“Y nadine problemele sprue in evsluarea ) ci Europe’ 0 . a} XVies ee generata de contre cerca tan din acess perioai. Ln timp ce in alia se giseau noi suse de ingpiratie in patnonol ell al Rone nice, cu Scaul explicit des cre igi aes lofi pr Sipmteres meena inves Europel comands heii de a manilesau un ints seit peneucsiciate. Cum scese, fap nu treba surprinds in Ral, recoperarea Aichi elise isemns, ia mod neces $i doptares un tl ee se opunea cei Caractere ari de Cure din ale ii ale Europei (Occidental, de fine Trecentoahi PRINT I SINEGUSTORI Europa in Quattrocento Mocenatul egal fa Fran i Anglia Rivaltates dnt monahisenglez8 si coa frances explods periodic sais i deo sua de ani (1337-1453), constind, ncipal, dint serie de campani altare care se succedau peo peroada main ‘msi putin lungi. Contributiafinaneard 2 suverailor cate avusesera un rol fundamental pari sill de Cure” god tireiu incetase acum din cates vizboulu Bogitiacomandiarilor nord-evropen din Quatroceno aves inst la baza comer ‘Acces ndustrie text’ care imbogiise coraelesa italene se fla sl oigineaprospriiii uno cere flamande ca Bruges, Braselles, Louvain si Anvers Suveraniisecolu al XVeleatindeaw linia teigional, decorate si realizate i ill gotc cre, predecesoi lor, devense expr a zutorititii monathice Capitola 20) Capela din Kings College dela Cambridge a fos compleati de Henrie l Ves (1485-1509) eu o boli in evant, ot sti de specaculoas in srandoara sa pe cit era de conventional ca stl Jacques Coeur, cancelar al reglui Frame, a 5 scoat in evidetd relia str utlizindasio pare din avutiaconsderabilt aandind eli fstwos b pentra a finan o versione I scart redush 1 ven Mom Sra Rl i mele (i te rl Nets Racaced Gani Bape ‘rpm ina eta seal ont prin excelent Coroana 1. Ducele de Beery, fl aaa ecaph natal ors plu aa, comandénd manuscrse cv ministuri sade ragiciun iustreza cedatee des lungul anotimpuriloraacivttilor precum vandtoues, balurle i luerirl agecoe, care, in ansembly, subliniau presigiul comandiarulu; esate zante ale curteilor israel sarcicioase ale jranilor sun eda cu aceesi git minayoaspentr dealin Un at iv al reg ducele de Burgunda, sia stabilit Gotea Ta Dijon sia puss se construlasa in bata certozind dela Champtnol, 0 ministre cae treba 8 devin mavsoea! fai tiles Cs ares pt Sd ieee Esopt Ocal ams nti led gh Tarde ose ical iol eb omc Fas bi Sepsis 3 Copelads Rigs (Gale, Cone, Fr 185 Pl cot 1505 Ba a sp Ale Jalon Conia pis cca oven opt rer asco spur inanet cue eal be Weel Fag into ops. (Chany, ae Co, eet de ‘sin a ii Orr ‘ane Psbole trek Dc de Bry pris nome a este rer peeteecied ‘Gonna ant inefistpete dai. Pala pict de Broedrlam pentru altar bse eu eleganga si grij pentru detain ce 0 caractrieans, urmérey, in mod evident, $$ accentueze legitura sins dnt duce 9 Coroana Frate Ducal de Burgunia Detajarestreptat de Frama « Burgunici a pina In timp, obiectol une revi fin Iocal tant, Spre deosebrire de cstlical ase: si prefert st or bilice, surprinzind in | ran de refit bogs eta Tui Rembramnt este, de citva arm, La consti si se declare ait atente care tind 58 neg paternitates (1656), Operele eu subeet scr oglis multor opere atebuite tel ad, Sos ies enone Ibe ened Rael Enc Por, tei Pears te (at Die Abo, rf i Bt ur aa ng Drtnod obinvit de propsgands regal soup jn citarea une orginalitti care denotd un studia ate al textlor lui Titus Livvs, Tacitus si Plutarh i unor imagini care 34a glo im republican, css alirme ‘Arta seert Catlii isi proclamau credinja prin icoane ate fi prin programe decorative i, J endl lor, especias inmerdicfa bibles venir imaginilor formate spatial seardat arti sacre leu subs eligos sum in aceasta period, mai mult alta sa de persoane particular, Pinzele eu Patil ui Histor de Rembrandt, spre exenupla, a fst comandate de priya Frederick Hencick pent palatul si Prefecnja comanditatilorolandezi pentro scenele inspirate din Vechiul Testament subliiae si vergemtele dime i protestai. Scenele Vechiula Testament ern folosite preligurare episoadelor din vit ui Histos #1 Fecioare. Pentro Rembrat sipentu ai protsaniolandezi, Vee TTenament er caval fi Dummeze in sceesi mar eg Evanghelile La flea Si calvinigi olanes, persone Vechilu Testament sepa i fie saat; pentru ch spatineau poporuli sles de Dumaez stile lor le simboligau pe cle ale noulsi Stat, Intereearea pe car Rembrandt dt temclor religions tind scat in evident onselor, in contrast net os al baroculi,dominane vinta spiritual ap co triunofalismal pe tei Ia Rona, De ale, sunt 9 Rona Cobos fe Grace Mon le ik il 16. oa pep Faecal Resdvndr en xi oo sgn cfd ‘ali caso salt Cuter oni es ‘sla elenati eare ara un oarecare iter re preamarese unitate familie si Amsterdam, Rembrandt a ofert o iia a vee 1 conjugal. Del de spiaive sunt si oigmal aceite, dnd prioriate ponetl fine cre celebreiclindplinicea composi, araghndus numerous cri an tne obliga civice. Orage olndeze aves peated c¥ mb a acordat sufceata Tana Wee ge tune 0 nile propre, co saci de pole porto. Ponceisica era un gen desl dein voghprntce i aprae. Compu ari cvleeomandaa Avi in domenil artistic, ct in el eligi, cetien nol republis. Pe lings opel és eseoripicturi care st marhezesirgital refuel adi face parte dir iol Confers subieculio caecarenemrire,porretel_ mands ecoremaembru ofeeao contrbutle general de depsie a granielr cunos forniesnio mare camttae de informa despre pintra ssi veda piest pone. Rondul de actin ae pan Biserca Caoica s opunes sociate in ear fost comandnt, Cele dow noapt (1682) (a fos comaneat lai Rembrandt cercetii since, acest Incr nu se itémpla abrir ale ponetisici ma frecven sociated breslatchebuzeriior sil reds pe epitaul in epublica onder, Lect de anomie puere absolts a Europe secolu Fans Baningh Coe, comandantl une tinue anual de decal solr de a1 XVIFlea adic potretlecvestru ice in cre compan de gor eis. El ete reprezestat in medieind din Amsterdam, Leda si Delt erau Fgora cx sepezentats in ntegime, sua eaiv cenel scene impeeunt cu locotenentl si si marcate in pore ofc. Sim aen ca, rarein ara olandezi. Sunt inschimb, comune cu diferite alte persone se vit civile din in eta de anatomie a doctoral Tup, Bhi Ocoee ean Sl Aten Heron Fars Hae Mam Pr 10 ion Hal a 80-106, ata a peta ce dinwall Ns ‘elidel uss ed ‘tnd di Halon ‘nom Ox st eres ‘suet i Tei dinpropre, Atmosler este de mare nauralete ‘meni brett chiruegilor sunt ssezti in cadavralui ivi tensversal fata de planul imaginl, pentru a pune in evident imeresal lor viv pentru disecta in curs. ( alt catorie civics ifitista in pontetele lice est caritatea, Era ceva obisauit ca soil lor, obl pentca biti spitle de nebani,leprozeri si case de coretie, considerind cera dstora lor morals asst pe cei mai putin norocos De aceea, aceste porete constituiau 0 dovad bogai si asume, impreun cu ia dea administra adapostori rdelinae, alu de cergetori, dita indepl Frans Hals gi Vermeer: lumint gi culoare alard de Rembrandt, vrsta de aur spituri olandee eunant inci doi mar rotegonit: Frans Hi de orice aie americas, Hals 5p da speci in pone 3 indrept spre o extratdina’ liberate piers Le incep, in jurel ani 1620, ail andes #8 dedieat subietlor popular in cate pte permit 3 sublineze REPUBLICA OLANDEZA, si Jan Vermee tele cele mai realiste. Ca timp, sea imbogait vt mai molt css luminsind-ointens pet idengia mai es ltuta psihologca a pe Prin porarcaul colectv realizatapoi pe sarbtorirea unor reuniun ofiiale sav a de insti socal, pietorl a sim. lor oexttaordinar’ intenstate 1 aproape patruzec de ani mai Jan Vermeer aajuns lao concepte revol tionar despre Inmini in pievoras, lumina capitio concrete material ulitoate. magic nile sale, desi idl ten la realitae, dabéndese deseor,tocmsi datortifolosiii mestesugite a lumini, intnsitate io tansparen tes le 15 tay, le sh Shite pty Bind Hato, Sis, Hace, Ma bate Tet Hae ae 162 Tt po atid ot pomesdeenp aro pi res Ho ‘fe da eal 1 Rel Less anion deta el Has Mei Pins, 10, inoralt eid stot ra Anal cl dling, der Nees atm Iriepbis df rab pets ees ‘nor prin tenn ri nin Romien, tok sand 38pari, o atmoslerh de mare pore Unror,aceta a adoptat moti eesti petra as lui ee fn wei aby de cali al vet eouidiene Peisjele si marinele Cea an mare parte pietrior celine jn Olunda era destnate pie priv Numeroase mietueié ale citorilor steal sul a ceaenilor. Vederiuehune, marine pee ne pevuit si arvnsian o prvi aspen landed ‘com eect fond urban, easton Ne Va Da i, isis Pn Bods ‘maa dea ‘aco seve ‘onl ele Jose 65-63 1 Yea shasta fC 39 rio stare Si agricola pacers sale emo (Chard ste work espe suite pros pictwrlor dia eu grit, Aves pictur nu ienuioneaza sh reprodcd fide eats, de trace secret semuiicative: fart wala fac alu la capri soni area cal su in Gustuna sboliazd sucesul sto ote. Rel o vend spied crit Rome’ sive, oraul 5 satl saat oas, oy in aval portale at Kea sort, compas ete “escort pose fd fn fai in tmp ce priml epaeinna necesita indepliniei peoprioe ‘obligati de certean al doilea subliniazs tliberaea de aceste obliga. Erica protestant i scenele de gen Pesceptin nonsetssupra aestor isan este Impiedicata de difculeaten de 9 seeonsteu se seataiici alegove say sialic cre in poke apart or, eee Foss absolut evident, AcestIncru ese vali in mod special peutrw swenel din vac cocidian (sai picts de get estiaace pice liber. Reprezestiile sore le anotimpunior. al elewentelor si ale vitor era aspirate in Eurupasecolulai al XVLiea, de obice’ sub forma nor Figur deo Frumusee idealzats educaia banal di Tale de Jos transpunen ae si concep in imag de (stn Rae, ai fe i ig ads ‘ira hh ee sata bach rds 10h SS pe en core pa pede po rn imi mavio coudiana. fn mole rep interioare spar simboluri destin forex in mesa] moral, a ual de abiecte si etl upor de recunoscut re lui Vermeer ne poate spane anulte despre inero landeze totus, imagines vzeu 8 comunice ceva wut mal pecis Din literatura epoci se steed in citecele de dragosteapireaIreevent tensa citi ume serisory marinade pe prciele din spate fi explicaprezenta. Grup veal de rigaza barat, fem gi copit ndnc3, beau si cit. Pe fois pe care 19 Verne Sapo ddsgone Aen, ibaa Pa calles cimec popular o copii imita pe cei mal inv cae nu sunt intordeauna un esempl Panza lui De Hooch, inktiind o femei care bea impreuna eu nse soldat wea afi un avertisment moral asupra eecelor alcool. Pozta fem i paral soe Jnclinat ne fac, intradeir, tcrdem ca blu prea malt. Consecinele posible sont sublinate de bloul de pe seine care i repreznts pe Heits si femeia adultes. Alte imagini aw o conovaie sexual mai explicit Sino pinot de Gabriel Metso, wa vinstor cu poscafi dh in dar uel tinere lel © REPUBLICA OLANDEZA ‘oars Pt, 168 Pa fone 10) del la cat pouirniche: ar fio gregeai si se considere cadoreste sti ofere doar vinatul: in cealitate ia un subigees erotic, legat de un simboism eunoscat Imagini ale efemeraui Oamenii destiny olandedi aw avot importante coneibui la deavoltarea botanic disciphna pe aunei imo evoute rapid Plane rare proxenic din Orient eras desl de ciutate de cerceitori si colectonar Popularitatea de care se bueura pictura floral in repubicaolandeza este dovads acest interes vu, Dac reproducerea 2 De ai Bio Pay Lae ‘Aino ‘lone alin me Socal pics oot aa Pra dec 6 apt.ficie lor in paneer fide in cele msi Ale sin nti existent ici deli, compozitia era frucul face tummane sunt cranial si bulle de stpun sideseoricuprindes fori spaninind unor tai figureaza de lea, floaee anotimpur diferte. Scopol urmarit de destl de certain primal deen ale acesteimagin nu era doar plicrca enti secolull ab XVIe si sus de esis ci si unl didactic pris pentru cultivator; totus, in 16 Limbajul lorilr aves o tradi indclngas; ca sciut drat, demonstrind ct de in simbolisia een’, ein, wanda cemerd ee in realtate orice cenitudine $i garoafleinseamna puritate,dragoste umana {respec inviere Dar floes se ofilete foarte cepede; tocmai acest Incr i rats pitoral Van Beyeren ‘ate sdaug compotitoi un ss de buzunar deschis, pentra a sublinia caductates frumusei lor. 22M Dard nord, 2 Ves Boon, Yu ots, Uf anc Hes, dls as, Nad iermelonate grt La 0 sued XVI, ‘eo smap flamed, fovinchsescomideet pln 6 pate Frcs musi ‘eae fle depres Canales ed fl aad (ne 1 Ci pen clones ‘edn Boon 169) pees are ne Compa seca fe trod most ral Beeae [Dashes dai jn jural Cuntilor suveranilor absolut si pipale de Ia Roma, au se poste afm ci ‘Mest monopolizats. Prosperiaten economic Aisponibiltates de vip liber, allabeizarea tata jatelectuals au favorzatcrevires mnecenitalui burghea. Comanditariolandezi apaninsind pituri negustorlor au rezabrat in ‘nod original problema de ada exprese vizualt ‘nes soci cu caracerstiei dst de deosehite (Capitlul 37) }o ake pan, comandivari din tlasa de mjc au gist intagini mai porivte propriei matrice culture dect etlirile de CAPITOLU STIL, SUBIECTE § COMANDITARI ‘Tendinge noi fn arta secolului al XVI-lea pent aparat pentru elebrarea Primate pert pte syle terpoale. Tulburiie sociale 5 eligioase din sco peecedent ifluenserdputeraic lata gin lozofice gi simi ‘Rew inep sie uate cauzle cational pees fenomenele car nate cra expla pr eerie la autoritea Scripiarlr, Train casi exe revi in huni acest noi atid Noile ide an ameninsau ioc in mod direct sorte const, ci seu gst expeesic in elaborarea waorteme si ratate slistice deo importamis enotm pentruCaravaggio si carvagitil Ac si fervoare religions sia de care se exprimase in realize grandioas figurative s arhitectoniee in Roma bare iste (Capitol 3. cu rezuite foaste exuberant gu agg. Michelan io, dels dilerite, picwra lui C lo ‘Meris (1571-1610), 2i C presupustl stu loe de dupa naestiFombarai din oar repede sa orient secolul al XVHle care o pictra en puternice com slumbre, desripiv, dar intens dramatic ave se accent realttes liza a prin pictura lui Caravaggio ate religios ale aristocrat’ sc ‘sant marchizul Ghustinian i cardial Del Monte. Pictorals obyimr,datorta serie de comenzi pub tant, ca decorarea Capeei Contre San Luigi dei Frances de lumini a provoca impresi puternice si contrastante Istria sa personals, din ca certre i violent, fost marca care au contribuit I crearea blestemat Caravaggio a fos deseori cons de la Roma (unde a uns in jure sisi meari la Napoli, in Mala, Sica di sie, sind rmaesieu a continuat si se bucure de favoarea did eu sosireanegustorilor europen : misionarilor tzu (1543), 2 fos stopata sin expulares in mast a cresinilor (1642) si sin inerzcerea edatorilor in saindtae ale onezilor (1637). in fiecare an, mai moseri au obliga ste Is Edo timp de citeva luni pentru ase intoarce pe pamiaturi lor, saa ati edtiva membr i proprii fami het sistem, ineles cao pratejare a shoge nul,» faat din Edo el mai important 5, luxul Jominant 2 favorizstacumularea de bogtit 1s Hoge Tesi Tao, sal Nod Tapeh fd sca Fo compe reat ‘Sd ed ats ei rae ‘nai ond de caplet negusioretiimense. Sa contiuat, de altel, se practice ceremoniaceiului simpliatea caseor de cea ers in comcast vit cu ostenttia edifilr de reprecemtana in oe de grain rafinate de inspiratie en, palatleimperiale siresedinele shogurilor era, de lap, decorate cu paravane somptuozseacopeit cu fit de aur pe careers pctate scene fnfitind rmanifesiile cele mai spectaculoase ale naturi ‘Acest sl color i frapant, ear in pctark sia gsi express in scoala Kano, oglindee cresterea bogie. In secoele al XVIbes si aL XVllHea, ascensinea une cour urbane Iaie 2 materilizat in difuzarea crescnds de stamape realizate cu matrite de lem, in care eras NOILE IMPERU DIN EXTREMUL ORIENT ‘fiat tablouri din yaa citing i porrete de actor: sicurezan. in 1853, canonierle smticane au consis Japonia i redeschid porurile spe mea exeroxr. Impajié au dee pictur occidemal sR inp Kat 160 Wo les iftpedee asd ‘lit ret mend erp ‘ip eeipde Boma ia leone ‘367Se considers ct adit amps co mtr e Tern isi are origins Chins, in prima jumatane a secoie VilHex. De stun, metods na soles schimbiri cee (Oceident, tampele chine 0 fos. deseori umbrte de cele japoneze ales de cind fn scchl al X0%e, Japonia gia deschis fromtcrle omen eu sutindtate. in ciuda cule diferte, staple au ave imodiat wn mate succes in Oecdent, dor nu moma pe pisis eutopesns PS ais (ts Pid). Wain Soon site Fe Gale of dia Tsp, im 18Conen dane Se rae Lone Visbcsea dies sc ti 18. STAMPELE JAPONEZE siamercan, ci prince anit smod special in rama prinve im presionti (Capitol 4). in Joponia, produce de stampe ex matte de fema se denvolase indeoscbi Ia jumatatessecollu al XVElea, fn scea poet, difrarea Is Edo (reches de- rumize a orazului Tokio de azi) 4 sampelor mamite Ukiyoe (hme plitoare’), cre reprezits scene din aja covidians, oglndesteafirmarez unsi burgheaithogste 9 initore 2 plielor veg. Acre sampe, scoae dino matt de lenn ia fener cig) Inert in eli ea sil inl ers scar colar La Ps eur Br Tab eae nope feel ag pe Stig mae poe lgdecorate in acelsi sil adopt de rege side Curtea sa, pictur tit ‘aca impotiva still rococo nase act petra, considera ex decadent pentru ce Fst a inctarea simi i emorionnea spectral. Arta neoclsc se adres in sch iotlecrli ideal su nu era doar estetc, sete ivi, Au fos. deiabandonate ‘biel fivole egos stisticl a rococouli; Academia rs indemnat pe ari st se inspire din asiism prin petri eu subiect 4 Lg Mea ‘ete. Vell Iepatn 1785 Ad ib perl tn pi ls Vols Fimo dota pe pea ler a ge ep po leper on eat ean 5 gs, Mil Temp ‘Sop Peco de Tren Vaile 178 lye dct aot toupee enon expla ing esata (ines jet jncoric cares clebrze sentimeatuldatorie, angajarea civil, dragostea de pati i atagamen tul fai de inst, eme care au fost exploatate {in sens propagandist de o Cure in care doranea coruptia i cate cut amine eit mai malt posbil efecuarea une reforme fice seriose. Principal exponent al noului caret artistic ain Frata [frst secouli al XVIIHe 3 fost Jacques Louis David (1748-182), cares fGcuse ueeniia Is Roms, elaborind un sil figuraivausterbuzat pe studiul apofundat al statuarei clase. In Jamal Hoar (1789, comandat de Ludovic al XVHea,inerpretarea Sever etoicd a acesui episod din itoria romana Gi subliniazdsemnificai etc ‘MODE $1 REVOLUTIE Scena i intruchipes pe cei tei fai “Hori care jor, pe spadele steiuse de atl lor, sapere Roma pin la ukima picitura de singe, intron duel cu failia Caraior, campion a abbanior, abi ca Roms. Cale dovd fami rau unite prin legituri matrimonial pictara et dei o elorfcare a dragostei de putts, superioard coricieu alt sentiment. Asemanitoare este tema colebrei pictur intitle Brutus, Brutus 3 ordonat moarts fillor sii dup ce descoperic ce comploca impotiva statu {in picture ec infin timp ce Hictori adv cadavee aas. fn context Framei tmonarbice gi bsoluise, idltte isemina 6 LaMiiine, Vill Wt Emenee emmvcleae pr, dc tod bs bie AAV pene Defi mt ccd de pea cai 387acque 12 fa feat ucenicis de pictor la Paris i a exert in special pe subiece cu cacacter iseric gi ritologic. Dupi ce 2 cucert pretgicsl Prix de Rome (177 stat in Klis cnc ani, a Roma (0775-178), Inflate ideal sever de rationlitate propos de exponentt neodasicismului (Coptalal 41) cur sunt Canova Mengs si msi ales Winkelmann, David 2 dedicat sudinl si eseoulud statarei amice si 2 “loeb faults ctl aons £ Dai, Bros Pr Urs Fea 8 seta ‘cloner diem ‘smifiiamer prea ‘rattle Sele ‘pet eae ie Brits or at dip conde lem (ida farses or in aco es codes Br tee psc 388 DAVIDSI NEOCLASICIS init attudinil, form fimbrScimines, reind sal igarati a 2 vitat si Emilia Romagns, imeresindse de mati moet a picurii din Bologns, cum sunt (Caeacel si Guido Reni La Roma, feo aimosfert caturls de 0 eosbit viva, re suds pe (sl qj ous, Convins se mai also finale ic, rentaretes st in Fen, Did 2 creat pict de © simple monumental, extmpice prin pind Is exagerate, pri inspi-| ate din stawuara clasie, gama rome sabe. i echlbrata 5 suertatea fundalulor arte onice sublinizat conju moral al temelor inocce, Acl sable fi a =| etic gi virwre, asany ielitate fat de sar, chiar dacs, dupé revoloti, acest picrori au cpiat in mod evident o semilicatie ca total dileria Inwradev, se putea recurge I tradiia clase i pent glrificareaunorsisteme politic fare difrte de cel absolut. ‘Autor Greiei democrate sai Romei republican sau indrepratsigetile impotsiva ‘onicirei forme de puteremonarhici cum, Jor lise putea zd revendica oral: pace la gesionareachesinilor publics cuperarea lsc a favoriay, dec, elaborates unor noi iealuri de egaliate polite, 292 eum se ncimplase in seco in uli 9 Desi Jul i Palco. Vos. Coal cel pe {ri Oman Tras puran tar me fc ‘eu ponre esc al rea, ‘lous comport Eee ori leg fines oe seca4 XIV in Telia san in secolul al XVILeo in Olands Revolutia Francezs Jacomptema crap dr aes ie deck usin noerha feel, ere au de conser pen ine a unl reformed sal peaectns ote lef spruce Stun afom agreena deo pcecica isnot ener de prod aga fee ni side Sci de tne pa Colmer impotent independeatt in uni 1789, a Verses reprezentantt Stiri Tzeia eau consti ‘Adunare Nationals, Lori sau aliturat nentele cele mai progzesiste ale cleruui si nobilis intrucit le fuses intercishisarea in saa oficial a reaniunilor, sau muta in Sal Jeu de Paume, jurind si mu se desparch pina cind nus va fi formlat 0 Consiute. Acest moment simbolic a fst reprezentat, 0 cunoscua pimza de David al cari sil eoic se va dene foarte eusind a loxina: ibn, egal arr [Nastrea noi republic 2 implica gi spioade deo violent extrardinat Jncecirile dea fonds 0 monarhie ‘MODE $1 REVOLUTIE, 10 Dasid Mosca Mors, 179i eimepacee pawl rst, Fara en ‘tae, need ao ‘cel i mr [rere ons owe rrp lee na erie ‘eon eid sli Die Ingle ren, Dei ft tein lec akon fet shaver nat egal te nit ‘plored ma ‘ean Cah. constitutional au eat din cxvza revitenei opose de stractore feudal, Regele,acuaat de trade, 2 fos hilotinae (0793) aces soar au avut si aumerosi ‘exponent i arisocrte i ai burghezii bogate. Nici eondueitorilrevoluiei mo au scipa de efecele Teron, Marat a fst ssasnat (1793) iar Robespcre ghilotint (1794). Pentru agi consolida puters, nous republict 4 najionalieat acre eclezistice sia aboltprivileileBisericit Ccolice ‘A fost abot i caendarulgregorins lo traditionale au fos inlocuit cu dousprezece tani de cite tree de zl fir dominic, 0 suiele inspire clase din evenimente 1 Bae pen ‘cop Rapom Ti tice Pipeen i tt oa pe 2 eta fot te ote (i gs forme pure ox ace seri fereestind Pap ea Ble cis gee Spree etic es elisa jum Bile No fates u 389ake anvimpysilor, 1 Fructe dea augue sep tembrie), Gemialfmiicapili) Revolutionari au substi ula ios crodime ia divinist. Bicrca Notre Dae dea Pais. fost eeboezat Temp Rais (1793): Biseria Since Genevitve, comands de Ladovic al XVels si modifctd de Rondel sa ransformat fa Pantco, dup eiiazes lopotitelor sa serio. i oc ‘Academe, Davida fonda Conn Avtlor (0793, Neoelscsl a eaptat ata «evident comotaie publican. Dc via Financ meses deb YVechial Regi sae are fost supust Fran de calia monarhoreuropens Vale sin pes de ee Sek es oe ta Poms 8 Dag rec di Isr tae reer (0.182) ‘ahaa bd Va Soe een ogo ate repulse rind ve gi cals sees ulectone 9 Ii Napoleon (Copcl Rosia si Ermitajul i Resa, eukra lca idle aristilo si le sent din Europa Occidental Ss mina aod fev a don jsatone 8 stcolulu al XVM, in grandiose comes a Female del Sankt ecersurg. Origine ‘elas cee ws devon al dnte solebele innportaele anne din ane beagh iol de ecenimeutele cultural ale Resi esiopolte din secu a VIL i males cde ele arin’ Beaterian a ea Mace (1782-1798, Dap vai veohe, nae pistrened nuasle feancex: Ermita, i loc de pace 5: medio Js Europa Oucidenal, i scoala XVI, ‘mitel apirsea sub fora nor pavlcane ivole, Era vorta in geerl deel cu ‘dou nivelur: parcel era eset seer, ior el onspeior. Ceva senator se ala in zesedina li Petru Ua Peosvore, (Veter), ye sala Goll in a askin (Favskoe Sel} in mica pare din parcul ce iconjuapalbtul Ecaerial Ho jal Pabxului de acm al fps Elsabera, Ua Pecersbargfstns de arhitecl tan 1 Yat dea he Nk it iba rod Sink Peed ie 17. Osa ere soa a Fag el ce res iar Cap ds de 1s Ei Se Per eng paces © i Lapel Res a0Bartolomeo Francesco Rastelli), nu exsau parcuri, doar platforme pentru manifest Si parade militare. Ecaterina a Ila cea Mare #2 comandat ston in 1763, arbivectluifaneeeValln de ls Mothe 0 grains respectvol pavilion la aivell etal noble Pavillon, sa Ermita, care poi 4 dat uncle integuli comple de ef {a primo psvilion se giseau doar doua mese de sase persoaue, dar pe pert rau agitate peste nouizeci de picts provenie din coletile galerii Palatal de lama (care incepuse sie amenajaca in 1769, o dat cusosrea une colecit pretioasecumpirae din Germania). Dupi cea fost extins galeria, finalzat corpl decade 1 Rew, pics Pal de et Se Fecal 95-1702 Cot 132 de shined li BemloneFcscoce Resell es 170-171, ‘areas combine naga lie ec 0 ‘axed Pla Fete mpi te ‘eis Ret proicctat de arhitectol Velen gat deta. Acesta ete Erm, undo a os expose pice Ince inp, dupa conjcatia de pat care aaduso ls pore pe Ecterin,aitectal Rawrlla past Rost da. i mul sede ale, a proictat sara nonmetal din iterora ul de lara, unde au comin sh hueseze cla inte cei mai bun arhitect ani ai poi: Valin dela Mothe si Antonio Rial, Yai Vebien sin lv, in 179, Giacomo Quarenghi. Acesaa din urs se datoreas prince ale, proiecal hnguli covidor caee consti copie Loglor lui Rafael de la Vatican. Decora u pictur a fst ‘ucredinia lui Chrisopher Unterberger. MODE $! REVOLUTIE ‘Neoclscisml i Stele Unite ale Americit ints imp, de eas part a Ailantcu «ele ipprezzce clon engleze din America de Nord a resis cueersst independents fat de Coroan britanicd. In Deerati de Independents (177, Thomas Ieflrson ~ relvind concept de ierate avast de ator lsc ~ air peru pina dat existent deeptrilor inalienable ale Fiera om $i corolrl scestora deep de apirae contra opresivl. Réboiul 2 fos ineitabil (1776-173) Victoria rebelor a {ost celeb prin decorarea cu imagini

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