ANALYSIS OF SIMULTANEOUS FAULTS BY TWO-PORT NETWORK THEORY

P. M. Anderson, Senior Member

Department of Electrical Engineering and Engineering Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames

ABSTRACT
Simultaneous faults of common configuration may be treatment of the subject will be brief, the interested reader is
described mathematically in terms of two-port network advised to consult some of the excellent references on the
theory with one port for terminating the network at each fault subject.5'6
point. Combining the sequence networks, with appropriate
phase shifts, will then permit- direct solution of the network A two-port network, as the term is to be used here, is a
voltages and currents in a general way. This approach to solving network with two pairs of terminals emerging, shown in Fig. 1.
for simultaneous fault quantities is very orderly and makes
solution by hand computation or by computer more
straightforward than previous methods.
INTRODUCTION + TWO-PORT _
V1 NETWORK V2
One of the most difficult problems in the solution of
faulted networks is the problem involving two or more faults 11 .12
which occur simultaneously. Such an occurrence may be the
result of some event, such as a stroke of lightning or a
man-caused accident, forcing more than one fault at a single Fig. 1. A two-port network.
location. On the other hand, a simultaneous fault situation may
arise from the chance occurrence of fault conditions at two or
more remote points. Usually only two simultaneous faults are Passive two-port networks are commonly specified in terms of
considered. This is a practical limitation. The joint probability the network parameters defined in Table 1.
of even two simultaneous faults is quite low since it is
computed as the product of the two single event probabilities.
In a well designed circuit, the likelihood of a single fault ig fairly Table 1. Two-port network parameters.
remote, even in stormy weather, and may occur only once every
5 to 10 yr per 100 mi of line. Designation
In the case of two simultaneous faults there are four cases Z (impedance) Fzll Z12l l 1 i
of interest. For faults occurring at points A and B these four parameters 2j 21 Z22J 121
cases are:
Y (admittance) [Il YI IY121 Fvil
1. a shunt fault at A and a shunt fault at B, parameters I2 J LY21 Y22J LV2J
2. a shunt fault at A and a series fault at B, H (hybrid) rvi] = hlI hl2] r[ll
3. a series fault at A and a series fault at B, and
parameters a LE2 J h2l h22J L V2J
4. a series fault at A and a shunt fault at B.
G (inverse hybrid)
parameters
IY2J Lg21 922 J 2J
Actually, we can view this as only three different fault
configurations since situations 2 and 3 require exactly the same A (transmission) [vll _ [All Al2l[,
computation scheme. parametersb .1 LA21 A22J LI2J
A number of methods for computing simultaneous faults
have been suggested.1-4 The method used here is similar to a (inverse transmission) [V23 [all a121 [1

that of Atabekov4 who devised generalized network

configurations to describe fault conditions. Extensive use is
parametersc 12J a21 a22
made of the two-port network parameters5,6 as a means of
organizing this approach.
aThe hybrid parameters used here are similar, but not equal, to
the D parameters used by Atabekov.4
Two-Port Networks
Before considering the simultaneous fault problem, we bThese parameters are usually designated ABCD parameters
review the two-port network theory. This allows us to lay the where A=A11, B= -A12, C= A21 andD=-A22
groundwork for subsequent applications and introduces the
two-port conventions and notations to be used later. Since this cThese parameters are usually designated 4 4 parameters.6
Paper 71 TP 50-PWR, recommended and approved by the Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presenta-
tion at the IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N.Y., January 31-February 5, 1971. Manuscript submitted September 17, 1970; made available for print-
ing November 13, 1970.
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 All two-port network descriptions give the relationship Note that test (3) ordinarily is impossible for transmission
between pairs of variables. In each case there are two equations parameters (A ora) as it is not usually possible to set I2 = V2 =
in two unknowns. Thus, it is apparent that the equations can be 0 simultaneously. Thus a two-port description including the
rearranged to determine unique relationships among the various effect of an independent source is limited to the Z, Y, H and G
port parameter sets. Note that some sets of parameters may not descriptions. These are tabulated in Table 2.
exist for a given network.
Table 2. Equations of two-port networks with independent
Two-Port Networks with Internal Sources sources.
As a final consideration in the description of two-port Designation Equation Test for Source Term
networks, we discuss the effect of internal sources. Internal Vi Zi Zl,2 I1
1. V7i; m-rTh
sources can be of two kinds, dependent or independent.
Dependent or controlled sources develop an output voltage or z
current which depends on some other network voltage or V2 j! Z21 Z22- J21+V 2
current. Controlled sources affect the matrix description of the
two-port network by altering one or more of the elements.
An independent source, however, will hold its output to a y
specified value irrespective of external connections to the two '12 LY21 Y22J V2M lIy
port. Indeed, if the two port is completely isolated, the internal
independent source will cause measurable open circuit voltages
or short circuit currents to appear at the two ports. Thus, for [: :l 12] 11 1VhJ
independent sources within the network, in the case of z
parameters we write, 1I2j h21 h22 LV plh2j
Il 1 1 I l I

[V2J [921 922J] L2] .g2J

(1)
[V2 z 1 Z22 [2i V :2
Since the two-port parameters are related to one another
in a definite way, it is not surprising to find that the
and we interpret the equation as follows: independent source terms of Table 2 are also related. These
relationships are given in Table 3 where we arbitrarily define
1. All port voltages and currents are defined as before. Table 3. Relationship among source parameters.a
2. When II = 12 = 0, the port voltages are V1I1 and Vz2
respectively and these open circuit voltages are due to
the internal source or sources.
VZ Iy Mh Ng
3. We may determine the Z matrix of (1) b-y properly
removing the internal independent sources.
rv1l (; -~~Y22 Y12 Jh2. -1I
In a similar way we can establish equations similar to (1) vz_l*zi I ° det Y det Y 1h2 gil
for networks described by any other set of two-port parameters. -Vz2J1v21° 'I -2
~~~~~21- Y1 I 0l -I1 2
-g21 I
In general we must add to each equation a source vector. We det Y det Y h22 gil
determine the size of the source vector by testing at the
appropriate terminal with all ports properly terminated. The
jyl -z22 z12 -gj2
"'proper" termination depends upon the equations but will be
y 0 I
det Z det Z hI 1 922
either short or open circuits. Mathematically we write
det Z det Z I
ii922
U=PW+US (2)
where FVhl I z2L I.. o 1 0 -922 912
I {
MH V h ~z2 IYllI I det G det G
U, W are vectors containing port voltages and/or Ih2 ° I Y21 I ° I 921 -9l11
currents,
612
=Z22YI I det G det G
P is the 2 X 2 matrix of two-port parameters, and
Us is the independent source term, each element having gi.l I o0 I -Y12 -1h22 dethl2H I 0
the same dimension as U. NgI Y22 detH
l_V2j. z2! 1 0 I h21 -hI 0 1
g
o

Then we find Us by the test Y22 detH det H

U = Us when W = 0 (3)
and we compute P by the test
a(Vector in first column) =
U = P W when Us = 0. (4) (matrix from table)(vector above table entry).

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 [VI] [Vhl] well defined notation in the interconnected system. There are
several ways in which two-port networks may be
interconnected. These are fully described in many references,
adM= [2] Mh-='2 such as Huelsman5 and are not discussed further here.
and [Il2 [Igi (5)
Simultaneous Fault Connection of Sequence Networks
N 1Y2J Figure 2 shows a general connection diagram for common
types of isolated shunt and series faults. The sequence networks
are shown as one-port networks with the current always
entering the network at K and leaving at F. We further defme K
Interconnection of Two-Port Networks to be the zero potential bus N for shunt faults and the
current-receiving terminal M for series faults. The point F is
One of the principal reasons for describing two-port always defined to be the "fault point." We note also that the
networks so carefully is to simplify the problem of positive sequence network is an active one-port network as it
interconnecting two-port networks to form larger, more contains independent sources, but the negative and zero
complicated systems. Furthermore, in doing this we preserve a. sequence networks are passive one-port networks.

SERIES NETWORK CONNECTION PARALLEL NETWORK CONNECTION

r Fn. l~~aO 1, 7o

F -00-.
z F

z
F - M F M

K=M K=M
Zgo = Z zgo Z
t zg
SYMMETR ICAL PHASE SHIFT
- N PHASE ni n2
K=N a 1 1 1
b 1 a2 a
Z90 = 3Z9 c 1 a a2
K=N
Zgo = 3Zg + Z
Fig. 2. Summary of Network Connections for Common Fault Conditions.

2201
 Suppose that two faults occur simultaneously. Using the
two-port network theory, we can represent the two faults by
finding the two-port parameters of the positive, negative and
zero sequence networks and then combining these parameters in
a way which will properly represent the common fault
configurations of Fig. 2. Considering the four common types of
faults which can occur at two different locations, a total of 16
possible problems require our attention. These are summarized
in Table 4. Since it is immaterial whether a given fault point is
represented as the left or right port, one could eliminate the G
matrix and always use the H matrix for hybrid combinations.
We will do this in our analysis but this restriction is not
necessary in practice.
voltages and currents are defined for simultaneous faults at F
and F ' (Note that there should be no confusion between I li and
Ij -as defined in Fig. 3 and the sequence currents 'al and Ia2)*
This figure will be used to define the current directions and
voltage polarities to be considered in subsequent development.
The transformations shown are composites of the actual
transformers or phase shifters required for various faults. Since
these phase shifters are ideal, we define the transformation
ratios
VKi
Vi
Ki

and (6)
Table 4. Two-port fault combination. I1RK i
.iVKli
V2i = 12iIKti
RIGHT PORT (primed)
Shunit Fault (K = N) Series Fault (K = M) These quantities will always be subscripted with i equal to 0, 1
FAULT or 2 for the various sequences and will take a value given in Fig.
TYPE KIND SLG 2LG I LO 2LO 2 for a particular fault type and symmetry.
(series ) (parallel) (parallel) (series)
SLG ZNN HNN HNM ZNM The Series-Series Connection - Z-type Faults
Shunt Fault (series)
LnpnmeFT
PORT (K = N) 2LG GNN YNN YNM GNM A series-series connection of two-port sequence networks
(aall
unprimed_____ ale) is required according to Table 4 to represent
I LO GMN YMN YMM GMM
Series Fault (Parallel) 1. simultaneous SLG faults at F and F '(ZNN),
(
(series2
LO ZMN HMN HMM Zmm
(series) 2. a SLG fault at F and 2LO at F '(ZNM),
Reference to Fig. 2, which shows the various port
connections, reveals several pertinent facts concerning fault 3. 2LO at F and a SLG fault at F '(ZMN) and
analysis. First, note that each sequence network is always
terminated in an ideal transformer so that port currents and 4. 2LO at F and 2LO at F '(ZMM).
voltages are preserved for any network interconnection. This
means that the two-port network theory will always apply.
Note also that the added impedances Z and Z used to represent The sequence network connection is shown in Fig. 4. For
impedance at the fault, are considered here fo be a- part of the the positive sequence network, we write
network and must be added to the usual Thevenin equivalent
sequence impedance. We also recognize that, for simultaneous VKIzlI () 12(1) IK Vzl
faults, the sequence networks will have two fault points and
two ports will'be defined for each network with points F and K
being defined according to the fault location and type. LVKIJI Lz21(l) Z22(l ) LI'1 Vz2J
The simultaneous fault problems to be solved can be
generalized by three forms: where jzi is the independent source term viewed from
1. a series-series fault, L Vz2J
the Kl-Fl' and K ' I-F ' I terminals (inside the transformers).
2. a shunt-shunt fault, and But, from (6) with i I
3. a series-shunt fault
7KI=
Kl V1 = Ill l
where the terms "series" and "shunt" refer to the type of VKI IKI
network interconnection shown in Fig. 2. If we view the and
sequence network interconnection from the external 4 -
connections, the network is shown in Fig. 3 where the network nVt1v'=
V21 121
VK'l = IKZ1l
Il Ki I Ki 1K2i
Premultiplying (7) by we get
Y1j YjTW-ISEQUENCE
Vii YKi TWO-PORT- VK'i 2
TVI I CII(I)~ Kl I [12(l)|(l| I

Fig. 3. Two-Port Network Representation for Simultaneous

Faults at F and F'

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=L'?K'l
V1z2I(1)
III Kl I
z22(l) 1211~' 1z (8)
 and

[:1 ]=[:;:]= [ 12 JL '2oJ (12)

2 J 12.1 J 1l22 J L I20 J
Performing the addition indicated in ( 11) and making the
substitution (12) we write

[~~2]L0t~~2 ][
VI 0

IV2] 10] [Z21

Z11 Z12

Z22
Ii ][flKlIVzl 1

I2 flK 1Vz2j
1(13)
where
.Zil = Zll(O)+Zll(l)+Zl1(2)

Z12=12(0) '7KI Z12(1)~

Z=z~~+ ...
+K22 z12(2)
~~K'l ~ 7K'2
Z21=Z21(0)+ 7K Z21(l)+ ??K2 Z2i(2)

Fig. 4. Sequence Network Connection for Simultaneous Z-Type Z22 = Z22(0) + Z22(l) + Z22(2)
Faults. Equation (13) may be written as
For the negative sequence network we write V = 0 = Z I + Vs
[VK2 Z 1 1(2) z l 2(2)] [IK2] Then
[VK'2 [z21(2) Z22(2)J [IK'2j I= - Z-, Vs (14)
[?K2 01 is the solution of the series-series connection. Knowing this
which we premultiply by to obtain current we know all currents in the outside transformer
windings and we may compute all voltages from Eqs. (8) -
Lj0° slK '2J2 (10). Then the individual sequence network currents and
voltages may be found by applying Kirchhoff's laws to the
|V1, zI I(2) _ ,zl2(2)] 112 individual networks.
We may write out solution (14) as
V22 J 12 Z21(2) Z22(2) 1122 ____
Z22-Z121 FrKI Vzl]
And, for the zero sequence network we write 1l2 ]det Z | Z21}
Z I :'qKl
VZ2]
In this form, we see that the current at each fault depends on
[VKO z[Z1(0) Z 12(0)] IKO the independent source voltages at both fault locations.
lVKi Z21(0) Z22(0)j ['KO] The Parallel-Parallel Connection - Y-type Faults
which transforms (since nK0 = i 1) to A parallel-parallel connection of two-port networks is
required from Table 4 to represent the following simultaneous

[1 ~~~~~~~
Vio
V20 J
[Zll(0)

Z2I(0)
Z1 2(0) 1 ['101
Z22(0) J 120
(1~ O0) fault conditions
1. simultaneous 2LG faults and F and F '(YNN),

But, from Fig. 4 we observe that, for a series-series connection, 2. a 2LG fault at F and ILO at F '(YNM),
3. lLO at F and a 2LG fault at F '(YMN), and
[ VI 1Vi.1 1[V121[Vil 1 °ol 4. 1 LL at F and I LO at F '(YMM)
LV2 ' LVV22
2J j V20J L °J The sequence network connection with parallel-parallel
termination is shown in Fig. 5 where the ideal transformations

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are phase shifters with voltage and current relations, given by Similarly for the zero sequence we have, since 7fKO = lK'0 =
(6). For the positive sequence network in all cases,
IKI1 yll(l) Y12(l)1 rVKf] iyl [lo0]Yll(O) Y12(0)] [ Vil
IK ]1 Y21(1) Y22(1) JVK'lJ [ Iy2 j 120] LY2 1(0) Y22(0) V20J
where I, is the independent source term viewed from the K1 And, for the negative sequence network we compute
and K'1 ports. Similarly, for the passive sequence networks we
have 1121 [ 14(2) Y12(2 V12
IK10f Yl2(O) Y12(0) KI
(17)
LIKR0 LY21(0) Y22(0), lVK"04 I22 H ?K2 Y21(2) y 22(2) V22

Following a procedure similar to that used for series-series

and faults, we readily find the solution for the external port voltages
to be
[IK2 1[ Y 1(2) Y 1 2(2) [VK2]
(18) [V1I [Y22 -Y12] [ 7Kl yl]1
IKr2J Y21(2) Y22(2)J VKD2J

and these voltages are easily converted to port voltages inside

the transformations. Then, knowing the sequence network
voltages, the networks can be completely solved.
The Series Parallel Connection - H-Type Faults
The third and last connection required to solve for
common simultaneous fault conditions is the series-parallel
connection shown in Fig. 6.

1=0 12=0

V I 0,1,2 V2

Fig. S. Sequence Network Connection for Simultaneous Y-Type

Faults.
Using (6) for each sequence we reflect the two-port expressions
across the transformations to obtain new two port equations
which include the transformers. This is done by premultiplying
7Kl 01
equations (16)- (18) by for i = 1, 0 and 2
0 7K'i
respectively. The result for the positiV'e sequence network is
Fig. 6. Sequence Network Connection for Simultaneous H-Type
II YI' 21(1) Y12(1) V21 T7KI ly1 Faults.
K LI

,21- K Y21(1) Y22(I) V21- 2KA1 Y2 This connection may be used for all series-parallel faults and, by
reversing the defined left and right port definitions, for all

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parallel-series faults as well. From Table 4 the series-parallel And for the negative sequence network,
H-type fault configurations include
[Vl2 A hll(2) .1K
hl2?2)I 1121
1. a SLG fault at F and a 2LG fault at F '(HNN), I22 KI 2 h21(2) hI2(2) V
2. a SLG fault at F and lL0 at F '(HNM), I22 Ii ~'2l2 h22(2). V22~~
L IL7K2 JL J
3. 2L0 at F and a 2LG fault at F '(HMN), and
Proceeding as before we solve for the hybrid parameter outside
4. 2L0 at F and 1 LO at F '(HMM). the transformer with the result
For these conditions we write the two-port hybrid equations.
For the active positive sequence network, we have
V ] det-H -[Hj HI [IK' I ] (2)
[VK1 1(1) h12(1) [IK1 ] (Vhl 0
Knowing I1 and V2 we may solve completely for all port
K' h21l() h22(1)J VK L Ih2j quantities and then for intemal network quantities.

where the last term is the independent source term viewed from CONCLUSION
the K1 and K'lports. For the passive sequence networks, we
have A method has been presented whereby two common types
[VK O][hll(0) hl2(0)][ IKO] of simultaneous faults or any phase may be solved by using
two-port network theory. The method may be extended to
[IK 0] [h21(o) h22(O) VK 'o solve for any number of simultaneous faults or unbalances but
such occurrences would be so rare as to be of little practical
interest.
and
[VK2 1hl l(2) hl 2(2)] IK2
lIK'2J[Lh21(2) h22(2)J VK'2J
Proceeding as before, we now write these equations in terms of REFERENCES
the quantities outside the transformers by premultiplying_by
[17Ki ] 1. E. Clarke, Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems. Vol. I.
for i = 1,0 and 2 respectively. The result for New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1943.
Lo 77 K'i i 2. W. E. Lewis, and D. G. Pryce, The Application of Matrix
the positive sequence equation is Theory to Electrical Engineering. London: E. and F. N,
Spon, 1965.

bK1 Ili 3. Westinghouse. Electrical Transmission and Distribution

IK ?yKi Vhl

[::iJ21 L 7 2(I)2ALhh22(1)|f LV211- [L77K I Ih2-

iF I1(1
' 12(l) Reference Book. East Pittsburgh, Pa.: Westinghouse Electric
Corporation, 1944.
2l.
4. G. I. Atabekov, The Relay Protection of High Voltage
Networks. New York: Pergamon Pren, 1960.
For the zero sequence network, with 77Kb = 71KO= 1,
5. L. P. Huelsman, Circuits, Matrices and Linear Vector Spaces.
Vio0 i h11(O) h12(0) lo1 New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963.
6. E. A. Guillemin, Communications Networks. Vol. II. New
120 J L h2l(0) h22(0)J LV20 j York: John Wiley and Sons, 1935.

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