comprehension harder.

33. University of Otago Center

 University of Otago Center of International Health co-directors Professor

Philip Hill and Professor John Crump share a view that global health is a
multidisciplinary activity.
 In their work - from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia
and beyond -they tap into a wide range of expertise from across the
University, including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
 They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and
aid agencies around the world.
 For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a
collaborative tuberculosis research project in Indonesia, with the
University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java, undertaking European
Commission-funded research into the causative links between infectious
and non-communicable diseases in this case tuberculosis (TB) and
diabetes mellitus.

34. Mario de Andrade

 Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here,

dispatched a four- member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern
hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
 The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as
possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began
transforming the region's distinctive culture.
 They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano
carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen,
dance troupes and even children at play.
 But the Brazilian mission's collection ended up languishing in vaults here.

35. Higher Income

 Most people expect and achieve higher income. They desire a greater
purchasing power...
 Some people maintain a same income.
 Thus, their purchasing power has been eaten away by the inflation rate.
36. Internet

 Decades ago, we connected computers and got today’s powerful Internet.

 In the last few years, we started to connect everyday objects using
machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies, to create the Internet of Things.
 But what does this really mean to you, your company and your country?
What are the possibilities it offers, and the threats it poses?

37. Journalists (Most Repeated)

 Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they

invariably share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which
they work.
 Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a
particular issue.
 Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an
issue as it is to invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential
debate.
 Some perspectives ultimately are not included

38. International Economics (Most Repeated)

 International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which

each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and
follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.
 The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot
topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment,
financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate
policies.
 New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into
MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies
the text.
 Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage
practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information,
visit MyEconLab.

39. Technology Revolutions

 Sometime about a million and a half years ago, some forgotten genius of
the hominid world did an unexpected thing.
 He (or very possibly she) took one stone and carefully used it to shape
another.
 The result was a simple teardrop-shaped hand-axe, but it was the world's
first piece of advanced technology.
 It was so superior to existing tools that soon others were following the
inventor's lead and making hand-axes of their own.
 Eventually whole societies existed that seemed to do little else.
40. Graduation

 During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable
and omnipotent.
 We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of
a certain company we would have done this, or if we had been the banker
on that deal we would have structured it like that.
 Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical
information about the case, we were able to solve complex business
problems with relative ease.
 We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the
case.
 The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our
decisions would be unpredictable.
 So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the
back of our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we
really up to the challenge?"

41. Motivation of employee

 The job of a manger in the workplace is to get things done through the
employees. In order to do this, the manager should be able to motivate
its employees.
 However, this easier said than done.
 Motivation practice and theory are difficult, complex subjects touching on
several disciplines.

42. Tree ring (Most Repeated)

 Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they
exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.
 The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date
recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
 However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they
can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
 For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, —tree timell) dates
wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which,
in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.

43. Desert festival

 The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the

Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
 It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of
Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
 Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to
negotiate.
 The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-
day feast of music and dance.
44. Choosing Schools

 There are more than 100 schools in the country.

 Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and having a look.
You should go and see once you have a chance.
 You can see the facilities and accommodations around the school. Because
you might be living there.
 And they can be helpful to your study as well.

45. Investigation for Children's Medicine

 A major review of antidepressants has found they are largely ineffective

and may even be harmful for children and teens' depression in the
Amazon.
 The true effectiveness and risk of serious harms is found in the borders of
Amazon such as suicidal thoughts remain unclear because of the small
number of trials and the selective reporting findings in published trials and
clinical study reports.
 The study authors recommend that 'children and adolescents taking
antidepressants should be carefully monitored closely and permanently,
however, prohibits the study of children's antidepressants.
 This was widely opposed by multi-billion companies that have already
invested antidepressants.
 It is therefore recommended a child could self-reproach starting with a
low dose and build up gradually within to prevent the side effects.

46. Teenagers and Fruits

 Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic
disease. So it's important to know whether intakes of teens are
approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption.
 Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the
study to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their
intake of fruits and vegetables.
 The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among
944 boys and 1.161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004.
 Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than
in 1999. Larson and colleagues found.
 This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to
increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven't been doing in the past

47. Memory loss (Most Repeated)

 In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease

that wiped out his memory.
 Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every
day he didn't have the foggiest idea.
  Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to
the kitchen to get something to eat.
 Studies of this man led scientists to break through: the part of our brains
where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
 It offered proof of what the US psychologist Willian James noticed more
than a century ago that humans "are mere walking bundles of habits."

48. Time management

 Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting

themselves into the limit. They go to work very early, from 7:00 to 8:00.
 And they went home very late, some even overwork.
 Many managers find the employee's performance column is decreasing.
 They (manager) should avoid this phenomenon because this is not good
for the company.

49. Traffic Accidents

 Road safety analyses of driver behavior have traditionally concentrated on

the role of the male driver.
 While this is in keeping with the fact that the majority of drivers involved
in fatal crashes are male, the relative proportion of fatal crashes involving
female drivers has been steadily increasing over many decades.
 Thus, while virtually all drivers killed 45 years ago were male, the
percentage of female driver fatalities had risen to 13% in 1970 and in
recent years females have accounted for between 22% and 27% of all
driver deaths.
 In view of this situation, this report examines differences between male
and female drivers in terms of travel characteristics, fatal crash risk,
fatal crash characteristics and factors affecting injury outcome.

50. Drugs and regulations

 A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by

wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included
in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
 Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and
Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2
substances.
 Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or
companies they supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply
or possess the substance.
 Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination
employment.
51. Car accident

 A report conducted to examine the difference between male and female

drivers in term of travel characteristics and found that fatal crash rush
occurred during morning periods.
 This is the data with road safety analyses that most accidents occurred at
the periods as early as 5 AM in the morning to 7 AM.
 While virtually all drivers killed, young drivers should be given special
attention.
 In particular, reckless behavior which have traditionally concentrated on
the role of the young drivers.
 Laws need enforcement to be effective and a various program should
target areas of traffic safety, young drivers training crash reduction, and
injury reduction.

52. Australia's refugee policy

 Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing

violence and conflict.
 We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted
basic.
 With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to
detention while waiting for a decision on their application.
 At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's
migration law and policy.
 The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the
expense of our human rights reputation.

53. Cell

 Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells'

descendant can turn into any other sort of body cell.
 These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone
marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.
 They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the
replacement of a particular, lost cell type.
 Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are
diabetes, motor neuron disease and Parkinson's disease.

54. Fiber v.s Wool and silk

 Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the
wheat protein gluten. The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk,
but up to 30 times cheaper.
 Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University
of Nebraska in Lincoln.
 He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in
biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
55. Record (Most Repeated)

 Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.
 In particular, a written language can convey a lot of information about
past events, places, people and things.
 But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to
specify a tune.
 It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century
that allowed music to be documented in a physical form.
 Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations
would know something about the music of their ancestors.

56. New energy

 Many countries are suffering a shortage of scholars of new energy.

Especially engineers about new energy with the climate change.
 The money distributed in energy research will double.
 Become an engineer not only means more opportunities in their career
but will gain more money in their research.

57. Sea level raise

 Sea level raise led to 36 thousand people died every year.

 This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up, scientists
notified. According to the research, if sea level raises 50 centimeters, 86
million people will die. If sea level raises 1 meter, 168 million people will
die all around the world.

58. Fostering a child

 According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies in 2014 a 11 old

boy was unable to live with his family, due to child abuse.
 But upbringing in the foster care system means he has no-one to help
him. It's not his fault, yet he is being penalized for something he can't
change.
 He went to two schools while he was in foster care and one was Barr
Beacon School, formerly Barr Beacon Language College, is a mixed
comprehensive for foster children.
 Children like him involved with child protective services were shown to
have consistently low average math and reading standardized test
scores.
 One of the recommendations was to send him to his relatives who were
willing to take care until he was 18. This resulted a positive outcome in
academic achievement.

59. Rosa parks

 It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to

vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in
her place.
  She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
 Parks’ arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement,
succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott.
 Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks’
good standing with the community, her employment, and her marital
status.
 Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had
been arrested for the same crime. However, King and his civil rights
compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for the
civil rights campaign.

60. German writer and his books

 This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a

German sociologist.
 The site lists not only his published books and articles but also
manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including
reprints and translations.
 The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by
date. There is, however, no search facility.

61. System (Most Repeated)

 Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
 Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software
that records and processes accounting transactions within functional
modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial
balance.
 It is a system in which functions as an accounting information system.
 This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is
Internet-enabled, or maybe desktop based. It varies greatly in its
complexity and cost.
 These tools identify quality customer service and create a climate of
confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific
needs.

62. Religious (Most Repeated)

 Yet my study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is
also Homo religious.
 Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they
created works of art.
 This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
 But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems
always to have been an essential component of the human experience of
this beautiful yet terrifying world.
63. Meeting

 People always think it’s easy to organize a meeting. However, there are
many potentials can hinder the starting time.
 This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of
partners.
 Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date
and time, arranging accommodation, etc.
 In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health
care for the meeting participants.

64. Study Overseas

 All over the world students are changing countries for their university
studies.
 They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular
place to study.
 They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or
perhaps because they like the country and its language.
 Some students go overseas because they love travel.
 Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams
of a university education come true.

65. Carbon Pricing in Canada

 There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to

reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be
applied to those emissions.
 There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability
of carbon pricing.
 If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that
Canadian factories will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
 Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the
effects will be uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively
more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of the policy.

66. Competence and Performance (Most Repeated)

 In language learning there is a distinction between competence and

performance. Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind. What he or
she knows?
 Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while producing
or comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use
through performance.
 An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know
the code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
 In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a
continuous flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from
time to time.
  Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.

67. Language

 It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and

other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
 For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing
children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than
one.
 By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical
reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a
tune.
 Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand
language, it may seem to be simple.
 But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all
human cognitive abilities.

68. Stored Food

 A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food

surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to
guard the stored food.
 So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more
food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use
to them because they cannot protect it.
 But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists,
and certainly for supporting whole towns of them.
 Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time
specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies.

69. Humanities 104

 A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic

of your choice. The topic you choose should be supported by a range of
sources.
 The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft
should be written in APA styles.
 The final draft is due one week before the final exam.

70. City Mayors

 Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts,
but they are starting to utter warnings.
 Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that
mayoral control can reduce parents’ influence on schools.
 And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of
what not to do.
 All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009,
when mayoral control is up for renewal - or scrapping.
71. Global Health

 University of Otago Centre of International Health co-directors Professor

Philip Hill and Professor John Crump share a view that global health is a
multidisciplinary activity.
 In their work – from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia
and beyond – they tap into a wide range of expertise from across the
University, including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
 They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and
aid agencies around the world.
 For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a
collaborative tuberculosis research project in Indonesia, with the
University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java, undertaking European
Commission-funded research into the causative links between infectious
and non-communicable diseases – in this case tuberculosis (TB) – and
diabetes mellitus.

72. The formation of the moon

 For more than 30 years, the prevailing view of the formation of our moon
has been the "giant impact hypothesis".
 The precursors to the current four rock planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars – appear to have been dozens of smaller bodies known as
"planetary embryos".
 According to the giant impact hypothesis, our moon formed as the result
of the last of a series of "giant impact" mergers between planetary
embryos that eventually formed the Earth.
 In this last collision, one embryo was nearly Earth-sized and the other
approximately Mars- sized.

73. Opinion compromise (Most Repeated)

 In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to

discuss and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different
views.
 The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the
reality of views different from their own and to accept change or
compromise.
 It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the
other person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.

74. Arcelor-mittal takeover (Most Repeated)

 Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steel maker
by 2006.
 It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London
by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started
his first business in Indonesia.
  The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally
listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third
offer.
 The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into
the global economy.

75. Young employees

 Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even though there are
more than 850,000 unemployed 16-to24-year-olds and UK businesses are
struggling to fill one in five vacancies because of skills shortages.
 They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for
work.
 But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit
young workers. They can be surprised by the results.

76. A $300-house (Most Repeated)

 When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on

Harvard Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-
house for they were merely expressing a suggestion. “.
 Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof
Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the Tuck School of
Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works
on environmental issues an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a
“far-out” idea.
 Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it
been done before?
 Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief
executives, governments, NGOs, foundations.

77. Artificial intelligence (Most Repeated)

 ReseaCnce have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of
avoiding work.
 Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the
design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and
planning.
 Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an
IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in
1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular
game.
 Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.

78. Silent students in tutorials

 Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
Why is that?
 Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
  They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them
information.
 Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons
why they keep quiet.

79. The job of a manager

 The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through

employees. In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to
motivate employees. That is, however, easier said than done.
 Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various
disciplines.

80. 1 Monash student ne tan

 Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of

this year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the
Monash Abroad program.
 Ne, an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash
journey at Monash College in October 2006.
 There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash
University as a secondyear student.
 Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her
complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May
2009.

82. Sojourner

 More recent missions to Mars include the hugely successful Mars

Pathfinder, which landed a small `rover' called Sojourner on the surface to
explore a region where there may once have been life.
 Sojourner has now been effectively switched off, but lasted almost twelve
times its expected lifetime.
 Similarly, the lander, which imaged several areas around the landing site
(dubbed the Carl Sagan Memorial site) and took atmospheric
measurements, lasted a good deal longer than expected.
 The only unfortunate thing to have arisen from the mission is the naming
of the rocks at the landing site (including everything from Scooby Doo to
Darth Vader)
LISTENING MODULE

SST
1. Fight-or-flight response

The Fight or Flight response can be understood through the role of emotions in
our lives. Basic emotions like fear or anger have evolved as signals to help meet
our need for self-preservation. Upon encountering a survival threat, the brain
runs information from our senses through primitive parts of our brain. These
areas communicate with the rest of our brain and our body to create signals we
can’t ignore easily.

2. Prevention of pandemic Transmitting

The impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what we had

in 1918. There has been unprecedented amount of preparation in the US with
efforts for treatment, better prevention and clinical management. However, the
real challenge lies with developing countries who do not have the level of
resources found in more developed countries.

3. Industrialization

Notions of pragmatism and democracy have succeeded in tempering the market

economy. The Industrial Revolution had a negative effect on people, particularly
on the working class. But eventually, a legislation about working conditions
circumscribed some of the worst behavior. In the 20th century, we put
regulations that composed better environmental conditions. Some of the damage
was reversed and we have made the market economy work.

4. Management and leadership

According to the Education Leadership Initiative, education leaders need to be

dynamic and entrepreneurial people who can create change. Force are
combining from Stanford’s School of Business and School of Education to
support the development of central office leaders’ management and leadership
skills. The program incorporates case-studies, research-based presentation, and
group collaboration. However, they must also realize that it is their own
responsibility to achieve and accomplish.

5. Talent war V1

There is an intense competition to hire the most talented workers due to a talent
shortage. Although we have this sense that countries are battling to keep
immigrants out, countries are really trying to lure bright young people in. The
talent shortage means that organizations are competing to hire the best and the
brightest. Talent is a premium because of an aging baby-boom population and
an increasingly sophisticated economy.
6. Talent war V2

There was a war for talents in the 1990s due to talent shortage. In this war,
immigrants competed with local students. The collapse of loyalty also meant that
employees were willing to change their workplace for higher incomes. Some
reasons were the changing economy and the shrinking labour force. There was
also a mismatch between what schools were producing and what companies
needed.

7. Children literature

Although Britain has perhaps the longest and distinguished tradition of creating
books for children, these books are often taken for granted. Children’s books do
cultural work by being a place where children learn vocabularies and get
vicarious experiences. They are also a source of information about the views and
opinions of a particular period in time.

8. Smile of mother and baby

Researchers have found that when babies smile, they want the person they’re
interacting with to smile back. In the study, interactions between mothers and
their infants were quantified. The researchers found that for mothers, the goal
70% of the time was to be smiling simultaneously. For babies however, 80% of
the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them.

9. Indian peasants’ debt V1

Farmers in India have committed suicide due to debt created by the high cost of
replacing destroyed seeds. Community seed banks have been established to
collect, save and multiply seeds, and then distribute them according to farmers’
needs. These seed banks allow us to respond to the new crises of globalization
ad climate change.

10. Vitamin D V2

Understanding what Vitamin D does requires understanding the central concept.

Although Vitamin D also maintains strong bones and teeth, its real function is to
maintain blood calcium levels. Blood calcium is important for muscle contraction
and nerve transmission. Without enough blood calcium, you can’t contract
muscles normally and there can’t be normal nerve impulses. This results in
tetany, where you get uncontrolled convulsions followed by rapid death.

11. Children’s depression

10-Points Answer

Research from the 16th century found that a dramatic increase in children's
depression can increase risk of life. For example, long-term illnesses like heart
disease are caused by depression. Since children with depression respond
differently to medical treatment, specialists have struggled to find a perfect
medicine. Thus, even the number of children suffering from depression has
increased, it remains a mystery for scientists and needs to be resolved soon.

12. Global Warming

The increasingly apparent effects of global climate change have raised concerned
among commercial interests, individuals and national governments. Many think
that Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 involving a three-part crisis
scenario bears resemblance to today’s climate change crisis. Although Ehrlich's
work has been criticized and much of what he predicted did not occur, it is in
everyone’s interest to apply the Precautionary Principle now rather than later.

13. Translator and interpreter

It's a common misconception that translators and interpreters do the same

thing. However, translation refers to written communication whereas interpreting
refers to verbal communication. Further, both jobs require different skills. For
instance, translating requires the ability to write well and comprehensively, while
interpretors needs to be able to speak both languages proficiently Finally,
although both roles acquire years of training, what they can learn from training
will be completely different.

14. Fossil fuels

The developed world’s dependence on fossil fuels as a source of energy is

unsustainable as it is a finite resource. Further, setting fire to fossil fuels has
climate change implications. And even if you don’t find the first two motivations
compelling, you might depend on other places for fossil fuels in the future. So
you have a security of supply motivation for taking fossil fuel dependence
seriously.

15. Citizenship curriculum

The speaker’s subject report celebrates schools with substantial developments in

the citizenship curriculum. It is also critical of schools who have not taken
citizenship seriously. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one-fifth of
schools. For instance, it is less-established than other subjects. However, the
progress made by more committed schools shows that introducing citizenship is
worthwhile. It can address core skills, attitudes and values needed by young
people.

16. The colors of flowers

A flower’s color can be a reason why bumble bees pick some flowers over others.
New findings also show that bees use color to get clues about a flower’s
temperature. Bees can’t fly when they are too cold, and they can use up a lot of
energy to stay warm. As such, bumble bees consistently choose warmer flowers,
even when cooler ones offer the same quantity and quality of nectar.
17. Cocoa

Although cocoa was mainly used as a beverage during the time of the Aztecs, it
also had other uses. Cocoa beans were used as currency and as tribute tax.
Cocoa butter, which was the oily layer floating in the chocolate drink, was used
to protect skin against the sun. Cocoa also had a religious significance for the
Aztecs, believed to be a bridge between earth and heaven.

18. Talent war

The war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting
and retaining talented employees. It is intensified by increasing demand with
decreasing supply demographically. There is an underlying assumption that
knowledge workers are the key competitive resource in knowledge- intensive
industries. Although the book never explicitly defines talent, it describes
managerial talent as some combination of a sharp strategic mind, leadership
ability, emotional maturity, and communication skills.

19. Benefit of laughter

Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combatting adversity. For example,

for nearly thirty years until the Berlin wall was dismantled, wall jokes
proliferated because laughter was all that was left. Jokes about the ruling class
are also a form of folklore that existed in societies such as Czarist Russia, 12th
century Persia and modern-day Iran. Humor can also be subversive as it can
protect self-resect and identity.

20. A mother’s loan

The speaker is 43 years old, but still owes tens of thousands in student loans.
Fifteen years after college, she still worries extensively about her family’s
financial situation. Her loans have been accruing at a rate of 10% and she
doubts they will ever get paid off. Her kids will also have to rely on parents for
college support. She wishes she had chosen another educational route.

21. Globalization

Globalisation is a process embodying the transformation of the spatial

organization of social relations and transactions. It involves four changes. First,
it involves the stretching of social, political and economic activities. Second, it
suggests the intensification of interconnectedness. Third, this interconnectedness
can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes. Finally, the
growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions can be associated
with their deepening impact.

22. Vitamin D (Most Repeated)

Vitamin D is involved in increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, and

magnesium. Very few foods contain Vitamin D, and its major source is synthesis
through the skin. Although Vitamin D from sunlight contributes to preventing
toxicity, there are no recommendations regarding the amount of sun exposure
needed due to cancer risks. Thus, the Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D
assumes no synthesis occurs, even though this is rarely true.

23. Universities’ competition

LSE is not only in competition for the best students, it’s also in competition for
staff. The academic market is highly global, and due to the widespread use of
English, universities in English-speaking countries are exposed to even more
intensive competition. LSE is in competition for government funding, research
contracts, and philanthropic pounds. Further, many donors think of the LSE’s
request alongside other charities to which they are committed.

24. Animal survive

There are some factors that species and animals need to survive and reproduce.
These include environmental conditions, tolerance range and altitude. Animals
migrate to find a new habitat because of changes in the environment. Humans
are the only organism that extensively uses technology to extend the limits of its
natural tolerance range.

26. Biology

Although butterflies, flowers and dolphins look different, they are interconnected
as all creatures are based on genetic and inherited information. Cells are the
foundation of building organs, and they contain the same chemicals. All cells
have DNA and RNA, used for storing and transmitting genetic and inherited
material. All organs have metabolism systems, which convert energy through
chemical reaction.

27. Welsh language (Most Repeated)

Welsh is spoken in Wales and the Welsh colony of Patagonia, Argentina. In the
early 20th century, about half the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an
everyday language. However, this fell to around 20% towards the end of the
century. The 2001 census revealed that 582, 369 people can speak Welsh and
659, 301 people can either speak, read or write it.

28. ATM (Most Repeated)

People forget to their cards from the ATM, commonly because they take their
money and walk away. However, this is becoming less common in the UK where
the ATM has been restructured so that people now have to take their cards
before they get their money. Although it is undesirable to forget your money, it
is more catastrophic to lose your cards as this can access your bank account.

29. Kid museum

The speaker and her children were once thrown out of a museum for being too
noisy. She wrote a big piece about it on The Guardian that garnered readers’
attention. As such, the Guardian set up a campaign called ‘Kids in Museums’.
The speaker also began touring and speaking about how to make museums
family- friendly. The National Gallery director even contacted her, saying that he
wanted to work together.

30. Hans Krebs

Hans Kreb published a paper showing the sequence of chemical reactions by

which energy is released in individual cells. This is now called the Krebs cycle.
Krebs shows how determination can overcome many obstacles. His father
constantly discouraged him and told him he had mediocre intelligence. The great
biochemist Otto Warburg similarly told him that he only had mediocre ability and
would never be a great scientist.

31. Endangered language (Most Repeated)

Language death isn’t in the mainstream of anything. Most people have difficulty
appreciating what the crisis is all about because they aren’t used to thinking
about language as an issue itself. We need to change these mindsets and get
people thinking about language more explicitly and intimately. Although people
are interested in topics such as where words come from, a willingness to focus
that interest on general issues is rare.

32. Living things

Too many people make statements that assume we are not animals. However, if
we are not animals what are we? We are not plants, trees, flowers, or
microorganisms. Then the natural conclusion must be that we are not living
things, which is not true. Thus, we are animals. To understand human nature,
we can look into animal behavior to find out about what made us who we are.

33. Light bulb

This 40-watt lightbulb uses one kilowatt everyday if left on all the time. It’s
possible to express all forms of power consumption using the unit of a
lightbulb. Plugging in a phone charger uses one hundredth of a lightbulb of
power. However, taking one bath everyday uses the same energy as five
lightbulbs on non-stop. Today, the average British person is using 125 light
bulbs of power.

34. Different spectacles

In fashion terms, spectacles are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry
and handbags. In healthcare terms, they are a medical device often described as
prosthesis or an artificial part of the body. Lifestyle dispensing refers to people
owning two or more pairs for different occasions or times of day. This idea that
you wear different types of spectacles in the workplace and the beach dates
back to the 1950s.

35. Safe drinking water

Water is a critical part of our environment and our bodies- in fact, your body is
almost 70% water. Although you can go for weeks without food, you can only go
four or five minutes without air. And you can only go four or five days without
water. Problematically, however, water is a largely neglected area of
environmental law, given our increasing knowledge about chemical threats to
water quality.

36. Voynich manuscript

There are many different theories about the Voynich transcript. Although it’s
now been carbon dated from the 15th century, some think that somebody just
made this invention to fool people and make money. Others also believe that
someone encoded lots of secrets in it, hoping no one would find out. However,
the speaker believes it’s a human-devised script masking a genuine human
language.

37. Language and music

Music and language have a lot of similarities- for instance, they are both forms
of communication. Darwin and Leonard Bernstein have written about the
possible evolutionary links between music and language. This topic continues to
interest scientists today but there are some obvious similarities. Both music and
language have rhythmic systematic patterns of timing, accent and grouping.
They also both convey affect, which means emotion though sound.

38. Contracts (Most Repeated)

A contract is an agreement between two parties. Proponents of the social

contract theory argue that people benefit from living together in society under
government oversight. Since living together requires rules and laws, social
contracts provide the framework for how people and governments interact. In
exchange for gaining protection from outsiders, individuals must give up certain
freedoms and contribute to making the society stable, wealthy and happy.
WRITE FROM DICTATION:
1. The winter sun is lower but high enough to produce enough warm.

2. The course dates are available on the college website.

3. Library plays an important role in student’s life. (Most Repeated)

4. There is a significant difference between theory and practice in education.

5. Continuing students will be sent for application forms.

6. Ladies have the popular forms of entertainments throughout the world.

7. A balanced diet and regular exercise are necessary for good health.

8. A number of assignments will be gathered to the conference.

9. Science library is currently located on the ground of the library.

10. Take the first step to apply your university scholarship.

11.Growing population has posed a challenge to many governments.

12. Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands.

13. Global connections increased in academic communities, thanks to social

media. (Most Repeated)

14. Today's history lecture has been moved to lecture theater.

15. Distance learning can develop your career around the world. (Most
Repeated)
16. Student advisor was aware that lecture today has been canceled.

17. We are achieving common prosperity throughout the department.

18. The new art gallery can only be visited on Fridays. (Most Repeated)

19. Industrial experts will discuss job opportunities in an automatic labor force.

20. Manufacturing now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing
combined. (Most Repeated)

21. A rising population means more trees are cut down.

22. It would be extremely beneficial to work together. (Most Repeated)

23. A lack of sleep can increase the chance of some illnesses. (Most Repeated)

24. The invention of the printing press increases the demand for paper.

25. There are opportunities to receive the grants from most artistic fields.

26. Art students often exhibit their works in the university buildings. (Most
Repeated)
27. The office hours will be changed from next term. (Most Repeated)

28. In this book, the author discussed the role of cultural differences.

29. Strangely, people are impacted by spontaneously using statistics.

30. The teacher training is an observation of the classes. (Most Repeated)

31. The university should introduce technology to support learning.

32. Universities invest new technology designed for learning. (Most Repeated)

33. An undergraduate is required to do many projects. (Most Repeated)

34. It was four more years before the theory was fully developed.

35. Reading list will be available before the course begins.

36. The temperature in summer is lower when comparing to the hall.

37. Students who study overseas can significantly improve work chances.

38. Without doubt, this theory has a number of limitations.

39. There will be a meeting for the first-year students on Friday. (Most
Repeated)
40. Key business partners are often entertained in expensive accounts.

41. They develop a unique approach to train their employees.

42. A good way to improve vocabulary is repetition.

43. Our courses help improve critical thinking and independent learning skills.

44. Universities need to secure the grants for research subjects. (Most
Repeated)
45. Please ensure you do not go above word limitation.

46. Check the website if you are looking for discounted textbooks.

47. These leaflets can be really useful when you are revising. (Most Repeated)

48. You must figure out the mathematical problems and apply what you learned.

49. You can ask your tutor for a further assistance. (Most Repeated)

50. One of the functions of the internal organ is to keep the body warm.

51. Please write the name of author and the year of publication. (Most
Repeated)
52. Farming methods across the world have greatly developed recently.

53. Both staff and students can purchase car parking permits online. (Most
Repeated)
54. There is an important difference between mass production and batch
production. (Most Repeated)

55. Managing the increasing population is the challenge for most governments.

56. A good research assistant is not afraid to ask questions. (Most Repeated)

57. Today we will look at how to play the data visually.

58. The studies showed the Hong Kong people are the most active in Asia.

59. Unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest level in years.

60. Please provide the reports to support your idea of these arguments.

61. Get enough sleep the night before the test. (Most Repeated)

62. Every student has a regular meeting with his or her personal tutor.

63. More research is needed before any definitive conclusion is drawn.

64. Rising in temperature is changing the wildlife population. (Most Repeated)

65. Doing nothing is not always better than taking risks. (Most Repeated)

66. All lectures and learning materials can be found on the Internet.

67. The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theater. (Most Repeated)

68. Students who attempt to go to the conference must register now.

69. Although sustainable development is not easy, it is our responsibility.

70. There have been many changes recently in the mathematics department.

71. This course puts great emphasis on critical thinking skills. (Most Repeated)

72. Our food supply now contains too much sugar that our metabolic system
cannot handle it. (Most Repeated)

73. Several candidates will be qualified as the greatest scientists in all time.

74. The visiting speaker used to be a lecturer in this department.

75. Research shows the exercising makes us feel better.

76. There are not many interconnections between philosophy and psychology.

77. Unlike short sleep, overlong sleep increases the risk of illness. (Most
Repeated)
78. The seminar provided an opportunity to exchange ideas with other students.

79. New credit cards will soon use the finger press technology. (Most Repeated)

80. Theater study courses encourage students to exercise creativity.

81. Your application for research grant has been received. (Most Repeated)
82. The Industrial Revolution in Europe was driven by steam technology.

83. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge. (Most Repeated)

84. There are many good reasons to grow trees in more cities.

85. Unusual weather patterns are making farming more difficult today. (Most
Repeated)
86. The cooperator operates a continuous assessment.

87. The body fat keeps internal organs warm. (Most Repeated)

88. Mature students usually adapt to university life extremely well.

89. Governments need to make solar energy more affordable to everyone.

(Most Repeated)
90. All the course stages are on the website.

91. Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory. (Most Repeated)

92. Peer review is a central part of scientific method.

93. Even if you have used cosmetics for years without problems, one or more
ingredients can still trigger an allergic reaction. (Most Repeated)

94. Economic development needs to be supported by the government.

95. Tutors should set a clear goal at the start of the class.

96. In his lifetime, he composed most of the works. (Most Repeated)

97. Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the
lecture. (Most Repeated)

98. Novelists write things about things they know about.

99. An architect requires of problem-solving skills and an eye of design.

100. Calculations may not be needed in this examination. (Most Repeated)

101. The theater courses are encouraging students to access creativity.

102. There are many branches of medical studies. (Most Repeated)

103. Students will focus on reporting news on changing media world.

104. Read the student safety instructions before using any equipment in the
workshops. (Most Repeated)

105. Students who are successful have a good strategy for learning.

106. Accounting students should have a good understanding of profit and loss
statement. (Most Repeated)
107. Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching method at
universities. (Most Repeated)

108. The economy now is showing the first sign of recovery.

109. I will now demonstrate how the reaction can be arrested by adding a dilute
acid. (Most Repeated)

110. The rising temperature is changing the wildlife population.

111. Accountancy students probably have a good understanding of economics,

statistics and psychology. (Most Repeated)

112. The designers will complete the plan today.

113. The course has been updated to reflect the current situation.

114. Sydney is Australia's largest city, chief port and cultural center.

115. Some young people find city life rather stressful. (Most Repeated)

116. Practicing time-restricted eating a few times a week can be both feasible
and healthy.

117. Popular culture is a serious subject of academic inquiry. (Most Repeated)

118. Hundreds of scientific papers have been published on global warming.

119. He started his tutorial presentation right on time. (Most Repeated)

120. Essential textbooks can be purchased from the campus bookshop.

121. Coursework and exams will form part of the annual assessment. (Most
Repeated)
122. NASA has been at the forefront of deep space exploration.

123. Atmosphere is composed of several layers. (Most Repeated)

124. Several organizations work to prevent animal cruelty. (Most Repeated)

125. Cinema and music are as important as science and mathematics.

126. Organic food is considered to be free of chemicals. (Most Repeated)

127. Majority of our decisions are not rational.

128. Exercise reduces the risk of morbid obesity. (Most Repeated)

129. Bad policy decisions led to the financial crisis.

130. The economy is showing signs of revival. (Most Repeated)

131. The office will be closed during the Christmas break.

132. Click the logo above to enter the site.

133. You should draw your graph on a separate page.

134. The new theory takes all the latest research results into account. (Most
Repeated)
135. The period was a golden age of English literature.

136. The scientists use the web to explore the problems. (Most Repeated)

137. There are new innovations in the field of digital architecture. (Most
Repeated)
138. Weather patterns have changed significantly over the past two hundred
years.

139. You can request library books by using the electronic catalogue.

140. This camera can identify eyes and focus on them. (Most Repeated)

141. Our medical school students must attend the talk about optional courses.

142. The courses cover the several aspects of the subject.

143. The bar chart provides useful means of data comparison.

144. The course will help students to improve their pronunciation skills.

145. Building trust is not something that can be achieved overnight.

146. Every student has the right and ability to succeed.

147. The architectural numbers vary in that experiment. (Most Repeated)

148. This course provides the opportunity to get valuable industry experience.
(Most Repeated)
149. Some people believe that education should be free for all.

150. Art is an expression of creative skill and imagination.

151. Find out how to get your resources before your research.

152. Those who are considering a career of marketing should attend the talk.

153. Enrolling a second major will increase the career option. (Most Repeated)

154. The undergraduates need some specific sources to analyze a program.

(Most Repeated)
155. The two variables in the study were very closely correlated.

156. We support to do research in the field of archaeology such as forecasting

and estimation.

157. The assessment of this course will begin next week.

158. Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century.
159. Create a playlist of your favorite music to help you relax in difficult
situations.

160. Studies show there is a positive correlation between two variables. (Most
Repeated)
161. The introduction is an important component of a good presentation.

162. A good scientific paper should have clear arguments.

163. Science is found in society all around the world.

164. You can use a laptop during the lecture.

165. The business class can hold with local students.

166. Please confirm that you have received the textbook. (Most Repeated)

167. There is clearly a need for further research in this field. (Most Repeated)

168. The artists and conservative politicians earn their rules of politics.

169. Some people argue that education is not that important. (Most Repeated)

170. All of the assignments should be submitted in person to the faculty office.

171. The development in the information technology has greatly changed the
way people work.

172. There are still many people struggling in the lab.

173. The teaching group will perform in the concert hall.

174. Most scientists believe that climate change threatens lives on the earth.
(Most Repeated)
175. The scientists found most of the studies today.

176. The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.

177. I will come back to this in a moment.

178. The article illustrates a number of interesting experiments. (Most

Repeated)
179. We were able to contact a number of researchers.

180. Efforts are being made to reduce harmful emissions.

181. The other book is not thorough but it's more insightful. (Most Repeated)

182. Let me give you an example to explain what I mean.

183. Recession triggers creativity and high rates of entrepreneurship due to a

past experience. (Most Repeated)

184. The article covers interesting experience.

185. Students must pass all the qualifying examinations.

186. The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous donation. (Most
Repeated)
187. Read the first section before the next meeting.

188. Theory and training are required to become a medical specialist.

189. You were able to contact a number of research subjects. (Most Repeated)

190. The most popular courses still have a few places left.

191. Members should make concentrated contributions to operating funds.

192. You need to hand in the essay next semester. (Most Repeated)

193. You are trained to be a special journalist.

194. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.

195. That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century.

196. The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment. (Most
Repeated)
197. The theme of the issue was the estimation of the problem.

198. Doctoral writings have the structure in place as well as scientific papers.

199. The meeting has some struggling overlaps. (Most Repeated)

200. Listening is the key skill to succeed in this course.

201. All answers must be examined and supported by relevant theory.

202. This course is very integrated because it has several parts. (Most
Repeated)
203. The properties should be appropriately distributed.

204. The curriculum needed to be adjusted for development.

205. The lecture will cover the reason of climate change.

206. When launching a product, researching and marketing are very vital. (Most
Repeated)
207. We can have a lecture on the morning of Thursday.

208. Organizational failure is considered in various perspectives in academic

literature. (Most Repeated)

209. The extent of advertising for children is open to much debate. (Most
Repeated)
210. The early works of this research are more experimental. (Most Repeated)
211. It is a slash to debate about the value of the knowledge.

212. The report contains the most important information. (Most Repeated)

213. Rising sales figures mean a rise in demand.

214. Behind the group, there is a flat cart drawn by the mules.

215. When met with high potential risks, companies will raise their prices.

216. It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources.

217. Software companies design and create new products. (Most Repeated)

218. The commissioner will collect fines for the sovereignty.

219. Identity theft happens to thousands of people every year. (Most Repeated)

220. And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important

contribution. (Most Repeated)

221. Climate change is a fierce phenomenon concentrated by scientists.

222. They have struggled since last year to make their services paid. (Most
Repeated)
223. The glimpse of something is an enormously rewarding experience.

224. A party is thrown in the small meeting room.

225. Higher numbers of patients were infected than previous during outbreaks
of illness. (Most Repeated)

226. Students were instructed to stand in a straight line outside the classroom.

227. Your agents will collect the commission for each house they sell. (Most
Repeated)
228. Article numbers are collected through interesting experiments.

229. The elective course introduces engineering students to construct practices

and concepts. (Most Repeated)

230. The coffee house has special student discounts throughout the week.

231. Our group is going to meet tomorrow in the library conference room. (Most
Repeated)
232. Interim grades will be posted on the board outside the student lounge.

233. The time of the math lecture has been changed to ten thirty. (Most
Repeated)
234. In spite of the differences, all the species of life share certain
characteristics. (Most Repeated)
235. It is hard to observe the reaction of the character.

236. Try to work with each other to build up a sense of cooperation and team
spirit. (Most Repeated)

237. There is a strict eligibility criterion to undertake background speaker

studies. (Most Repeated)

238. If it helps to take notes in order to concentrate, please do so.

239. Materials and resources are on hold at the library's front desk. (Most
Repeated)
240. Lectures' outlines are available on the college internal website.

241. You are required to submit your assignment by Friday. (Most Repeated)

242. Climate change is being acknowledged by many scientists.

243. The toughest part of the research for postgraduate students is the funding.

244. The importance of this event was not yet fully understood. (Most
Repeated)
245. I thought we would meet in the small meeting room. (Most Repeated)

246. You can contact all your tutors by email.

247. Our class is divided into two groups, you come with me, others stay here.

248. The results of the experiment are reported in the table below. (Most
Repeated)
249. Sales figures for last year were better than expected.

250. Avoid confusing the cause and effect of these changes. (Most Repeated)

251. They were struggling last year to make their service payments. (Most
Repeated)
252. Please note that the college laboratory will be closed for cleaning next
week.

253. A number of students have volunteer jobs. (Most Repeated)

254. If you are not sure, phone student services for help. (Most Repeated)

255. The celebrated theory has a great degree of controversy.

256. The morning's lecture on economic policy has been cancelled. (Most
Repeated)
257. Successful applicants will work with a large team of researchers.

258. Presidential elections are held once every four years. (Most Repeated)
259. Preparation is important to avoid mishaps in the lab.

260. Your task is to create demand for the product.

261. The decision was made with the support of several faculty members. (Most
Repeated)
262. All staff must leave from the fire hydrant exit.

263. The cart carries a single object.

264. The company needs to polish its image.