DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTEC'HON BK 60-311 E BER, Doc., 2985 Enol.: 7452 283 F 7452284 5, 74589966 Reg. 7452 Genorator proteotion for STAL turbines satel i ¢ g i Edition 1 Size approx. 3-50 MVA 1. Introduction ‘The generator protections described below are for STAL turbines ra 2, Neutral -point eartaing Earth-fault gurrent {contra-rotation turbines) with a total generating output within the range 5-50 MVA, i.e,, mainly industrial turbines, Protections of this design hes long been standard. Generators for STAL turbines do not require any more comprehensive protective arrangements than other generators, The design of contra~ rotation turbines with twin generators directly connected in parallel implies, however, that the protective gear in some cases will have a unique disposition. Generators of this size are normally fitted with longltudina! differen~ tial protection, which in this case is common to both generators. The ‘over-current protection, whose task is then primarily fo oparats tupon the ocourrence of external faults, is therefore introduced only ‘on the one generator, Tn atldition, an interturn short-cireuit protec~ tion common to both generators is incorporated, and this protection ig hare mate hoth simple and effective and will also operate upon phase intorruption. As the two excitation windings are connected in series, it is possible to incorporate 2 simple bridge type protection against rotor inter~ turtis of section faults and rotor winding open—olrouits, ‘The protections, which, when operating always effect stopping of the turbine, give 2 tripping impulse to the turbine trip solenafd oaly. ‘When the emergonoy stop valvo subsequontly closes, = limit switoh on it will trip the main clrouit-breaker and the field switch, ‘The recommended relay settings can be seen on sheet 6 . In the case of a stator earth fault, a high earth-fault current mey cause extensive and severe damage to the stator laminations, especi- ally if the fault is of long-duration. A general rule is therefore that in the oase of generators (or motors) that are directly connected t a network the earth~feult current should be limited to a harmless value. im the cage of a very low earth-fault current, a normal earth-fault signal may be sufticient, but if the current exceeds 10 to 15 A, auto- matic, selective earth-fanit tripping shoald be arranged. With currents of the order of 50 to 100 A or more, especially rapid tripping is neces- sory. Ta the following text tt has heen assumed, in the case of turbine sets dixectly connected to a network, that the neutral points of the gena= rators are not earthed. They may only ke earthed after careful eon- sideration. Of importance ia this connection is whether other neutral points are earthed in the nework, how they are earthed, and the size of the network’s own capacitive earth-fault current.723 eval ASEA Information DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTECTION RFR, Dec., 1965 RK 60-311 E 2 3. Diagrams 4. Deseription 4.1 Diagram 7452 283 412 4.12 Reg. 7452 A generating set connected to its own step-up transformer, on the other hand, should have one generator neutral point earthed throagh a high resistance. (See sheet 5 ) ‘The diagrams enclosed refer to the following cases: 7452 283 ‘The generators connected directly to a network with an insignificant earth-feult current (and in certain cases where there is a particularly high earth-fault current, See under "4, 1.2 Differential protection" below) 7452 264 The generators connected directiy to a network with such 2 high earth-fault current {for example > 10 to 18 A) that automatic earth-fault tripping is required. 7452 286 The generators connected to their own step-ap transformer without distribution at the generator voltage. Diagram 7452 283 comprises the following relay protections: Over-current protection for the generators. The time-lag over-current relays 19 are connected’ to the current transformers 3 5 on the neutral side, They may be inverse time-teg over-current relays of type RI and RIDI or cefinite time-lag over- current relays of type RIDA, depending on which type of relays are ‘used in the network, in the case of an over-current, the relays trip the generator eircuit- breaker after 3 certain time-lag. If the aver-current is caused by an overload of a short circuit outside the circuit-breaker, it then ceases immedistely and the relays will reset instantaneously. The turbine under n0-load ezn then he easily reconnected to the network. If, on the other hand, the over-current remains, as will be the case upon a short circuit within the circuit-breaker, for example in one generator, the time-lag relay 23:7 provides an irapulse to the trip! solenoid of the turbine after a further 0,5 sec {epprox.), which also results in field switeh tripping and demagnetization. In the case of a short circuit outside the generators, for example on the busbars, the over-current protection operates in the normal way, even if the two generators begin to oscillate in relation to each other. The over-current relays, of course, only sense the short-circuit current of their own generator and not any possible oscillations in the total current from the two generators. Differentis! protection commen to both generators ‘The differential protection of type RYDHA works in accordance with the high-impedance principle and bas the following characteristic properties: Speed - operating time approx, 15 ms (excluding auxiliary relay).ASEA DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTECTION RFR, Dec., 1965 {RK 60-311 E 448 ald Information Reg. 7452 Sensitivity - primary operating current approx, 2-4 % of the total normal current of the generating set Stability - ebsolute stability upon the presence of faults outside the protective zone. With regard to the design and mode of operation of the protection, see the specific déscription RK 60-301 E. The protection 20 is connected to its own current-transformer cores 2 aon the line side and 3 a on the neutral side of each generator. All nine current-transformer cores must have the same turns-ratic but need not otherwise be identical. No other relays or instruments may be connected to these cores, The auxiliary relay built into the protection provides a direct actuating Impulse to the trip solenoid, the main circuit-breaker and the field switch. The three-phase differential protection also operates upon the presence of earth faults if the earth-fault current exceeds the operating value of the protection, This value is normally so iow that in networks with a ‘high earth-fault current (for example 50 to 106 A or more) the diffe- rential protection may be considered as 2 fully satisfactory earth- fault protection and in addition an extremely rapid one. Ia this case, no special earth-fault protection as in diagram 7452 284 {see under 4.2 below) is necessary. Over-voltage protection consisting of a time-lag over-voltage relay 22 ‘of type RIB 51 with a time -lag inversely dependent on the rise in voltage. The relay anc the voltage regulator should be supplied by separate voltage transformers, Ef the load disappears, the voltage regulator should intervene and limit the rise in voltage. Owing to the time-lag, the protection then has no opportunity to operate. In the ease of a lasting rise in voltage, for example if a fault in the regulator or excitation system results in full excitation, ou the other hand, the protection should operate. In the case of parallel operation with other generators, overexcitation causes over-current aud the over-current protection will trip the generator circuit-breaker. At the subsequently rise in voltage the voliags relay then actuates the stop-valve, whereupon demagnetization takes place. Interturz short-circuit protection for the stator windings. This consists of an over-yoltage relay 23:1 fed by 2 voltage trans- former 9 connected between the two neutral points. Across this trans- former normally only a low yoltage occurs, mainly consisting of harmonics which do not affect the relay since the latter is fitted with aharmonic filter 28:3. In the case of an interturn short circuit in one phase of the one generator, on the other hand, a voltage is obtained with the frequency of the fundamental that is so great that the relay operates and provides an actuating impulse to the turbine trip solenoid via a time-Lag relay. Before the two generators are synchronized (running-up) a considerable voltage may build up between the neutral points. The interturn short~ circuit protection is therefore blocked during starting by an auxiliary contact on the main circuit-breaker.erie 3 2 ASEA DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTECTION RFR, Dei 4.45 4.1.6 4.17 44,8 Information RK 60-311 E 21965, Reg. 7452 Field winding protection against short circuits and interruptions in the generstor fields. A voltage relay (18 and 24:1) is bridge-connected to the two excitation windings connected in series. Under normal conditions, the relay, for reasons of symmetry, receives no voltage at all or only an In- significant one. In the case of rotor open circuit, or a short circuit of a part of the winding, the syrumetry is disturbed. The relay then actuates the turbine trip solenoid via the time-lag relay 24:5, During runring-up, also the field winding protection is blocked by #n auxiliary contact on the main cirouit-breaker. The conductors to the voltage divider 18 are protected upon short circuit by a resis- tor 16 and a miniature circuit-bresker 17. Both should be placed as close to the excitation circuit as possible. Short-cirouiting a part of one of the rotor windings involves unequal excltation of the twin generators and a reactive compensation current passing between them. Together with the lond current, this current Tight cause a thermal overload, which lg prevented by the operation of the above-mentioned protection. Earth-fault signal for the excitation circult Across a capacitor 15, a voltage transformer 14 continuously feeds an alternating voltage {40 V) into the excitation circuit. Upon the oceurrence of an earth fault in the latter, the a.c. circuit is closed and the current relay 24:8 actuates a signal relay with a time-lag. Normally, a emall current flows through the relay, doponding on the capacitance to earth of the excitation circuit and the relay current netting should be safely higher than this current. The voltage transformer should be jed from the aoxillary low voltage supply or from another (HV) voltage transformer (220 or 110 V, 50 o/s) via a mintature ciroutt-breaker with a signal contact. ‘The design of the protection will in principle be the same with an ex- citation system including a.c. exciter and rectifier as with a d.c. exciter. General earth-fault signal Upon the appearance of an earth fault in the generators or in the not- work, the neutral-point voltage relay 25 connects in a time-lag signal relay. As an alternative, the neutral -point voltage relay can be con- neoted to voliage transformers on the ousbars. ‘The reverse power protection is intended to prevent the generaiors from motoring when steam -supply is shut off, as there is then a risk of dangerous overheating of the blading system. Reverse power protection is, however, only necessary with back-pressure turbines. In the case of condensing turbines, motoring does not involve ary Gangercus overheating of the blading system if there is a full vacum. Vacuum failure will result in direct tripping of the turbine,7D aval IMI vs ASEA Information DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTECTION RFR, Dec., 1965 RK 60-311 E a Reg. 7452 419 4.2 Diagram ‘TA52 284 4.3 Diagram 7452 286 ‘The single-phase power relay 20 should be connected to the current transformers of one generator and is designed for a sensitivity of approx, 1% of the rated power, In the case of reverse power, the main circuit-breaker effects tripping via a time-lag relay 81:1 with a setting of about 20 seconds. Each projection is fitted with its own indicating device, which is visible in the window of the relay case and can be Teset by hand. Al! protections are provided with a relay testing switch and test bolts. When the switch is set in its central position, the tripping circuit is opened. In addition, when switching over to the test position. the relays are disconnected from the measuring transformers and the current transformers are short-circuited. Diagram 7462 284 comprises the same equipment as the shove 7452 233 with the addition of a sensitive and selective earth-fault protection which disconnects the set upon the occurrence of an earth fault in the generators. ‘The protection consists of a sensitive earth-fault relay 26 connected to three current transformer cores 2 of its own ln direct zero sequence connection. Provided that the neutral points of the STAL generators are uncarthed, the protection operates oaly upon the presence of an earth fault on the generators, and not wher faults in the network ocour. The protection effects tripping via a time-lag relay 26:3 with a low setting. When there is an over current (for example upon a short circuit in the network), differeness between the current transformers may foed to a spill current through the earth-fault relay. In order to prevert undesired tripping, the instantaneous break contacts K6-K7 {ihe starting contacts) on the time-lag over-current relays 19 of type RIDA block the earth-fault protection. In addition, tripping is made depeadent on the neatral-point voltage relay 28:1, the make eoatect of which is comiected in series with the earth-fault relay make contact. If, instead of RIDA, tirme-lag overcurrent retays of type RI or RIDL, which lack an instantancous starting contact, are used, two instan- taneous current relays must be introduced for the purpose af block- ing. A svecial diagiam (7452 285) will be supplied upon request. Diagrem 7452 286 refers to generators connected directly to their ‘own step-up transformer and differs from 7452 283 in the following respects: ‘The general earth-faull signal has been replaced by a aeutrat-point voltage relay 29:1, which provides a tripping impulse via a ime-lag relsy 29:5 upon the occurrence of zn earth fault on the low-voltage side, und protects approx. 95 % of the generator winding. The neutral point voltage relay connected to the voltage transformer 11 is Fitted with a harmonic filter 29:3 to climinate the effects of the harmonic voltages occuring at the generalor neutral point. If an earth fault ocours on the high-voltage side of the transformer, a neutral-point voltage transmitted eapacitively is obtained on the low-voltere side. One generator neutral point is therefore earthed across a high-resistance which limits the transmitted voltage to a nln lace thar the nnawntine cntita af thm maaten) nine wedfcoe prebaxeASEA Information DESCRIPTION OF RELAY PROTECTION | RFR, Dec., 1965__RK 60-311 E Reg. 7452 The selection of the resistor is dependent on the size of the whole set and on whether the high-voltage side network is directly earthed or not. With a max. 50 MVA transformer, a resistor for approx. 5A at fall neutral-point voltage is sufficient. Furthermore, tha resistor prevents the occurrence of dangerous over-voltages if an earth fault should occur on the low-volizge side, In addition, the generator differential protection is replaced by 2 transformer differential protection (20 a and b) of type RYDSA. common to both the generators and the transformer. The outstand- ing characteristics of this protection axe: shart operating time (approx. 25 ms) and effective restraint against undesired operation Upon the occurrence of external faults and other disturbances. For farther information, see the specific description 7454 112 E or cata logue RK 62 E. The protection is connected to taree current trans~ formers 2 a on the high-voltage side and to three current transform- ers 3 on the neutral side of each generator. The tripping pulse is ob~ tained directly from tripping relays built into the protection. 5, Relay settings ‘The following settings can normally be recommended. 5.1 Diagram 7452 283, Point Relay No. Quantity Setting Ad. 19 Current 1.4 to 2.5 times the rated current of each generator Time longer than for the over-current protection of the outgoing lines 23:7 ‘Time approx, 0,5 sec. 4.1.2 20 Voltage fixed setting 410 82 Voltage 20-26 % shove the normal sorvico voltage of the generator Time 4-6 sec. 4.14 281 Voltage 1-1. times the lowest velue on the seale 23:5 Time approx. 1 sec. ALS 241 Voltage 8-10 % 24:8 Time approx. 1.8 sec. 4.1.8 2h Current 0.91-0.018 A 47 85 Voltage 15-20 % of the full neutral-point voltage 418 90 Power approx. 1 % of the rated power Si:l ‘Time approx, 20 sec. 5.2 Diagram As above with the addition of ‘a2 284 42 26 Current lowest scale value 28:3 Time approx. 0.5 sec. 6.9 Diagram Ac above with the addition of 1452 286 4.3 2a Current approx. 20 % of the rated current 29:1 Voltage lowest scale value, normally approx. 5% of the full neutral -point voltage 29:5 Time aparox, 1 sec.— = ionwss 090) = RAY THLE AY EEE SS OL | worpmyand weyaausy pee pbaiag ip Si tig «5 ayo oye BrraBiaue wo gona parasre Bos Woee COAL ya eee Revabscus yop BEDonc ya oy, ue joaboa ‘709 oi Fe e z for ¢ a 5 = ia cota — "ext 082 ELhL ae cee Rabe om gat PY 8 7 ¥ z 7