AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM FOR

AUTOMOBILES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

R. MAGA SIYAMAN RA1511002020315

K.B.SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE RA1511002020322
S. AJAY ARVIND RA1511002020333
S.RAM KUMAR RA1511002020354

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

B.Tech

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

RAMAPURAM

MAY 2019
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RAMAPURAM

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC FIRE

EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES.” is the bonafide work of

”R. MAGA SIYAMAN RA1511002020315, K.B.SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE

RA1511002020322, S AJAY ARVIND RA151100202033, S RAM KUMAR

RA1511002020354” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr. BHASKAR Dr. K.C.UDAIYAKUMAR

Asst. professor (S.G) Professor & head

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT

Fire accidents are a common threat to lives and property. An automatic

fire extinguishing system provides a real time monitoring, exploration
and programmed fire alarm and fire extinguishing. This report presents
the design of a low cost, robust and secure fire protection system for
automobiles .It sends early alarm when the fire occurs and helps to
reduce the life damage. This system consists of a smoke sensor and a
flame sensor whose outputs are connected to the controller. The system
takes into account the density of smoke and flame, thus the probability
of false alarms can be avoided. A micro-controller is considered here to
control the total arrangement and the solenoid linear actuator is actuated
to open the fire extinguisher and the fire is suppressed.
CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

In modern world, development of technology and industries the chance of fire

accidents is very high due to the usage of combustible materials. Fire accidents can
be one of the most devastating thing to happen in home or business which not only
cause damages financially. Many lives are fallen in danger and it causes heavy
property damage. This includes fire accidents in automobiles. Nowadays even
mass market cars are becoming increasing powerful and agile, it is necessary to
create a system which avoid these accidents in future and we have no modern
technology to solve this problem. The main sector of fire brigade has limitation to
overcome it. Sometimes police, military come to the firing spot to help them. But
this is not enough as this takes time, which is not available. This escalates the
probability of increase in life and property damage. If an automatic fire
extinguishing system available offers greater flexibility and reduces these damages
and improves safety of the passengers. To solve the above problem an automatic
fire protection system is disclosed comprising power supply, independent
suppressor unit, and different sensors. The connection of the individual unit's
control circuits provides a control circuit network that automatically initiates an
extinguishing fluid discharge from the unit in response to fire detection by any
single unit .The main object of this report is to provide an automatic fire-
extinguishing system which eliminates the above described. The main
part of this task is the involvement of a microcontroller which may
be considered to be the nucleus of the whole system. We established
a closed loop feedback system with microcontroller which senses the
temperature sensor, smoke detector signal and send it to the actuator
through control circuits.

1.2 FIRE

Fire is one of humankind's oldest discoveries; it's also one of our biggest threats. A
fire can destroy in a matter of minutes a home or business that has taken decades to
establish. That's why methods of putting out fires are so important. Many buildings
are equipped with fire extinguishers.
A fire is actually a chemical reaction called combustion. When combustion
happens, substances like wood, paper, oil, or coal (all of which are made from
chemicals, even if you don't immediately think of them that way) combine with
oxygen in the air to produce water, carbon dioxide, waste gases—and an awful lot
of heat. Combustion doesn't normally happen all by itself: things don't burst into
flames without help. It usually takes some activation energy (provided by a spark
or a match) to kick off the reaction. Once combustion is underway, the fire seems
to continue all by itself.

1.2.1Fire triangle
Fire happens when three things are in the same place at the same time:

1. Fuel (something to burn—such as wood or coal).

2. Oxygen (usually from the air).
3. Heat.

A fire can burn when all these things are present; it will stop when at least one of
them is removed. As any fire-fighter will tell you, putting out a fire involves
breaking the fire triangle—which means removing the fuel, the heat, or the oxygen.
Suppose a fire breaks out in a pan on top of your cooker, the first thing you
normally do is switch off the heat. If that doesn't work, you might soak a towel
with water and place it very carefully over the pan (or, better still, use a fire
blanket). The towel is designed to block off the supply of oxygen to the fire (the
water stops the towel from catching fire and making things worse). Every fire-
fighting technique you can think of involves removing heat, oxygen, or fuel—
sometimes more than one of those things at the same time. Fire extinguishers work
by removing heat, air, or both.

1.2.2Types of Fire Extinguisher

There are three main types of extinguisher and they work in slightly different
ways:

 Water extinguishers, which are the most common, are essentially tanks full
of water with compressed (tightly squeezed) air as the propellant to make
them come out. Water extinguishers work by removing heat from the fire.
 Dry chemical extinguishers are tanks of foam or dry powder with
compressed nitrogen as the propellant. They work by smothering the fire:
when you put a layer of powder or foam on the fire, you cut the fuel off from
the oxygen around it, and the fire goes out.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers contain a mixture of liquid and gaseous
carbon dioxide (a nonflammable gas). CO2 is normally a gas at room
temperature and pressure. It has to be stored under high pressure to make it a
liquid. When you release the pressure, the gas expands enormously and
makes a huge white jet. CO2 attacks the fire triangle in two ways: it smothers
the oxygen and, when it turns from a liquid back to a gas, it "sucks" in a
massive amount of heat from its surroundings (thelatent heat of
vaporization), which cools whatever you spray it on by removing heat

That classifies extinguishers by what they contain. You'll also find fire
extinguishers classified by the types of fires you can use them on. This gives us
five different kinds:
  A: Green: For wood, cloth, and paper.
 B: Red: For combustible and flammable liquids such as oil, gasoline, and
paint.
 C: Blue: For electrical equipment and tools.
 D: Orange:: For flammable metals.
 K: Black: For animal or vegetable oils or cooking fats.

It's important always to use the right extinguisher for the fire. Using the wrong
extinguisher can put your life in danger and make the fire worse. For example, you
must never use water extinguishers on electrical fires because you could
electrocute yourself and the people nearby. If you're in the slightest doubt about
tackling a fire, leave it alone and get yourself to safety.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

With the problems solved and defined, the following objectives were
accomplished. The main aim of this project is to suppress the fire produced in
automobiles automatically .In this project a fire extinguisher is connected with an
actuator and sensors which are flame, smoke and Temperature. As the fire occurs
the flame sensor passes the signal to the arduino board and then the signal is passed
to an electric actuator which is connected the cylinder, then the actuator opens the
cylinder valve thus by suppressing the flame.

1. We have used three sensors which are smoke, temperature and flame in order
to detect the chance of occurrence of flame, because the flame either occurs at
high temperature or with the help of smoke there could be chance of occurrence
of flame so with the help of smoke and temperature sensor an prior indication
can be given to the driver if there is smoke or if there is increase in temperature.

2. Our main objective is to suppress the fire produced in car within a few second
of its origin. For opening the valve of the extinguisher cylinder we are using an
electric linear actuator to produce certain amount of force to press the valve of
the extinguisher cylinder.

3. To calculate the sensitivity and amount of time taken by the sensors to sense
the fire produced.

4. If the sensors are less sensitive then a sensor with high sensitivity should be
used by replacing the low sensitive sensor so that the sensor can cover a large
area.

5. Instead of nozzles a direction control valve can be used so that the extinguisher
sprinkles the gas on the region where the fire occurred.

6. We are using a linear actuator to open the extinguisher cylinder, instead we

can manufacture an extinguisher cylinder with an solenoid valve in it instead of a
normal valve, so that the solenoid valve will be opened with the help of relay if
the arduino board receives signal from flame sensor.

7. A metal pipe can be used to surround the whole body of the car with nozzles in
between, so wherever the flame occurs the gas will be sprayed in that area.

8. The prototype depicts the actual working of the fire suppression system in an
automobile. This can be fitted according the space provided.
9. To Design and fabricate an automatic fire suppression system for automobiles
which is to be compact and to be more effective.

10. The system nearly covers all the area where there is chance of occurrence of
flame (ex. Engine area, Battery, fuel tank etc,)

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF AFES

Instant Response – A vehicle fire extinguishing system for automobile is designed

to detect an engine fire as soon as it starts, extinguishing it immediately, before it
has a chance to spread.

An engine compartment is fitted with our fire extinguishing system consists of a

cylinder containing suitable extinguishing powder, foam or gas, which is
pressurized. If a smoke occurs or it reaches a threshold temperature where fire is
imminent the flame sensor passes the signal to the arduino board then the arduino
board passes the signal to actuator and releases extinguisher directly onto the
source of the flame.

Minimal Damage – Because our system responds so quickly to a fire, it usually

leaves the engine undamaged, often requiring only a simple component
replacement to get the vehicle back up and running. Since the fire never gets past
the engine compartment, it also means no damage to the cabin or cargo areas
either, which means both driver and goods are kept safe.

Cost-Effective – Compared to the potential losses and additional expenses of

losing a vehicle to fire, our system is an extremely cost-effective option.

The simplicity of the design and lack of complexity means that installing a
automatic fire suppression system in your vehicles is also extremely affordable,
especially when compared to more complex electronics based systems. And
because AFES can be re-fitted to just about any type or age of vehicle, there are no
vehicle upgrade costs to worry about either.
Versatile – There is a huge variety of vehicles, with each brand and model slightly
different depending on spec or year of manufacture. This poses a challenge for
most fire detection systems as they all need to find suitable places to position
electronic detectors, power supplies, control panels and other components. AFES
however, is far easier to adapt to different compartment sizes and designs. The
only item that needs to be accommodated is the canister holding the fire
extinguisher cylinder. But this is only relatively small and can be placed in a
multitude of convenient positions.

The sensors are flexible and where discharge pipe work is required this is also very
compact. A typical installation does not involve any welding or specialist bracketry
and all parts can be located away from areas that require regular maintenance
access.

We have designed systems for many different vehicle types and can provide
custom designs to suit your particular vehicles.

AFES can offer special single extinguisher systems where Dry powder is used to
quickly knock down the fire and then after a delay foam is automatically applied to
help remove residual heat.

We can also offer systems that interface with the engine stop circuit, and isolate the
batteries automatically when deployed.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The aim of the project is to put off the flame that is produced when the driver is
unaware while driving. For this purpose a high sensitive sensors are used to detect
the flame or smoke or if the temperature reaches the threshold temperature.
This study is to intend a new type of mechanism in automatic fire suppression
system. This setup will be even more effective and compact if the fire extinguisher
cylinder is manufactured with a solenoid valve.

As the fire accidents occurs mainly due to the short circuit in wire or in other
devices so this could a good project for future because due to pollution government
of all the countries is planning to produce electric cars replacing the diesel cars, so
the chance of fire accidents due to short circuit may increase, so installing AFES
will reduce the risk of fire accidents in upcoming electric cars.

For the purpose of prototype we are using powder containing extinguisher

cylinder, so it is advisable to go with co2 gas or clean agent fire extinguisher
because it do not cause any harm to the engine as well as other devices of the
vehicle.

1.6 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION

The automatic fire extinguishing system consists of three major parts which are the
sensors (i.e. flame, smoke, and temperature), a fire extinguisher cylinder, a electric
linear actuator.

1.6.1 Signal from the sensors

1. Smoke sensor: The smoke sensor is attached near to the battery and the engine
as the chance of occurrence of smoke is high near engine and the battery. If the
smoke is produced in any region the sensor detects and passes signal to the
microcontroller and that microcontroller passes the signal to an digital display
which is placed in the dashboard of the driver, thus the driver receives a indication
or alert regarding the smoke produced in the vehicle.

2. Temperature sensor: The average engine temperature of an vehicle is 100

degree centigrade, so if the temperature level reaches beyond the threshold
temperature (i.e. beyond 100* C) then a indication or a alert is given to the driver
regarding the increase in temperature.

3. Flame sensor: The flame sensor is highly effective as it can detect flame within
a distance of 400mm and with angle of 60 degree. The sensor detects the flame
with the help of infrared rays processed by it. When the fire is produced the signal
is passed to the microcontroller and then that microcontroller passes the signal to a
relay module which is connected to a electric linear actuator as the relay module
receives the signal it allow the flow of current to the actuator and the actuator
produce certain amount of fore thus by opening the valve of the fire extinguisher
cylinder automatically. As the fire is detected the ignition of the engine will be
turned off.

1.6.2 Force from electric linear actuator

Specification of linear actuator:

Force: 500N

Stroke length: 200mm

The electric linear actuator produces a certain amount of force on the valve of the
fire extinguisher cylinder as soon as it receives signal from the flame sensor to the
relay module which would take approximately a few seconds to actuate the linear
actuator, thus by releasing the extinguisher.

The force which is required to open the extinguisher is calculated by

Total weight applied = 6000gms

Gravitational force = 9.81

Required amount of force to open the extinguisher valve = 6000*9.81 =

60N (approx)

Voltage required by the actuator = 12V or 24V AC

1.6.3 Area covered by extinguisher

We are using a 2kg powdered fire extinguisher in our project; the average pressure
of the fire extinguisher is 15bar, which can cover up to an area of 1000*1000mm
which is the minimum area of a vehicle bonnet.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 KaiqianKuang,XinHuangGuang,xuanLiaoVolume 86, Issue

3, May 2008, Pages 182-188

The effectiveness of superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial

dry powder in fire suppression were compared in a laboratory-scale,
immovable fire suppression apparatus. The investigation focused on their
suppression effectiveness under various pressures. It likewise studied the
relationship between the powders’ surface structures and their effectiveness
on fire suppression. The microcosmic structure of the powders was observed
by scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the Thermal Gravity Analysis
(TGA) technique was used to analyze the thermal behavior of the superfine
magnesium hydroxide powders. By analyzing the results, it could be
concluded that the pressure, the particle size, and the microcosmic structure
of the powders’ surface mainly decide the capability of the powders to
extinguish the fire. Comparing this with commercial dry powders, superfine
magnesium hydroxide powders extinguished the fire in less than 10 s. From
this article we decided that class ABC fire extinguisher type is used and dry
chemical type is used but using Hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) is better as it doesn’t
react with the parts of automobile.
2.2Shin-JuhChenaDavid
C.HovdebKristenA.PetersonaAndréW.MarshallcVolume 42,
Issue 8, November 2007, Pages 507-515

Fire detection systems located in aircraft cargo compartments are currently

based only on smoke detectors. They generate about 200 false alarms per year
for US registered aircraft. The number of false alarms is growing as more
planes are outfitted with smoke detectors and air travel expands. Moreover,
the survivability of an aircraft in a fire scenario depends on the early
detection of the fire. A fire detection system is developed based on the
simultaneous measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke.
The combination of the rates of rise of smoke and either carbon monoxide or
carbon dioxide concentration provides a potential fire alarmalgorithm to
increase the reliability of aircraft smoke detectors, and to reduce the time to
alarm. The fire detection system with the alarm algorithm detected fires that
were not alarmed by smoke sensors, and alarmed in shorter times than smoke
sensors operating alone.

2.3 I. Walczak, W. Love, T. Cook, R. Slovacek, J. Biosens. Bioelectron. 7, 39

(1992)July 2007, Volume 88, Issue 2, pp 297–303
Temperature sensor constitutes the vast class of

commercially available optical sensors. There are many different phenomena used
to perform the sensing. The main

physical techniques involved are Fabry–Perot interferometers ´

to measure optical path length changes in a material, remote

pyrometry/black body radiation monitoring, Raman scattering and rare earth

absorption/fluorescence monitoring. There

are two types of temperature sensor, (1) distributed, and (2)

point temperature sensors. In distributed temperature sensing,

one uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to excite Raman scattering,

which is detected by an optical time domain reflectometer

(OTDR) where up to ∼ 30 km of path length can be realized.

There has been extensive interest in the study of rare earth

doped materials for use as temperature sensors. In these materials many pairs of
energy levels with small separations of

the order of the thermal energy are known. For practical sensors, the energy levels
are not only optically coupled to the

ground state but also have a relatively small separation with

a high probability of non-radiative transitions between the two

levels of the pair. A large number of rare earth ions such as Pr,
Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er and Yb have pairs of energy levels which

satisfy these criterions. The principle of the sensor is based

on the temperature dependent variation of light transmission

which is at first measured at the reference temperature over

the wavelength range of interest and then recorded at different temperatures. There
are some spectral regions where the

absorption spectra decrease as the temperature increases due

to the broadening of the absorbing transitions and their shift

to longer wavelengths with rising temperature. For accurate

temperature detection the system should be designed for dual

wavelength operation because then it would be easy to measure the ratio of the
signal intensities at the two wavelengths as

a function of temperat

2.4 David W. ParkinsonBradley W. SmithRobert E. Lewis

A fire extinguisher comprises a pressure bottle containing the fire extinguishing

material and having mounted therein a diffuser-actuation housing. A source of
pressurized gas is in at least one of the pressure bottle or the housing or may be in
both. The housing has internal exhaust ports for permitting flow of the fire
extinguishing material from the interior of the pressure bottle to the interior of the
housing and external diffuser ports for delivering the fire extinguishing material
from the interior of the housing to the area of a fire. Intermediate the internal
exhaust ports and the external diffuser ports there is positioned a burst element, for
interrupting the flow path between the internal exhaust ports and the external
diffuser ports until the burst element is ruptured. Mounted within the housing, on a
side of the frangible burst element opposite the exhaust ports, is an initiator or
electro-explosive device and a rupture element, such as a projectile or gas-
producing pyrotechnic material or a combination of both, for rupturing the
frangible burst element and opening the flow path upon actuation of the initiator.
The exhaust ports preferably have pick-up tubes extending into powdered fire
suppression material in the pressurized bottle.
 CHAPTER III

METHEDOLOGY
3.1 METHEDOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM NEED OF THE

IDENTIFICATION WORK

LITERATURE
SURVEY

SOLUTION FOR
STUDY OF THE
THE PROBLEMS
PROJECT
COMPONENT
SELECTION

TESTING

RESULT AND
DISCUSSIONS
3.1.1 Problem identified

Earlier while starting this project we are about to use a solenoid valve to open the
extinguisher cylinder automatically using the relay module, later after a experiment
we came to know that we would unable to use the solenoid valve as the pressure
produced by the extinguisher cylinder is high compared to the pressure limit of the
solenoid valve.

3.1.2 Solution for the problem

In replacement of the solenoid valve we had an alternate solution i.e. by using a

electric linear actuator the cylinder can be opened automatically as the flame
sensor detects the flame.

3.1.3 Study of the project

To make sure about the availability of resources and about all the mechanism that
can be performed. This project does not pocess any drawbacks later.

3.1.4 Implementation and testing

To fabricate all the parts and perform a test after all the assembly work.
4.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or

control small fires, often in emergency situations. Typically, a fire
extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an
agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. There are two main types
of fire extinguishers: Stored pressure and generated pressure. In stored pressure
units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting agent itself.
Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical
extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used; water and foam are pressurized with air.
Stored pressure is the most common type of fire extinguisher. Cartridge-operated
extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured
prior to discharge, exposing the propellant to the agent. These types are not
as common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they
receive higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt
recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return
to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Unlike stored pressure types, these
extinguishers utilize compressed carbon dioxide instead of nitrogen, although
nitrogen cartridges are used on low temperature (-60 rated) models. Cartridge
operated types are available in dry chemical and dry powder in the US and water,
wetting agent, foam, and dry powder (ABC, BC, or D) in the rest of the world
Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and cart-mounted, also
called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14
kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted
units typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds). These wheeled models are
most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as
docks and marinas. Internationally there are several accepted classification
methods for hand-held fire extinguishers. Each classification is useful in fighting
fires with a particular group of fuel. According to the standard BS EN 3, fire
extinguishers in the United Kingdom as all throughout Europe are red RAL 3000,
and a band or circle of a second color covering between 5-10% of the
surface area of the extinguisher indicates the contents. Before 1997, the entire
body of the fire extinguisher was color coded according to the type of
extinguishing agent. The UK recognizes five fire classes: Class A fires involve
organic solids such as paper and wood. Class B fires involve flammable liquids
and liquefiable solids. Class C fires involve flammable gases. Class D fires
involve metals. Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil. Fire extinguishing
performance per fire class is displayed using numbers and letters such as 13A,
55B.EN3 does not recognize a separate electrical class - however there is an
additional feature requiring special testing (35 kVA dielectric test per EN 3-
7:2004). A powder or CO2 extinguisher will bear an electrical pictogram as
standard signifying that it can be used on live electrical fires (given the
symbol E in the table). If a water-based extinguisher has passed the 35 kVA test
it will also bear the same electrical pictogram however, any water-based
extinguisher is only recommended for inadvertent use on electrical fires. We use
Powder based agent fire extinguisher for this performance. As in our system ABC
type of fire extinguisher is used, it is suitable for combination of class A, class B,
class C fire. This is the multipurpose dry chemical extinguisher. The ABC type is
filled with mono ammonium phosphate, a yellow powder that leaves a sticky
residue that may be damaging to electrical appliances such as a computer. Dry
chemical extinguishers have an advantage since they leave a non-flammable
substance on the extinguished material, reducing the likelihood of re-ignition.

4.2.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

A heat flux sensor is a commonly used name for a transducer generating a signal
that is proportional to the local heat flux. This heat flux can have different origins;
in principle convective, radioactive as well as conductive heat can be measured.

\
4.2.3 SMOKE DETECTOR

A LDR was placed in the smoke duct. As smoke passes through the duct, LDR
resistance changes accordingly. This resistance change was used by suitable
circuitry to sense the presence of smoke. MQ2 type is used for our purpose

4.2.4 FLAME SENSOR

A flame sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation.
A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than
a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame.
4.2.5 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a

small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar
to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC); SoC may include a
microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller contains one or more
CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output
peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or
OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the
microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications
consisting of various discrete chips. The micro controller used for our purpose is
Arduino UNO.
4.2.6 LINEAR ACTUATOR

A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to

the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in
machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk
drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear
motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear
motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a rotating
motor.

4.2.7 RELAY MODULE

The control circuit functions as the coupling between the input and output circuits.
In electromechanical relays, the coil accomplishes this function. A relays Output
Circuit is the portion of the relay that switches on the load and performs the same
function as the mechanical contacts of electromechanical relays.

CHAPTER V

5.1WORKING PRINCIPLE

Fire happens when three things are in same place at same time. The three things
are Fuel (something to burn), oxygen and heat. Fire can be suppressed removing
one of the elements. Fire extinguisher removes either one of these elements or
sometimes two or three. Type ABC (mono ammonium phosphate) fire extinguisher
is used. These work by cutting off the fuel supply to the fire. When dry chemical
powder is sprinkled around the fire, the powder tends to form a layer on top of the
fuel and thus cuts it off from the fire. The powder being non-flammable, the fire
doesn’t get the fuel to sustain itself and thus fire is suppressed. Micro controlling
unit is the choice of controller board for fire extinguisher activation. Flame sensor,
smoke sensor, temperature sensor are connected to the MCU. These sensors detect
flame, smoke and temperature respectively. Sensors send analog signals to MCU,
MCU programmed for further process and actuation. Alarm and LED are used for
alerting the passengers. This alarm setup is connected to the MCU. Passengers are
alerted when smoke and flame is occurred. All sensors are interfaced with the
analog input pins. Automobile is sensed continuously for flame. When the flame is
sensed pulses are sent to the linear actuator. With the help of wires and bread board
the continuous electric supply is produced and interlink between the sensors is
produced. The linear actuator acts according to the commands of the Micro
controlling unit program and produces necessary force to push the valve of the
cylinder that will in turn trigger for the fire extinguisher to work.
5.1.1 DESIGN
CHAPTER 6

6.1 CALCULATION

Specification of linear actuator:

Force: 500N

Stroke length: 200mm

The electric linear actuator produces a certain amount of force on the valve of the
fire extinguisher cylinder as soon as it receives signal from the flame sensor to the
relay module which would take approximately a few seconds to actuate the linear
actuator, thus by releasing the extinguisher.

The force which is required to open the extinguisher is calculated by

Total weight applied = 6000gms

Gravitational force = 9.81

Required amount of force to open the extinguisher valve = 6000*9.81 =

60N (approx.)

Voltage required by the actuator = 12V or 24V AC

CHAPTER 7

7.1 MERITS AND LIMITATIONS

 The aim of the project is to put off the flame that is produced when the
driver is unaware while driving. For this purpose a high sensitive sensors are
used to detect the flame or smoke or if the temperature reaches the threshold
temperature.

 This study is to intend a new type of mechanism in automatic fire

suppression system. This setup will be even more effective and compact if
the fire extinguisher cylinder is manufactured with a solenoid valve.

 As the fire accidents occurs mainly due to the short circuit in wire or in other
devices so this could a good project for future because due to pollution
government of all the countries is planning to produce electric cars replacing
the diesel cars, so the chance of fire accidents due to short circuit may
increase, so installing AFES will reduce the risk of fire accidents in
upcoming electric cars.

 For the purpose of prototype we are using powder containing extinguisher

cylinder, so it is advisable to go with co2 gas or clean agent fire extinguisher
 because it do not cause any harm to the engine as well as other devices of
the vehicle.

CHAPTER 8

8.1 CONCLUSION

The microcontroller based adjustable fire extinguishing system for automobile has
been introduced. This system is applicable to different sizes of fire extinguisher
and high controlling capability over them (for all type of vehicle). The simple
design of it allows minimum of maintenance work. There is a greatly reduced of
malfunction, as no moving parts the risk of false alarm is also reduced. The price
performance relationship is cost effective. Despite of having a narrow range of
difficulty the popularity of microcontroller based system design in automobile is
increasing day by day .besides improved and advanced technologies are replacing
the older versions which is keep enhancing the system efficiency.
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