CConspeetas materine tom XXXIY, fasciculi Scher Deere Kiel catch voyuer Zaininger 00-978 Sans dstedumanetrcQQ/—pwatsev frye) GJBaves Gn'teaiebies dae toa aquest nls SO Sade 668950 Warsewe 1 eters sot pele eeneye Da mano ae eral {tte sv ogame Yo bal pape roe 2 Kes ew ng ot cp fle At (© coroneht By Pentre Wsdowniwe Naatows, Wars 1 [PRINTED 1x POLAND om Period of a linear recurrence A. Visor (Ann Atbor, Mich) 1 tnwoduaon There along Kory of ranean fvolvng the period os aopesing genes of tegen The peed uf deal ucts was he ‘abject feat vestigation by Talis and Gans Tho period modulo n ‘tsequesen ks (on, ao.) fa Important in fhe contact of Letiner ‘quanti ating congreenal memod for composer genastion of ‘oonio-andom auuaber (3) (4). Incas wos a tojor fe among any iuveatgators nto dvisiblty properties of the Monae! and thes tern anler ocuezans~ aud fate properties re elaed othe posed tf roe tegeenose motu 8S). in this article me nweatgate the period of repetition fa a genera sessing. We fst not et fo repaating sequen huationod above fall, ‘within the following fameworks det Ke an alizie ioe fla ed ta rng of integers at bo an N% my. BqUaty hare means coor ater easy Ha henge AE ax expe, eonsder eo no js. oy Fi 7 leteaey ‘hen (Xa, A/a) 8 the poled (mada) of the geet 27th order Kinear seouseace delaad by {7s ton raters to a he companion mati of ths reeurenes,904 A Vinee: '3y long tthe ranges upon din i nsy to vel at tho esol of th dona rpmsentation ofp orp pen e(00) (L290 ‘When p i not 2 oF 5 jus th ultpittveaner afte lett 0 Jn She fed Zp of resos dy. Th gence atti fea pi el ‘is analogous By oar Mheotem ty v(2y XA) is esata deten ined by tho multiplicative orders uf fpeialsaments fs fale tension ‘Hd ot the zsid las ld Alp, Fis wl blo to make se tow ‘tinatss of Ho value of © nd to ualy mown rom, nny theewha proved hy eomplested recmene identi, a Seeton 3 the problem of defernining v f raced te te ate wha air plo Seal sd Section 3 dnl witha pine La Sout & “hone este Hee apple to eartain eeond abl tind onda zene, 2, Prlininary sums. Tin sequence (Eq) ald simply pede {.2, = yy Lo Lys We fst tanto sepa Ta theca fe pene at Fy Zp tesa only i Usa mute ot anos 1 Hf dot is wot a coo deer of pth Ug} imply "Proot, Bor wom integer m, O°, — Taye — Iq = TMX, When ee = 0 this implies tat 2, = Ty. ‘he next lemina rises fhe problem af dsternining (a) Ajo) te ase wave ala 2 ower ofa grime Seal nate 2. Tat a= too B the fatretion of «Sn grime faeaie Thom o(2, X, fa) — LEME, (Pn Proof. Th pron is jnuoliate saa, or any col vectors X ad wenave X = moda) i and only C2 = (od fr al Ta onsitenog a power primo a ~ py nan a Kino teoa formation oH Le year space Of tapes of laceats athe ramber Fla H. Suppose hat the miata polyuous Pe) a Te breduatle wer 1. Lat Z bo theming eld of Pe) over K and lit © bo the itogral lose of Ie Now separ 98 Hin traparostion op 2" Sint Sho Toots of tho mlnad polynomial are abtnt, there Ia 4 lag ‘aut D dsm vere ates HU ek ht 2) = EA". 10 sally Sou tit eh ents of ean te ehoeen to Hon we daa Baty de ‘oy courant ef HX, ant let Ry be tha nose of considered 48 ‘Semant of 27K A shor atic elealation utes to show ta tho cord ats of IX, ee conjugte aod therfore XZ, indepandent of te hue ‘ts, Phu lt p be the rational pie over which yo. the carne {asi ofp, aod let oe teraction Indus of pov p. Let» date ‘hegre pouiointger each that ef) = ef) om Posalof baa mowrant 206 Avoca 8. If (1) ie nina gelynomiel for i setusibe over Hy (2) nether CK, wor se oie by y (3) de i taint by 9, (3) ety, then wot) = pp) vehere AC be Me Tas monnopaios Ialoger gras than oregon 10 (rc Tee not alway tru hat ¢ = Tak, for exapl, re[Q} x-[] = 2-0 ‘The sscumtions ot ern 2 ate wiisted yeb e(Z/0t2) — slzi9z) = a(Z/az) ~ 6. Thongh the aypathse of tho Toman re numeons, nate ‘ot (2) and) ean a fora most inte nero pis Proof of Lemma 8, Cousder (X,)} a 9 saquence in Ap To avd sean = eso) sigety equality nto 9p sod = (ody) ‘ually nto ving Oph. Saas dat I arene ot disble BY Pn {enplyperade hy Lemni 1. Hence tere a pote gr esac that Po = (ood gy let denote telnet so integer. We fit show ‘hak (Fy, Alp) One incon fr ney Fe Mealy) = Ky conversely sume that X, = rode"), Then we have the faiowing Inphations IML, = Xy wy HY, HIN, HE, = IP = Tady"C) "Th at pletion a due to hat Ech Shab NX, not dvble by p imine ‘hat cach coordinto of HEX, e wlstvely pelos t 90. Furbsncre Dr D> HP = PH > BT) = 9(n08940) {esting Wo the tex auch that BA = (Qe) we have (det 2) 2" — 2) SHI") = O(wodyC}, Bosna dette nek dlvisble by pC, PT (nots Lave = e(Ty Xy Alp. By the hypothe af thelomma £9 = 1-960 ‘where not al eaten the mses ave dia hyp. amp ale, Titon sing the bigea epaniion thea fobetntse tat (09°) Tod) and 2 the leat ntger fr whe thi teas Ta ep 9) 5nd (ype) and ofp pop ply at wf) = pepe 2. The psd modulo «hoe. Tn thi seotion we aay Interstd n determining v, Xy, pi wae pe prime sual in, Let K~ al Soi now let Pa) be the intl plyauril for eaidred a «Hear ttncatoreation on Khan wees wee, P= ORD.) wher each 2 Se ieeduihle over Z, he val af is Righly dapendent AX, = X(n0ds)306 AL Vinee ‘on tie fctvintion, In ender to cons state to reals, we ntadaee ‘ome notation. Within eome algbraiallyslosed Sid eaxtatning it sce any root of ¥, and let ord(a) deca, the wltpliatie arte of inthe extenaon tld Ka). Bor any iatogerhwith 0-8 eet Ha, 8) = Fa) lolf"™. Then dation By to be the least Integer for sbi (T,X, = 0. Finally i ,> 0 Lot be the ulgue Intager such hat iD },> ye, Hane p is the charctevtis ofthe fal K. damit, ‘ho sean certin Meanltinn” dns to the iil vector ky ho smaxitum posse value of wT, 2s, Ap) the oder of the totic 7 “caulyspasting, th male the valor of ho tho eater the vaiton of o(Py Xy,Alp) om this maximum Thsorom 1 and es coer wil ‘ake tess otens more pret. The pots flow th tatemeata ofthe ‘hearers andere, ‘noni. With notation 08 ado, n ooh, =o, (2, Zo,Aip) =Leatieg whee ge [ era) teri ‘Wen Fo) eda we have the edit pit, Conatsane 3. If dott 0, X, 0 and th mini poll Fg) rev oer Ky thn (Ps Loli) ~ ers) where 8 ony rot of Fish 1th cate vase 7 th compas mae ofa Mowar ecanees ‘recon dlinom mem nape Rr the nr Hohe inti or [Erste in asusng theft of Zon he pve othe egos (3 mod). To deine tn aoe ot EF oth spliting ef oy ety en ay bal eon fF) nF Wt) = Flom a) Now coc Par inn unnutematon on Dt-ors mai the fo (25), (2) ie teatormntin of nk tere foreach eed westor TY, and nou feel on eh thot 1) = (2) Fe We expen Xan an Sagi Foy ype) sa tho pay Be ‘gen nthe frm 9) = 6 whew th ae estat nF. ow Ffescr is » onngonon Polynomial in We verb 6, 45-529 0 i vt ued up to» nonao maleve constant in Zi mite tooo this mlptreconmtant to thot tbe sat of ZB nomogenoar gaunt on Leteg (2) be ttf wih teats in (vl dana ep ta aos cant In R) elie {he norm oa napping # RK ven by Zroy(E} a practi, tho ‘ona fh ety alnutl. For exams onaidor rE} ork of ae meee wr te companion mots ofthe ssond eer neuen — Bigs 08 ‘owe tho integers, Bur X= (z,9) a short computstion Sleds AG Wy —eelly es) = gang The moet coolly sates stent ‘condition ft» t take ts masini pose value, Coxoucase 2, If det 0 and 5, 90, thon (2, Xy Alp) p*DOMTerd a) selene Ge te gua Saige eve tat p> sax 4> 9 ‘The net bro exollans ge eatinator of, Sino» i finite fed, ite ander i yaver of 5 ny] = g. Let fe the dees of ths poly” ‘oma 2 a 10 factarsaton of toe minimal plynowial Fwd let hy be ‘te conetint term off, Let, dente the malpiatve ede ot (h)( 2) ‘nthe fla K fy) here # 68 Be gue onoUARY 6. Aerume ath, #0, Get 0 and eft —2}/t¢—1) for some ier. Then 2019) root of Theorem 1. In the ylyaomiat (a) can be tte le) = [ey whore the a are sits. HV, denotes tho kernal ot UPaai then IF = F,@V\@... OF, aud T i the alee sem of ‘the traatormatins 7 inde i aesticted to the eubupoee Vy Let [TS o the projection of, on the ere Fy. Tee hen apparent Cat (ey MD, Xs, K) = VOM (WE XD. In order to determine o(Zy Xf, lot, De the lost Integer such that (TePeXs 0 bat (Pa 9 0. By 0, then tre- fat “6% Xf, Z) = 1, Orberwie a 0 impos tha i inverse ‘on V, and hence o(Z,, XS, I) tho lens teger ms such tat Ty = ‘Tosteplly tho uotation we Gro the sbeeips and Tete be ayo the oy and le Fy, wand he he sorerpending Vy my aed Tt. Te he fenaiton‘on'm ested above tn equals to (rapes (Temenos. +.B) ornare = tasWe-orx-x ex =0. A shor induction ang thie equation sitions to chow th the flowing onttions set be sii maa, (1) =(8) --= (ot) -2rmaey08 A Viawe wire pis the cases ot. Burt wlity of tof eongrnsnees is ecu and lee hat iw where #30 Oa ner hat piss gs Mestting equntion (83) we have Ol, Zy, = Exlojed where ‘ud 4S the ungue inter sueh that >> yo cone the ‘root we hyo ony to show that if abl abe roots ofthe ante fear Heh of F(a}, srsduabe over K, then (1) eedla) = ede) to (2) 1, voy hate ye tol tae Bethe leat inte for whit (8) 0 ohare H(e,8) = F(e\flal/"% how tact fll easily from the istnos of oomorphiom o Ka) onto (a) taking et a levine She coment of fixed. We mut the deta. root of Gorellary 2. DetT 40 insures that a 0 for al é ‘Now sonra tat WX, 0. Ug th notation (2) with the wave ean fn an in fhe definition of tho orm, we ave G2), 0 ta al ‘At ia the root of tho theory thi ipo (2, 6,1} 0, whl Se “equivalent to = The sou now allows eon Theorem. a Prost of Corollary 8, The norm ¥ of an clement y of Ka) ie utiod ap tho progast of Ge canfaguta of y. Thea 2 Kah ‘i'a tarective anmonuepaiam of the muldplcativosabsroap af Ka) ‘nto the mullpletive mabgronp ot. et U, he the kerwel of this bse ‘morphism; then (0) —(@"—1N G1), Slows ay —(—2)hby) we have te Uy Thoraoro exO(a)[—1)/t=t}). The erotiary tae lows thon Tecra Proot of Oorolloey 4, The group la)" of invertible eleseate ‘of K(a) epics ot gba gets, "Thn pew guoeator of, the ‘ersel othe nara map 2: (gH. Let m be ts exponen suc Wt c= ¢% By dais gh of e Us Thereove we have the eongranes sey Jig) (od 1) for orne intagr j. So there must st an {Mager J mach that w= J(q—a}y. Ka addon we ela nt (=) ST Oikernite ne woul hive Hod gr gl hich contra the fact nt athe ener af Fy. Jy Theor we aye Dae mgt mg which gos that lie Ja li ‘This in arn ipl tha of", and Ooraiey & tows. 4 uamplet To iat the theory let fo} x r Peta of ue eerie 00 fant etm be & gov Intgor. Consider (a) = (7, ay Zaz). Wo ‘Shoose hls tour Le exanplebecaes a) hoped the Monod eer (ay = Sy Pgey WL ay D ADM 3, = Abd there in a ttenve leetare on tia subjeet (C1), [SI 16) 91} "Tbe lowing caren a dees comeqnenes of nun’ nS abd Colas 8 ad ‘ho anal proot bane a lengthy heme dete, TusonsI 2.) Tf 8 = 9D em fa) = LOMO CA (i) 2th grec iter <2 sh that SUT = pep) for any prime. (3) Wf pm 8 two 0) thn wip2(p4t) end elev IF = £1,200 10) thw (pip 2 an Be a part (i) ieee, Du nob always; tru Sa (9) — 29-8) ‘or eip) = pl. For exarpi 47} = 38 and (0) — 80.9 Gon sre pve ma exanple of a mates for wick ep!) = op) For tho bonnet tai, howere tia ben an unsaved coueeare for a ot 18 years {8} chit ip) ofp). The would ply that alwaye ¢ = 1 in past (i Penay und Pomerat (0) have ered it compen fra 7 177408 ‘By the mothods of this paper, the coajctar equivalent to a" (ood p*B) where Bi she at osu ntegers in QV) 8 11/5/2 simlarcongrecce 2°? 1 ae p) aw been adie exten ftvly. he ft eonatneacple Ia p —2085" The anlogy between the ‘oo congruenos makes th exetenee ofa Iowge ceustrceample to o(9% ip) sem ly. Ply oe nota that for sohitary sna velar ws cont aes hve oF) =i} or enol off) 5 we *() Ae hr rr —r——CW evan lan ne a atl ag fe Shia St stone beste Sones Gta thers ae t : ~[ 2 a2 0. Hoover, om be shown ris Theorem, 1 hat efter e(F,) HD) = (8) Ey Zp) where10 Vince (We env the prot tothe reader) ho flowing tbsorem has eecua ‘hetrssue invari for Ti posal wat four Coral 9, Hers {2} aenctes the Fagen eto) ‘Daonan 8, Zt p beam od grime, Tf at+4b = 00d 9) fn wp) =p Ty 40) 20 9009) Bon noir aim (7) oa Hap whee bay ‘Asa tinal emmple couelder the recreate ty = faceted ees sth tho inital rues y =m, =O nd oy =. hl ew Hy tis oe fwaelintion of tho sane eoquenee, Zhe companion mates is =f) = 8h ‘Phe minina plyaomial for U ove Zp tr ay prime pbs Fa) = 3° — stat, Modul batts? and 8, tho determination of 9 (0 oy 282) ' sedaced to th cae of» prio. Tho Nowtan fora ean bo tie! 10 salelate the diseriminass of Pa): d(P) = 44. Hnco the only inet for which F() has a ielple rot ogo 9 and 12. Hor all ober vies we ‘apply long Enova etter forthe fatality of exit nod and Oar ‘try 3 to derive the falling thooran. v(p) macnn e(0y Xy Zp) sme that 8 a rine oer than 2 6 1, a) i oasuibe 08 2, ercie sri in pi Pe nm th So ae ‘Rent parson agua Renke’ Tcey, Ae oa Bee Toa hes Leeda eae ” pa) rad of tae rete sun SE apart riges meen SES Sea pate sre ree mm oe iThcent Son Pen BA, Ame Mwy aon, Fan and pd of esr ae oe a Biesead Gna i Go, pp. BOE DD. Wall ivan oar mam Amer MO Moy SORT rine de of Mes mento, ae Ha 1 Epon Os and nt Ar Mah Mey hae 5 ond snd ft SO20TE (00,