Computer Programming

Concept
K-01

Lukman Hadijanto, MT.

academic8899@gmail.com
Topic
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What is "computation" ?
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Python programming basics
– Python is relatively easier than C
– How to learn new language? 3 P

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Computation
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Fundamentally:
– performs calculations : a billion calculations per
second!
– remembers results : 100 GigaBytes
– remembers data
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What kinds of calculations ?
– built-in (bawaan) to the language
– ones that you define as the programmer
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Computers only know what you tell them
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Computers only do what you instruct

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Types of Knowledge
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declarative knowledge : statements of fact
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e.g. :
– Tanggal 20 September 2018 pukul 17.00 turun hujan di
kota Bandung
– Terjadi kemacetan di jalan Supratman, Bandung
– Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia tahun 2018 sebesar
5,2%
– ...

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Types of Knowledge

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Types of Knowledge
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imperative knowledge : a recipe or "how-to"
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ex. : cara menginstall python pada komputer Ubuntu
– 1. Login via SSH and update all installed packages
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First of all, login to your Ubuntu 16.04 VPS via SSH as user root
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ssh root@IP_Address -p Port_number
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and update all installed packages
– 2. Check the currently installed version of Python
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To check the currently installed version of Python, execute the
following command # python -V
– 3. Install Python 3.6 on Ubuntu 16.04, from source
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tar -xvf Python-3.6.3.tgz
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...

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Imperative Knowledge: numerical
example

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square root of a number x is y such that y * y = x

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recipe for calculating square root of a number x:
1) start with a guess t
2) if t*t is close enough to x, stop and say t is the answer
3) otherwise make a new guess: t = ( t + x/t ) / 2
4) using the new guess, repeat process (3) until close
enough

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Imperative knowledge : numerical
example
●
ex.: what is the square root of 16 ?
●

t t*t x/t (t + x/t) / 2

3 9 16/3 4.17

4.17 17.36 3.837 4.0035

4.0035 16.0277 3.997 4.000002

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What is a Recipe ...
1. sequence of simple steps
2. flow of control process that specifies when each step
is executed
3. a means of determining when to stop

1 + 2 + 3 = ALGORITMA

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Computers are Machines
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how to capture a recipe in a mechanical process
-> computer program

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fixed program computer, e.g. : calculators

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stored program computer : machine stores and
executes instructions, e.g.: Personal Computers

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Stored Program
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sequence of instructions stored inside computer,
built from predefined set of primitive instructions
1)arithmetic and logic
2)simple tests
3)moving data
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special program (interpreter) executes each
instruction in order
– use tests to change flow of control through
sequence
– stop when done

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Creating Recipes
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a programming language provides a set of primitive
operations

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expressions are complex but legal combinations of
primitives in a programming language -> syntax

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expressions and computations have values and
meanings in a programming language -> semantic

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Python Programs
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a program is a sequence of definitions and commands
– definitions evaluated
– commands executed by Python interpreter in a shell

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commands (statements) instruct interpreter to do
something

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can be typed directly in a shell or stored in a file that is
read into the shell and evaluated

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Objects
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programs manipulate data objects
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objects have a type that defines the kinds of things
programs can do to them
– Budi adalah seorang manusia, sehingga Budi bisa
berbicara, berjalan, dll.
– Putih adalah seekor kucing, sehingga Putih bisa
melompat, dll
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objects are
– scalar (cannot be subdivided)
– non-scalar (have internal structure that can be
accessed)

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Scalar Objects
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int : integer (bilangan bulat), ex. : 3, 6, 19
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float : real numbers (bilangan riil), ex.: 3.14 , 5.778
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bool : Boolean values: True and False
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NoneType : special and has one value, None
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can use type() to see the type of an object
>>> type(5)
int
>>> type(3.0)
float

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Type Conversions (Cast)
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can convert object of one type to another

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float(5) -> converts integer 5 to float 5.0
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int(7.9) -> converts float 7.9 to integer 7
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float(int(4.7)) -> ...?

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conversion process is called type casting

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Printing to Console
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Consensus: use Python versi 3.x
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check python version with command: python --version
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to show output from code to a user console, use
command print()
print("Hello, apa kabar?")
print("5+9=", 5+9, "Betul?")

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Note: command print() of python version 3 is different
from python version 2 !

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Expressions
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Expression = combination of objects and operators

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an expression has a value, which has a type

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syntax for a simple expression (aturan pembentukan
expression) :
<object> <operator> <object>

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Operators on int and float
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5+7 # the sum (penjumlahan)
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9.0 - 4.5 # the difference (pengurangan)
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5.0 * 4.5 # the product (perkalian)
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5.0 / 2.5 # the division (pembagian)
– Q: what will the type of the result from an operation of
an int object with a float object ?

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5%2 # the remainder when 5 is divided by 2 (sisa
pembagian)
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2 ** 3 # 2 to the power of 3 (pangkat)

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Order of Operation / Operator
Precedence

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parentheses ( ) tells python to prioritize operation
enclosed in that symbols

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order of operation without parentheses ( ) :
– **
– * , / , % (left to right)
– + dan - (left to right)

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Order of Operation
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For example: if x = 4.0 and y = 6.0
z = x + 4 * ( y + x ) / 2.0
# what is the value of z ?

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Order of Operation
●
if x = 4.0 and y = 6.0
z = x + 4 * ( y + x ) / 2.0

z = 4.0 + 4 * 10.0 / 2.0

z = 4.0 + 40.0 / 2.0
z = 4.0 + 20.0
z = 24.0

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Order of Operation
●
x = 4.0 and y = 6.0
z = x + 4 * ( y + x ) / 2.0 ;

z = 4.0 + 4 * 10.0 / 2.0

z = 4.0 + 40.0 / 2.0
z = 4.0 + 20.0
z = 24.0

●
Where we should put ( ) to make z = 40.0 ?

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Variables and Values
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Variable : part of memory that is given a name, which we
can manipulate later (for example we can use it to save
data)

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On python, variables are not needed to be declared or be
specified before they can be used

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why use variables?
– to make programs reusable (for example, use the same
program with different data)
– easier to modify / change program code

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Variables and Values
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equal sign "=" is an assignment of a value to a variable
name
– pi = 3.1415
– pi_approx = 22/7

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value stored in computer memory
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an assignment "=" binds name to value
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retrieve value associated with name or variable by
invoking the name, by typing "pi"

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Variable Names
Rules of naming a variable:
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must be preceeded with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or underscore
(_)
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the next character can be letters, numbers, or _
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case-sensitive !
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can be any length, but better to keep it short
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python's keywords can not be used as variable names

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Variable Names
Suggestion for naming a variable :
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choose a name that has meaning, ex. : "nama_siswa" is
better than "ns"

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choose a short name, ex. :
"nama_siswa_jurusan_teknik_elektro" -> "nm_siswa_EL"

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choose a consistent naming style, ex: "nama_siswa" or
"NamaSiswa" (camel case)

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Program Statement vs Mathematic
Statement
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in programming :
– expression on the right, evaluated to a value
– variable name on the left
– you do not "solve for x"

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which of the following is programming statement :
– x+5=9
– x=y+(2+4)
– 2x = y + 10
– x=x+5

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Changing Bindings
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can re-bind variable names using new assignment
statements
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previous value may still stored in memory but lost the
handle for it

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ex. :
pi = 3.14
radius = 2.2
area = pi * ( radius**2 )
radius = radius + 1
area = ?

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Changing Bindings
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ex.:
angka = 3.14
jumlah = angka + 2
print( jumlah )
type( angka )
check the result, then continue with :
angka = 3
jumlah = angka + 2
print( jumlah )
type (angka )
Q: conclusion?
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Comment
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Comment is part of program which is NOT read by python
interpreter

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use comment to give description or to clarify program
code

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to make comment: use "#" as the first character

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ex.:
# Ini adalah program untuk menghitung luas lingkaran
# Versi : 1.0
# Date : 10 Sep 2015

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Program Code
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Write python code using a text editor
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Save program file with extention .py
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Run the program with command: python [nama_file].py

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Summary
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We have discussed programming & python in general
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Python program struture :
– Operator
– Expression
– Variables
– Comments
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We have learned how to write and run a simple python
program

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Assignment 1
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Install python
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Visit website: https://sites.google.com/view/basicprog

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