11th Computer Science Lesson 14 15 Study Materials English Medium PDF

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XI COMPUTER SCIENCE VOLUME II
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Prepared By : M.Dhanapal.,
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Literacy Mission MHSS,Tirupur
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1.saWhata
l are called members? l a l a l a l
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✓ Class comprises of members. .Members are classified
w.P w.P wP w.P as Data Members wand
.P
ww w
Member functions.
w w w w w w w
✓ rData
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a ✓ Member .functions
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w w.P w w
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2. Differentiate structure and class though both are user defined data type.
l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa SNO a sa
STRUCTURE
d d a sa CLASS d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P 1 w w.P of a class are ww.PMembers of a structure
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w w private by default
w by default
w w
g .Org class Testi.Org .Org
ala i.Or2 struct Test
a la i l a l a i al
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ww 1 w w
The formation of a class w w w
Creation of objectwconsumes ww
doesn't allocate memory. memory
la i.Or2g A template or lblueprint
a i .Org with An instance la i .Oofrga class is known aslai.Org
asa asa are created is aObjectasa asa s al
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ww wwknown ww ww ww
3 Class is declared by using Object is invoked by new
O r g O r g rg rg
lai. a
class keyword.
salai. keyword lai.O
sa lai.O
sa sal
as a a a a
w. Pad w.P
4. Why it is considered
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a d
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w w w
w generate a constructor? w w w w w w
automatically
. g
✓ OrWhen an object of the
. O rgclass is created a compiler
. O rg can automatically . O g
rgenerates a
a l a i constructor if it isa l
nota i defined. al a i l a i l
a d as ✓ It is considered a d as that writing constructor a d as for a class is aadgood a
as practice becauseadasa
w.P w.P takes over very important w.P duty of initialization w.P ww
.P
ww ww
constructor ww ww of an object beingwcreated
and relieves us from this task
5. Write i . O rg the importance of
down i rg
.Odestructor. i .Org i .Org
l a
sa ✓ Destructor is dused l a
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sa of an object that was sa la sal
a d a a a ad a a d aallocated by a d a
w w.P w.P
constructor.
w ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
6. What is class?
i.Org i.Org i .Org
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d a sa ✓ Class is a waydatosbinda
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d d a sal
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w w.P needed
w wto.Prepresent real worldwentities
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7. aWrite
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class with example. l a i l a i l
a d as a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww class classname ww ww ww
rg {
l a i . O private:
la i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a member variable a declarations; a a
w w.P w w.P w w.P ww.P w w.P
w w memberwfunction declarations; w w
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l a i . O l a i .Org variable declarations;
l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa d a sa member
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a a member function a a a
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w w.P w w};.P ww.P w w.P w w.P
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8. Write
i . O rg need for class. i.Org
the
i . O rg i . O rg
la a a
al the data and itsasassociated
al sal a Classes are asal
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a d asa✓ Class is a way a dto
asbind a d functions atogether.
a d d
w .P .P
needed towrepresent .P that not only have wdata
real world entities
w .P type properties butwalso .Pa
ww ww ww ww
have associated operations. It is used to create user defined data type ww
9. What
l a i .Oisrgdata hiding? l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org l
d a sa✓ Data hiding isdone a sa of the important featuresd a sa of Object Oriented d a a
sProgramming which dasa
a a a a a
w w .P w.P
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w w w w w
representation of a class type.
✓ i.O rg access restriction to
The i rg class members is specified
.Othe i .Org by public, private, i rg protected
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l a
sa sections withindthe l a
a body.
sclass sa l a sa l a sal
a d a a d a d a d a
w.P 10. Write syntaxwofwdefining .Pa non inline member a
w.Pfunction. w.P
a
w.P
a
w w w w w w w w w
return_type class_name :: function_name (parameter list)
l a i .Or{g la i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa function
d a a
sdefinition d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P }
w w.P w w.P w w.P w w.P
w 11. What is thewpurpose of the class access w specifier? w w
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i rg access restriction ito . O rg class members is specified
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i . O rg by public, private, i . O rg protected
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l a a
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a d asa sections within athe
a d a d asa public, private,aand d asprotected d
w .P access w .P
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w P
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ww ww
12. List the types of creating objects.
ww ww ww
✓ g Object
.OrLocal .Org .Org .Org
l a i l a i l a i l a i
d a sa ✓ Global Objectdasa d a sa d a sa d a sal
.Pa 13. What is global w .Pa .Pa .Pa .Pa
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d a sa ✓ An object is ddeclared
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w w.P w.P after the closing w
immediately
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w w w w w
objects.
. O r g . O rg . O rg . O rg
l a i
✓ These objects can be
l a i
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a i program l a i l
a d asaWhat is Local object?
14. a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P then it is called local w.P ww
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ww ww is declared with in w
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15.aWrite
l a the general syntax a oflacalling l a l a
d a s d a s d a sa d a sa d a sal
a The general syntax a for calling the member a function is: a a
w Object_name
w . function_name(actual
w parameter); w w
16. Write arg short note on scope resolution rg operator.
l a i . O l a i . O l a i Org
.name l a i rg
.Oblocks
d a sa ✓ If there are multiple
d a sa variables with the
d a
same
sa defined in
d
separate
a sa then ::
d a sal
a a
(scope resolution) operator will reveal a a a
w w.P w w.P w w.P the hidden file scope(global)
w w.P variable.
w w.P
w Example w: w w w
i . O rint
g a=100;
i .Org i .Org i.Org
sa la sa la sal a sa l a sal
d a class A d a d a da d a
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w w.P {
w w.P ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w
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l a void fun() l a l a l a l
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a lai.O sala
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w. Pad 17. What is container? w.P
a d
w.P
a d
w.P
a d
w.P
a d
w w w w w w
w is declared as a memberwof another class it is known w
w as a
✓ Whenever an object of a class
g
.Orcontainer Org
class. In thei.container-ship the objecti.of g class is declared in.O
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another
la i l a l a l a i
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a saWhat is the need of constructor?
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w .P w w.P
✓ The initialization of class type w w.P at the time of declaration
object w w.P similar to a structure w w.P
or
w an w array is not possible because w the class members w have their associated w access
l a i .Orspecifiers
g (private or protected
l a i
or public).
.Org special l a i Org
.functions l a i .Org
d a sa ✓ Therefore Classes
d a sa include member
d a sa called
d aas
sa constructors. The
d a sal
a constructorPafunction initializes the a object.
class a a
w w.P 19. List the orderwof w.constructor invocation.w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
✓ The g constructors are executed
g in the order of the
g object declared. (If it g in same
is
. O r . O r . O r . O r
a s alai statement left to a s alai
right)
a s alai a s alai asa
l
a d ✓ For example a d a d a d a d
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww wwTest t1; ww ww ww
Test t2;
20. What g
.Oisr constructor? .Org .Org .Org
l a i l a i la i a i
d a sa ✓ When an instance d a saof a class comes into d a sa a special function
scope, d a
l
sa the constructor dasal
called
a a a .Pa as the class name.w.Pa
w w.P w.P The constructorwfunction
gets executed.
w w.P name has the same w wname
w w w w ww
✓ The initialization of class type object at the time of declaration similar to a structure or
rg rg Org rg access
sal ai.O an array is not possible
sal ai.O because the classai.members
sal sal ai.O
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sal
a d a a d a a da a d a a da
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d a sa specifiers a sa or protected or public).
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w w.P w w.called
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w w.P w w.P ww.P
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21. What is destructor?
al a ✓ When a class object
al a goes out of scope, a special
al a function called the
al a destructor gets l
a d a s executed. The
a d a s
destructor has the d
same
a a sname as the class a d
taga s
but prefixed with aa d asa
w.P w.P .P
wwreturn nothing and itwdoes
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ww not associated withwanydata ww
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ww ww
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la i .Org #include<stdio.h> l a i .Org {

l ai .Org cout<<studid<<”: l a i.Org
d a sa classmystud
d a sa “<<name<<endl;}
d a sa da sa d a sal
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l a i {cin>>stdid;gets(name);
l a } l a i l a i
d a sa d a sa d a sa da sa d a sal
a Corrected Program.:Pa a a a
w w .P w w w w.P w w.P w w.P
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la #include<stdio.h>
l a l a l a
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l a i .Org int studid; la i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org
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l a studid=0; l a l a l a l
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l a i alai
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2. Write
g
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r dynamically initialize
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l a i i l a i l a i al
d asa ✓ When the initial d
a are provided during
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.P a .Pa .P a .P a . Pad
w ww ww .
initialization
w www ww w w ww
Example:
la i .O gr #include<iostream>
la i .Org l a i .Org l a i.Org
d a sa using d a sa
namespace std; d a sa da sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P X
class ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w { w w w
i . O rg float avg;
i .O rg i . O rg i . O rg
l a public: asal a l a l a l
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ww ww{ ww ww ww
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asa asa asa asa s al
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ww wwint main() ww ww ww
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i . O r x.disp(); i . O r i i . O rg
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a d asa returna d asa
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ww ww ww ww
r g g g g
3. What i.Ordeclaring constructors
lai.O are advantages laof
r Or
lai.O and destructorlai.under public
d a saaccessibility? d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a Pa a
w w.P w.P can be definedweither
✓ A constructor
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i.O rg #include<iostream>
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MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
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i . O i . O i . O . O
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w w.P w wcopy w w w.P w w.P
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MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
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w.P 6 w.Pmany constructor ww.P In a class only one
In a class .P
wdestructor w.P
ww ww w ww ww
3. Define ragclass RESORT with the following
rg description in C++
rg :
l a i .O la i .O l a i .O l a i .Org
d a saPrivate members: dasa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P Rno // Data w w.P to store room number
member w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
Name //Data member to store user name
a i
Charges
l .Org//Data member tolastore i .Orgper day charge lai.Org l a i .Org
a a ofadays a a
w w.P Days //Data member
w w.P to store the number w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w
Compute ( ) // A function to calculate total amount as Days
w w
l a .Org and if the

* Charges
i l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i.Org
d a sa//total amount exceeds d a sa11000 then total amount d a sa is 1.02 * d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P Days *Charges w w.P ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
Public member:
i . O rg i .O rg i . O rg i . O rg
getinfo(
l a ) // Function to Read
a the information like aname , a
sal l l l
Padasalai
a d asaroom no, charges and a d adays a d asa a dasa a d asa
w.P w.P .P
wwentered details and www
.P w.P
ww dispinfo ( w )w// Function to displaywall ww
total amount
g calculated
l a i .Or l a i. Org l a i . Org l a i . Org
asa
//using COMPUTE function
asa asa asa as al
a d a d a d a d Pad
w .P w.P w.P w.P w.
ww ww ww ww ww
Program:
l a .Org
#include<iostream>
i l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
asausing namespace std; asa asa asa s al
a d class RESORT w.P a d a d a d ada
w .P w.P w.P w .P
ww { ww ww ww ww
i . O rint
g Rno,Days;
a l a char name[50]; a l a a la a l a al
P a das P adas
float Charges,total;
P a das P a das Pad
as
w. w.
int compute() w. w. w.
ww ww ww ww ww
{
. O r g
total=Days*Charges; . O rg . O rg . O rg
l a i a i a i a i
asa if(total>11000)asal asa
l
asa
l sal
a d a d a d a d ada
w.P { w.P w.P w.P w . P
ww wwtotal=1.02*Days*Charges; ww ww ww
}
a i .Or}g i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg
a sa l
a sala da sala a sala as al
w .Pad public:
w.Pad w .Pa w. Pad w. Pad
ww int getinfo()
ww ww ww ww
{
r g g :"; i.Org rg
O i.Or
i. cout<<"\n Enter the rno,name,days,charges i.O
sala sala sala s a la sal
w . w.P
w.P
MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
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w.P
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i.
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sal
w w w w w
d a sa a sa
cin>>Rno>>name>>Days>>Charges;
d d a sa d asa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w.P
compute();
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
}
. O g dispinfo()
rint . O rg . O rg . O rg
a d asa {
w.P cout<<"\n
w.PRno : "<<Rno; w.P w.P w.P
ww w w
cout<<"\n Name :"<<name; w w w w w w
i . O rcout<<"\n
g Days :"<<Days;rg
i .O i .Org i .Org
l a cout<<"\n Charges :"<<Charges;
la l a l a
d a sa cout<<"\n Total
d a a
sWages:"<<total; d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P } w w.P w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
};
.Orintg main() .Org .Org .Org
d a sa {
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P R;
RESORT
w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w R.getinfo(); w w w
rg R.dispinfo();
l a i . O } l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a
4.
saWrite the output of the d a a
sfollowing d a sa da sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P ww.P w w.P w w.P
w #include<iostream>
w w w w
#include<stdio.h>
using
l a namespace std; l a l a l a l
Padasalai
a d asaclass sub a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P { w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww
int day, subno;
public
a i .O:rg a i.Org a i .Org i.O rg
d
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asasub(int,int); // prototype
d asa
l
d asa
l
a sala as al
w .P
a void printsub()w.P a
w.P
a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww w w
{ cout<<" subject number : "<<subno; w w ww ww
cout<<"rgDays : " <<day;
} l a i .O l a i .Org l a i .Org l ai .Org
asa}; asa asa a sa s al
a d a d a d Pad ada
w .P ww
.P sn=12)
sub::sub(intwd=150,int w.P w. w .P
ww ww ww ww
.Org
{ cout<<endl<<"Constructing
g
Or object "<<endl; lai.Or
.the g .Org
a l a i a la i a l a i al
das day=d; das das a sa as
w. P a . P a
w. P a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww sub no=sn;www ww ww ww
}
class i . O rg
stud i . O rg i . O rg i.O rg
l a l a l a sala sal
a d asa{ a d asa a d asa da ada
w.P int rno; www
.P w.P w .Pa w . P
ww ww ww ww
float marks;
public:
a i .Org a i .Org a i .Org i.O rg
d
l
asastud( ) d asa
l
d asa
l
a sala as al
w.P
a a
w.P the object of students
a
w.P "<<endl; w. Pad w. Pad
ww ww
{ cout<<"Constructing ww ww ww
rno=0; g
i .Or
marks=0.0;
l a l a i .Org l ai .Org la i.O rg
s a sa sa s a sal
w . w.P
w.P
MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
w.P
w.P
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lawww.TrbTnpsc.com
sa salai
.
sal
w w w w w
d a sa} d a sa d a sa d asa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P void getval()w w.P w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
{
cout<<"Enter
i . O rg the roll number i . O rgthe marks secured ";i.Org
and i . O rg
l a l a l a l a l
a d asacin>>rno>>marks; adasa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P } w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww void printdet()w w w w w w w w
{ cout<<"Roll no : "<<rno<<"Marks : "<<marks<<endl; rg
} l a i .Org la i .Org lai.O lai.O
rg
sa s a s a s a as al
da }; da da Pad
a
Pad
w .P a w .Pa w .Pa w. w.
ww class addmission ww { ww ww ww
sub obj;
stud i .O rg
objone; i .Org i .Org i .Org
l a l a l a l a al
d asafloat fees; d asa d asa ada
sa as
w.P
a public : .P a .P a .P w. Pad
ww w ww w ww ww
w
ww
add mission ( )
{ cout<< "Constructing the objectrgof admission "<<endl; rg
l a i .Org lai.O lai.O l a i.Org
s fees=0.0;
a s a s a sa as al
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a
Pad
w w w w. w.
ww void printdet( ww ) ww ww ww
{ objone.printdet();
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obj.printsub(
i . ); i .O rg i . O rg i.Or
g
l a l a l a l a sal
Padasalai
a d asacout<<"fees : "<<fees<<endla d asa ; a d asa da s a
da
w.P } w.P w.P w.Pa w.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
};
int a .Org
main()
i a i .Org a i .Org i.O rg
d
l
asa{system("cls"); adasa
l
d asa
l
a sala as al
w .P
a .P w.P
a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww addmission ww
wadm; ww ww ww
cout<<endl<< "Back in main ( )";
return
l a i .Or0;g } l a i .Org l a i .Org l ai .Or g
asaOutput: asa asa a sa s al
a d a d a d Pad ada
w .P w.P w.P w. w .P
ww Constructing wwthe object ww ww ww
Constructing g the object of students
l a i . O
Constructing
r
the object ofl a i .Org
admission l a i .Org l a i .Org
as a as a a s a a sa a sal
w. Pad w.Pa
d
w .Pa
d
w .Pa
d
w .Pa
d
w w Back in main w
w () w w w w w w
l a
5.saWrite the output of the s a
following
l l a l a l
a d a #include<iostream> a d a a a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww w w
#include<stdio.h> w w w w w w
using namespace std;
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org i.O rg
d
l
asaclass P d asa
l
d asa
l
a sala asal
w.P
a { public:
w.P
a
w.P
a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww P() w w w w ww ww
{ cout<< rg"\nConstructor of classrPg"; } rg rg
l a i.O l a i.O l ai.O la i.O
s a s a s a s a sal
w . w.P
w.P
MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
w.P
w.P
ww w w w w w w w w

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sa lai. sala
i
www.Padasalai.Net
.
sa
i.
.
sal
w w w w w
d a sa~ P ( ) da sa d a sa d asa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P { cout<< w w.P
"\nDestructor of class P "; } w w.P w w.P ww.P
w w w w w
};
class
l a Q l a l a l a l
a d asa{ public: a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww Q( ) ww ww ww ww
{ cout<<"\nConstructor of class Qg"; }
O rg .Or .Org rg
~ l Q(
a i . ) la i l a i lai.O al
d asa{ cout<< "\nDestructor d asofaclass Q "; } d asa a s a as
w.P
a
w.P
a
w.P
a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww }; ww ww ww ww
class Rrg
{ lPa i .O obj2;
obj1, l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
asaQ obj3; asa asa sa as al
a d a d a d ada Pad
w.P w.P w.P w .P w.
ww public: ww ww ww ww
R ( ) rg
{ l a i .O "\nConstructor oflaclass
cout<< i .OrRg ";} l a i .Org l a i.Org
a a a sa al
P a das ~ R ( ) P a das P a das Pad
a
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as
w. w. w. w. w.
ww ww
{ cout<< "\nDestructor of class R ";}ww ww ww
i . O r};g i .O rg i . O rg i.Or
g
l a l a l a l a sal
Padasalai
int main ( )
a d asa a d asa a d asa da s a
da
w.P { w.P w.P w.Pa w.Pa
ww w
R R0;
w w w ww ww
a i .OrQgoq; a i .Org a i .Org i.O rg

d asa
l P op;
d asa
l
d asa
l
a sala asal
w .P
a return 0; .P a .P a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww w ww w ww ww ww
}
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i .Or g
s a la s a l a sa la sa l a s al
a ada ada a ada
w. Pad .P .P . Pad .P
ww w ww w w w
w ww ww
w
Output:
g
.OrConstructor .Org
of class iP .Org .Org
l a i la la i l a i
d a sa Constructor d sa P
ofaclass d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w.P of class Q
Constructor
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
Constructor of class R
. O g
rConstructor of class iQ
. O rg . O rg . O rg
l a i a a i a i
d asa Constructorad sal P
ofaclass d asa
l
d asa
l
d asa
l
a a a a
w.P w.P of class P
Destructor w.P w.P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww
Destructor of class Q
g
.OrDestructor of classlaRi.Or
g .Org .Org
l a i la i l a i
d a sa Destructor ofd a sa Q
class d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w.P of class P
Destructor
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
Destructor of class P
6. Explain
l a i .Orgabout defining methods
l a i.Orofg class. l a i .Org la i .Org
d a sa d a sa da sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a
w w.P w w.P w w.P
MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
w.P
w ww.P
w w w w w

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sa lai. sala
i .
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sa salai
.
sal
w w w w w
d a sa • Member functions da saare the functions thatd a sa
perform specific tasks in
d a
a
a
sclass. Member d a sal
a Pa a a a
w w.P w w.are
functions called as w
methods. w.P w w.P ww.P
w w w w w
• The member functions of agclass can be defined in two g ways.
i . O rg ✓ Insidelathei . O r
class definition i . O r i . O rg
l a l a l a l
a d asa asa the class definition
✓adOutside a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P o Inside w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww wwthe class definition ww ww ww
o When a member function is defined inside a class, it behaves like inline functions.
.O r g rg member functions.
.OInline .Org .Org
l a i These are called
l a i l a i l a i
d a sa o Example:
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P Example
class w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
{
l a i .Org public: l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
a int.P
sum(
a ) .Pa .Pa .Pa
w w.P w w w w w w w w
w w { w w w
i.O rg . Org .Or g .Org
a sala }
a salai asa
l ai
a sa l a i
as al
w. Pad }; .Pad
w w. Pad w.Pad w.Pad
ww ww ww ww ww
o Outside
g the class definition
i . O r i . O rg i . O rg i . O rg
la ✓ When Member
al a function defined outside
l a the class just like normall a function l
Padasalai
a d asa d as(Function
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a d asaare familiar with ) then
you a daitsais be called as a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww wwoutline member function ww or non-inline member ww function. Scope resolution ww
operator (::) is used for this purpose. rg
l a i .Org Syntax: l a i.Org l a i .O l a i .Org
dasa d sa a d sa a sa
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.Pa .Pa class_name :: function_name
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w w w w w w
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w ww ww ww
i. O rg function definition i .Org i .Org i .Org
sa la } sa l a sa la sa l a sal
a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a
w w w w w
i.O rExample:
g rg rg .Org
sala class Example
s a lai.O sala
i.O
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w. Pad {w.Pa w. Pad w. Pad w. Pad
ww wwpublic: ww ww ww
rg int sum( ); rg rg rg
a lai.O l a i . O l a i . O l a i . O l
ada
s };
w.P w.PExample::sum( ) ww.P
int w.P w.P
ww ww{ w ww ww
l a i .Org }
l a i .Org la i .Org la i .Org
d7.
a saExplain about creating d a sa with example. dasa
objects d a sa d a sal
a .Pa a a .Pa
w w.P ✓ A classw wspecification ww.P
just defines the properties of a wclass. w.P To make use of w aw
class
w w w
specified, the variables of that class type have to be declared.
w w
g class variables are.O
.OrThe rg object. Objects arei.O rg called as instance ofi.class.
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w w.P w w.P w w.P
MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
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sa salai
.
sal
w w w w w
d a sa ✓ Objects can beda sa in two methods,dasa
created d asa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P▪ Global object ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
▪ Local object
✓ . O g
rGlobal Object : . O rg . O rg . O rg
l a i l a i a i
al function bodies or by al a i l
a d asa d asais declared outsideadallasthe
o If an aobject a d asplacing their namesadasa
w.P w.P .P
ww brace of the class w.P .P
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g Object
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i✓ i i.O i
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d a sa la
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a sala
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l a
sa object.It cannot be dasal
a a .Pa a a
w w.P w w.P
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w w w w w
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.Or#include<iostream> .Org .Org .Org
d a sa using namespace
d a a
sstd; d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P class P
w w w w w
{
la i .Org int a; lai.O
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{
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8.
a saExplain about how the d aobjects
sa are passed to functiond a sa arguments. d a sa d a sal
a .Paalso be passed as arguments a to a member function a .Pa
w w.P • Objectswcan
w w w.P w w.P just like any other w wdata
w typewof C++.Objects can also be w passed in both ways w w
rg (1) Pass By Value rg rg rg
l a i . O (2) Pass By i .
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w.P w.P .P
ww the function creates w.P w.P
ww • When wwan object is passed bywvalue wwits own copy of the object ww and
i . O rworks
g on it. Therefore anyg changes made to the object
i . O r i . O rg inside the function i . O rdo
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d a sala the original object. d a sala d a sala d a sala d a sal
a Example: .Pa a a a
w w.P w w ww.P w w.P w w.P
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w w w w
#include<stdio.h>
l a i .Org namespace std; lai.Org l ai .Org l a i .Org
sa using sa sa sa sal
P ada 18 .Pa
d a
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a
d Literacy Mission MHSS,Tirupur
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d a a da
ww
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w MCA.,B.Ed 9790573672,
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int a;
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a d asa int d asa x)
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w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww{ ww ww ww
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l a i.Or } la i.Org l a i .Org lai.O
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la i.Org function so the O

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. called la i .Org on the original lobject
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a sa sa So any changes made
functionacall. a stoa the object inside thedafunction
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Answer: i.Or will de-allocate the
ala i.Ormemory of an object
ala i.Or ala
as a s a s a s sal
ad (iv) .Pa
Write the d
statements ad function1 and .function2
in main to.Pinvoke Pad ada
w.P w w w w . P
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main( ) ww ww ww
{
l a i .OrgBook b,c1(2,”C++”,185.6);
l a i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org
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b.display(150.6); a a a
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l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org la i .Org

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da sa for Function4. dasa d asa d a sal
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fees=F;
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BookCode=SC; w.P w.P w.P
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Bookname=S;
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a sa a s a a s al
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w w (3) in part -IV
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l a i Org of thanks
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d a sa Vote of thanksdasa d a sa da sa d a sal
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rg the program (Refer
4. i.Debug
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a d a d a d a d a d
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charstr[20]; w.PData type and variable w.P char str[20]; ww.P
ww w ww ww w
are separated by
rg i.Or
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sa lai.O sa l a whitespace
sa l a i .O
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void accept_string a d a
Parenthesis missing ina d a
void a d a
w .P w.P w.Pthe function prototype w.P accept_string(w) w.P
ww w w w w w w w
3 String operator *(String x) Overloaded operator is String operator +
i.O rg i .Org + i .Org (String i .O
x)
rg
s a la sa l a l a
sa to declare the dasa l a sal
a da 4 String.Ps;ada No
a d aneed d a
w .P w w.Pobject. Becauseww .Pa w.P
a
ww w w w w w it is w w
un-used in the program
l a i .5Org strcpy(s.str,str);l a i .Org No needl a i .Org l a i .Org
da sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a 6 a
strcat(str,str); a
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w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww w w w w argument is mentioned w w ww
rg rg wrongly rg rg
a lai.7O l
Header file smissinga i . O
While a i . O
l using strcat #include<string.h>
l a i . O l
ada
s
a d a a a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.Pfunction we must .P
wuse w.P
ww ww ww string.h header file w w w w
8 rg
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No need Org
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goto s;
i.O i i . i
sala 9 } sa l a Class la
sanot terminated da};sa l a sal
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ww
10 w.P
cout>>
w ww.Pcout object use w w.<< w w.P
w w w operator w w
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d a sa 11 Str3=str1+str2; d a sa d
Swapa sathe two coding dacout<<”\n\n
sa d a sal
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w w.P w w.P
cout<<”\n\n Concatenated w w.P w w.P Concatenated ww.P
w w w w w
string is”; string is”;
l a l a l a Str3=str1+str2;
l a l
w.P ww
.P w.PNo need w.P w.P
ww 12 w str3.display_string(); ww ww ww
5. Refer rg the page no :261i.O and
rg Q/A:5
l a i . O la l a i . Org l a i . Org
d a a
si.Mention d sa will have the scope
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d a sa till the end of thedprogram.
a sa d a sal
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w w.P Ans: ob,ob1
w w w w w
ii. Name the object which gets destroyed in between the program
l a i Org ob
.Ans: l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa Name the operator
iii. d a sawhich is over loaded d a a write the statement
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w w.P Ans: ==w w.and ob==ob1; w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
iv. Write out the prototype of the overloaded member function
l a i Org void comp::operator
.Ans: l a i .Org==(comp ob) lai.Org l a i .Org
d a sv.a What types of d a sa
operands are used for the
d a sa
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a .Pa operand and type a a a
w w.P Ans: user
w wdefined w w.Pof operator is binary-relational
w w.P operator w.P
(==)
w
w w w w w
vi.Which constructor will get executed? Write the output of the program
l a Ans: Constructor : ldefault
a constructor is executed
l a in this program l a l
Padasalai
a d asa Output : a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww w w
Enter First String:computer w w w w w w
l a i Org Second String:laScience

.Enter i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa Strings are notdEqual a sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w .P 6. Explain w w.P function overloading
about w w.Pwith example. ww.P w w.P
w w w w w
Function
rg Overloading: rg rg
l a i . O
✓ l a i O
.function l a i .Omessage l a i .Orgthan one
d a sa The ability
d
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a sa the to process
d a sa the or data
d a
in
sa more
d a sal
a a a a a
w w .P formwis.Pcalled
w w.P
as function overloading.
w w w.P w w.P
w ✓ In w other words functionw overloading means two w or more functions win the
l a i .Org same scope share l a i .O rgsame name but their

the l a i
g
.Orparameters are different.
a i .Org In this
d a sa situation, d a
the safunctions that sharedathe sa same name are said d a
l
stoa be overloaded dasal
a .Pa .Pa .Pa .Pa
w w the process is calledwfunction overloading. w
and w
i . rg
Function
O Signature : rg
i . O i . O rg i . O rg
l a ✓ The functions l a l a a
l and the l
a d asa a d asathat share the same a d asa are said to be overloaded
name
a d asa a d asa
w.P w.Pis called function woverloading.
process w.P The number .P types of a function's
wand w.P
ww ww w ww ww
parameters are called the function's signature.
O r g
.Overloaded .Org .Org .Org
l a i resolution:l a i la i la i
a ✓ The process a of selecting the amost appropriate overloaded a function or.Pa
w w.P w w.P w w.P w w.P w
w w
operator is called overload w resolution. w ww
i.Org i.Org i .Or g
i.O rg
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d a sa Rules : da sa d a sa d a sa d a sal
a .Pa a Pa a
w w.P ✓ w
The woverloaded function w w.Pdiffer in the number
must w w.of its arguments or ww.P
data
w w w w w
. O r g types. . O rg . O rg . O rg
l a i ✓ The return typel a i
of overloaded l
functions a i is not considered l
for a i overloading l
a d asa same a
data d asa
type. a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww w w w
✓ The default arguments of overloaded functions are not considered as part of
w w w w w
i rg the parameter listi.in

.OExample: Org
function overloading. rg
i .O i .Org
sa l a sa la sa l a sa l a sal
a d a ad a a d a a d a a d a
w w.P w.P
#include<iostream>
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w
#include<string.h> w w w
i rg namespace std;i.Org
.Ousing i .Org i .Org
sa l a a l a
sy,int sa l a sa l a sal
a d a int sum(int d a
x,int z) d a d a d a
w.P w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
w w { w w w w w w w w
i . O rg return x+y+z; i.Org i .Org i.Org

sa l a } sa l a sal a sa l a sal
w w.P w.Px1,int y1)
int sum(int
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
{
l a return x1+y1; l a l a l a l
Padasalai
a d asa } a d asa a d asa a dasa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww w w
int main() w w w w w w
i.O {rg i.Org i .Org i .Org

d a sala a sa l
cout<<sum(4,5,6)<<endl;
d
a
d a sa l a
d a sa l a
d a sal
a a a a a
w w .P w.P
cout<<sum(5,6);
w w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
return
i . O rg 0; i .Org i .Org i .Org
sa la } sa l a sa l a sa l a sal
a d a d a d a d a d a
w .P Output:w.Pa w.P
a
w.P
a
w.P
a
w w w w w w
15 w w w w
i .O11rg i .Org i .Org i .Org
l a
sa7. Explain about operator l a
sa overloading with a la
sexample. sa l a sal
a d a d a d a d a d a
w.P Pa
w.term
a
w.P refers to givingwadditionalw.P
a
wto.P
a
w w ✓ w w
The operator w
overloading,
w w functionality w w
rg the normal C++ operators
rg like +,++,-,—,+=,-=,*.<,>.
rg rg
a i . O ✓ a i . O a i . O a i . O
a s al It is also a
a s al
type of polymorphism
a s al
in which an operator
a s al
is overloaded to
asa
l
a d give a
userd defined meaning to a
it.d a d a d
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww
✓ Operator ww
that are not overloaded are follows ww ww
• scope roperator ::
a i .Org a i .O g a i .Org a i .Org
a sa l • sasizeof
a
l
a sa l
a sa l
a sal
a d a d ad a d a d
w w.P w w.P • member selector ww.P . w w.P w w.P
w w • member pointer w selector * and ternary w operator ?: w
i.Org i.Org i .Org
i.O rg
sal
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.
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w w w w w

d a sa Operator Overloading da sa Syntax d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w w w w
returnType classname :: Operator Operator Symbol (argument list)
l a { l a l a l a l
a d asa \\ Function body a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww } ww ww ww ww
r g r g rg rg
lai.O
Restrictions ai.O
on OperatorlOverloading
sala
i.O lai.O al
d asa das
a a a s a as
w. P a
✓ Following
w .Pa are some restrictions w.Pad to be kept in
Pad
w. Pad
w.
ww ww ww wwmind while implementing ww
operator overloading.
r g rg .Org cannot be changed. .Org
l a i . O • Precedence land a i .OAssociativity i
of anlaoperator l a i
d a sa • No new d a sa
operators can be d a
created, saonly existing operators d a sacan be d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P
overloaded. w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
i . O rg • Cannot redefine i . O
the
rg meaning of an operator’s
i . O rg procedure. You i .
cannot
O rg
sa l a change howsa laintegers are added.Onlysa l a additional functions sa l
cana be to an sal
a d a a
operatord a a d a a d a a d a
w •w Overloaded operatorswcannot have default arguments. w w
i . O rg • When binary operators i .O rg are overloaded,Othe
i . rg left hand object must i . O rgbe an
l a a
al relevant class l a l a l
Padasalai
a d asa object ofasthe
a d a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P Example: w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww #include<iostream> ww ww ww
l a i .Org l a .Org
#include<string.h>
i l a i .Org l a i .Org
d a sa using
d a sanamespace std; dasa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w .P w w.Pclass example ww.P w w.P w w.P
w w { w w w
la i .Org public:
d a sa d a sa int x; d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a int getdata()ww.Pa a a
w w .P w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w { w w w
l a i .Org l a i
g
.Orcout<<"\n Enter thei.xOvalue
l a
rg : ";
l a i .Org
d a sa d a sa cin>>x; d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P } w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w
example operator -();
w w
i . O rg }e; i . O rg i . O rg i . O rg
l a l a l a l a l
a d asa a asa example::operator-()
example
d a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P { w.P w.P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww
x=-x;
.O r g r g
.O cout<<"\n value of X g overloading is =.O"<<x;
.Orafter rg
l a i l a i la i la i
d a sa d a sa} d a sa d a sa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.Pint main() w w.P w w.P w w.P
w w w w w
{
i.Org i.Org i .Or g
i.O rg
sal
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sa salai
.
sal
w w w w w

d a sa da sa
e.getdata(); d a sa d asa d a sal
a a a a a
w w.P w w.P-e; w w.P w w.P ww.P
w w w w w
return 0;
l a } l a l a l a l
a d asa Output: a d asa a d asa a d asa a d asa
w.P w.P w.P w.P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg .Org i.O rg rg
sala sa la i
sala s alai.O al
a da a a as
ww ww ww ww ww
a a a ada as
ww ww ww ww ww
a da s asa a sa as
ww ww ww ww ww
g
Padasalai
s a
da da da da da
w .Pa w .Pa w.Pa w .Pa w.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.O rg
a sala as al
ww ww ww ww ww
a ada ada a ada
w. Pad w.P w .P w. Pad w .P
ww ww ww ww ww
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sala s a lai.O sala
i.O
sa l a i al
a ada a a as
w . Pad w.P w. Pad w. Pad w. Pad
ww w w ww ww ww
rg rg rg rg
s a lai.O sala
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sala
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sala
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sal
ada .Pa
da
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da
.Pa
da ada
w.P w w w w . P
ww ww ww ww ww
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ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg
s a l a s a l a sa l a sal s a la
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l a i .Org l ai .Org la i .Org l a i .Org

l a i .Org using namespace

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l a .Org and if the

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la i.Org function so the O

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l a i .Org l ai .Org la i .Org l a i .Org

la i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org

l a i .Org add ::add(int y) l a i.Org l a i .Org l a i .Org

l a i .Org l ai .Org la i .Org l a i .Org

la i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org l ai .Org

la i.Org types. l a i .Org la i .Org ai .Org

l a i .Org the parameter list l a i

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la i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org a i .Org

l a i OrgA class can havela

l a i .Org l ai .Org la i .Org l a i .Org

la i .Org la i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org

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la i .{Org l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i.Org

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