WHO COMMANDS THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS?

This policy applies to all United Nations peacekeeping operations authorised by the United Nations Security Council, operating under the direction of the United Nations
SecretaryGeneral, under the leadership of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) at United Nations Headquarters, and led in the field generally by a civilian
Head of Mission (usually a Special Representative of the Secretary-General)

CAN INDIVIDUAL COMPLAIN TO THE UN FOR FOR VOILATION OF THIR HUMAN RIGHT?

The Human Rights Committee may consider individual complaints that allege a violation of an individual’s rights under the ICCPR if the State is a party to the First
Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, which establishes the complaints mechanism.

WHAT IS UNDP AND ITS ROLE?

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience
and resources to help people build a better life.
Working on the ground in some 170 countries and territories, supporting their own solutions to development challenges and developing national and local capacities that
will help them achieve human development and the Sustainable Development Goals.
UNDP helps countries attract and use aid effectively. In all their activities, UNDP promote gender equality and the protection of human rights.

ROLE
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a specialised agency of United Nation formed in 1965 to triggered global development network. It works in nearly 170
countries and territories, helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. It also helps countries to develop policies,
leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and build resilience in order to sustain development results.

WHAT IS WHO?
a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations

Objectives
 To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work.
 To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups
and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate.
 To provide assistance to the Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services.
 To promote cooperation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health.

WHO COINED THE TERM UN?

The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the
Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers

HOW MANY MEMBER ARE THERE IN UN?

The General Assembly is made up of 193 Member States, after the admission of South Sudan on 14 July 2011 as the 193rd Member of the United Nations. The dates of
admission for all other Members are listed in Press Release ORG/1469, issued 3 July 2006.

WHAT IS UN CHATER, WHEN AND WERE IT IS SIGN?

he Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and
came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UNESCO?

The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations thr ough education, science, culture and
communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the
peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.
In support of this objective, UNESCO's principal functions are:
To promote intellectual co-operation and mutual understanding of peoples through all means of mass communication;
To give fresh impulse to popular education and to the spread of culture;
To maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge;
To encourage scientific research and training;
To apply sciences to ensure human development and the rational management of natural resources.

WHO ARE THE MEMBER OF UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY?

Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms
by the General Assembly (with end of term year):

 Belgium (2020)  Equatorial Guinea (2019)

 Dominican Republic (2020)  Kuwait (2019)
 Germany (2020)  Peru (2019)
 Indonesia (2020)  Poland (2019)
 South Africa (2020)
 Côte d’Ivoire (2019)
NAME THE FOREEUNNER ORGANISATION OF UN CHATER?
The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the first World War, and established in 1919
under the Treaty of Versailles “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.” The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to
prevent the Second World War.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UNICEF?

UNICEF’s ROLE is to advance the rights of children, adolescents and women to survival, growth, development, participation and protection by reducing inequities based
on caste, ethnicity, gender, poverty, region or religion.
UNICEF utilises a multi-pronged approach to addressing pressing issues of health, nutrition, sanitation, education and child protection. It aims to involve families and
community members in understanding their contribution to ensure their children thrive while providing a platform for young co mmunity champions to emerge and
inspire.
UNICEF uses community level knowledge and quality research to comprehend issues, create and introduce easily implementable innovative interventions that address
the situation of children, and works with partners to create ground level change.

WHAT IS UNEP?
UNEP, established in 1972, is the voice for the environment within the United Nations system. UNEP acts as a catalyst, advoca te, educator and facilitator to promote the
wise use and sustainable development of the global environment. To accomplish this, UNEP works with a wide range of partners, including United Nations entities,
international organizations, national governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and civil society.

WHEN AND WERE FIRST SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY?
The first session of the United Nations General Assembly opened on 10 January 1946 at the Methodist Central Hall in London.

HOW IS THE PRESIDENT OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL ELECTED?

The Security Council has established the following method of selecting the president: the presidency rotates monthly among the state members of the Security Council.
The rotation takes place in alphabetical order of the member states' official United Nations names in English.
Term length: One month

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY BLOCKED?

A blockade is a military operation that blocks all maritime movement to or from a port or coast. Blockades may also be aerial . A military operation carried out on land
that isolates or encircles an area is called a siege.
A blockade is an act of war that is regulated by international law—namely, by the 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law and by Articles 1–22 of the 1909
London Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval War. It is important to distinguish between the terms blockade and embargo . An embargo is a type of economic
sanction that may be adopted under the aegis of the UN or another international organization, to try to force a State to comply with a decision.

6*5
Why was the trusteeship council set up and way it was suspended?
he Trusteeship Council, one of the main organs of the UN, was established to supervise the administration of trust territories as they
transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
the Trusteeship Council, one of the main organs of the UN, was established to supervise the administration of trust territories as they
transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations. The Council suspended its activities in 1994, when Palau, the last of the original 11 trust
territories, gained its independence.

In setting up an International Trusteeship System, the Charter established the Trusteeship Council as one of the main organs of the United
Nations and assigned to it the task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed under the Trusteeship System. The main
goals of the System were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust Territories and their progressive development towards
self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council -- China,
France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States. The aims of the Trusteeship System have been fulfilled to the
extent that all Trust Territories have attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring
independent countries.

How does the UN maintain international peace and security?

Preventive Diplomacy and Mediation
The most effective way to diminish human suffering and the massive economic costs of conflicts and their aftermath is to prevent conflicts in the first place. The United
Nations plays an important role in conflict prevention, using diplomacy, good offices and mediation. Among the tools the Organization uses to bring peace are special
envoys and political missions in the field.

Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path fro m conflict to peace. Today's
multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate poli tical processes, protect civilians, assist in
the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; support constitutional processes and the organization of elections, protect and promote human
rights and assist in restoring the rule of law and extending legitimate state authority. Peacekeeping operations get their mandates from the UN Security Council; their
troops and police are contributed by Members States; and they are managed by the Department of Peace Operations and supported by the Department of Operational
Support at the UN Headquarters in New York. There are 14 UN peacekeeping operations currently deployed and there have b een a total of 71 deployed since 1948. In
2019, the Secretary-General launched the Action for Peacekeeping Initiative (A4P) to renew mutual political commitment to peacekeeping operations.

Peacebuilding
United Nations peacebuilding activities are aimed at assisting countries emerging from conflict, reducing the risk of relapsing into co nflict and at laying the foundation for
sustainable peace and development. The UN peacebuilding architecture comprises the Peacebuilding Commission, the Peacebuilding Fund and the Peacebuilding Support
Office. The Peacebuilding Support Office assists and supports the Peacebuilding Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding
Fund and serves the Secretary-General in coordinating United Nations agencies in their peacebuilding efforts.

Countering Terrorism
The United Nations is being increasingly called upon to coordinate the global fight against terrorism. Eighteen universal instruments against international terrorism have
been elaborated within the framework of the United Nations system relating to specific terrorist activities. In September 2006, UN Member States adopted the United
Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. This was the first time that Member States agreed to a common strategic and operational framework against terrorism.

Disarmament
The General Assembly and other bodies of the United Nations, supported by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, work to advance international peace and security
through the pursuit of the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and the regulation of conventional arms.

What is FAO AND WHAT FUNCTION ITS PERFORM?

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. It was founded in 1945. It
played the leading role in the global food and agriculture issue areas, overseeing the establishment of important agreements and institutions, including the World Food
Programme (WFP). The functions of FAO include efforts toimprove agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security.

Headquarters of FAO The FAO Headquarters is located in the city centre of Rome

Objective of FAO
The objective is to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives Members of FAO
FAO has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union

Functions of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

The functions of FAO are:
To Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
To Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable
Reduce rural poverty
Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems
Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises

DISCUSS THE main function of amnesty international?

Objectives and Mission:
Amnesty International is one of the most influential NGOs in the field of human rights. It promotes knowledge of the value of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights and intervenes in certain cases of violations of basic civi and political rights.
Mission:
To contribute to the observance of human rights throughout the world as set ou in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
To obtain the release of all prisoners of conscience, a fair trial within a reasonable time limit for political prisoners, to abolish death penalty, torture
and crual other treatment of prisoners, to end political killings and "disappearances"
To oppose grave violations of the right of every person to the physical and mental integrity, independently of any political consideration
To fight against the serious violations of the rights of every person to express his/her convictions and to be free of any gender, race or nationality
discriminations
To develop its work on the incidence of economic factors on the human rights, to give to defenders the means to act, to fight against impunity, to
develop its action in favour of the protection of the refugees and strengthen the militant base of its organization.

WRITE A NOTES ON ICJ?

About ICJ:

The International In United Nations Charter in Chapter XIV authorizes the UN Security Council toCourt of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
(UN). It was established in June 19465 to replace the Permanent Court of International Justice. The statute of ICJ forms an i ntegral part of United Nations Charter. by the
Charter of the United Nations charter and began work in April 1946.

The seat of the Court: The Peace Palace in The Hague (Netonherlands).

Function :The most important role played by the Court is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitte d to it by States.

To give act as an advisory boardopinions on legal questions/issues referred to it by authorized International Organisations. United Nations organs and specialized
agencies.

In United Nations Charter in Chapter XIV authorizes the UN Security Council to enforce Court rulings.However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five
permanent members (France, U.K, China, U.S, and Russia) of the Council.

Composition : The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the
Security Council. These two organs vote simultaneously but separately. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of votes in both sides for getting elected.

There are 15 judges in the Court and they are distributed as per the regions:

 3 from Africa.
 2 from Latin America and Caribbean.
 3 from Asia.
 5 from Western Europe and other states.
 2 from Eastern Europe.
Who nominates the candidates? Every state government, party to the Charter, designates a group who propose candidates for the office of ICJ judges.
What are the qualifications of ICJ judges?

 High moral character.

 The judge should fit to the qualifications of appointment of highest judicial office as prescribed by their respective country or.
 He or she should be jurisconsult of recognized competence in international law.
Election Procedure

 Elections are conducted once in 3 years, and five among these 15 judges are elected for a nine-year term. This is to ensure continuity, especially in pending
cases.
 A candidate needs to get an absolute majority in both bodies chambers i.e. the UNGA and UNSC, to get elected.
 Judges are eligible to stand for re-election.
Limitation on the Functioning of ICJ
 ICJ suffers from certain limitations, these are mainly structural, circumstantial and related to the material resources made available to the Court.
 It has no jurisdiction to try individuals accused of war crimes or crimes against humanity. As it is not a criminal court, it does not have a prosecutor able to
initiate proceedings.
 The Court is not a Supreme Court to which national courts can turn; it does not act as a court of last resort for individuals. Nor is it an appeal court for any
international tribunal. It can, however, rule on the validity of arbitral awards.
 Court can only hear a dispute when requested by one or more States. It cannot deal with a dispute on its own initiative. Neit her is it permitted, under its
Statute, to investigate and rule on acts of sovereign States as it chooses.
 The ICJ only has jurisdiction based on consent, not compulsory jurisdiction.
 It does not enjoy a full separation of powers, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which
they consented to be bound.

The United Nations as a Political System?

Article 1 of the UN Charter states the following purposes:
1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for
the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and
international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace;
3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends

Role of un secretariat?
the secretariat of the United Nations is considered as one of the most important organs of the United Nations and part of
the executive arm of it, which means the secretariat deals with the day-to-day management or running the organization by
organizing the agenda for the rest of the organs in the UN such as the Security Council or the General Assembly and in
general the agenda of the organization. Because of this, the secretariat is in charge of managing the daily work of the UN.