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AFES Report Final
AFES Report Final
AUTOMOBILES
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Of
B.Tech
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAY 2019
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RAMAPURAM
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 FIRE
Fire is one of humankind's oldest discoveries; it's also one of our biggest threats. A
fire can destroy in a matter of minutes a home or business that has taken decades to
establish. That's why methods of putting out fires are so important. Many buildings
are equipped with fire extinguishers.
A fire is actually a chemical reaction called combustion. When combustion
happens, substances like wood, paper, oil, or coal (all of which are made from
chemicals, even if you don't immediately think of them that way) combine with
oxygen in the air to produce water, carbon dioxide, waste gases—and an awful lot
of heat. Combustion doesn't normally happen all by itself: things don't burst into
flames without help. It usually takes some activation energy (provided by a spark
or a match) to kick off the reaction. Once combustion is underway, the fire seems
to continue all by itself.
1.2.1Fire triangle
Fire happens when three things are in the same place at the same time:
A fire can burn when all these things are present; it will stop when at least one of
them is removed. As any fire-fighter will tell you, putting out a fire involves
breaking the fire triangle—which means removing the fuel, the heat, or the oxygen.
Suppose a fire breaks out in a pan on top of your cooker, the first thing you
normally do is switch off the heat. If that doesn't work, you might soak a towel
with water and place it very carefully over the pan (or, better still, use a fire
blanket). The towel is designed to block off the supply of oxygen to the fire (the
water stops the towel from catching fire and making things worse). Every fire-
fighting technique you can think of involves removing heat, oxygen, or fuel—
sometimes more than one of those things at the same time. Fire extinguishers work
by removing heat, air, or both.
Water extinguishers, which are the most common, are essentially tanks full
of water with compressed (tightly squeezed) air as the propellant to make
them come out. Water extinguishers work by removing heat from the fire.
Dry chemical extinguishers are tanks of foam or dry powder with
compressed nitrogen as the propellant. They work by smothering the fire:
when you put a layer of powder or foam on the fire, you cut the fuel off from
the oxygen around it, and the fire goes out.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers contain a mixture of liquid and gaseous
carbon dioxide (a nonflammable gas). CO2 is normally a gas at room
temperature and pressure. It has to be stored under high pressure to make it a
liquid. When you release the pressure, the gas expands enormously and
makes a huge white jet. CO2 attacks the fire triangle in two ways: it smothers
the oxygen and, when it turns from a liquid back to a gas, it "sucks" in a
massive amount of heat from its surroundings (thelatent heat of
vaporization), which cools whatever you spray it on by removing heat
That classifies extinguishers by what they contain. You'll also find fire
extinguishers classified by the types of fires you can use them on. This gives us
five different kinds:
A: Green: For wood, cloth, and paper.
B: Red: For combustible and flammable liquids such as oil, gasoline, and
paint.
C: Blue: For electrical equipment and tools.
D: Orange:: For flammable metals.
K: Black: For animal or vegetable oils or cooking fats.
It's important always to use the right extinguisher for the fire. Using the wrong
extinguisher can put your life in danger and make the fire worse. For example, you
must never use water extinguishers on electrical fires because you could
electrocute yourself and the people nearby. If you're in the slightest doubt about
tackling a fire, leave it alone and get yourself to safety.
With the problems solved and defined, the following objectives were
accomplished. The main aim of this project is to suppress the fire produced in
automobiles automatically .In this project a fire extinguisher is connected with an
actuator and sensors which are flame, smoke and Temperature. As the fire occurs
the flame sensor passes the signal to the arduino board and then the signal is passed
to an electric actuator which is connected the cylinder, then the actuator opens the
cylinder valve thus by suppressing the flame.
1. We have used three sensors which are smoke, temperature and flame in order
to detect the chance of occurrence of flame, because the flame either occurs at
high temperature or with the help of smoke there could be chance of occurrence
of flame so with the help of smoke and temperature sensor an prior indication
can be given to the driver if there is smoke or if there is increase in temperature.
2. Our main objective is to suppress the fire produced in car within a few second
of its origin. For opening the valve of the extinguisher cylinder we are using an
electric linear actuator to produce certain amount of force to press the valve of
the extinguisher cylinder.
3. To calculate the sensitivity and amount of time taken by the sensors to sense
the fire produced.
4. If the sensors are less sensitive then a sensor with high sensitivity should be
used by replacing the low sensitive sensor so that the sensor can cover a large
area.
5. Instead of nozzles a direction control valve can be used so that the extinguisher
sprinkles the gas on the region where the fire occurred.
7. A metal pipe can be used to surround the whole body of the car with nozzles in
between, so wherever the flame occurs the gas will be sprayed in that area.
8. The prototype depicts the actual working of the fire suppression system in an
automobile. This can be fitted according the space provided.
9. To Design and fabricate an automatic fire suppression system for automobiles
which is to be compact and to be more effective.
10. The system nearly covers all the area where there is chance of occurrence of
flame (ex. Engine area, Battery, fuel tank etc,)
The simplicity of the design and lack of complexity means that installing a
automatic fire suppression system in your vehicles is also extremely affordable,
especially when compared to more complex electronics based systems. And
because AFES can be re-fitted to just about any type or age of vehicle, there are no
vehicle upgrade costs to worry about either.
Versatile – There is a huge variety of vehicles, with each brand and model slightly
different depending on spec or year of manufacture. This poses a challenge for
most fire detection systems as they all need to find suitable places to position
electronic detectors, power supplies, control panels and other components. AFES
however, is far easier to adapt to different compartment sizes and designs. The
only item that needs to be accommodated is the canister holding the fire
extinguisher cylinder. But this is only relatively small and can be placed in a
multitude of convenient positions.
The sensors are flexible and where discharge pipe work is required this is also very
compact. A typical installation does not involve any welding or specialist bracketry
and all parts can be located away from areas that require regular maintenance
access.
We have designed systems for many different vehicle types and can provide
custom designs to suit your particular vehicles.
AFES can offer special single extinguisher systems where Dry powder is used to
quickly knock down the fire and then after a delay foam is automatically applied to
help remove residual heat.
We can also offer systems that interface with the engine stop circuit, and isolate the
batteries automatically when deployed.
The aim of the project is to put off the flame that is produced when the driver is
unaware while driving. For this purpose a high sensitive sensors are used to detect
the flame or smoke or if the temperature reaches the threshold temperature.
This study is to intend a new type of mechanism in automatic fire suppression
system. This setup will be even more effective and compact if the fire extinguisher
cylinder is manufactured with a solenoid valve.
As the fire accidents occurs mainly due to the short circuit in wire or in other
devices so this could a good project for future because due to pollution government
of all the countries is planning to produce electric cars replacing the diesel cars, so
the chance of fire accidents due to short circuit may increase, so installing AFES
will reduce the risk of fire accidents in upcoming electric cars.
The automatic fire extinguishing system consists of three major parts which are the
sensors (i.e. flame, smoke, and temperature), a fire extinguisher cylinder, a electric
linear actuator.
1. Smoke sensor: The smoke sensor is attached near to the battery and the engine
as the chance of occurrence of smoke is high near engine and the battery. If the
smoke is produced in any region the sensor detects and passes signal to the
microcontroller and that microcontroller passes the signal to an digital display
which is placed in the dashboard of the driver, thus the driver receives a indication
or alert regarding the smoke produced in the vehicle.
3. Flame sensor: The flame sensor is highly effective as it can detect flame within
a distance of 400mm and with angle of 60 degree. The sensor detects the flame
with the help of infrared rays processed by it. When the fire is produced the signal
is passed to the microcontroller and then that microcontroller passes the signal to a
relay module which is connected to a electric linear actuator as the relay module
receives the signal it allow the flow of current to the actuator and the actuator
produce certain amount of fore thus by opening the valve of the fire extinguisher
cylinder automatically. As the fire is detected the ignition of the engine will be
turned off.
Force: 500N
60N (approx)
We are using a 2kg powdered fire extinguisher in our project; the average pressure
of the fire extinguisher is 15bar, which can cover up to an area of 1000*1000mm
which is the minimum area of a vehicle bonnet.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
commercially available optical sensors. There are many different phenomena used
to perform the sensing. The main
doped materials for use as temperature sensors. In these materials many pairs of
energy levels with small separations of
the order of the thermal energy are known. For practical sensors, the energy levels
are not only optically coupled to the
levels of the pair. A large number of rare earth ions such as Pr,
Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er and Yb have pairs of energy levels which
the wavelength range of interest and then recorded at different temperatures. There
are some spectral regions where the
wavelength operation because then it would be easy to measure the ratio of the
signal intensities at the two wavelengths as
a function of temperat
METHEDOLOGY
3.1 METHEDOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE
SURVEY
SOLUTION FOR
STUDY OF THE
THE PROBLEMS
PROJECT
COMPONENT
SELECTION
TESTING
RESULT AND
DISCUSSIONS
3.1.1 Problem identified
Earlier while starting this project we are about to use a solenoid valve to open the
extinguisher cylinder automatically using the relay module, later after a experiment
we came to know that we would unable to use the solenoid valve as the pressure
produced by the extinguisher cylinder is high compared to the pressure limit of the
solenoid valve.
A heat flux sensor is a commonly used name for a transducer generating a signal
that is proportional to the local heat flux. This heat flux can have different origins;
in principle convective, radioactive as well as conductive heat can be measured.
\
4.2.3 SMOKE DETECTOR
A LDR was placed in the smoke duct. As smoke passes through the duct, LDR
resistance changes accordingly. This resistance change was used by suitable
circuitry to sense the presence of smoke. MQ2 type is used for our purpose
A flame sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation.
A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than
a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame.
4.2.5 MICROCONTROLLER
CHAPTER V
5.1WORKING PRINCIPLE
Fire happens when three things are in same place at same time. The three things
are Fuel (something to burn), oxygen and heat. Fire can be suppressed removing
one of the elements. Fire extinguisher removes either one of these elements or
sometimes two or three. Type ABC (mono ammonium phosphate) fire extinguisher
is used. These work by cutting off the fuel supply to the fire. When dry chemical
powder is sprinkled around the fire, the powder tends to form a layer on top of the
fuel and thus cuts it off from the fire. The powder being non-flammable, the fire
doesn’t get the fuel to sustain itself and thus fire is suppressed. Micro controlling
unit is the choice of controller board for fire extinguisher activation. Flame sensor,
smoke sensor, temperature sensor are connected to the MCU. These sensors detect
flame, smoke and temperature respectively. Sensors send analog signals to MCU,
MCU programmed for further process and actuation. Alarm and LED are used for
alerting the passengers. This alarm setup is connected to the MCU. Passengers are
alerted when smoke and flame is occurred. All sensors are interfaced with the
analog input pins. Automobile is sensed continuously for flame. When the flame is
sensed pulses are sent to the linear actuator. With the help of wires and bread board
the continuous electric supply is produced and interlink between the sensors is
produced. The linear actuator acts according to the commands of the Micro
controlling unit program and produces necessary force to push the valve of the
cylinder that will in turn trigger for the fire extinguisher to work.
5.1.1 DESIGN
CHAPTER 6
6.1 CALCULATION
Force: 500N
The electric linear actuator produces a certain amount of force on the valve of the
fire extinguisher cylinder as soon as it receives signal from the flame sensor to the
relay module which would take approximately a few seconds to actuate the linear
actuator, thus by releasing the extinguisher.
60N (approx.)
The aim of the project is to put off the flame that is produced when the
driver is unaware while driving. For this purpose a high sensitive sensors are
used to detect the flame or smoke or if the temperature reaches the threshold
temperature.
As the fire accidents occurs mainly due to the short circuit in wire or in other
devices so this could a good project for future because due to pollution
government of all the countries is planning to produce electric cars replacing
the diesel cars, so the chance of fire accidents due to short circuit may
increase, so installing AFES will reduce the risk of fire accidents in
upcoming electric cars.
CHAPTER 8
8.1 CONCLUSION
The microcontroller based adjustable fire extinguishing system for automobile has
been introduced. This system is applicable to different sizes of fire extinguisher
and high controlling capability over them (for all type of vehicle). The simple
design of it allows minimum of maintenance work. There is a greatly reduced of
malfunction, as no moving parts the risk of false alarm is also reduced. The price
performance relationship is cost effective. Despite of having a narrow range of
difficulty the popularity of microcontroller based system design in automobile is
increasing day by day .besides improved and advanced technologies are replacing
the older versions which is keep enhancing the system efficiency.
8.2 REFERENCE
232-235.
512-521, 2010.
2002.
1996.