Index

Sl. Date Programs Page Signature Remarks

no no.
Write constructor and destructor definition
1 21/8/15 (for a class) that should display the object 1
number being created/destroyed of this
type
Program to illustrate access control of
2 28/8/15 inherited members in the privately derived 3
class
Calculating Sum and Product of two
3 5/9/15 6
numbers using Inheritance

Function Overloading to calculate the area

4 12/9/15 9
of a circle, rectangle and triangle

Program to create a text file and then create

another text file by converting each line of
5 19/9/15 12
the newly created text file into an uppercase
string

6 26/9/15 Program to append data in a file 15

7 29/9/15 Bubble Sort 18

8 1/10/15 Program to demonstrate Queue using Array 20

9 4/10/15 Pushing and Popping in Stack-Array 25

10 7/10/15 Insertion in Queue 29

11 15/10/15 Deletion in Array-Queue 32

Addition and deletion of new books using

12 17/10/15 36
linked list

Program to demonstrate the sum of two

13 19/10/15 40
matrices

14 25/10/15 Program to find the length of the string 43

Program to find the occurrence of character

15 27/10/15 46
in the string
 A program to illustrate Multiple Inheritance
16 31/10/15 49

Program to create two arrays to store roll

17 2/11/15 numbers and marks of desired students, 53
whose number would be known at run time

Function to display the elements which lie

18 5/11/15 55
on middle of row and column

Program to check whether the string is

19 10/11/15 58
palindrome or not

Program to check whether the two strings

20 21/11/15 61
are equal or not

Program to illustrate working of default

21 25/11/15 arguments. Calculate interest amount 64
making use of default arguments

22 1/12/15 SQL Program for TABLE: STUDENT 66

K-Map (SOP)
23 7/12/15 70

K-Map (POS)
24 7/12/15 71
Write constructor and destructor definition (for a class) that should
display the object number being created/destroyed of this type:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class A
{
static int count;
public:
A()
{
count++;
cout<<”Object”<<count<<”being Created\n”;
}
~A()
{
cout<<”Object”<<count<<”being Destroyed\n”;
count--;
}
};
int A::count=0;
void main()
{
void f1();
A ob1,ob2;
f1();
{
A ob3;
}
getch();
}
void f1()
{
A ob4;
Output of the program for writing constructor and destructor
definition (for a class) that should display the object number being
created/destroyed of this type:
Program to illustrate access control of inherited members in the
privately derived class:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
const int LEN=25;
class Employee
{
private:
char name[LEN];
unsigned long enumb;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<”Enter Name=”;
gets(name);
cout<<”Enter Employee Number:”;
cin>>enumb;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<”Name:”<<name<<”\t”;
cout<<”Emp. Number:”<<enumb<<”\t”;
cout<<”Basic Salary:”<<basic;
}
protected:
float basic;
void getbasic()
{
cout<<”Enter Basic:”;
cin>>basic;
}
};
class Manager:public Employee
{
private:
char title[LEN];
public:
void getdata()
{
Employee::getdata();
getbasic();
cout<<”Enter Title:”;
gets(title);
cout<<”\n”;
}
void putdata()
{
Employee::putdata();
cout<<”\tTitle:”<<title<<”\n”;
}
};
void main()
{
Manager m1,m2;
cout<<”Manager1\n”;
m1.getdata();
cout<<”Manager2\n”;
m2.getdata();
cout<<”\t\tManager 1 Details\n”;
m1.putdata();
cout<<”\t\tManager2 Details\n”;
m2.putdata();
getch();
}
Output of the program to illustrate access control of inherited
members in the privately derived class:
Calculating Sum and Product of two numbers using Inheritance:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Sum
[
public:
int a,b,c;
void getdata();
void calc();
void show();
};
void Sum::getdata()
{
cout<<”Enter two numbers=”;
cin>>a>>b;
}
void Sum::calc()
{
c=a+b;
}
void Sum::show()
{
cout<<”Sum=”<<c;
}
class SumProduct : public Sum
{
public:
int p;
void pro();
void showp();
};
void SumProduct::pro()
{
p=a*b;
}
void SumProduct::showp()
{
cout<<”\nProduct=”<<p;
}
void main()
{
SumProduct s;
s.getdata();
s.calc();
s.pro();
s.show();
s.showp();
getch();
}
Output of the program for calculating Sum and Product of two
numbers using Inheritance
Function Overloading to calculate the area of a circle, rectangle
and triangle:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void area(float r)
{
float area;
cout<<"\nArea:"<<(3.14*r*r);
}
void area(float l,float b)
{
float area ;
cout<<"\nArea:"<<l*b;
}
void area(float x,float y,float z)
{
float s;
s=(x+y+z)/2;
cout<<"\nArea:"<<sqrt(s*s-x*s-y*s-z);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int opt,x,y,z,l,b,r;
char ch='y';
while(ch=='y'||ch=='Y')
{
cout<<"\nMENU\n\n1.Area of circle\n2.Area of Rectangle\n3.Area of
Triangle";
cout<<"\nEnter your Option:";
cin>>opt;
 switch(opt)
{
case 1:cout<<"\nEnter radius of the circle:";
cin>>r;
area(r);
break;
case 2:cout<<"\nEnter the length and breadth of the rectangle:";
cin>>l>>b;
area(l,b);
break;
case 3:cout<<"\nEnter side 1:";
cin>>x;
cout<<"\nEnter side 2:";
cin>>y;
cout<<"\nEnter side 3:";
cin>>z;
area(x,y,z);
break;
default:cout<<"Wrong Option!!";
}
cout<<"\nDo you wnat to continue?(Y/N):";
cin>>ch;
}
getch();
}
Output of the program for Function Overloading to calculate the
area of a circle, rectangle and triangle:
Program to create a text file and then create another text file by
converting each line of the newly created text file into an
uppercase string:

# include <fstream.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <ctype.h>
void main()
{
char fname[20];
char str[80], ch = 'y';
int count;
cout << "\n Enter the name of the file ";
gets(fname);
ofstream oldfile(fname);
while ((ch == 'Y') || (ch == 'y'))
{
cout << "\n Enter a line of text ";
gets(str);
oldfile << str << "\n";
cout << "\n Want to add more lines (Y/N) ";
cin >> ch;
}
oldfile.close();
// Copy each line after converting into the upper case
ofstream temp("temp.dat");
ifstream newfile(fname);
while (newfile)
{
newfile.get(ch);
if (ch != '\n')
ch = toupper(ch);
temp.put(ch);
 }
newfile.close();
temp.close();
clrscr();
cout<< "\n The output file is \n";
ifstream yfile("temp.dat");
count = 0;
while (!yfile.eof())
{
yfile.getline(str,80);
cout << str << "\n";
count++;
// Check whether the number of lines on the display exceed 22 or
not
if ((count % 22) == 0)
{
cout << "\n Press any key to continue ";
cin >> ch;
}
}
yfile.close();
}
Output of the program to create a text file and then create another text file
by converting each line of the newly created text file into an uppercase
string:
Program to append data in a file:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<fstream.h>
class stu
{
int rollno;
char name[25];
char Class[4];
float marks;
char grade;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<”Roll no:”;
cin>>rollno;
cout<<”Name:”;
cin>>name;
cout<<”Class:”;
cin>>Class;
cout<<”Marks:”;
cin>>marks;
if(marks>=75)
grade=’A’;
else if(marks>=60)
grade=’B’;
else if(marks>=50)
grade=’C’;
else if(marks>=40)
grade=’D’;
else
grade=’E’;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<name<<”, roll:”<<rollno<<”has”<<marks<<”% marks
and”<<grade<<”grade.”<<endl;
}
int getrno()
{
Return rollno;
}
}s1;
void main()
{
clrscr();
ofstream of(“stu.dat”,ios::app);
char ans=’y’;
while(ans==’y’)
{
s1.getdata();
of.write((char*) & s1,sizeof(s1));
cout<<”Record added to file\n”;
cout<<”Want to enter more records(y/n)…?”;
cin>>ans;
}
of.close();
getch();
}
Output of the program to append data in a file:
Bubble Sort:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,a[10],t,j;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter 10 elements=";
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cin>>a[i];
}
for(i=1;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<10-i;j++)
{
if(a[j]<a[j+1])
{
t=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=t;
}
}
}
cout<<"Sorted array in descending order=";
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cout<<a[i]<<"\n";
}
getch();
}
Output of Bubble Sort:
Program to demonstrate Queue using Array:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define SIZE 5
int rear=-1, front=-1;
void main()
{
void insert(int q[], int s, int num);
void delete_Q(int q[]);
void show(int q[]);
int que[SIZE],ch,x;
while(1)
{
cout<<”\nPress:\n1. Insert rear\n2. Delete front\n3. Show\n4. Exit\n”;
cout<<”Enter choice=”;
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1: cout<<”Enter elements to be inserted=”;
cin>>x;
insert(que,SIZE,x);
break;
case 2: delete_Q(que);
break;
case 3: show(que);
break;
case 4: exit(0);
}
}
}
void insert(int q[],int s, int num)
{
 if(rear==-1)
{
front=rear=0;
q[rear]=num;
}
else if(rear==s-1)
{
cout<<”Queue is full”;
}
else
{
rear++;
q[rear]=num;
}
}
void delete_Q(int q[])
{
if(front==-1)
{
cout<<”Queue is empty”;
}
else
{
cout<<”Elements deleted=”<<q[front];
if(front==rear)
{
front=rear=-1;
}
else
{
front=front+1;
}
}
}
void show(int q[])
{
int i;
if(front==-1)
{
cout<<”Queue is empty”;
}
else
{
cout<<”Elements in the queue are=”;
for(i=front;i<=rear;i++)
{
cout<<”q[i]<<” “;
}
}
}
Output of the program to demonstrate Queue using Array:
Output of the program to demonstrate Queue using Array:
Pushing and Popping in Stack-Array:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
struct Node
{
int info;
Node*next;
}
*top,*newptr,*save,*ptr;
Node*Create_New_Node(int);
void Push(Node*);
void Display(Node*);
void Pop();
void main()
{
top=NULL;
int inf;
char ch=’y’;
while(ch==’y’ || ch==’Y’)
{
cout<<”\nEnter information for the new node…”;
cin>>inf;
newptr=Create_New_Node(inf);
if(newptr==NULL)
{
cout<<”\nCannot create new node!!! Aborting!!\n”;
system(“pause”);
exit(1);
}
Push(newptr);
cout<<”\n Press Y to enter more nodes, N to exit…”;
cin>>ch;
}
system(“cls”);
do
{
cout<<”\n The Stack now is: \n”;
Display(top);
system(“pause”);
cout<<”Want to pop an element?(y/n)…”;
cin>>ch;
if(ch==’Y’ || ch==’y’)
Pop();
}
while(ch==’y’ || ch==’Y’);
getch();
}
Node*Create_New_Node(int n)
{
ptr=new Node;
ptr -> info=n;
ptr -> next=NULL;
return ptr;
}
void Push(node*np)
{
If(top=NULL)
top=np;
else
{
save=top;
top=np;
np -> next=save;
}
}
void Pop()
{
If(top==NULL)
cout<<”UNDERFLOW !!!\n”;
else
{
ptr=top;
top=top -> next;
delete ptr;
}
}
void Display(Node*np)
{
while(np!=NULL)
{
cout<<np -> info<<”->”;
np=np -> next;
}
cout<<”!!!\n”;
}
Output of the program for Pushing and Popping in Stack-Array:
Insertion in Queue:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<process.h>

int Insert_in_Q(int [],int);

void Display(int [], int, int);
const int size=50;
int Queue[size], front=-1, rear=-1;
void main()
{
int Item,res;
char ch='y';
clrscr();
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
{
cout<<"\nEnter item for insertion:";
cin>>Item;
res=Insert_in_Q(Queue,Item);
if(res==-1)
{
cout<<"OVERFLOW!!! Aborting!! \n";
exit(1);
}
cout<<"Now the Queue(Front.........to.........Rear)is:\n";
Display(Queue,front,rear);
cout<<"Want to insert more elements?(y/n)...";
cin>>ch;
}
getch();
}
int Insert_in_Q(int Queue[],int ele)
{
 if(rear==size-1)
return-1;
else if(rear==-1)
{
front=rear=0;
Queue[rear]=ele;
}
else
{
rear++;
Queue[rear]=ele;
}
getch();
}

void Display(int Queue[], int front, int rear)

{
if(front==-1)
return;
for(int i=front;i<rear;i++)
cout<<Queue[i]<<"<-\t";
cout<<Queue[rear]<<endl;
}
Output of the program for Insertion in Queue:
Deletion in Array-Queue:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<process.h>
int Remove(int []);
int Insert(int [],int);
void Display(int [],int,int);
const int size=50;
int Queue[size],front=-1,rear=-1;
void main()
{
int Item,res;
char ch='y';
clrscr();
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
{
cout<<"\nEnter ITEM for insertion:";
cin>>Item;
res=Insert(Queue,Item);
if(res==-1)
{
cout<<"OVERFLOW!!! Aborting!! \n";
exit(1);
}
cout<<"\n Now the Queue(Front...to...Rear)is:\n";
Display(Queue,front,rear);
cout<<"\n Want to insert more elements?(y/n)...";
cin>>ch;
}
cout<<"Now the deletion of elements begin...(Press y for yes and n for no)\n";
cin>>ch;
while(ch=='y' || ch=='Y')
 {
res=Remove(Queue);
if(res==-1)
{
cout<<"UNDERFLOW!!! Aborting!! \n";
exit(1);
}
else
{
cout<<"\nElements deleted is:"<<res<<endl;
cout<<"Now the Queue(Front....to....Rear)is:\n";
Display(Queue,front,rear);
}
cout<<"Want to delete more elements?(y/n)....";
cin>>ch;
}
getch();
}
int Insert(int Queue[],int ele)
{
if(rear==size-1)
return-1;
else if(rear==-1)
{
front=rear=0;
Queue[rear]=ele;
}
else
{
rear++;
Queue[rear]=ele;
}
getch();
}
int Remove(int Queue[])
{
int ret;
if(front==-1)
return-1;
else
{
ret=Queue[front];
if(front==rear)
front=rear=-1;
else
front++;
}
return ret;
}
void Display(int Queue[],int front,int rear)
{
if(front==-1)
return;
for(int i=front;i<rear;i++)
cout<<Queue[i]<<"<-\t";
cout<<Queue[rear]<<endl;}
Output of the program for Deletion in Array-Queue:
Addition and deletion of new books using linked list:

# include<iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
class NODE
{
public:
int bookno;
NODE *link;
};
class LINKLIST
{
private:
NODE *first,*last,*temp;
public:
void NCREATE(int); // Create a linked list with n nodes
void insertatk(int); // Inserting at kth position
void display(); // Display the linked list
};
void LINKLIST::NCREATE( int n)
{
first = new NODE;
cout << "\n Enter the book number ";
cin >> first->bookno;
first->link = NULL;
temp = first;
for(int i =1;i<n;i++)
{
last = new NODE;
cout << "\n Enter the book number ";
cin >> last->bookno;
last->link = NULL;
temp->link = last;
temp = last;
 }
}
void LINKLIST::insertatk(int j) // Function to insert the node at kth position
{
int i = 0;
NODE *newnode,*back;
newnode = new NODE;
cout<< "\nEnter the data value ";
cin>>newnode->bookno;
newnode->link = NULL;
temp = first;
while (i < (j-1))
{
back = temp;
temp = temp->link;
i++;
}
back->link = newnode;
newnode->link = temp;
}
void LINKLIST::display() //Function to display the link list
{
temp = first;
cout<< "\n The linked list is \n";
while (temp != NULL)
{
cout<< "\n"<<temp->bookno;
temp = temp->link;
}
getch();
}
void main()
{
int ch,n,k;
 char ch1 = 'y';
LINKLIST list;
clrscr();
cout << "\n Enter how many nodes in the list ";
cin >> n;
list.NCREATE(n);
do
{
clrscr();
cout<< "\n1. For insert ";
cout << "\n2. For display ";
cout << "\n3. For quit ";
cout << "\nEnter your choice ";
cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
cout << "\nEnter the position at which insertion is
required ";
cin >> k;
list.insertatk(k);
break;
case 2 :
list.display();
break;
}
} while (ch != 3);
}
Output of the program for Addition and deletion of new books using linked
list
Program to demonstrate the sum of two matrices:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3];
int i, j;
cout << "\n\t Enter elements of Ist array";
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<3; j++)
cin >> a[i][j];
}
cout << "\n\t Enter elements of IInd array";
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
cin >> b[i][j];
}
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
c[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
}
clrscr();
cout << "First matrix is \n";
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cout << a[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << "\n";
 }
cout << "Second matrix is\n";
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cout << b[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << "\n";
}
cout << "\nSum of two matrix is \n";
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cout << c[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << "\n";
}
return 0;
}
Output of program to demonstrate the sum of two matrices:
Program to find the length of the string:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
//CLASS DECLARATION
class strn
{
char *a;
int i;
public:
void read(); //MEMBER FUNCTIONS
void calculate();
}; //END OF CLASS
void strn::read()
{
cout << "\n\t";
cout << "\n\tEnter your name ";
gets(a); //TO READ THE STRING
}
void strn::calculate()
{
i = 0;
while (*(a+i) != '\0')
i++;
cout << "\n\tThe length of your name is : " << i;;
}
//M A I N P R O G R A M
void main()
{
strn x; //DECLARATION OF OBJECT
clrscr();
cout<< "\n\n\n\t ";
 x.read(); //CALLING MEMBER FUNCTIONS
x.calculate();
getch();

} //E N D OF MAIN
Output of the program to find the length of the string:
Program to find the occurrence of character in the string:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
//CLASS DECLARATION
class strn
{
char *a;
char ch;
int i;
public:
void read(); //MEMBER FUNCTIONS
void find();
}; //END OF CLASS
void strn::read()
{
cout << "\n\t";
cout << "\n\tEnter the first string ";
gets(a); //TO READ THE STRING
}
void strn::find()
{
i = 0;
int count = 0;
cout << "\n\t Enter the character ";
cin >> ch;
while (*(a+i) != '\0')
{
if (*(a + i) == ch)
count++;
i++;
}
 cout << "\n\tThe number of times "<< ch << " occur in " << a << " is "
<< count;
}
//M A I N P R O G R A M
void main()
{
strn x; //DECLARATION OF OBJECT
clrscr();
cout << "\n\n\n\t ";
x.read(); //CALLING MEMBER FUNCTIONS
x.find();
getch();

} //E N D OF MAIN
Output of the program to find the occurrence of character in the
string:
A program to illustrate Multiple Inheritance:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
class admin
{
int admno;
char name[30];
public:
void getadmin();
void putadmin();
};
void admin::getadmin()
{
cout<<"\nEnter admission no: ";
cin>>admno;
cout<<"\nEnter name: ";
gets(name);
}
void admin::putadmin()
{
cout<<"\nThe admission no is; ";
cout<<admno;
cout<<"\nThe name is: ";
cout<<name;
}
class acadm
{
int rno;
float marks;
public:
void getacadm();
void putacadm();
};
void acadm::getacadm()
{
cout<<"\nEnter rollno: ";
cin>>rno;
cout<<"\nEnter marks: ";
cin>>marks;
}
void acadm::putacadm()
{
cout<<"\nThe rollno is: ";
cout<<rno;
cout<<"\nThe total marks: ";
cout<<marks;
}
class school:public admin,public acadm //Derived class
{
char house[15],sport[20];
public:
void get_school();
void put_school();
};
void school::get_school()
{
getadmin();
getacadm();
cout<<"\nEnter house: ";
gets(house);
cout<<"\nEnter sport: ";
gets(sport);
}
void school::put_school()
{
putadmin();
putacadm();
cout<<"\nYour house is: ";
cout<<house;
cout<<"\nYour sports is: ";
cout<<sport;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
school obj[10];
int n,i,j;
cout<<"Enter the no of students:";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\nEnter student details:";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
obj[i].get_school(); //Input Function
}
cout<<"\nThe student details are:";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
obj[i].put_school(); //Output Function
}
getch();
}
Output of the program to illustrate Multiple Inheritance:
Program to create two arrays to store roll numbers and marks of
desired students, whose number would be known at run time:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int*rollno;
float*marks;
void main()
{
clrscr();
int size;
cout<<"How many elements are there in the array?\n";
cin>>size;
rollno=new int[size];
marks=new float[size];
if((!rollno) || (!marks))
{
cout<<"Out of memory! Aborting!";
return;
}
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{
cout<<"Enter rollno and marks for student"<<(i+1)<<"\n";
cin>>rollno[i]>>marks[i];
}
cout<<"Roll no \tMarks\n";
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
cout<<"\t"<<rollno[i]<<"\t\t"<<marks[i]<<"\n";
delete[]rollno;
delete[]marks;
getch();
}
Output of the program to create two arrays to store roll numbers
and marks of desired students, whose number would be known at
run time:
Function to display the elements which lie on middle of row and
column:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
const M = 10;
const N = 10;
void display_RowCol(int Array[M][N], int r, int c)
{
clrscr();
int row = r / 2;
int col = c / 2;
// Finding the middle row
cout << "Middle Row : ";
for(int j=0; j<c; j++)
cout << Array[row][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
// Finding the middle column
cout << "Middle Column : ";
for(j=0; j<c; j++)
cout << Array[j][col] << " ";
getch();
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int Array[M][N];
int i, j;
int r, c;
cout << "Enter total no. of rows: ";
cin >> r;
cout << "Enter total no. of columns: ";
cin >> c;
 // Array to be a square matrix with odd dimension
if ((r == c) && ((r%2==1) && (c%2==1)))
{
cout << "Input steps";
cout << "\n\Enter the element in the array\n";
for(i=0; i<r; i++)
for(j=0; j<c; j++)
{
cin >> Array[i][j];
}
}
else
{
cout << "Input row and column not valid";
getch();
return;
}
display_RowCol(Array, r, c);
}
Output of the function to display the elements which lie on
middle of row and column:

’
Program to check whether the string is palindrome or not:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
//CLASS DECLARATION
class strn
{
char *a, flag;
int i, j, k;
public:
void read(); //MEMBER FUNCTIONS
void ch_pal();
strn() //USE OF CONSTRUCTOR
{
flag = 'y';
}
};
//END OF CLASS
void strn::read()
{
cout << "\n\t";
cout << "\n\tEnter the string ";
cin >> a; //TO READ THE STRING
}
void strn::ch_pal()
{
cout << "\n\tThe entered string ";
for(i=0; *(a+i)!='\0'; i++)
cout << *(a+i);
for(j=0, i-=1; i>j; j++, i--)
{
if(*(a + i) != *(a+j)) //CHECKING FOR PALINDROME
{
 flag = 'n';
break;
}
}
if(flag == 'n')
cout << " is not a palindrome ";
else
cout << " is a palindrome ";
}
void main()
{
strn x; //DECLARATION OF OBJECT
clrscr();
cout << "\n\n\n\t ";
x.read(); //CALLING MEMBER FUNCTIONS
x.ch_pal();
cout << "\n\n\t\t bye!";
getch();
}
Output of the program to check whether the string is palindrome
or not:
Program to check whether the two strings are equal or not:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
//CLASS DECLARATION
class strn
{
char *a, *b, flag;
int i, j, k;
public:
void read(); //MEMBER FUNCTIONS
void compare();
strn() //USE OF CONSTRUCTOR
{
flag = 'y';
}
}; //END OF CLASS
void strn::read()
{
cout << "\n\t";
cout << "\n\tEnter the first string ";
gets(a); //TO READ THE STRING
cout << "\n\tEnter the second string ";
gets(b); //TO READ THE STRING
}
void strn::compare()
{
i = 0;
j = 0;
while (*(a+i) != '\0')
i++;
while(*(b+j) != '\0')
 j++;
if (i != j)
{
cout << "\n\t Strings are not equal ";
return;
}
i = 0;
while ((*(a+i) != '\0') && (*(b+i) != '\0'))
{
if(*(a + i) != *( b + i))
{
flag = 'n';
break;
}
i++;
}
if(flag == 'n')
cout << "\n\tStrings are not equal ";
else
cout << "\n\tStrings are equal ";
}
//M A I N P R O G R A M
void main()
{
strn x; //DECLARATION OF OBJECT
clrscr();
cout << "\n\n\n\t ";
x.read(); //CALLING MEMBER FUNCTIONS
x.compare();
cout << "\n\n\t\t bye!";
getch();
} //E N D O F M A I N
Output of the program to check whether the two strings are equal
or not:
Program to illustrate working of default arguments. Calculate
interest amount making use of default arguments:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void amount(float princ, int time=2, float rate=0.08);
void amount(float princ, int time, float rate)
{
cout<<”\nPrincipal Amount= Rs.”<<princ;
cout<<”\tTime=”<<time<<”years”;
cout<<”\tRate=”<<rate;
cout<<”\nInterest Amount=”<<(princ*rate*time)<<endl;
}
void main()
{
cout<<”Case 1”;
amount(2000);
cout<<”Case 2”;
amount(2500,3);
cout<<”Case 3”;
amount(2300,3,0.11);
cout<<”Case 4”;
amount(2500,0.08);
cout<<”Case 5”;
amount(1200,4,0.09)
Output of the program to illustrate working of default arguments.
Calculate interest amount making use of default arguments:
 TABLE: STUDENT

No: Name Stipend Stream Avgmark Grade Class

1 Karan 400.00 Medical 78.5 B 12B

2 Divakar 450.00 Commerce 89.2 A 11C

3 Divya 300.00 Commerce 68.6 C 12C

4 Arun 350.00 Humanities 73.1 B 12C

5 Sabina 500.00 Nonmedical 90.6 A 11A

6 John 400.00 Medical 75.4 B 12B

7 Robert 250.00 Humanities 64.4 C 11A

8 Rubina 450.00 Nonmedical 88.5 A 12A

9 Vikas 500.00 Nonmedical 92.0 A 12A

10 Mohan 300.00 Commerce 67.5 C 12C

WRITE SQL COMMANDS FOR QUESTIONS 1 TO 7 ON THE BASIS OF TABLE STUDENT

1) Select all the Nonmedical stream students from STUDENT.

SELECT NAME

FROM STUDENT

WHERE STREAM=’NONMEDICAL’;
OUTPUT:

NAME:

SABINA

RUBINA

VIKAS

2) List the names of those students who are in class 12 sorted by stipend

SELECT NAME, STIPEND FROM STUDENT

WHERE CLASS=’12’

ORDER BY STIPEND;

OUTPUT:

NAME STIPEND

DIVYA 300.00

MOHAN 300.00

ARUN 350.00

KARAN 400.00

JOHN 400.00

RUBINA 450.00

VIKAS 500.00
 3) List all students sorted by avgmark in descending order:

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT

ORDER BY AVGMARK DESC;

OUTPUT:

ROBERT

MOHAN

DIVYA

ARUN

JOHN

KARAN

RUBINA

DIVAKAR

SABINA

VIKAS

4) To count the number of students with grade “A”

SELECT COUNT(GRADE)

FROM STUDENT

WHERE GRADE=”A”;

OUTPUT:

4
 5) To insert a new student in the table anf fill the columns with some values

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES

(11,”MANISHA”,300.00,”NONMEDICAL”,72.5,”B”,12C);

OUTPUT:

ONE ROW ADDED

6) Give the output of the following SQL statement:

A) SELECT MIN(AVGMARK)

FROM STUDENT

WHERE AVGMARK<75;

OUTPUT:

64.4

B) SELECT SUM(STIPEND) FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE=”B”

OUTPUT:

1150.00

C) SELECT AVG(STIPEND)FROM STUDENT WHERE CLASS=”12A”;

OUTPUT:

475.00

D) SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT)

OUTPUT:

10