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    AISE Technical Report No 13 2003 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Siddhartha Chatterjee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    |@ Guide for the Design and Constructio1 DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by a committee of steel company representatives, the Association of Iron and Stee! Engineers, and others, who considered the technology available at the time of preparation. This report does not represent either minimum acceptable standards or mandatory specifications. In addition, this report is subject to compatibility with all governmental requirements. The Association of Iron and Stee! Engineers in no way mandates or is responsible for use of this report, whether voluntary or pursuant to a mandate of others, The Association of Iron and Steel Engineers and the committee assume and strongly recommend that parties who intend to use this report will examine it thoroughly and wil ull lize appropriate professional guidance in adapting this report to each particular project. The use of language in this report that might be construed as mandatory is intended only to preserve the integri- ty of the report as the committee views it. It is not intended to require strict compliance where not necessitated by safety or operational needs. FOREWORD 'n 1969 the Association of Iron and Stee! Engineers first published “Specifications for the Design and Construction of Mill Buildings.” AISE recognized the need to consolidate available information and to guide designers, contrac- ‘ors, owners and suppliers as to the building requirements of the steel and similar industries. It was revised in 1979, 1991, 1997, and here again in 2003. As originally stated in 1969, the purpose then as now is: This specification provides owners, engineers and contractors with a comprehen- sive and rational approach to the design and construction of mill buildings, and other buildings or structures having related or similar usage. Afier review and confirmation of the scope of this Technical Report No. 13, the previous contents of Section 6.0 have been deleted, This updated report guides the owner and designer through the many assumptions and parameters involved in the Upper segment Crane column lo is the moment of 1, Hi r inertia of the Ge combined column section about this x axis, Lower segment SECTION B~B 9 : Py Combined column Fig. 7.4—Notation for stepped columns as used in Tables 7.1 through 7.4. Copyright © 2003 by AISE 37 ee a 0.8. If less than full rotational restraint is provided by the column anchorage for buckling about Y-Y, K may be assumed to be equal to 1.0. As an alternative to a tabulated form for definition of stepped column equivalent length ratios about the strong axis (X-X), a computerized solution is available for all column end conditions. Checking of mill building stepped columns for both axial compression and biaxial bending stresses can be ‘accomplished by utlizing the following equations: (Eq.7.3) (Eq. 7.4) Eqs. 7.3 and 7.4 are nearly identical to Eqs. H1-1 and H1-2 of the AISC specication (Ret. 1), except for the introduction of f, as differentiated from f, It shall be noted that, it one of the stress terms ff. and iy in Eqs. 7.9 and 7.4 is taken in its maximum value, the other terms shall be taken in corresponding values determined for a particular load case and at the same section of the column, The chock of the upper segment (A-B) involves axial compression and bending about only one (X-X) axis, and it does not need special explanation. ‘As applied to the lower segment (B-C) of the mill building column elements shown on Fig. 7.4, the terms in Eqs. 7.3 and 7.4 are discussed and defined as follows: ‘The lower segments of mil building columns should be divided in two categories: (a) Columns with a continuous web plate between building and crane column elements. (b) Columns with intermittent connections between building and crane column elements such as diagonal lacing or battens. The above two categories of the column lower segments should be modeled in a different manner in the com- Puter framing analyses. The solid web column (category “a") can be modeled as a single member between the ‘column base and the girder seat. The intermittently connected column (category “b") should be modeled as a system of members representing separate building and crane column elements with lacing or battens. This mod- «ling technique will permit one to determine member forces in all components of the buill-up columns. 7.16.1 Columns with a Continuous Web Plate Between Building and Crane Column Elements. Terms in Eqs. 7.3 and 7.4 are as follows: te Maximum or corresponding axial stress (P, + P2/A where A is area of the entire lower segment cross-section. |n checking the lower segment for bending about the y-y axis (see Fig. 7.4), itis conserva: tively assumed that the crane column element resists all of the bending introduced by ‘eccentricity of crane girder reactions. Thus, the amplification of f,, as a result of deflection 1s dependent on the average axial stress (f,) in the crane column element alone. The stress /', is determined by adding (or subtracting) the average stress due to moment about the xx axis, calculated at the centroid of the crane column element, to (or from) the aver- age stress /, of the entire lower segment. This is the allowable axial stress under axial load. It may be for buckling of the entire stepped column about the x-x axis, based on the equivalent length KL/,, or it may be determined by buckling about the y-y axis for whatever column length is unsupported. For ‘monosymmetrical columns, where the crane and building column elements are made of 38 Copyright © 2003 by AISE ¢ So different sections, consideration of flexural-torsional and torsional buckling of the whole section is required (Ref. 1, paragraph ES and Ref. 35, Appendix E). The minimum of the F, values should be used in equations 7.3 and 7.4 For bending in the plane of the bent, about (X-X), assume a value of 0.85 when all bents are under simultaneous wind load and when side sway is assumed to take place. When ‘one bent is being considered, under maximum crane loading without wind (Case 2 load- ing), assume a value of 0.95 for Cy. The foregoing values of C,, are applied to the lower segment only. In determining this coefficient, as well as values of all other parameters in the third term of Eq. 7.3, only the crane column element is assumed to be effective. It should be assumed 8 not rotationally restrained at the top (at B) but is supported against joint translation lon- gitudinally at the same location. Although not restrained, bending due to eccentric loading ‘can be introduced at B. The base (C) usually may be assumed fixed unless footing condi- tions are poor. Assuming no interaction with the building column element, haf of the ‘moment introduced at B as a result of unequal reactions on adjacent girder spans will be Carried over to the base, in which case C,, = 0.4. I base fixity at C of the crane column element cannot be assumed, take Cy, = 0.6 (hinged conditions) or interpolate between 0.4 and 06. This is the maximum or corresponding compression stress due to bending about (X-X) at crane or building column elements determined using the entire lower segment section properties. This is the maximum or corresponding compression stress due to bending (Y-¥) in crane ‘column element (see above notes regarding Cy) For compression of the crane or building column element side, F,, would be the allowable extreme fiber stress due to bending, reduced below 0.6, if necessary, because of lack of lateral support. The allowable stress reduction may be based on the allowable axial stress in the crane column element, acting as a column in bending about the (Y-Y) axis as shown in Fig. 7.4. The (¥-Y) axis in this sketch would correspond to the (X-X) axis of the individual crane column element in the steel shapes manual, if a tolled section were used. The allow- able column stress, so determined, should be multiplied by the ratio c,/c. as defined by ‘Section BB in Fig. 7.4. If this stress is greater than 0.6F,, the smaller of the two should be taken as F,,. ‘Since this component of bending is about the weak axis of the combined crane and build ing column elements, no reduction in allowable stress need be made for lateral bucking ‘Also, since the bending resistance is considered to be provided solely by the crane column element of the lower segment the allowable stress for a compact section may be used, it the provisions of Section F1.1 of Ref. 1 are met. Since this stress is used as a basis for the determination of the amplification of the column deflection in the plane of bending it should be based on the equivalent length of the com plete stepped column, as in the case of F,, for bending about the x-x axis, If the base may be assumed as fixed, let K = 0.8 for the crane column element alone; oth- erwise, assume that K = 1.0. The length in the determination of KL would be that of the crane column element BC. Copyright © 2003 by AISE 39 7.16.2 Laced or Battened Columns. For laced or battened columns, terms in Eqs. 7.3 and 7.4 are as follows: te ‘The maximum or corresponding axial compression stress at the crane or building column element is based on axial member forces and the cross-sectional area of the element. Sa For the crane column element J = / and for the building column element /, = 0. Fy This is the allowable stress under axial load. For each column element, F, shall be deter- mined separately based on slenderness ratios (KLx/r, and KLy/ry) about strong and weak ‘axes. In most cases the separate crane and building column elements are doubly symmet- tical sections, for which flexural-torsional buckling checking is not required. Cha Md Cyy For the crane column element, a definition of these bending coefficients about the combined column section strong and weak axes is similar to the definition provided for columns with a solid web plate. Cos = 085 for the building column element. Sox ‘The maximum or corresponding compression stress in the crane or building column ele- ‘ment due to bending about the strong axis (x-x) of the combined column section, Sy ‘The maximum or corresponding compression stress in the crane column element due to bending about the weak axis (y-y) of the combined column section. Fry The allowable compression stress for separate column elements due to bending about the strong axis of the combined column. In most cases bending in this plane for the lower seg- ‘ments with separate column elements is the local bending between points where the bat- tens or diagonals are connected to the crane or building segment. Py The allowable compression stress due to bending of the crane column element about the weak axis of the combined column section. Unbraced lengths for the lateral support about x-x and y-y axes of the lower segment shall govern in determination of the F,, and Fy, for each column element following recommenda- tions of AISC (Ret. 1). Fg 80d Fy Same as for the columns with a solid web plate. Web members (diagonals or battens) should be analyzed for the action of the member forces (axial, shear ‘and bending) following the design criteria recommended by AISC (Ref. 1) 7.17 Crane Rails and Joints (5.16) ‘The project specification should include reference to acceptable stock lengths, composition, hardness and tol- erances for crane rails. By specifying the rail stock length, the quantity of joints can be controlled. Heat-treat- ed rails can help to extend rail fe. “Tight fit" bolted splices implement round holes in the rail, round holes in the splice bar and round shank bolts. The rail ends are drawn together upon tightening, thereby eliminating the gap between ends. When bolted splices are not properly maintained, they can become loose, causing high- impact forces and runway and crane damage. On runways in Building Classes A and B, crane rails should be joined to run continuously by puddle arc, manual stick, thermite, flash butt, gas pressure or other acceptable welding method. The project specification shall provide details as to the approved welding procedure(s). Continuously welded rails eliminate the impact forces from crane wheels traversing the rail joints. Special con- sideration should be given to the rail attachment method. Crane loads, the presence of side guide rollers, float- ing rails, thermal expansion, runway length and several other factors influence attachment selection and spac- ing 40 Copyright © 2003 by AISE Elastomeric pads installed continuously under the crane rails reduces fatigue, vibration, impact forces and noise. Finished profile grinding should be performed before the crane rail has been placed in its final position. 6 7.18 Mains, Ducts and Pipes (3.7.5) |In the design of duct systems and their supports, consideration should be given to but not limited to: Internal condensation Potential explosive limits of the conveyed gases Duct collapse due to negative pressures Differential expansion between inner and outer shells of water-cooled ducts Radiation of heat from air-cooled ducts Insulation Solar loads ‘Thermal fatigue Contraction and expansion of steam lines Corrosion allowance Refractory (or otherwise lined) mains, ducts or pipes subjected to water-cooled gas flows should be investi- gated for possible arching effects due to differential temperatures between upper and lower supports. Duets conveying saturated gases or gas with entrained water should be sloped to a suitable drain pocket. The slope should take into consideration the nature of the dust load in the gas. Consideration should be given to an accidental full dust loading of any duct due to unusual operating proce- dures or processes. 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Floor loadings, wind loadings, etc., are expressed in kips per square foot (kst). 4 Cross-sectional area, in? i a Clear distance between transverse stiffeners in a plate girder, in, - Ratio of length of the upper segment of a crane column to the total length from the lowest r00f connection to footing B Ratio of the maximum moment of inertia of the lower (combined) crane column section to the moment of inertia of the upper section about the same axis by Flange width of rolled beam or plate girder, in. Gm Costticients applied to bending terms in column interaction formulas to account for load

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