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    RK60-202E en Generator Protective Relaying PDF

    Uploaded by

    Shaik Abdul Aleem

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AS EA P; phat Re 60-202 E Generator Protective Relaying ASEAs protective relays tor generators consist mainly of plugs which provide: tlon requiring a minimum of space. in mounting and wiring. 9, modification or extension, ‘Simplicity of testing and maintenance. Reduction of spare parts. Generator Protection ‘This pamphlet gives a general outline and description of the protective rely systems normally installed for ac. generators, A brief account Is given of mechanically 3c- tuated monitoring devices, ‘The recommendations listed hercin are gengrally aleo ap- plicable to aynchronous condensers and large synchronous ‘motors, However. the protective sysiems for such machines ‘ate not discussed In this pamphlet, Contents 4 Introduction 4.1 Principtes of generator neutral earthing 2 Origin of disturbances and failures 21 Overvoltages “Atmoaphorlo surge-veltages Switching surges Intermittent earth fautts (arcing grounds) 22 Over-currents external fauts Thermal overloading ‘Unbalanced loading 2.3 Winding faults 23:1 ‘Stator winding Earth faults Short cirouits lnterturn faults 232 Field winding Ineulation failure Reduced excitation cellaneous faults (mechanical) 24 3 Protective eystems 3.1 List of protective rolays 3.2 Protection for external faulte (back-up protection) 821 Over-voltage protection 822 Overcurrent protection 3.2 Thermal overload protection 3.2.4 Negalive phase-sequence protection (unbalanced loading} 44 Stator winding protection (Internal faults, primary protection) 8.1 Earth-fautt protection 3.82 Differential protection 3.83 Interturn protection 8.84 Fire oxtinguishar (C03 2.4 Fletd exeitation protection ¢flcte failure) 44 Field earth-fault protection 84.1 Loss-oFexcitation protection 3.5 Miscellaneous forms of protection 26.1 Overspeed protection 35.2 Vibration protection 383 Bearing protection 8.54 Reverse power protection 4 Examples of protective relay applications 44 General 42 Schematic diagrams 43 List of symbols (device numbers’) *) According to B.S, and NEMA tandards, 10 ca 16 v 7 7 18 ASEA 1 Introduction Generators are designed to run at a high load factor for a large number of years and © permit certain incidences of abnormal working conditions. These, however, are te quired to be kept down to a rnintmum, Normal service conditions are therefore cuporviced by sensitive directacting temperature detectors In order to ptavant unnecessarily high working temperatures, vehich Would resuIt In early agelng of ine Tnsutsling materiars, In addition, mechanically actuated davices are installed to detect vibration, low pressure of lubricating all or failure of cooling media, ete. Further, incoming transient voltages, or voltage surges, are limited by lightning arrestere and surge capacitors. The maintenance of the machina, its prime mover and auxiliaries, are carried out at scheduled Intervats. In short, all possible maans arc emproyed to saleguard the continuity of cupply and to improve om the expected life-time of the generating unit. Abnormal conditions, with Internal or externat feults, are dealt with by the protective relays which are installed 10 provide high speed primary protection, and delayed, sex lective, back-up protection, ‘The requirementa with regard te tho inclusion of various types of protective relays are not laid down in any inter- nationally agreed standard specification. The so-called commen slandard practice may, therefore, vary on cer tain points between dliforent countrias and also between power companies within the same country. This often depends en past experience and different ways in which Soult statistics may be interpreted. It is commonly ageeod, however, that "over-protecting” a machine to give 100 security should not be pursued, since the ancusion of ad- ditional apparatus also increases the risk of possible failures, By properly designing the protective systems, the danger to personnel, the damage at the point of faut and the lime taken 1 return g machine 1 service will be rer duced to a minimum. The cost of the relays and the relay panels with all the internal wiring comptcted is indeed negligible compared with the overalt cost of the installa- tion, 1.4 Prinefples of generator neutral earthing The method of genarator neutral earthing varies widely from ane country to another, depending on past practice, earth-fault relaying and electricity beard regulations. In the case of smail generating sels (10-30 MVA) directty connected to a distribution system, the current rating of the neutratpeint resistor and the earthault current may be found to vary from 10 A to more than 1000 A, ‘ypfcal penel for large turbo-genorstors On the other hand, large generators “which require step up transformers are, in the majority of cases, equipped with @ neutral point resistor which provides an earth fault current of only 616 A, The roason fer thie apparent contradiction can be explained by referring to the various ways of arranging the earth-fault relaying, Basically, he stator eartn-tauit current should be limited to shout 5-15 A in order to minimize burning of the core laminations. With such a low current, an earth fault can be Permitted (although this is not recommended) ta remain for some minutes without causing extensive damage that necessitates costly repairs, such as restacking of core laminations. The neutral of the generator, of the system, should not be isolated fram earth, booause thie may give rice to excessive transient over-voltages during intermittent earth faults (arcing grounds). These transient voltages, however, renal whihin acceptable units It the generator, or the system neutral. is earthed through a resistor that wil pass the same magnitude of current as the total sound phase capacitive current, If relatively more current is essed through the resister, only a slight veduction of the ovarvoltages Is abtained. e001 Fig. 4 Aircooled, short-time rated neultal sarthing resistor for dlrect connection to generator neutral (I yT AY, & Ay 10 S005). In accordance with the basic theory of arcing grounds. the neutral resistor should be purely resistive, with a Minimum of induetanoe. Our standard resistors are there- fore mado for dircet conneotion to the noutrat point, svithout using @ special distribution transtormer (see Fig. 1) Sinae the generator earth-fault protection normally anitiates ipping of the machine within ¥ second, the neulval eeith- ing sesistors cen be mada with a standard short-time rat- ing of 10 seconds. Im the case of generstor-transformer units, stray voltages ‘will appear at the generator neutral curing on earth fault in the HY network. This is dua to the capacitive coupling Between the HV and LV windings of the step-up ans- former. The magnitude of these stray voltages aepends fon: (2) the mated of nauiral earthing of the HY network, i.e, effectively earthed or reactance earthed (Patersen— coil, and {o) the step-up transformer interwinding capaci tance, and (c} the ohmic welue of the generator neutral earthing) resistor. When the HV system is “directly earthed, the voltage across. the generator earthing resistor, during an HV earth foult, will be gmall and oan normally be diarogard- ed, Honever, if the HY network is Petersen-cail earthed, the neutsal displacement voltage of the generator can reach the normal selling of the ealthriaull protection, This problem must therefore be investigated for each Particular installation, and can be solved by either inereas- ing the earth-fault relay setting or seducing the ohmic value of the ganarator earthing resistor. 2 Origin of disturbances and failures i 2.1 Ovorweitages Atmosphatle surge-vollages are obtained by direct lightning strokes to the aarial lines Jn the HY system, Induced, oF capecitively transferred voltage surges can however reach the generator via tne step-down Wanstormer (ses pan phiet 7833 Ea). The amplitude end the duration of the surge on the LV side depends on the type af lightning Fault duration thew darang— burnt | | panel aul caceg Beal 19, £ Test resulta showing atiecta of are BuRning on ststor ore sminatone during earth taut, arrostera used on tho HY sige and alsa an the actual sonfiguretion of the H¥ busbar. jo protect generators from severe valtage surges, light lng artestors ang surge capacitors are efton used. In the case of smailer machines diectly connected to 2 distribu fion nstwork comprising overhead lines, such protective davices sre of prime Importance. Switshing surges. Switching operations may cause cela tively high transient ovarsvoltages it restriking occurs across the contacts of the circuitbreakers, These tran- sents are similar to those oblained dusing intermittent earth faults {arcing grounds} and may be litnited by using modem circuit-braakers, Lightning erresters Instalted be- tween the generator clcuit-breaker and the generator may also assist In reducing some of the highest swrening surges Intermittont oarth faults (arcing grounds}. The amptitude of the transient voltages during arcing grounds ray theoretiaally, under the most unfavourable conditions of arevrestriking, reach 5 value of & times normal tine-to- neutral peak voltage, By means of the above-mentioned vesistence carthing of the generator neutral chase over- voltages will be raduced to a maximum valve of about 25 times the rated poak voltage. 22 Over-currents External iaulls. During external faults with large shart cirouit currents severe mechanical siresses will be Imposed fon the atetor wingings. If any mechanical defects already exist in the winding, these may be further aggravated. The temperature rise is, however, relative slow and a dangerous temperature level may be obtained after about 40 seconds. With seymmetricat faulte, overe vibrations ‘and overheating of the rotor may acour. ASEA ‘Thermal overloading. Continued overloading say Increase the winding temperature to cush an extant that the insula tion will be damaged and ite usetul tite reduced, Unbalanced loading. Continued unbalanced toads, aqual 10 oF more than 10 per vent of the rated eutrent cause dangerous heating of the oylindrical rotor in turbo- generators. Salient pole rotors In hydra-generators often Include damper windings and are therefore much [ess af feoted by unbalanced toading (negative phace-cequence currents), 23 19 faults Faults in the stator windings may occur owing to insula tion breakdown between conductor and iron care, between conductors of different phases or between tums of the same phase. Also in some vases (older machines) a rupture or open circuit may cecur at soldered joints. 294 Stator Winding Earth faults, Theee faults normally occur In the armature slots. The damage at the point of tautt Is directly related to the selected current rating of the neutral earting re- sistor, With tault currents ess than 20 A negligible burning of the iron core will result 1 the maohing is tipped with in some seconds (see Fig. 2). The repair work then amounts to exchanging the damaged coil without restack- Ing of care larninations. H, howaver, the earthing resistor is selected to pass a much larger earth-tault current (> 200 A) severe burning of the stator core will take place, necessitating restacking of laminations. Even when a high spoed earth-fault clif- ferential protection is used, severe damage may he caus- fed owing to the large time constant of the flold-ctrcuit ang the relattvely long time required to completely sup- preve the field flux. In the ease of high earth-fault our- rents it is therefore normal practice to install a cireult: breaker in the neutral of the gensrator in order to re- duce the total faulleclearance time. Short cirouits between the stator windings very rarely oc- our, because the ingulatéon In & slot between coils of dit foront phages ie at least twico ao large ae the insulation between one coll and the iron core, If a phase-to-phase fault should occur, thie is most likaly to be located at the enc-comnections Of the armature windings, Le. In the ‘overhanging parts outside the slots. A fault of this natura causes severe arcing with high temperatures, melting of copper and risk of fire if the insulation Is not made of fire-resistant, non-inflammable material, such ac Mikcapact®, Sinee the shorteircuit current In this case do not pass Via the stator core, the laminations will not be partic ularly damaged. The repair work may therefore be limited to exchanging the affected 2oile and machanleal paris of the end-structur Intertura faults or short clrculis berween the turns of one coil may occur if the stator winding is made up of muti- turn coils. Such faults may develop owing to incoming current surges with a steep wave-frant, which may cause a high vollage (L divi) soross the ens at the entrance of the stator winding. Ir, Nowever, ine staler winding 1s made up of single-turn foils, with only one coil per slot, itis, of course, impossi- ble to have an intertura fault. tf there are two coils per slot the Insulation between the oils is of such dimensions ‘that an intertura fault is not Ifkely 9 occur. For larae machines {> 5D MVA), it is the normal practice of ASEA to use singlo-turn coils, whereas in the U.S.A. and Canada mult-tum colls are used. In ing latter countries, therefore, the interturn, or split-phase, protection hae become very popular. 292 Flea Winding Insulation failure. A single earth fault in the field winding and Us associated clreulis gives rise to negligible fault current and therefore daes not represent any immediate danger. If, however, a second earth fault ehould occur, heavy fault current and severe mechanical unbalance may quickly arise and lead to serious damage. It 7s exsentlal, therefore, that an alarm ie obtained upon the initial oc— currence of insulation failure and that the machine ie taken fut of Service as s00n as possible, Recluced excitation may Be obtained owing to # short cir- ‘suit or an open elrcult In the fleld and exciter circuits, or a taukt In tha AWR (automatic. vollage regulator). Han open circuit is caused by inadvertent opening of the field- switch, a fully loaded machine will quickly fall out of syn= ohronisin (<1 second), and run as an induction generstor above synchronous apead, drawing reactive power from the system. To prevent this trom causing system instabil- ity, it is our practice to include an intertripping scheme vig auxtlary contact $0 that opening of the leld-switch causes tripping of the ganerater eizcuitsbroakar 2A Miscellaneous faults (mechanical) In addition ta the above-mentioned electrical faulte, the running of @ machine can be endangered by retatively minor mechanical defects in any of the auxiliary apparatus agcociated with the primo mover. tn the following, some of the more Important types of protective device are men- toned, Qverspeeding may accur as a result of a fault in the turbine governor or its associated equipment. If the main generator clrouit-breaker is tripped while full electrical power is being delivered to the network, dangerous over- spaading [s prevented by the normal actions of the gov- enor. It is essential, therefore, that the normal working of the governor he supervised by some adaitional protec- tive devices. Vibrations may occur owing to unbslanced loads or car tain typee of mochanicel faults. Vibration datectors. ava Usually mounted on the generator bearing pedestal. Execossiva beating temperature may arise owing to me- chanieal faults, impurities in the lubricating oil or defects in the oil circulation system. These faults may be detected by meane of a temperature dovics embedded in tha bear- ing. Bearing current. An induced emt of some volts may be developad in the shaft of a generator owing to certain magnellc dissimilaritics in the armature field. If the bear ing pedestals at each side of the generator ara earthed, the induced emf will be improsced across the thin oilfilme of the bearings, A breakdown of the ollfim insulation in the two bearings can give rise to heavy bearing currents owing to the very small resistance of tie shaft and whe external cirouit thus develaped Consequently, the bearing pedestal furthest from the prime mover is usually insulated from carth and the insulation supervised by a suitable relay. Further, to prevent the rater and the shalt from being electrostaticslly charged, tae shaft is usually earthed via 2 slipring and a 200 ohm resistor, This resistor also contributes by taking the inject ed 6, leakage currant of the field cirouit earth-fault pro- tective scheme, Motoring of @ generator will ocour if the driving torque of the prime mover i reduced betow the total loaves of tho turbo-generator unit. Active power will then be drawn from the network in order to maintain synchronous rune hing, and the generator will Work as a synchronous motor, IH this is allowed to persist (> 20 seconds). serious ova: heating of the steam turbine blades may occur, depend ing on the {ype of turbine and the design limits imposed by the manufacturer, 3 Protective systems 3.1 List of protective relays Relay ypes and devico numbers") Doviea ~ Relay Literature ‘Sumber Desorption Tyee ner ne Protection for external fauits {back-up protection) 59 Instantaneous overvoltage RREG = RK 47-6 E definite time-lag +RAKH RK SEZ E St instantaneous overcurrent RRIL AK 41-2 E + definite time-iag +RRKH AK 312 © 51 IDMT over-current IDI RK ATA 51 IDMITL over-currant RIDE RK A7-3E 21 Impedance (0/0) ze RK 50.308 & 49 Thermal overload RYAA RK 481 & 49 Temperature snonlioring QSTC YL 924 E 46 Negative phase-sequence AYRIO AK 8-022 © Stator winding protection (internal faults, primary protection) SON Nautrat voltage RAEL 22 AK a2 E Fefefinite imestag 4RAKH RK 3126 SIN Neutral current BRIG RK AI E taofinite time-leg “HARK RK 31-2 € 87 Generator differential © —-RYDHA RK 80-201 & 277 Overall differential (Generator-+transtormer) AYDSA20 AK 62 E 60 Voltage balance, Intertura faults RREL22 AK d126 Field excitation protection (field faiture) 64 Field earth faut RRILG2 AK 4-2 © FPB10 RK 5-4 & 40 Loss-of-exeit RYGPA AK 60.381 eviews Raay Tere ‘Muurbor Description Tie Rot Ne Miscellaneous protection W214 Speed monitoring @SHA KK 806-900 E — Vibration protection = = 38 Shaft current RyRIC RK 60.200 & (bearing insulation} 92 Reverse power Rare AK Stee ) On paye 16 thore fe @ Hat of tha device numbers vite references tmada fo the varlov3 pages in this pomphvet utter the dliferent relays 3.2 Protection for external faults (back-up protection) 8.2.1 Overvoltage protection During the starting up of a generator, prior to synchronizer tion, the Correct terminal voltage ig obtained by the proper working of the AVR (automatic voltage regulator). Alter aynchrenization, the tarminal voltage of the machine will bo dictated by its own AVR and also by the voltage level of the system and the AVRs of nearby machines, Generally, ina raring of one machine is very 9mall In comme parison with an interconnected system. It is therefore not possible for one machine ko cause any appreciable rise in the terminal voltage as fong as it 1s connected to the system. Increasing the ficlé excitation, for example owing to a fault in the AVR, merely increases the reactiva MVAr output, which may ultimately lead t wiping of the ma chine by the over-current protection. In some cases, e.g. with poaksload ganarators and synchronous eondensers, which are often called upon to work at their maximum capability, « maximum excitation limiter is often installed This prevenis the rator fieks current and the reactive ou put power fram exceeding the design limits If the ganorator circuit-breaker is tripped while the ma- chine i wunning at full load and rated power factor, the cubecquent inereage in terminal voltage will be limited by a guick acting AVR, However, if the AVE Is faulty, or at this particular time switched for manual control of the voit age level, severe over-voltages wilk occur. This vottage fige will be further increased if simultaneous overspeed- ing should occur owing to a slow acting turbine governor. In the case of hydro-slectric generators, 3 voltage rise of 80-100 percent is possible during the most unfavourable conditions, Modern step-up transformers with high magnetic qualities have @ relatively sharp anc well detined saturation level, with a knoe-point voltage betwaen 1.2 and 1.25 times U, (rated voltage). A sultable setting of the over-voltage relay is therefore between 1.15 and 1.2 times U,, and with a de- tinwte delay of 1-8 seconas, Praviously, when oll-ingulated VMs (voltage vanstormers] were used, It was normal practice to insert HV. fuses on the primary side of the VT's in order to provide some protection for internal winding {intesture) faults in the \VW1's, The inadvertent rupturing of a fuse would, however, be seen by the AVR as a serious vollage drop In the sys- tem and full field excitation woutd be obtained, If the over- voltage relay wae connected to the aame open-cirouitad VT, the subsequent increase in terminal voltage could nat be detected. In a small system this could lead to sustained and dangerous over-voltages. Therefore, Wo Sts of individually fused VT's were used, permitting, separate feeding of the AVR and the over-voltage relay. ASEA With the new and modern castresin ingulated VT's, the primary fuse is in fact mare liable to failure them the VT's, and has therefore been omitted altogether. In new instal- tations, therefore, only one S-phase set of Y's may ba used, with a midget cirouit-breaker (mo) incorted In each of the more important secondary circults. These m.ob's are equipped with auxiliary contacts, which can be used for Imerlocking (swiching the AVR tron automatic to manual control) end far signalling in the event of 2 faulty circuit Over-voltage protection {deviea no. $9} normally comprises one static overvoltage reley type AREG 25, with a high resetting ratio and one definite time-tag relay type RRKH 24 -with a scale range of 1-6 seconds. WIE meag fatay pe ARKH A current setting of about 1.5 times 7, (rated currant) le usually selected. This, however, depends on the mage nitude of the available sustained shortcircult current, Which is directly related to the type and te overload capacity of the AVR systam. In the case of a purely static excitation system, ‘hich re~ calves its magnetizing power directly from the generator terminal, via @ S-phase step-down distribution transformer and high-current thyristors SCR (silicon controlled ree- tifiers), the magnitude of the sustained 3-phase short-circuit current depends on the generator terminal voltage. with hoarby S-phase faulte, tho generator terminal voltage will be small and the fault current may therefore fall below the setting of the over-current relay within a few seconds. oe “Terese Tepeaines many Boe wz 50 8:22 Over-current protection As @ backup protestion for sustained externat fauits, the climate inverse oF definite minimum timetag over-current protection has for a fong time been used. If the over-cur- rent relay is ted from CT's (current transformers) on the neural cide of the generator it will also act a2 a back-up protection in the event of internal faults wien the generator Is disconnected from the system. If the GT's are located on the generator line side, cr on the HV side of the step-up Itanctormor, back-up protection in the event of internal faults can only be obtained when the short-circuit current is supplied by the system. Back-up over-current relays are always delayed, with a time calting of 1-6 seconds. A definite timelag, or an inverse time characteristic may be used. The actual time setting and the choice of time characteristic is determined by the overcurrent relays in the external network, for which selective tripping is required. In order 10 provide @ backup protection which is ade: pendent af the overload characteristic sfforded by the AVR, an impedance (voltage restraint over-curront) relay type RZE is available, At raled generator voltage, the RZE will | work ao a definite time-leg over-current rolay. However, at reduced vollages the current required for aperation will be similarly reduced, Le., the relay will operate when the actual fault Itapedance (Z=UH) urops below the pick-up value. At zero voltage, operation of the RZE is obtained with a current of only 10 pergent of rated eusrent. The a.c. sup ply circuit must therefore be equipped with 2 midget ci cuitpreaker that has an auxiliary contact, which inter raple the trip supply im the event of a fault in the VT secondary wiring Back-up over-cusrent protection may comprise one of the following items: a) Definite tims-lag OC (device No. 41) Type RRIL 24, instantaneous over-current retey ‘1 Type RAKH 24, time-lag relay, soale 1-8 seconds. by Inverse tlma-lag O/C (devies No. 51) S-Type ADI, electro-mechanical over-currem relay with IDMTL characteristic according B.S. 142: 1966. 0) inverse time-tag O/C {device No, 54) 1-Type ARIDE, static 3-phase O/C relay with inverse {or vary invarso) timo characteristic. d) Impsdance or voltage restrained O/C (device No. 21) 1-Type AZE 820, static Sephase impedance relay, molding detmnite tme-tag relay, scale 1-6 seconas, 82.8 Thermal overload protection Overloads between 11.5 times the rated current ara not normally detected by the overcurrent protection. Sustalned overloads within this range are therefore usually super= vised by temperature monitors (resistance elements} em- bedded at various points in the stator slots, The ASEA temporatur monitoring aystam typ GSTS com be used to Provide en alarm at low temperatures and tipping at high temperatures. ‘As an additional check of the stator winding temoarature, an accurate thermal overload relay type AVAA can be Used. This may be fed from CT's at the generator neutral oF ling sleles, ane may be get to sound an alarm or initi- ate tripping. The thermat time constant of the relay can be adapted to the generator. The various temperature detectors, platinum resistors of 100 ohms or 250 ohne at 0°C, installed within a machine unit can be arranged to feed the type GSTC temperature measuring relay. For cach of tho inpist ofrouite twa pick up levels are available, one for alarm and the other for tripping, 324 Negative phase-sequence {NPS} protection Unbalanced loading may be obtained owing to a ruptured conductor or the fallure to close of one pole in x Sphase Ciravit-breaker. This causes negative-seauence currents @.) 10 flow in the stator windings, giving rise te an ar mature Tield which rotates in the opposite diraction of the rotor. Double frequency odey currents, of an appreciable magnitude, may then be produeed in the surtace of a oy- lindtieat rotor causing severe temperatura rise at certain points, such as the slot wedges and me retaining rings at the rator ends, Negative-sequence currents are also produced during earth faulte, ancl phass-to-phase faults, but the megnitde of the fault curcent is then usually mucte tarcer than the rated current and is therefore more easily handled by the stand- ard protective ralays, In practice, when a generator be- comes damaged from unbalanced loading, the nagativa: sequence current is usually less than the rated current and the time duration normally more than 20 seconde, The approximate heating effect on the rotar of a syn- chronous machine for various unbalanced fault cenditions is determined by the product He=K, where 7, is the average nogative-cequenes ourrest exprosced in por unit (p.u) stator current, + the duration in seconds and K a constant depending on the heating characteristic of the machine, 12, he type of machine and the metitod of cook ing adopted. Typical tarbo-generators and salient pole machines will not become seriously overheated by unbalanced loading If the product 74 Is less than 30 and 0, resnecitively. In some special cases a value as low as 7 may apply for cer- tain turbo-generators. This implies that in the case of J, 10 p.u,, the duration of unbsfanced loading should pre- {erably be Himited to less than 90 or 7 seconds, respectively, in order to avoid a serlous tomperature rise, See Fig. 3, Wt should also be noted thet, in the case when 1,-1.0 pa is obtained owing to 2 phate-to-phese fault at the gona- rator terminals, the actual fine current can be shown to be 1.73 p.u. This normally causes tripping of the machine by the standard over-current relays within 1-6 seconds, ‘The maximum permissible continuous value of Z, is normals ly between 0.08-0.12 p.u, for turbo-generatore and between 0.203 px. tor salient pole machines. ‘The NPS protection type FYRIO comprises a negative- sequence current filter type RATBIB, which.teeds a solid slate measuring unit, This provicies an operating time char acteristic 13¢=K, where K is continuesly variable be- tween 7-20 (see Fig. 8 The minimum pick-up value of fy 18 Continuously variable between 0.15-06 pu. An Ine stantanaoue alarm feature fo alto included, with a mini mum pick-up value of 4, continuously variable between 0.05-020 pu. Az an alternative to the above, a definite time-tag MPS pro- tection can be provided by arranging the RATBIB filler feeding two over-current relays, types RRIL and RRIG. The value of Z, cequied for effecting tripping ard alarm ts there variable batween 0.18—0.28 and 01.05=0.15 pu, respectively For hydro-electric generators a higher setting of 0.24— 47 pau, is normally selected. The required delay is. ob- neat tained by ueing type FIRKH dofinite time-lag rotaye in both one the alarm and tipping clcults Teauence By Including a sensitive and specielly graduated indicating Fac rma-meter in series With the over-current relays, the aca! i percentage vatues of 2, can be indicated, tor example in in the control room, 3.8 Stator wi 1g Protection (internal faulte, primary: protection) The generator earth-toult proteative relaying 1s dependont on the system layout, Le, whether the generator is directly connected to the busbars of a stribution system or via sn inlermediaie step-up wanstormer t an HY system i In the latter ease, the genarator-trenstormer arrangement | an is called unit system, Le, tha magnitude of the earth | Navaiveoe fault current on each side of the step-up transformer dite | sung cor fers completely and is dependent onty on the method aii adopted for earthing within each (unid) aystem, 20:1 Certh-tault protection Generators directly connected to distribution buebars. “The generator earth-fault protection must he capable of Aiscriminaiing between internal ancl external faults, ‘The ‘ 10 min \ 2 mia 2 min eos 20 40 20 neutral displacement relay, fed (rom 2 neutral point VT 0 (voltage transformer) or from residually connected (broken Soka} Ve can therefore nat be veed on Ke oven, because eae uch @ relay would operate for both internal and external 5 faults, ‘A selective earth-fault protection must theretore be based ‘on the information that can be obtained trom the easth- kota ‘ault currents, The design of this protestion therefore d0- 2 pends on the earthing arrangement at the generator neutral and the neutral pointe in the external network 17 if the earth-fault currant 1s large, 10-20 per cent of the 3E L generator rated current Z,, tho standard aliferentiat pro- fos 2 a ectlon yp FYDHA will also operate for earth taulls, be Fig. 3 Operating charseteriatics of type AYRIO, negative phase cause its primary fault setting is about 2 per cent of J,,. As ‘Sivence protection. a cane Siscussed in sections 1.2, however, it le our recom 10 mondation that the gonorater sarth fault ourront be Himitod ta a maximum of 15 A. The earth-fault protective relays of the genesator and also of the external feeders should then have @ primary fault seuling of 5 A, or Hess. Such pro- tective schemes have been used successfully by ASEA for several decades, When wo of more generators are to be parallelted to a common Busbar it Is our practice to keep the generator agutrals unearthed (free), and to connect a small (15 A) zigzag, earthing wansformer Z, to the busbars. This scheme involves @ number of advantages, |.e., the 8co- nomic factor, the eaee of earth-fault relaying and the fact that no 3rd harmonic current can ciroulate between the parallal-connested generators. With a fee generator neutral, earth-fault relaying oan be: carried out as a simple tesidually connected scheme, as indicated in Fig. 4 ‘The G.7-s on the generator line side are paratielled, feed ing a eonsitive low-burden statle over-current rolay type RING, 28. A primary fault setting between 1-3 A (about 0.0017.) is then normally obtained. uring heavy external snort circults, the RRIG 28 will, How everevar, pick-up owing to dissimilarities in the CT cha- racterlstios and it is terefore necessary to imolude a delay, which Js obtained by using a time-lag relay type ARKH 29 with a scale 09-2 sec. As an additional check feature, the normatly closed contact (@} of the over. current protection, ang the neutval displacement relay (2) type RAEL are aiso Included The minimum setting of the RIG 28 Ie In some eocos dictated by the lineto-esrth leakage capacitance of the generator and ite associated oulgaing cables, surges ca — a 5 { T bh @ Taba fe Fig. 58 Eenh-tait protection of gencratertranctormer ont, covering ‘Biper cent oF sttor winding, Ag Eating resistor, notmally 5 &y 10 seconds VP Heutral displacement relay, type AIREL 22 wih sed Iharmonle resiaint 2 Definite tlme-tag felay, ‘ype RAKH 29 with» time seale 93-2 seconde ‘A 100 per cent erath-fault protection which covers the complete stator winding is in some cases consi¢ered an advamlage, Such @ echeme can be provided by making Use of the Srd harmonic voltage normally produced by the generator. Fig. Sb shows the de-cnergised position of a simple scheme which sounds an alarm for fautts at or oar the noutral point of the generator, ‘At no-load, or light load, i is assumed that the 3rd har monio voltage U, and the secondary voltage U",, fed to the fikter (8) and relay (2) are relatively small, The relay (2) tharafore remains de-energised and its contact (o} ie closed. However, with a load current J;, within the range 02-10 pu. it is assumed that U',, causes relay 2 to operate, keeping ts contact (6) open. Within the same zange of load current relay (3) will be artanged to pick up and keep its contact {s) closed, 1, during this conattion, an cart taut occurs at or near the generator neutral the secondary voltage Uy, becomas 2er0, OF negligibly small. Relay (2) therefore drops out, contact (b) closes and a delayed alarm is obtained via the timostag retay (4). This 100 per cent carth-tault scheme is suitable for gene- rators with 3rd harmonic voltage of about 1 per cent or mora, within the load cugrent range 02 38.2 Differential protection It Is our recommendation that a differential protection be installed for all imporlant machines of 2 MVA rating or more. This affords selective and high-speed (ripping on all types of intemal short citcuits, Le, phase-phase and S-phase faults, 2 . (yap sam Fig, sb Basle datats of 100 por cont earth Fault alarm ccheme. A Tuned titer, 250 He 2 F100 He 2 Low-butden sed harmonic teley, Woe RANG 3) Unuer-current relay, pe HAW, 20 ' b Deflaits ime-tag relay, ype RAKH 24 ft Sed harmon Iinecomneut vera Ue Cs 3 voltage of generator, Co Leakage eapsctiance to warth High-impecance differential protection, type RYDMA. This may be usad for the generator and its associated out going leads provided the CT's on the line and the neutral Sides all have the same turneratic, Owing to the high impadance feature full stability will be obtained on throuah faults even when ane of the CT's saturates as a resull oF Gitferences in CT characteristics and the inclusion of a large d.c. component, The outstanding features of the RYDHA are, © High speed of operation, about 18 ms (excluding au ary relays) © Low primary fault setting, about 2 per cent of CT rating ‘¢ Full stability on external faults © Standard line CT's may be used Lannea Overall genoralor-transtormer ol lype RYDSA 20. ‘This is normally fed from CT's on the generator neutral side and on the HV side of the step-up transformer. If the HV leads fo the station busbars are relatively long (1-2 ken}, these may be insluded within the protection by in- stalling the HV CT's close to the busbars (see Figs. 10 and 11). Also, if a step-dovm station service transformer is connected to the generator terminals, this may be imcluied ‘within the overall protection by using CT's on the LY side, ‘The overall differential protection must have a restraining feature which can prevent maloperation during magnetic~ Ing inruste surges. Such @ condition will occur when a nearby fault occurs on an adjacent feeder. During the time fof the fault, the terminal voltage of the main transformer i practically zara and at the instant of fault clearance, i.e. when the ciecuit-breakar of the faulty feeder opens, the transformer terminal voltage quickly tises. This may cause severe magnetizing Inush currents. ‘when an overall differential protection is installed, the generator differential protection lyp RYDHA may be ornt ted, rantial protection, The RYDSA 20 provides: ‘* Three Individual restratning clrcults, to cope wit Through faults (overcurrent restraint) AMeanetizing inrush currents (2nd harmonic restraint) Excessive excitation due to an abnormally high sys tom voltage (Sth harmenio restraint) © High speed of operation, about 25 ms at 3 times the setting © Low primary fauit setting, about 20 per cent of CT rating. © Low burden, allowing CT's with moderate characteristics to be used. 3.84 Intertura tault protectton AS mentioned in section 23 en Interwuin (or spllt-phase} protection may be installed if tie stator winding comprises ‘amulticturn coils In Fig. 62 simplo but effective form of interturn fault pro- tection Is shown for a typical turbe-generator (a), and for a contrarotating STAL-LAVAL steam turbine (b). During Fig, 6 Stslor winding Interum fault protection 2) Convertia!turbe-generator @) Conuevotating STAL:LAVAL tiborgenerstor Broken cata ¥ dleptacement relly type RFEL 2 with ard harmonlo 3 4 Ghacking seaure trom avercurent protection % ——-Renotor for sed hormone restraint “Time-taa rainy (ype ARRN. normal servies the line-to-neuttal voltages are perfectly balanced and no zero-sequence voltage will be obtained from the open delta winding (1), of from the VT 42) between the neutrals of the lwo Wentical STAL-generaiors. II, however, soma tums within one phase should bacome short circuited the lineto-neutral voltages wil no longer balanee and tne resulting zero-sequence voltage will ac- wate the aver-voltage selay (2). Thie relay, tegather with a series connected reactor (6), provides a restraint against 3rd harmonic voltages with @ damping factor of about 14, ‘The Sra harmonfe voltages normally produced by a gener- ator theretore cannot affect the protection ‘The primary fault setting of the protection for turbe-gener- ators is usually made with such sensitivity that tripping ‘ce oure when one turn becomes short cirouited. ‘The trip cireuit of scheme (a) normally includes an over- current checking feature (4) and a 80 ms definite time lag relay lype ARIS (5). In scheme (D) where the two STALY machines are made with identical characteristics instant- aneous tipping is normally employed H the generators, scheme (a) and (b}, are low-impedance earthed (16 A earthfault current) and diectly eon nected to a distribution network, a larse zero-sequence currant may pass the generators during external eanth faults. & zero-sequence voltage will then be Imposed on the olay (3). If thie vottage io too Inzge a blocking feature from Ihe neutral displacement relay is also included. 18 ASEA 3.8.4 Fire extinguisher (COs) Medarn meshines are normally equipped with oast-r Micapact® or similar non inflammable Insulating mate- Fals. The use of OO: fire fighting equlpment is therefore no tonger required, in older machines, wth Inflammable ingulating materiat, the CO» equipment and the tripping of the machine were initiated by special flame detectors, installed at certain points around the armature winding overhang. 2.4 Field excitation protection (fiold Falluro) ‘The fleld excitation system of a synchronous maenine may be concidered to include the automatic valtage regulator (AVA), the main field winding, the dc. exeiter or the static die, power Supply system. Protective relays are usually Installed to operate in the event of field earth taults, toss ofexcitation or when the excitation Is reduced ta such an ‘extent that the thermat design fimits are exceeded, 44 Field earth-fault protection ‘Ao mentioned in section 2, it fe of groat importance that a field earth-favit protection Is Installed. This should be capable of detecting an insulation faiture anywhere in the field winding, ke. H shoul operate without any “blind pets" Fig. 7 Fiold earthaault protection {9 For small machines with Himited feakage copaeitanes to 1) or lenge machines. Guercurrantvelay, tree RA 23 Power direction relay, type APE Injeotion transformor 110220740 ¥ a,c, ‘Shaft earthing buch 4 Fig 7a shows a suitable protection based on the ac. im jection prineiple. Curing notnal servica the injection trans- former (4} imposes 40 volts ac. between the field winding and eatth, vie the capacitor (@) and the ARIL 29 over-eur rent rolay (11 Owing fo the leakage capacitance to earth of the fleld cir cuit, & small a, leakage current of a few miliamps will normally flow through the shaft earthing brush (8) to ground and in the RIL 23 relay cirouit (1) The FRIL 23 relay has @ scale range 10-20 mA and is, normally set to operate at 10 mA, oF ala value which # twice the capacitive leakage current. This scheme oan then detect a field earth fault when the normal insulation resistance of some megohme hes dropped to about 3000 ohne oF leas, Ifthe total teakage capacitance to earth of the field cireuit and its dc. source exceeds 0.5 LF, the normal ac, leakage current may exceed 10 mA and the scheme (a) is anen unsuitable. By using the scheme shown in Fig 7b the effects of the field circuit leakage capacitance to earth oan be ignored. ‘This because the relay (2) is of the Bower directional yee which is set to operate only for the resistive (active) com- ponent of the injected current. The sensitivity is basically the same aa in scheme (a). Ie tha de, source of the llole exeltation system comprises thyristors (silicon controlled rectifiers} an appreciable amount of harmonies may be imposed on the relay circuit In the cave of echeme (a), the harmonic currents through relay (1) may cause inadvertent operation. However, in the case of scheme (b), harmonics in the current-coil of relay @, must be accompanied by similar harmonies in the volte fage-ooit in order to cauee relay operation, Since no ouch harmonies ‘will appear In the mains ac. supply voltege. maloperation of relay (2) cannot occur. ‘The use of scheme (a) 1s inerefore limited to sinaller ma chines {for turbo-generators. normally lass than 40 MVA) and when the 4.0, source for the fleld excitation does not gla else to harmonics. in all otter cases, or when any doubl excists, scheme (I) should be used. Since the shaft of a turbo-generator is earthed via a slip Fing and @ carbon brush, the injected relay currents can- not damage the bearings. In the case of hydro-electric gonarators the chaft fo normally effectively earthed thravah its direct water contact. he primary voltage to the injection transformer Is normally obialnad from the conimon controle and relay-board ac, supply, which ineludes a loss-of-valtage alarm feature, In attencied stations the field earth-fault relay is nosmally arranged 10 initlate a delayed alarm. In unaltended stations delayed tipping may be used, depending on the require: monts of the customer. 3.42 Loss-of-excltation protaction A complete loss-ot-excitatlon may be obtained as 2 result of @ foult within tho AVR equipment, an open cirouit er a short circuit of the main field. Reduced excitation, causing excessive heating at the end regton of the stator core, may be obtained during nennal system conditions whan there Is 2 continuous tendancy towards an increasing system voltage (dropping of re- active loads). In that case the normal AVR. action will be to reduce the field exeitation, Reducing the field too much will ultimately cause a loaded generator to fall out of synchronism. ce erating ated te A RBE SEN RENN RES i ‘Tetpping Unset -excitation glare GnaE. excitation, @ 7 Pa Multiples of ralay eotting, Fig. @ Lose-of-oxchation protectfon type RYGPA compricing & dlvee= {ical relay ype RAPE Gad ungeervoltage soley type ABES. (2 Conabilty curses for typical turboegenerator. @) Baste tapping etret 16) Operate time carve (ARPES rs Dirsetlonal vetay type RPE: An exact mathematical ueatinent of the lass-of-exoitation problem is not possible owing to a large number of vari- ables, tncluding wroine governor and AVF actlons. How aver, trom special computer programe developed by ASEA, extensive studigs show that the type AYGPA protection ‘will be suitable in the majority of systems, The normal working characteristic of a Ypical turbo. generator ts Indicates in Fig. 8a. The boundaries repre~ sented by the curves AB, BG and CD are called capabil- ity curves, beyond whieh the machine is not normally al- lowed to work. The curve DF shows the stability limit for the ace when the AVR ie in service and the external in pedance X, to the infinitely large syslam is 02 pv ‘The apparant power vector 3, represents rated pawer, at rated power factor (P.F.=0.8). If the system voltage should start 10 Increase steadily, the flela exchation wul pe re suced sorraspandingly the normal working of the AVR. The polnt of vector S, then moves along the vertical ling BH. Continuous operation below the line DC causes severe localized heating of the stator end structure owing to an end leakage flux, which enters and leaves the stator core perpendicular to the laminations, In exceptional cases this may cause biueing of iron parts of the and structure, or charring of the armature winding Inculatlon. The type RYGPA protection comprivas a directional curront relay type RAPE, with an operating characteristic which is basically Independant of the magnitude of the polarizing vokage, This telay characteristic Ia arranged te colncicle with the line CD, i.¢, it will operate if excessive heating occurs as & retult of prolonged under-excitad operation. With @ properly working AVR, seduced excitation cannot occur simultaneously with a reduced generetor terminal voltage. The RYGPA protection therefore includes an une der-voltage relay vee RREG, which Is normally sct to drop out when the generator terminal voltage Is reduced betow O85 pu. (or 0.9the minimum AYR setting), ‘The trip circuit of the protection is shown in Fig. 8b. Oper atlan of only the direotional olay RAPG initiates an under- excitation alarin. tf, however, simultaneous operation of the under-voltage relay REG occurs, this indicates a fault ‘within the excitation system and tipping of the machine Is therotore aifectad. The RAPE directional relay has an inverse time char acteristic aocording to Fig. 60. This prevents the relay from mafoperation during certain systein power swing candi tions, and also during agyrichronous running with a fully intact fleld excitation system, ASEA Owing to the relatively large time constant of the machine Gircult, @ fully toeded generator, which loses excitation, will in most practical cages come 180° out-otphase in respect of the system within 46 seconde. Operation of the protection then takes place within approximately 3-5 seconde, Fe. prior to the first pole tipping. protection, fre RYRIC. 3.5 Micellaneous forms of protection 5.5.41 Ovarspend protection The prime mevare 21¢ nermally equipped ‘with a mechan- loal overspeed device of the centrifugal type. This may ba supplemented with an electrical over-irequency relay. The type GSHA speed monitoring equipment can be ar ranged o indicata the speed at 2 different levels, varying between 10-200 per cent of nominal speed. This equip ment may be opereted from a PMG (permanent magnet gonoratey fitted on the main shaft, oF alternatively fram a. much simpler aleatromaanetic device comprising a toothe ed collar mounted around the shatt 2.52 Vibratton protection A vibration detector type SINUS may be mounted on one of the bearing pedestals in the case af @ horizontel-shalt machine, or on the upper guide-bearing of a vertical-shatt machine, It may be set te trip the machine or to initiate fan slarm when tha radial deflections of a certain duration ‘exceed a preselected value, 353 Be Wg protection ‘The tubsication olf for the bearings is usually supervised with raopect 10 prescure, rate of flow and the temperature at various points in the closed loop-circuit comprising the oil-cooler. Within tha actuat bearing monitors are embed- ded ta onesk the temperature of the mein metal paris, See section 323 for temperature monitoring eyetem typa QSTC. The shaft current protection type RYRIC ie installed to Prevent the bearings being darnaged by haeyy currents. in the event of insulation faluire around the bearing pedestel. The equipment comprises a spacial “shaft current-tranc- former" mounted around the sheft, which thereby assumes the function of the primary conductor. The secondary winding of thie C.T, feeds a statle meacur. ing relay, which can be set to operate for a shalt currant as low 28 1 oF 1.5 A rms. Tripping Is offected vin a dat. lnlte time-tag relay ABKN, win a seale range 110 s, An instantaneous alatm, initiates by the measuring unit, is 16 ‘8 Generator proveellon type Vata, normally provided with a view to give soma indication of 8 partly damagad inoulation, in which casa erratic our rent pulses of varying time duration may he obtained, 8.5.4 Reverse power protection A reverse power relay Is installed in order to prevent motoring of the generator, when the driving torque of the Prime mover is reduced below the total losses of the unit Tha damage which may be caused during euch conditions is related to the prime mover rather then to the genersior fr the electrical system, In tho one0 of otcam turbines, a redvotion of the steam flow reduces the cooling effect on the turine blades and overheating may occur, In the case of diesel engines, severe mechanical sirassas are Impose on the shaft when synchronous running Is enforced agsinet the high intarnal pressure of the engine cylinders. The total losses, as a percentage of rated power of prime-mover-generater unit running gt rated speed fe ap- proximately: Steam tuibine 8 per cent Diese engine 25, Hydroulie turbine 3 3 Gas turbine cs ‘These values apply to the case when the power input to the prime mover is completely cut off. Thus, in the case wen the to1al fosses of @ Unie are covered partly by the prime mover and partly by electrical power from the sys tem, the actual power drawn by a generator during oer tain motoring conditions may be much less than the above peroantage values, By using the power directional relay type RIRPE, motoring can be detected at a reverse power of 1 per cent ar less, ‘Tripping ot the machine circuit-braaker is usually effected vias definite timeclng relay type RRKH 28 with @ coalo range 3-20 seconds, set at about 10 seconds ot in ace cordance with the requirements of the turbine manu tecturer, For diesel engines the reverse power is relatively large and @ fault setting between 4-8 par cent is considered aco- quate. in this case RAPE relay with an inverse time char actaristic will be most cuiteble, 4 Examptes of protective relay applications 4.1 General The number and types of relays to be included within a certain installation depend on ite layout, size and impor tance, The protective arrangements dealt with ia the fol lowing should only be renarded as our general recom- mendations. When required, the various schemes will be modified or new schemes added in order to comply with tha standard practice of tha eustomer. For the contra-rotating STAL-turbines, Fig. 10, some simple but effective relays, devices Mo, BON end 60F, can be Included owing to the speelal connections of the two Identical generators. For a complete description seo. Ine formations AK 60-310 E and RK 60-311 E, In the case of diesel-generatars for marine or industrial applications the type RYGIA protection constitutes a om plete protective system. RYGIA, comprises static elements fof the plug-in type, mounted in a standard relay case RHGA 20 and provises quertoad, overcurrent, reverse power and uncarvoltage protection, The trip ciroutt fe ar ranged to provide two-stage Joad shedding at separate time-settings, Instantaneous high-set and inverse time-lag over-current protection. For further informetion see Inf. AK 50-820 42 Schematic diagrams In the single-line schematic diagrams, Figs. 8, 10 and 11, the main protective features are indicated by the device numbere raferrod to om page 18 Tho trip eircult io shown for a tutbo-generator, in which case the emergency stop valves should be initiates only in the event of a serious, Internal fault. Wf the sop valves should be trippad owing 10 8 minor extoral fault, eg. firateatage overcurrent oF tune balanced loading, an appreciable time may pass until the machine can be brought baek t0 normal service. For hydro-electric machines tha problem of starting-up aiter initiating 2 stooping impulse is entirely different and the main circuit-bresker, the field ewitch and the stop-~valve are therefore in this case often tripped simultaneousty. A pumbor of aliferant tip-cirouit arrangement may be used to avoid unnecessary overspeeding of turbo-gene- Tators as a result of sudden toss of load. In Fig. 9, 2 typical arrangement Is shown where ine back-up oversvollage pro= tection (89) and the loss-of-exeitatinn protection (40) initie ate only the stop valve. When this closes, the limit switch LS also closes and effects tripping of tha main

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