Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Science Checkpoint 9

    Uploaded by

    arya mikhail
    64 views48 pages
    Science Checkpoint 9

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Science Checkpoint 9

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    64 views48 pages

    Science Checkpoint 9

    Uploaded by

    arya mikhail
    Science Checkpoint 9

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 48
    i CAMBRIDGE r rea re Ta Yael PLE Olena C--T nT I] and David Sang Cambridge Checkpoint Science Coursebook Introduction Biology Units Unita 21 22 23 24 25 26 Unit 3 at 32 3 34 33 3.6 37 38 Plants Phovosyntliesis Mineral salts for plants Plants and water Flowers Pollination Ferilisation Fruits Bnd of unit questions Living things in their environment Plant adaptations Animal adaptations Ecology Food webs and energy flow Decomposers Populations Pollution “Habitat destruction Protecting the environment End of unit questions Variation andinkeritance Keys Variation Inheritance More about inheritance Scective breeding Natural selection Natural election inaction Charles Darwin End of uni questions 10 12 MW 16 8 20 4 26 28 at st 38 40 4 46 50 a) 36 58 Chemistry Unit 4 41 42 43 44 Units 3 52 53 54 unite 61 62 63 64 63 06 Unit 7 ca 72 73 14 Unit @ Bi 82 83 84 BD 86 ‘Material properties The structure of the som ‘More about the structure of the atom Trends in Group 1 Trends in some other groups End of unit questions Energy changes Burning More exothermic reactions Envdothermic processes Exothermic or endothermic? ind of unit questions Reactivity Meals and their reactions with oxygen Reactions of metals in water Reactions of metals with aire acid “The reactivity sevies Displacement reactions {Using displacement reacting End of unit questions Salts ‘What isa salt? Preparing @ salt using metal and acid ‘Metal carbonates and aeies Forming salts by neutralisation End of unit questions Rates of reaction ‘Measuring the rate of reaction Changes in the rate of reaction, Surface area and the rate of reaction “Ternperarure and the rue of reaction Concentration and the rate of reaction Catalysts End of unit questions 62 64 66 68 at aa 0 48. 100 102 104 106 108 Ho 13 116 118 Physics ‘Reference Unit Forces inaction “Working with equations 176 1 Theidea of density 129 Weas and evidence 178 92 Measuring density 192° Electric cireusie symbols: 180 93 Density calculations 124 Anomalous results tet 84 Pressure 136 95 Pressure calculations 128 Glomary and index 183 86 Pressure in gages and liquics 130, Acknowledgements 188 87 Theturningeffecrof afore 182 88 The principle of moments 134 99 Calculating moments 136 End of unit questions > 138 Unit 20 Electricity 10.1 Static electricity 0 10.2 Positive and negative charge 142, 10.3. Hlectronson the move ry 104 Conductors and insulators 146 10.5 Electric current ina circuit 148 106 Understanding electric current 150 10.7 Changing cirewits | 152 ‘ 10.8 Changing circuits 2 154 10.9 Components in parallel 156 End of unit questions 158 Unit 11 Energy L.A How we wie energy 160 11.2 Fons fel 162 11.3 Renewables and non-renewables 164 11d Conduction of hea 106, 115 Convection 168 116 Radiation 170 117 Evaporation 172 End of unit questions 74 ‘Photosynthesis the way that plants make food. They use carbon dioxite and water tw make glacese and oxygen. Photosynthesis isa chemical reaction, We can summarise i using a word equation: carbon dioxide + water “> glucose + oxygen Energy transfer “The photosynthesis reaction needs a supply of energy to make it happen. This enersy comes fom light. During photosynthesis, the plants leaves absorb the energy of light, “The energy is stored inthe glucose that is mace, The glucose a store of chemical potential energy. call wall cell surface: ‘membrane . cytoplasm vacuole Photosynthesis happens inside the chloroplasts in a palisade cell like this one. 1 Think back to (remember) what you have already learnt about photosynthesis. a Wheredo plants get carbon dioxide from? 1b Wheredo plants zt water from? 2 Explain why photosynthesis only takes place inside chloroplasts, Storing carbohyérates Glucose ist sugar. Sugars belong to a group of chemicals called carbohydrates, Plants ustully make much more glucose than they aeed to use immediately. They store some of it to ase later: But they do not store it as glucose, Glucose is soluble in water, which makes it difficult to store inside a cell. Tread, the plant changes some of the glicor into diferent ind of carbohydrate wtarch, A starch molecule ie made of thousands of glucose molecules inkel cogether in «long chain, Starch malecules are too big to dissolve in water. They stay ‘as insoluble grains, inside the chloroplasts inthe plant cel © v1 riclous chloroplast containing chorophylt ee eve ee aa ee odine solution, But just salution to _ leaf won't work, beeause the starch is inside the leaf cells. Todine solution can’t get through the cell membranesof the leaf cells. 2 Boil some water in a beaker, Adela feaf 10 the boiling water: "This wall break down the cell ‘membranes around the kaf cells 2. Turn offyour Bunsen burner or sprit burner. “This s important becae you are going to use ‘ethanol in the next step, and ethanol is very ammable, Using forceps eveezes), remove the leaf fromm the water Re gentle ~it wil be very soft and easly torn: ‘3. Collect some ethanol in-a test rabe. Sian the test ‘ube inthe beaker of very hot water: Pat the leat ‘nto the ethanol, You will sce the green colour (chlorophyll coming out of the lea, into the ethanol. 4 When you think riost of the colour has come out, 5. take the leaf out of the ethanol and dip it ino the ‘water to sofien it, Spread the leaf out ona tie, 5, Now you ean add odline solution to the leaf Whe leat contains amy aarch, ic wil carn ‘blue-black. {AL Explain vy the ea needed tbo elven wit one ston, ‘Az Suggest why it was usefal to remeve the green colose from the leaf, belone testing it with iene saluton. ‘Ag. Describe two things that you dit in step 2 to reduce the risk of anyone Farmers and gardeners often add fertilisers to the soil where their cropsare growing The fertilisers provide mineral salts, which make the plants grow larger and healthier Although fertilisers are expensive, the cost to farmers is ‘outweighed by the exira money they can yet for their crop. What are fertilisers? Festilisers contain mineral salts. These are substances that plants normally get from the soil. But often the soil does not contain epough of some kinds of mineral salts, which stops the plants ‘growing as large and strong as they could. Plants need many dillerent kinds of mineral salts. ‘Two of the most important ones are nitrate and ‘magnesium. Nitrate is needled so thar the plant can make proteins, You'll remember that proteins are ‘utvients that living organisms need for making * ew cells A plant that has not got enough nitrate arv't make enough protsins soit cannot make ‘caough new cells to grow wel Nitrate is also needed to mike chlorophyll. If 4 plant does not have enough nitrate, twill become yellow instead of green. ‘Magnesium is also needed for making chlorophyil, So a shortage of magnesium makes plaat leaves go yellow. ©) sr ‘This farmer in Indonesia is giving fertiliser to his rowing rice plants. Flanis that are short of nitrate are stuntes (email) and yellow. ‘This tomato leafis shoning symptoms of magnesium deficiency, Eee aan a cent ae NN a a yee dan a ae ah acres wl ak giro 3 Think about Sse ae ahout plant roots. How do plants absorb mineral Cees ‘Duckweed isa tiny pla that grows onthe surface of ponds and lakes. Each plant is made up ofa lealike structure, often with tiny roots hanging down into the water If you ad a single duckweed plant to seme ‘water itwill produce new plants as it grows, ‘You can mieasure ho fast the duckweed srows bby counting how many plants there are ater certain period of tine. Plan an investigation to find out how feritiser acts the rate of growth of duckweed. Vour teacher will show you the plants and the fertiiser that you can use “Think about these questions: ‘+ What you will change in your experiment? + How will you change this? “+ What variables wil you keep the same? + What will you measure? + When you will measure this? ‘+ Will you do repeats in your experiment? If s, how many? ‘When your teacher has checked! your plan, you can set up your experiment. You ‘wil have tobe patient, as it may take several weeks before you have your results, Recovel your resulis eet, You may be able to draw a graph to dpplay them. Ato surrounded by duckwoed plets eee tee eee a Everyone knows that plants reel water IF ‘you grow plants in povs, you need to water ‘ther regularly. Water for support “The photograph shows one reason why plints need water ~ it helps them to stand ‘upright, Plant cells contain a lot of water especially inside their vaewoles A plat cell that has plenty of sate ie strong an firm. When allthe cells in planta like this, they ‘press out against each other and make the ‘whole plant firm and well-supported. ‘When plant cell doesnt contain enough water, it becomes soft and Boppy: When al the cells planta lke this, the plant collapses. We say that it has wiked. Water for transport ‘You may remember that plants contain long tubes, called xylem, which transport ‘water from the roots up to the leaves. "There ase mineral salts dissolved in the water, and thisis how they are transported around the plant. Water for cooling ‘When the water in the xylem gets ino the leaves it spreads out through each Fea Some of iLevaporates ito thea spaces fuside the lea When water evaporates it absorbs heat ‘energy, This cools down the surrounilings, “The water evaporating inside a plan leat helps to keep the plant cool. ‘This s really ‘important for plants that live in yery ‘hot environments Q~ ‘The plant on the left hasnot been watered for thre days. The photograph on the right shows the same plant a few hours after itwas watered. airspace Most of the water that is taken up by a plant's roots is eventually lost from its leaves in the form of water vapour. 1.3 Plants and water @® ‘Water for photosynthesis " Be onc of the reactants i photorymthesis, Water combines with carbon o Sense inside chlroplass, o make giucore and onygen. Sf only. very small proportion of the water taken up by a plant's rats is se in photosynthesis, Explain why-a plant wilts if cis shore of (lacks) water. 2. How does water help a plantto keep cool? : Water vapourdlifusing 13 nerfrom thesis absrded by phn vem. end up inthe | Wate apni se srvater pm Lith par thle trchon | Seb beste Bisjouroey ) airmen. 4 Collect two very similar potted plants. Make sure both of them have moist sail Gaver the vo pots with plastic bags as shown in the diagrams. 12 Measure the mass of each plant in its pot, sing atop pan balance. Record “this 3” Bach day forthe next week, measure de mass of each plan in its por lo this av about the same time cach day. Recon al of your again, Try wi ee ook carefully atthe 4 When you all your measurement athe ini of the plastic bug eovering the plant. You may faite droplets of liu ‘To checkif these are water, ouch one of them wth some blue cobalt chloride paper. If the Bquid is water, the paper wll go pink. '5 Draw a line graph vo display your ris: You could cravs two lines on the same graph - oe foreach plant. ‘Ad What was the variable that you changed in this experiment? ‘Az What variables did you keep the same? ‘A3 Compare the change in the mass in the two plants in their pots. ‘Ag Explain why the droplets of water formed on the inside of the plastic bag. |AS_ Explain the reasons forthe dflerences between the results forthe two plants Se -- ‘The photograph shows wild flowers owing ‘Many flowers are brightly coloured like this, Why are flowers so colourfial? lowers are brightly coloured to attract insects and birds, They do this because the insects and birds help plants to reproduce, Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants, The parts of a flower Flowers come inal sorts of iffrent shapes and ss. Bat you can usualy iid the same parts in most flowers that yo Took at The petal part of the flower They attract insects or Bins tothe lave Some Hower procine sents (sme) which also hep wo tract ies ssualy the most colourful Brightly coloured wild flowers. ‘The inscets or hire Feed on sweet, sugary nectar produced at the hase of the petals. They may also eat some of the pollen, produced in the anthers. The pollen contains the male gametes of the flower: __ The female gametes are insie the ovules, which are inside the ovaries. Unlike animals, many plants produce both male gametes andl female gametes stigma anther style flament sepal The structure of flower, Plants 4 Many people wse the word lower’ when they really mean ‘plant’, Explain the difference between a plant and a flower. 1 Eesecis can often smell lowers from hundred of metres away Sogeest bow the scent from the flowers ‘spreads out into the air around therm ss Nata towers produce smells that we lke. This flowers a stapelia thas a scent ike rotting meat, and attracts flies. ‘You are going i take « flower apart and stick dhe various parts into your netbook. 4 Look carefally at your flower + Haw many sepals does it hase? + Catefilly remoye each of the sepals, and! stick them in a neat row in your book. Write a label to remind! you what they are + How many petals does your flower have? What colour are they? * + Some peals have guidelines, to dirseLinseets to where they can Find nectar at the base ofthe petals, Does your flower hhave guidelines? + Carefully remove each of the pets and stick ther into your book. 3. Now lock at the stamens, These ate the male parts of the Mower, ‘+ How many stamens does your ower hays? Can you see any pollen atthe top of them? * Resniove them earefily and stick them imo sour book On one af them, label the anther and filament. 4, Now you should only have the stigmas, styles and ovaries left. These are the female parts of the flower, ‘+ How many does your flower have? + Carefilly cut an ovary open, What can you see inside it? + Stick the stigmas, styles and avaries into your book, and label them, lowers are ongans where sexual reproduction take place. You will remember that sexual reproduction involves gametes (sex cel) In humans, the male gametes are the sperm cells. They can svim to find an egy, F gametes are simply muck inside their pollen grains. They cers do not have simining sperm cells Their male So flowers have co use another method of getting gametes to ther female gametes. Many of them Pollen grains Pollen grains are macle in the anthers of flowers, Pollen grains contain the male gametes The yellow powder falling from these catkins contains thousands of lightweight pollen grains, Catkins are made of fts oftiny flowers. Tmese spily pollen-grains are from a ragweed plant. Their spikes help themto stick te Insects’ socies (magnification » 600) lla 1 Collect a micrscope and sett up with the low power objective lens over the stage. 2 Collect a clean mit ‘slide, Carefully tp a litle pollen from a flower comnie coed fou ie 33 Place the ioe on the stage ofthe mcoseope. Focus onthe pen, Make a peat pile vit ‘4 Repea steps? and3 using pollen from «ferent ind of flower: Describe any difercners thar you can see beeen the wo types of ple “The kind of reproduction that happens in flowers is sexual reproduction, In sexual reproduction, the nucleus of a male gamete and the muclets of a fernale gamete join together, This s called fertilisation, When the nuclei of the nwo gametes have joined together, they form a new coll. This cells called a zygote. ink abour what you have learnt about sexual reproduction in humans. 4 Whatis the name of the male gamete in humans? 2 Whatis the name of theferale gamete in humans? | onby the orange-red structures a stigma The yellow spheres are pollen grains ofa ‘on a poppy Power. You can see tubes starting to grow from the pollen grains (magnified x3600). 3. Where does fertilisation happen Fertilisation in a flower In flowers, the male gamete is a nucleus inside a pollen grain, The ‘When a flower has been pollinated, there are pollen grains ‘on its stigma. The-diagram shows how a male nucleus gets from a stigma toa female gamete. tale gamete 9 « nucleus inside an ovule, = pollen grain stigma 1 Atubegrows out of a pollen grain | onthe stigma. 2 2. The male gamete (nucleus) goes ‘down the tube. ——— FA 3 The male gamete fuses with the female gamete Fertilisation in flower. inside an ovule. @ {formation Se male nucleus fuses with Se Ss nucleus imide an ovale, i prema yeu. Bee See tarts to divide. It produces embryo = group of cel called an embryo. plant Pas cbyo wil eventually grow into A seed “oe ovale abo besins to change. I estaally eros into a seed ana | ‘Howa seed isformed. errr) testa mmicropyle Look carefully at the bean seed, Find the Bisel aaiieaechiarin: Abean seed. sear The testa is the tough outer coat of ‘the seed. The micropyle is a tiny hale: where the pollen tube grew into the cotyledons: ovule(Remember~ the seed began as an ove) Bean seed with testa removed, '& ee the esta away from the ace Inside, ee ene ee saructures These ace called Tig es es cece embo {o use when it starts to grow ple 3 Seats pall cones eee One cotyledon removed. Locke at the diagram on page 16. You will see that the ovuleisinside an ovary When an avule develops intoa seed it isi inside the ovary. While the ovule is io asee, the ovary is ‘hanging (09, The ovary euanges into ‘fruit, Thismeans that fruits ‘contain seeds, Dispersal Seeds contain embryo plans When they ‘tar to grow, each plant will eel aie pats of crn Back plat ll need ner ght abd eral lis onder gon wel fall the sceds just fell off the plant onto the ground, they would all be trying to ‘grow in the same piace, The new litle plants would all have to compete with cach other for watch light and mineral salt, ‘They would have to compete with the parent plant too. ‘The new plants have a beter chance of growing il they areina different place ‘They need to be dispersed away rom the parent plant retere ovary ——> fruit ‘owie ——» seed [After fertilisation, the ovary develops into a fruit with one ormore seeds inside it, ‘Seedlings have abetter chance of survival if If seedlings (young plants) giownext tothe parent plant, they may not they grow away from get enough water light or thelr perent and from ‘mineral salts togrow well, each other. ‘De hetisshaped like aparachute. Thehooks ofthis fruit catch in The flesh of the apple fruit Scmesthe seedavay on thewind. thefurof animals and the seeds attracts bitds that canrythe are caried off, seeds away by accident, peareer) eae ee ‘Sern ful have Wings. These help them to stay inthe i, “ee perhaps be blown faraway fre the parent plant < “You cani make model fruits using paper: You can use paper YF peer ey els to represent a heavy seed. ‘Phan an investigation 1 find out how ome feature of @ + singed fruit affects the time taken for ito fall the ground, ‘You could think about your work on the effet of gravity

    You might also like