gulo: Applied Thermodynamics [ismess] - Comlouption Thermodynamics: Introduction +0 combustion: the term combustion Yelerp to a chemical yeaction that occusp between a fuel and an oridiger Cupuany aly), producing enciqy in the form of heat ox both heat and light. : Combuption ip pyftloatica\ty Yeprensted on, Fuel + oxidiger ——> Energy + products Fuels of engineering interest OHen include ovganic compounds eppeciaiy hydyocorbonp i the form of gon, Iduid of potid phone. For example, gotid Juetp include coal, Liduid dueip include qanotine (petrol), diepel, Kevonene, elc., Gapcoup juetp include Netural gap. tool gop, Liguitied petroleum gap LP4), ete. The otidiaing agent, which ip Upvany atmoppheric oiy conpimp of oryqen (Oa- 80-96% by Volume) and Nitvogen CNe - 48.097. by Vouwme), bydvogen (Ha ~ 0-0000% by Vowume], Costoon-dioxicle ( Cox - 0-087. by volume), Avqon CAV-0-9337. by Votume) and dthery elements in prmall propaitions - the pmail traces of cthey qopep are tnclucled in nitrogen RY pometimes called op atmoxpheric nitoqen. Theretove, tov conviountion Caleulotionp, ot ip apputed fo be CONniptp ob ar. of 08 ond 497. of No.#9. Therefore, for coch mote of O2 in a yeaction, we have ai> 274 mote of Na. Zt ip important to note that, Nitrogen win not Underqs any chemical Yeaction and appeayp an‘ Ny’ tipett in the Products ot combuption. combustion of tuelp: Fuels contain combuptibte elementa which veadity wmbine with oxygen: the heat produced duving the combouption ip Knoon ap the catoritic Voie of the duel. thip may be obtained experiment rally ov it May be calastoted Avorn the chernicat anatynip of duet The chie} combuptibte elements tn fuel aye carbon, hydvoqen and pall asountn Dt other element. the forowtng tobre Givep the atomic. Numbey and motenslar weight of porme of the common Conpiituenty of fuel. Suloptonce Symbooi [Atomic We. [Moteculor wt) Hydrogen He 1 _ 8 eran Oa le za Nitvoqen No 4 ag Coxbon G la = Suiphuy i 8 aa ge Covbon- dioride Ws i= Ad. Con bon- Monoricde co _ ag Water Vapour oy Steam H30 | 1g Suiphuy-diotide Soy = 64 Methane CHy = le Ethane CaHc _ 30 ] Ethylene Calg ee 28Caloric vawue * Coloviic Value ov heating youe of o duel ip dened op the amount of heat Hiotiated by the complete Comlouption of o UAT Mapp of fuel and ip exprepped in Ki/Kq. Any fuel containing hydrogen witt form water vopourp dusing the procepp of Combuption. Depending on wheotey the wlatey | Vapouip are condenped during cpoting of not, we have two calovitic Votuen namely higher calovitic vatue (HCV) and Lowey catovitic Votue (Lev). | |. Higher calorific Yaiue (Hey ot GYops @loiitic value) + During cwoting, if the productp of combuption cme back to Ut'p Initial temperature (ior temperature), alt the wlotey Vopourp ave Condenped , then tk liberates latent heat which qetp added +o the heot alweady libevoted duving combustion. Thup, heat libevoted in thin cope alpo includes the latent heat and hence, it ip called Higher aortic Voie Oy qiohp alovikic value. & Lower calovitic Value (Lev) * During Cooling, i water Vapourp oxe not condenped loacte to Wp Initial tempeyorure Loom temperoture), then the heat Uroevated during, Combustion wit be lepp and fr ip called Loser catoritic Vawe (Lev). Th'm' ip the monp of the peam condenned , then, Lev = Hev — m. hqWhere, hho = enthalpy of vapouvigation of wlatey ov latent heat ey if of pteomn ot atmopphevic Condttionp = d46s KI/Kq. EP iv Jov_combuption of duets: The ofv Yeauived oy corlountion ip identified by ditterent Yomen op fottasn, 1. Thentetical / gtoichiometic_aiv : The minimum amount of ofy Yequived tov the complete CoMlouption ok tuel ip Known op theoretical atv oy stoichiometyic atv ov chemicaity conect av. Whe Complete comMouption ip achieved, the Products OF Combuption wi not Contain orygen io them 8. Excepp aly: Plocticaiy, compiete cormbuption of o duet ip imponnibie unters the amount of oly supplied toy combuption ip qyeoter than the theovetical atv, becaUpe, Not all the pupplied aty win come in contoct wotth the duel and ep a Yepult, a portion of the buel mey be tet Unbumt. Thus’ the aiy pupptied in amount qyeatey than the ~ thenretical aiy ip Catled extepp aiy and ip upualty axprepped in Perlentage- Actual afr - Thearettcol ai¥_ y 09 Theovetical aty ie, 7 Ectepp aiy =3. Actual aiv: Actual aly ip the Mapp of aiy actually pupplied per Ka of fuel in a given combuption procenp. Tt may be lepp than, esual to or queatey than the theoretical aiv. The amount of aty actually pupplied or combuption ip exprenped in texmp ch percent of theoretical I ai. ie, |Z thenretical aiy = (1007) + (7 excepp ay) 4, Aiy deficiency * the amount ot aiv which ip lepp thon the theoveticol oy Moichiometyic iv ip cated atv deticiency. In puch a cape, the combouption wit be iMcomplete Yepstting in Products Ahat contain Hy, Co, c and/oy OH. S. Aty- fuel WE) Yatto: The amount of aty pupptied for a certain amount of duel ip exprepned by a term known ap aix-tuel yatio. Thip vatio can be expiended ih tamp of mopp ov volume thup, AVE vatio of mopp banip ip detined op the Yotio of Mapp of aly Yeauived 40 the mopp of Juet tox any Comouption Procenp. ie] AF votio on mapa bopip Moap of aiy (Mo) Mapp of duet (})No. of Kmotp oF aiv Mo. OF Kenols of tuet AE Yotin on Volume boapis For exampie? Conpidey the comiouption equation of propane. gos. GHy + s [mt 3.643 | —> Seay + 4 Had + 18-8Ny J. Af yotio on mapp boapin = Monn of ol (me) Mopp of uel (mt) a Mapp of S [oat s-76 Na] Monn of Suet (Cts) s[so+ sactas) ] gua) + 80) Me yatio = 15-6 Kq ot aw / kq of QHs _ No ok keno ok aly Now, A/F yatio on vowme borin = Ok emowp oF fuel , e = Mo. of Kmorp of S[oats-46 Na] No. of Kmotp of fuer (Cxtts) =. Sbiwaas) 1 Ae vatio = 02-8 Kmop of atv/Kmor of HSG. Fuel -Aty (F/A) Natio: puel- Aly UF/A) Yatio ip the Yeciprocat of Aiv- Fuct (A/F) Yotio and ip detined op the ratio of mopp of fuel to the many of airy - ie., | Fuel Av On monn bonth = Vo, ok aiy (nad No.of tanotp of Tush Fuel-Aiv of volume bapip = Qo. of Kmoy of atv. 7. Enthalpy of formation (AHA): Entholpy of tormation ip detined op the amount of enerqy Yeleaped ov alopotbed when the products ave Aormed Ayo tt'p Yeactantp, when all the products and Yeactantp axe ot AS°c temperature ond | atmopphere prepnure. Tt ip denoted by AKY. 8. Enthalpy of combustion (AHe): enthalpy of Combouption ip detined op the dittevance loetween the enthalpy of products (Hp) and enthalpy of Yeactantp He) when Complete comlouption occuyp ot a qiven temperature and preppure. Le., Enthalpy of combuption Where, Hp = enthalpy of products Hp = %pMp [ame + (Hr -Hasre)] Hg = enthalpy of Yeactontpp= Zp%R [amy + (Pr Hgcre il. whee, 1 = No of ravies of productp/Reactanip. AH} = entholpy of formation. (Hr- Hace) = enthalpy apnociated sith tp change i Mote trom Manderd as’c temperature and atm Prenpuye - 9. Internal Energy of combuption AUo) + TMevnal enerqy of comlouption ip debined apthe ditlerance ob intemal enerqy vt products (Wp) and internal energy of Yeactontp (Wed hen complete combuption eccusp at a qiven Aernperature and Preppuve. Le., Tntanal energy ot combuption, Where, UP = Tntesna! enexqy ot productp = 2 "p [% + or-vaee)] | Ope Intemal eneray ob reactontp = Fe Ng [ve +(Ur- rasel\y whee, ne No of motep of producta/ Reactantp. Jo. Relationnip between Enthalpy of ombuation and Internal anergy of combugtion: Av, + Mp-"e): where, B= Universal gop conptantT= Relevance tempevoture. IL. combustion eticiency (ecente) : Comouption elticiency ip delined op the vatio OF ideal ov i theoretical (F/A) ratio to the actual (F/A) Yotio at o aiven temperature. rie, | Meo = Theoteticat (F/A) Yotio tor o given temperate vine. Actual (F/A) yatio for the Aame temperature Vine 18. Adiabotic. plome Temperature (Trdiotantic) | TH the complete combuption ot fuel taxerplece adiolatically with theoretical of ploichiomebic aly with no changes in Kinetic and Potential enevqy and with no werk tranptey, then the temperature of producty ip vetlered 4o ap adiabatic Nome temperature. 13. Dippociation Dippociation reterp to the dipinteayation Cpeparation) of burnt gare at hiqh Femperoturé. Duving Ccomloustion heot ip Woerated but duvitiq dippociation heot ip abpotbed. Thup dippociation generaity towers the temperature and preppire leading to lope in power and etficiency: lA. chemical eauttibyium * During a chemical Yeaction, it the vate of Ltloevation of energy ond the wate ot abpoyption of energy ave in balance, at Hip point, no turthey Maeope Mh temperature Con be oloperved then Abe reaction ip poid to be i a ptote of chemical esullitoyium. ®TY Anatypip of Hue qanep ty erhaunt qorep by pipet appavatun’ Thee wy Header pipe | Fille qapep are the minture of dyy products of combuption Oy, C0, 03 and Na which axe coming ost ot the combuation chamloey. The vowmeric anatypia of dvy products of combuption of ote gap ip done oy meonp ob oxpot opparatuy. Fiq use phowp the oxrangement of oipot oppovatup uihich conpiptp of thee olbporption bulbp Z, Mand TL Aor the yemovat of Coa, Ox and co venpectively the pereentage of nttvogen (Wa) in the fuse qap ip obtoimed by the ditteyance. Abporption loutl T conpipta of KOH pourtion to abpove Cox, obtle bull TL congiptp OF pyvoqatiatt c acid pourion [CoH 0H), | to abpovb 03 and bulb I conniMp of cuproun chiovide (cuctz) toObporle co. Thepe Hee atopoyption buibp ove further connected +0 an eudiometey genevaity qioduated 4yom O- 100 cc. the eudiometey ip inturn connected 40 the appiiatoy bottle through o henivte Yulover pipe. the eudiometer ip puttonded by a sacket of Water to maintain conptant temperature. The appivatoy bottle tp upuatty Hited with polt water, which gnnot dippowe any tue gonep. Proce duxe + L. Loitioty the Votwep X,Y and 2 of thee bulls I, T and TIL veppectively ore cloped. the &- way prop cock connected to the gop pupply ip opened ond the anpivotor bottle ip jowered down po op to drow the ger into the eudiometey Upto the 100 cc level . The 3-woy ptop cock ip then cloped the Water level tn loth the eudiometey and the apptrator bottle tp Made to be pame. a. The Vawe x’ of but L tp opened and the appivatoy bottle tp Yoiped to puph the gop into bull I, wherein Ce ip abporbed by KOH polution. the appirotoy bottle ip moved up and doo peverol times to enpure that ail the Coa hop been alopdribed oy the KOH polution tn Mapk I. & The unabpovbed Hue qap ip taken back ito the eudiometey boy towering the appivatoy bottle ond Valve x ip Cloned. 4. The appiratoy bottle ip now moved th puch a way po on 40 Maintain Conpant level in both the eudiometey and the Oppiatoy bottle. the ditterance in reading i both the bottles qinep the vowwme dk Cog tn wore ob the twe gep hample.s. The vowe “Y and ‘Z ok bulb T and I veppectivery ave opened each in tush and the above ptepp ate tePeoted to determine the vowume of ‘os and ‘co in the 10 cc of the tue gop pample, 6. The gpp Yeraining in the eudiometey obey the aloporption of Cog, Og and co ip taken Op Nitrogen (Ns).