1S 1 7754-1975 Indian Standard METHOD FOR DESIGNATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE IN CAST IRON a FOREWORD 0.1 ‘This Indian Standard was adopted-by the Tgdian Standards Institution on 91 July 1973, after the draft finalized by the Metal Hu Treatment Second! Gomunicss nad been approved by the Structural and Metals Division 0.2 This standard has been prepared in order to citsblsh a uniform practice for evaluation and classification of graphite in cast iron. 0.3 In the preparation of this standard assistance hhas been derived from the following: TSO/R 945-1969 Designation of the microstrac- ture of graphite in east iron. International ‘Organization for Standardization. ASTM A'247-67 Evaluating the microstructure of graphite in iron casti American fe eeting ond Mesa, Seuety sorting the result of tes or analysis made Be ceordance wih iia standard heel value, Siacoed or calclsteds bo be rounded fal be done fm accordance with 1S 2-1960*. Rte for romneing off namesical values (rnd). 1. SCOPE 11 This standard covers the evaluation and classi- fication of graphite in cast iron in terms ofits form, gismibyton and see, “This standard i eppicable iron-catt containing graphite ea toa ieee [ble iron and spheroidal graphite or ductile 2. CLASSIFICATION 2.1 When jron-carbon alloys under a ai te ephe oocaring in Use low can be 9) is fon (designated by Roméh numerals, 1) its dtibution n (esignated by capil Tetten, see Fig, 2), and 6) its size (designated by Hindu-Arabic nume- rals, see Fig. $ to 6). 22 The three series of reference diagrams include cd in this standard for evaluating the type of apie form the basis for such. a classification. characteristic features of the graphite which St ee a For ‘microstructures ie are ged ide by side nthe tere.” Form, die bby. comparizon ‘ and the allocation of the same. diagramns that resemble them most closcly. 2,3 ‘The comparison of the graphite observed with the oe series af reference agra in Fig, 16 oes not give any information on the suitability the iron-carbon alloys for any particular service. 43, SAMPLING AND PREPARATION OF ‘SPECIMENS 3.1 While taking specimens from the cas Stentor al be poll te locaton, ote wall thickness, to the tance from the surface and to the presence of chills and the like. ‘The location of the surface examined shall be mutually agreed. ‘pon between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 3 Theres of pote sua sould De cient to give a true represent the graphite Gouin “The ace of te species Sell not be les than 100 mam. Attention should be paid to the carefid grinding and of the speck ‘mena in order that the graphite particles appear in theis trae form and size. "The examination of the graphite under the microscope is normally carried ‘out on the unetched polished section, though final etching is recomm the case of some special alioy cast irons, for example, those containing high si Nops— An Indian Standard code of peaetice for pre- partir of sell mens of a os Sc arate amples way be 0 egret to bates the ‘contracting partes, 4. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 44 ‘he polished specimens sal be viewed under miieregcope at any convenient magnification bel 100% to facttate examination of te entire polished area. A comparison shall first be made with the reference diagrams to determine the Pen of graphite both formwise and distri| { | by reference to Fig. 3 to 6 Table 1. 42 Examination under the microscope can he carried out by direct observation ar by projection ‘on the grouad glass of the microscope. A field of view approniniately of the samme size as the referonce diagrams (about 80 mm diemeter) facilitates ‘eomparison. 4.3°The measurement of the size of graphite porticles is also facilitated by the use of suitably Calibrated oye-pieces. 44 Tris a common practice in malleable iron to use nodule count per unit area instead of a comparison chart. Nedule conmt with known free carbon content is a measure of calculated nodule area. 45 The measurement of size of Formn H graphite shall be at agreed to between the contracting parties. 5. REFERENCE DIAGRAMS 5.0 A serics of reference diagrams is provided for form, distribution and size of graphite. The relerence diagrams show microstructures of an ideal character instead of actual photomicro- geaphs. 5.1 Reference Diagrams for Graphite Form — “The reference diagrams for graphite form (Tig. 1 show six characteristic forms which are designat by the Roman numerals I to VI. ‘these re present the principal types of graphite found in cast fron, However, other forms ate ako known to ‘occu occasionally. 5.2 Reference Diagrams for Graphite Distri- bution ~The reference dingrams for, graphs iseiBuion ig. 2 show five examples dzigna By thelettersA toE, The diagrams in Fig. 2 apply to Form T graphite, “The other forms gencrally ‘occur in Distribution A, but other distributions ‘may sometimes be found. 5,3 Reference Diagrams for Sine — Figures $ t06 and ‘Table I s ermine the ‘graphite size. For the "100%" magnification re- production scale, sizes arc indicated ranging from 2 maxirguon dimension of the partide of over 300 mn (size 1} down to Jess than 1'5 mm (size 8), ‘Phe size ranges covered by the size reference numbers $ to 7 inclusive are based on an average 1S + 7754-1975, particle size which is half tat of the larger size range. 6, DESIGNATION OF GRAPHITE BY FORM, DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE Ga To characterize che graphite observe, indi ations are generally necessary on the form, distri- bution and size of the graphite particles, ‘Yo this Borgse, the Raman atinerals of Fig 1 are me for the form, the capital letters of Fig. 2 for the distribution and the Hindu-Arabic numerals of Fig. Sand Table | for the size, in that order. Thus, for , Type 1 At denotes graphite particles, Ae Dieibution A ig. 2), having linear dimensions in the range of 12 to 25 xm at 100 x magnification (Fig. $ to G and Table 1). 6.2 If the graphite observed lies hetween two sizes, reference to hoth is possible (for example, 3/4). In. pikaoed by vndeMlnang (or champ, 37. "Toi ft 3. Th Tretbod can be extended to cover sictures where ‘more than two sizes are present, 6.3 Mixed structures with different types of grax phise may be defined by cstimating the percentage proportion of the different types of graphite. For cxamapl 60 percent I A440 percent I D7 ‘means 60 percent graphite ofthe Form I, Disteie jon A and size 4, and 40 percent graphite of the Form I, Distribution D and size 7. ‘TABLE 1. DIMENSIONS OF THE GRAPHITE ‘PARTICLES — FORMS 1'70 Vi (Claws 4.1, 8.1 and 6.1) Rar Damion or tim Pemmoies Trem: Dimon No. ‘Onseavan ar 100% Nvore a a q Over! ‘2 30 to 100 05 tot 3 25 5 50 025, 05 4 12 4, 35 oR, 025 5 62 O06, O12 6 a6 08, 006 7 148 O08 ,, 08 a Lew thas V5. Less than O15 weer: