AN ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC FIELD ON THE GLOBAL HEALTH AND

TRAVEL MAGAZINE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

By

INTAN EKA SAPUTRI

1110026000115

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH “

JAKARTA

2015
 ABSTRACT

Intan Eka Saputri. An Analysis of Semantic Field on Health Text of The Global
Health and Travel Magazine. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidyatullah Jakarta, 2014.
The study is aimed to tabulate lexemes in constructing Semantic Field on
health text of The Global Health and Travel magazine and to describe
components of meaning in those lexemes. This research used the method of
descriptive analysis method.
The data research data were collected from the 13 texts of health text on
The Global Health and Travel magazine. The data were analyzed by using the
componential analysis theory. The theory was used to identify components of
meaning containing simultaneous semantic field. On the basis of such components
lexemes were then related to some features. That made on the table form.
On the basis of analysis found on the texts, there are six Semantic Fields
namely, the Semantic Field of ‘medical treatment’, the Semantic Field of ‘chronic
illness’, the Semantic Field of ‘healthy occupation’, the Semantic Field of
‘medicine’, the Semantic Field of ‘liquid of body’ and the Semantic Field of
‘medical center’. Those semantic fields are constructed into lexemes that occur on
the every text.
Finally, the researcher wants her study to be useful for all of the reader,
especially the students of English Letters Department. The researcher also expects
to all the readers and students to enrich their knowledge about grammatical
interference.

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to my best knowledge and

belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor

material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree

or diploma of the University or other Institute of higher learning, except where due

acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, February 2015

Intan Eka Saputri

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most beneficent, praise,

and gratitude be to Allah for giving the researcher ability and health to finish this

thesis. Blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendants and his

followers.

This thesis is presented to the English Letters Department, Adab and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University ‘Syarif Hidayatullah’ Jakarta as a

partial of requirements for the Degree of Strata One. This thesis could not be

completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Mrs. Ummi

Kultsum, M.Pd, and Mrs. Solikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, as her thesis advisors, whose

guidance, patience, support and encouragement from the initial to the final level

enable her to develop an understanding of the subject. Without their guidance, this

thesis would not be completed well

The researcher also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the

individuals for helping her to finish this thesis and for their contribution in the

process of writing until it had become a complete work. They are:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

4. All of the lecturers in English Department for teaching her many things

during her study.

v
 5. To her beloved parents, her father RasikunGunadi and her mother

Muslinah who has given their best support (both moral and material),

motivation, care and pray.

6. To her lovely sister Mutiara Dwi Anggraini who always give her care and

support.

7. To her best friends Mey, Adah, Sissy,Heni, Camelia, Erlina, Nia, mba

Ratna, mas Ridho they always give her a support and motivation to finish

this thesis.

8. To all her friends in English Letters Department 2010 especially her D

Class they have given her a precious memory every time she was with

them.

9. To her close friends Ciik Can, Upa, Kikii, Neng, Laila, Kadeska who

always give her a support.

10. All the people who have helped her during the process of conducting this

research that whose names are not mentioned here.

May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, bless them all. The

researcher also realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,

suggestions and criticisms will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.

Jakarta, January 2015

The Researcher

vi
 Table of Contents

Abstract …………………………………………………………. i

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………..…. ii

Legalization ………………………………………………………... iii

Declaration ………………………………………………………… iv

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………… v

Table of Contents ………………………………………………….. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………..……………. 1

A. Background of the Study …………………………………… 1

B. Focus of the Study ………………………………….. 6
C. Research Question ………………………………………... 6
D. Significance of the Study ………………………………….. 6
E. Research Methodology ……………………………….… 7
1. The Objective of Research ……………………………. 7
2. The Method of Research ………………..…………… 7
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ……………………… 8
4. The Instrument of the Research ………………………. 8
5. The Unit of Analysis …………………………………. 8
6. Time and Place Study ………………………………… 9

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………... 10

A. Previous Research ………………………………… 10

B. Semantic ………………………………………………… 10
C. Lexeme ……………….………………………………….. 14
D. Semantic Field …….………….………………………… 16
1. Synonym ….…………………………………………… 18
2. Class Inclusion …………… ……………………….... 19

vii
 3. Antonym ……………………………………………… 20
4. Homonymy ………………………………………….. 22
5. Hyponymy ………………………………………….. 24
6. Converseness …………………………………………. 25
7. Componential Analysis ……………………………….. 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS …………………………… 30

A. Data Description ……………..…………………………. 30

B. Data Analysis ……………….………………... 34

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………. 55

A. Conclusion …………………………………. 50
B. Suggestion …………………………………. 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY …..…………………………………………….. 52

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………….. 59

viii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

English is an international language that is used in almost every

country in the world both as a native language and as a foreign language. In

Indonesia, it is generally used as the main foreign language. Nowadays,

English is used almost in various areas for examples: in education, politics,

economics, mass media, magazine etc.

In the field of magazine, a lot of magazine that uses English as the

language communication, one of them is Global Health and Travel magazine.

Global Health and Travel magazine presents options available to the reader in

an accessible format.1 The magazine focuses on service offered by

internationally-accredited healthcare institutions typically sought by travellers.

These includes elective procedures like cosmetic surgery and dental treatment,

to complex, specialized procedures such as joint replacement for hips and

knees, cardiac, surgery, fertility treatment and more.2 The purpose of the

establishment of Global Health and Travel is to present to the medical travel

and tourism for medical treatment performed by highly-trained specialist in

purpose built facilities. They pay a fraction of what they would at home and

even manage to turn their trip in holiday. As healthcare costs rise, waiting

times for procedures increase, and the technology and standards of care in

1
http://www.globalhealthandtravel.com/about
2
Ibid.

1
 2

several countries improve and even surpass those in the west, medical travel

will soon become viable solution. 3 Currently consumers use resources online

to organize such trips, but with the ocean of information on the internet they

are not able to make an informed choice how to obtain quality care and Global

Health and Travel is become your reliable guide to healthcare abroad. The

magazine has some specific parts to facilitate the reader in reading the news.

In Global Health and Travel magazine have some columns such as: Beauty,

Health, Medical Care, Travel, and Event etc. Therefore if the readers want

to know information about health they can read them directly in the

column of health . Similarly, when they want to know information about

medical care, they can read the column of medical care without reading the

newspaper from the beginning page until end.

To understand the content of columns, it is needed good lexical

comprehension. So, any misunderstanding such as the reader‟s

misinterpretation of the written text can be avoided. Lexical comprehension is

studied scientifically in semantics. One of the studies about lexical semantics

is a study about semantics field. This study states that lexicon in every

language that is all lexeme (word) system which related to meaning, and can

be restructured as phoneme in grammatical study. Semantic field is a group of

words that are related because they are from the same area of knowledge or

interest, e.g. the semantic field of agriculture includes: farm, farming, tractor,

3
Ibid.
 3

meadow, crop, etc. 4. Lexical is the focus study in semantic field. Lexical was

analyzed based on its componential meaning to get a description about lexical

and the semantic field structure.

Richards, Platt and Webber mentioned that “Semantic field is an

organization or grouping of words or expression into a system that shows the

relationship between words with the other word”.5 Meanwhile, Harimurti

says that a field of meaning is part of system semantic of language that

describes the part of the culture or reality in live which is realized by a set of

lexical whose meaning is related. For example, the names of kinship terms,

such as “father, mother, sister, brother, uncle, aunt”, established a specific of

semantic field. Similarly, the color names, such as “black, white, red, blue,

green, yellow”, can be grouped into a certain semantic field associated color.6

On the other hand, semantic field is a study that examines the

relationship between the lexicon that can be classified into specific groups, so

a componential analysis is needed to explain the nature and character of each

lexicon. In An introduction to Language, Fromkin says that “one way of

representation semantic properties is the use of semantic features. Semantic

features are formal or notational devices that indicate the presence or absence

of semantic properties by pluses and minuses”.7 One way to know the

elements of each of the lexicon is by giving positive and negative

4
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Semantic Field. Accessed on December 21, 2010,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/semanticfield, p.1.
5
WachyuSundayana and Aziz Aminudin, Semantics (Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, 2007),
p.3.14.
6
ibid
7
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language (Fort Worth:
Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 2003), p. 177.
 4

characteristic of each lexical, for example : lexicon between father and

mother, father lexicon has a meaning: /+animate/, /+adult/, /+married/,

/+human/, /+male/, while the mother has meaning: /+ animate/, /+adult/,

/+married/, /+ human/, /-male/.8 Therefore people can know that the

difference between father and mother lexicon lies in the meaning of sex, father

has mean a man and mother has mean a woman not a man.

Semantic Field is very important to be learned, because to know what

types of semantic field that constructed and how relationship between one

lexeme to other lexeme.

Through this research, the writer interests to analyze the relationship

between a lexicon and other lexicons in the column of health on Global Health

and Travel magazine: A news column provides information about the health

which is very useful for human life. By reading the text of column of health on

Global Health and Travel, everyone can understand the various kinds of

medical terms, which are indirectly absorbed from the English Language.

Therefore, it influences indirectly the meaning of the lexicon about healthy,

for example word “injeksi” in the medical word derived from the “injection”.

In every language, some words have not meaning by itself, but there are also

words that are interconnected with other words. Each word also has its own

meaning feature, often referred to as the “Principle of Distinction”.9 There are

two types of the principle difference in semantics, the principle of

8
WachyuSundayana and Aziz Aminudin (2007), op.cit.p.139.
9
J.W.M.Verhaar, Asas-AsasLinguistikUmum (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press,
2001), pp.390-391
 5

distinguishing the identity of phonemes and identity of meaning or semantics,

for example in mentioned semantic field of treatment place, it consists of:

Hospital, Clinic, Puskesmas (in Indonesia), etc. Generally, many people think

these place have the same meaning that is place to take treatment. But when a

person analyzes it using the componential analysis so each place has different

meaning based on the function and facilities that was owned, for example:

between meaning of Hospital, Puskesmas and Clinic. The Hospital has

meaning: / + place to take treatment/, / + is a medical /, / + has a complete

maintenance facilities /, / + owned by the government or a state /, Puskesmas

has the meaning: / + place to take treatment /, / + is a medical /, / + has a

complete maintenance facilities /, / + owned by the government of a state /.

While the clinic is: / + place to take treatment/, / + is a medical/, / - has a

complete maintenance facilities/, /- owned by the government or a state/. Thus

it can be known differences and similarities of certain lexicon in semantic

field.

There are still many health vocabularies that can be analyzed through

the componential analysis. Therefore, the writer is interested to do this

research because there are many semantic fields in other area which have not

been studied, specifically in the field of health.

 6

B. Focus of The Study

In this research the researcher focuses on the semantic field and its

analysis with componential analysis theory of the Health texts in column of

the Global Health and Travel magazine. The selected texts are randomly

chosen which consists of six semantic fields that are taken of the health texts

in The Global Health and Travel in July until August 2014.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and the focus of the study, the researcher

tries to formulate the question to get more specific purpose. The research

questions are:

1. What types of semantic fields are constructed by the lexeme within the

health text in The Global Health and Travel magazine?

2. What are relationships among a lexeme and other lexeme of semantic

fields in the health texts The Global Health and Travel?

D. Significance of the Study

This research is expected to increase the awareness of semantic

importance to reader in reading the health text. In addition, the researcher

hopes this research can be useful to enrich the researcher‟s knowledge

about semantic study especially in the semantic analysis and the researcher

also hopes this paper can be benefit for the reader.

 7

Besides that, the research can hopefully be advantage for further

researches that would like to conduct the research with similar case as

additional reference especially in semantic field.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

Generally, this study is aimed to know the form of semantic field

and the usage which based on the semantic concept in mass media text of

the Global Health and Travel magazine. Specifically, this research

attempts to obtain empirical data, as follows:

1.1 The Forms of semantic fields that contained in the health text

on the Global Health and Travel.

1.2 To know the relation among lexemes of the semantic field in

the health texts of the Global Health and Travel.

2. The Method of Research

The method of study used by the researcher is qualitative method.

The researcher uses discourse analysis to describe and analyze the health

text of The Global Health and Travel that is connected through the concept

of the componential analysis.

 8

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

The researcher uses qualitative method in this research. First, the

researcher reads carefully the definition of semantic field and

componential analysis theory. Second, the researcher reads and

understands the health texts on the Global Health and Travel, then

identifies the lexical that included in the semantic field of health. The last,

the researcher correlates the theory of semantic fields with lexical of health

that the researcher was found. Besides that, the researcher analyzes the

lexical of health with the meaning componential analysis. In this phase,

the researcher also explains the relationship between lexical semantic field

with the text on the Global Health and Travel.

4. The Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research is the researcher herself through

reading and understanding the text. The researcher observes and signs the

possibility of the lexical field occurrence within the health text on the

Global Health and Travel. She also provides the table of component to

know the relation of the selected lexemes and the given components.

5. The Unit of Analysis

The analysis units of the research are six texts which selected

randomly from the health text on the Global Health and Travel magazine

edition July until August 2014. The six titles are: Text 1 (osteoporosis;

colorectal cancer; high – risk pregnancies), Text 2 (Reducing chemo hair

loss; nanotechnology for burns), Text 3 (External defibrillators; satins and

 9

diabetes), Text 4 (Chemo-free lung cancer treatment), Text 5 (Radical

trachelectomy: a chance to preserve fertility), Text 6 (Challenges in the

fight against cervical cancer), Text 7 (Breast cancer-causing chemicals;

ultrasound BC screening), Text 8 (Body contouring surgery after weight

loss), Text 9 (Cord blood stem cell banking), Text 10 (The dangers of

having more than one child in one go), Text 11 (Enter the anti-ageing

kitchen), Text 13 (Preventative health screening for women).

6. Time and Place Study

The research was taken place in March until December 2014 when

the researcher was at eight semesters 2014, at English Letters Department

of UIN, main library of UIN and other libraries which can give references

and information about the data needed.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

Ilham Fathurahman10 has done a research “An Analysis of Semantic

Field on Health Text of The Jakarta Post” in 2011. He explains

semantic field uses theory componential Analysis by A. Lehrer

In this research under titled “An Analysis of Semantic Field on

Health Text of The Global and The Global Health and Travel

magazine July-August 2014” the researcher does not use the

newspaper as the corpus, but use health magazine for clearly

understands the types and meaning of semantic field in the medicine

term.

B. Semantic

Semantic is technical term for “meaning”. The term is derived from

the Greek word semantikos “significant" compare also semaino “to

signify” and sema (N.T. Greek semeion) “ a sign” so semantic is a branch

of linguistics which the study of meaning and the relationship among form

that is contained in language code, or other type of representation.11

10
Ilham Fathurahman, “An Analysis of Semantic Field on Health Text of The Jakarta
Post”. (A Thesis S1: State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011), p.i.
11
Green Horsleys; Introduction to semantics and translation (New York: Summer
Institute Of Linguistics, 1980), p.9.

10
 11

Semantics is concerned with meaning, and with the relation

between the FORM of a particular language and the meaning that forms

represents. It includes:

a. The Study of the area of meaning of individual words within the

lexical system of specific languages, and the combinations of words

which each language permits.

b. Meaning in relation to context, whether linguistic or non linguistic

context.

c. The meaning and relationships signaled by specific grammatical forms

and patterns.

d. The transfer, or translation, of meaning from one language to

another.12

Semantic is usually contrasted with other aspects of expression

meaning, there are syntax (The formation of the complex symbols from

the simple symbols), and pragmatic (practical use of the symbol by the

agency or community to a condition or a specific context).13

Generally, semantics is the study of meaning and is contrasted into

three aspects. There are:

a. Syntax

b. Semiotic

12
Ibid, p.10.
13
Henry G Tarigan, PengajaranSemantik,(Bandung, Angkasa, 1985), p.2.
 12

c. Pragmatic14

Syntax interprets the formal relationship between the sign of each

other, semiotic interpret the relations of the signs and objects that form an

implementation of the sign itself. Whereas, pragmatic is a knowledge that

interpret the relation of the signs with interpret.

Morries subsequently made a changes and limited pragmatics as

“the branch of semiotics which examines the origins, uses, and effects of

signs”, based on the limitation by Morries previously Rudolf Carnap then

made the restrictions as follows:

“If in an investigation (research) the references either explicitly

made to the speaker, or in a broader sense, the language user, then we

put him into the field of pragmatics area. In advance resume it from the

language users and only analyze the expression and the signifying, that

we have been semantic field. If we resumed them from the signifying and

then analyze the relations among the expressions, then we have been on

the syntactic field. These whole sciences of languages that cover all those

three parts above, is called semantics.15

Semantic has a very important role for linguistics. Ferdinand de

Saussure referred as the signifier (significant) and the signified (signify),16

then the actually the study of linguistics without semantics is merely

14
Ibid, p.3.
15
Ibid, pp. 2-4.
16
F. R. Palmer, Semantic: a New Outline (New York: Cambridge University, 1976), p.5.
 13

meaningless. These both components, significant and signify are things

which cannot be separated each other.

A word, for example “BOOK” consists of a sound symbol which

are (B-O-O-K) and the concepts or mental images for the object which is

called “BOOK”. According to Ogden and Richards in a classic works

about “Semantic Triangle Theory” which give some influences in semantic

theory until now.17 The link among symbols, mental images or concepts

and referent or object, which can be explained with pictures and

descriptions referent as follows:

Images/concept of book

Symbols (b-o-o-k) referent (object)

The meaning of word „book‟ demonstrates the concept of book which

is stored in our brains and denoted by the word book. Therefore, it can be

concluded that semantic examines the meaning language signs, namely the

link between concept and sign of language.18

The triangle of Odgen and Richards showed that between the

symbol of the language and concept have a different relationship, while the

17
Kushartanti, et.al.,PesonaBahasa: LangkahAwalMemahamiLinguistik(Jakarta: PT.
GramediaPustakaUtama, 2005), p.114.
18
Ibid.
 14

symbol of the language with referent or object is not related directly (this

is showed by dashed line) because it must be through the concept. This

show that languages and reality are not two things that are identical; the

word is not simply a label that is displayed on the objects, events in the

really of world also contained language of a society point of view from the

reality.

C. Lexeme

A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics,

which roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. 19 For

example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are from the

same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN. So the relation between

word and lexeme can be describing like this. Lexeme ----------(process

morphology)---------word.20

A lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category, has a certain

meaning (semantic value), and in inflecting languages, has a responding

inflectional paradigm; that is a lexeme in many languages will have many

different forms. For example, the lexeme RUN has a present third person

singular from runs, a present non-third-person singular from run (which

also function as the past participle and non-finite form), a past from ran,

and a present participle running. (It does not include runner, runners,

runnerable etc.) The use of the forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of

19
The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Description of Lexeme. Accessed on March 19, 2011,
http://www.freedictionary.com/lexeme, p.1.
20
Kushartanti, et.al (2005), op,cit.p. 138.
 15

grammar; in the case of English verbs such as RUN, these include subject-

verb agreement and compound tense rules, which determine which form of

a verb can be used in a given sentence.

The lexical meaning is the meaning which is owned by a lexeme

without context.21 For example, lexeme “horse” has a lexical meaning is

a kind of four-footed animals that can be driven. Lexeme “pencil” has a

lexical meaning is a kind of writing instruments made of wood and

carbonic.

Lexical meaning is the basic meaning of word that is according in

the dictionary. This basic meaning attached to the stem of a wood. Lexical

meaning can also be referred to the original meaning of a wood that has

not affixation. However, the most people prefer to define of the lexical

meaning as the dictionary meaning. For example a word in Indonesia

language:

(a) Rumah

(b) Berumah

The first example (a) is a word that not has affixation, derivation or

inflection. Based on dictionary of KBRI, the meaning word “rumah” is a

home stay building. While the second example (b) is a derivative word,the

second example (b) has different meaning with the first meaning (a),

although the word is essentially the same, “rumah”. The addition of a

21
Abdul Chaer, LinguistikUmum, (Jakarta: PT RinekaCipta, 2007), p.289.
 16

prefix “ber-“ in the word “rumah” makes the meaning of ”rumah”

changes is not only a home stay building but also become to have a home

stay building.

D. Semantic Field

Semantic field is a group of words that are related because they are

from the same area of knowledge or interest.22 Richard, Platt and Weber

defines “semantic field” is organization or group of each word in a system

that showed relation of a word with other words.

Besides that Harimurti states that semantic field is part of semantic

system of languages which illustrates part of culture or some certain reality

that is realized by correlated-lexical elements.23 For example the semantic

field of agriculture includes: farm, farming, tractor, meadow, crop etc. A

semantic field is a technical term in discipline of linguistics to describe a

set of words grouped in a certain way. The term is also used in other

academic disciplines, such as anthropology and computational semiotics.24

Brinton defines “semantic field” or “semantic domain” relates the

linguistics concept to hyponymy: “Related to the concept of hyponymy,

but more loosely defined, is the nation of a semantic field or domain. A

semantic field denotes a segment of reality symbolized by a set of related

22
Anonymous, Englishbiz: Semantic Field Grammar. Accessed On November 19, 2007,
http://www.englishbliz.co.uk/grammar/mainfiels/definitionsn-z.htm, p.1.
23
WahyuSundayana (2007),loc.cit.
24
Peter Bogh Andersen, A Theory of Computer Semiotics: Semiotic Approaches to
Construction and Assessment of Computer Systems (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press,
1990), p.237.
 17

words. The words in a semantic field share a common semantic

property”.25

A general and intuitive description is that words in a semantic field

are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general

phenomenon. A meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to

other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic vary from

culture to culture and anthropologists use them to study belief systems and

reasoning across cultural group.

Andersen identifies the traditional usage of “semantic field” theory

as: “Traditionally, semantic fields have been used for comparing the

lexical structure of different languages and different states of the same

language.26

Lyons suggests several primitive semantic relationships, such as

synonymy, incompatibility, class inclusion, antonym, hyponymy,

complementary, homonymy, and conversances, although a few others

should be added, and perhaps some of this can be further divided. These

relationships apply principally to paradigmatic contrasts-words which

areal nouns, adjectives, or verbs.27

25
Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure Modern English : A Linguistics Introduction .(New
York: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2000), p.122.
26
Wedhawati, “Lexical fields Componential Analysis and Definition of Lexical Sense”,
RintisandalamnKajianLeksikologi and Leksikografi, no 2 (2002), January 27, 2011, p. 122.
27
Adrienne Lehrer, Semantic Field and Lexical Structure (New York: North Holland
Publishing Company, 1974), pp.22-23.
 18

1. Synonymy

Synonymy is different words with almost identical or similar

meanings, synonym word are said to be synonymous. The word comes

from ancient Greek syn (“equal” or “similar” ) and onama (“name”).28

Therefore synonym is the relationship of semantic which states the

similarity of meaning between utterances with other utterances. For

example, between the words “right” and “correct” or “buy” and

“purchase”, “quickly” and “speedily”, “sick” and “ill”, and between

sentences ; “Dika kick the ball” with “the ball is kicked by Dika”.

The relation of synonymy is two way, if unit of speech A

synonymous,, with the unit of speech B, so the unit of speech B were

synonymous with the unit of speech A.29 In correctly, if the word

“correct” synonymous with the word “right”, so the word “right”

absolutely was synonymous with the word “correct”.

Right Correct

Correct Right

Synonymous not only describe general ideas but also make a

distinction between meanings of the words. Although the meaning of the

28
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Description of Synonym.Accessed on April 8, 2011,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synonym, p.1.
29
Abdul Chaer (2007), op.cit.p.297.
 19

words; pretty, comely, good, nice, beautiful, gorgeous, kind, etc, have

same meaning, people never say:

a. A kind woman

b. The girl is gorgeous

But

a. A pretty woman

b. The girl is comely

Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain sense of words; for

instance, pupil as the “aperture in the iris of the eye” is not synonyms with

student. Similarly, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has

expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died.

2. Class Inclusion

The highest term in the taxonomy has been called by various names: head

word, cover word, superordinate or arch lexeme.30 Occasionally there is no

appropriate head word for taxonomy, though of course speakers have number of

devices for failing the gap. For example, in English there is a set of terms, pot, jar,

glass, vase, bottle, etc. referring to containers capable of holding liquids.

Container is too general since it is also a head word for box, basket, and sack. The

word vessel might be used, though speakers feel the vessel is odd. A simpler

example is absence of a „comfortable‟ superordinate term to cover brother and

30
Adrienne Lehrer (1974), loc,cit.
 20

sister, sibling is rather technical. Similarly, there is no term that includes aunt and

uncle.

3. Antonym

The word antonyms consists of “anti” or “ant” which means “opposites”

and the root “onuma” or “onim” which means “name”, so antonym is a word that

contain the opposite meaning with other a word.31 In his book “An Introduction to

Language” Fromkin says “the meaning of a word may be partially defined by

saying what it is not. Male means not female, dead means not alive. Words that

are opposite in meaning are often called antonyms”.32 Ironically, the basic

property of words that are antonyms is that they share all but one semantic

property. Beautiful and tall are not antonyms; beautiful and ugly, or tall and short,

are. The property they do not share is present in one and absent in the other. There

are several kinds of antonym. There are complementary pairs:

Alive/Dead

Present/absent

Awake/Asleep

They are complementary in that not alive = dead and not dead =

alive, and so on. There are gradable pairs of antonyms:

Big/Small

31
Henry G. Tarigan (1985), op,cit. p.30.
32
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (2003), op,cit. p.182.
 21

Hot/Cold

Fast/Slow

Happy/Sad

The meaning of adjectives in gradable pairs is related to the object

they modify. The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale. Thus

we know that “a small elephant” is much bigger than “a large mouse”.

Fast is faster when we applied to an airplane than to a car.

With gradable pairs, the negative of one word is not synonymous

with the other. For example, someone who is not happy is not necessarily

sad. It is also true of gradable antonyms that more of one is less of another.

More bigness is less smallness; wider is less narrow; taller is less short.

Gradable antonyms are often found among sets of words that

partition a continuum:

Tiny-small-medium-large-huge-gargantuan- euphoric-elated-happy-sad-

gloomy-despondent.

Antonym or opposites is a relation between words that are contrary

or opposite meaning.33 The terms “antonym” is used to opposite meaning

in lexical class, such as hot with cold, is called standard antonym, because

between hot and cold, there are still other words like warmandlukewarm

stiff.

33
Kushartanti, et.al., (2005), op.cit.p.118.
 22

This sentence such as “I do not want to bathe with cold water”

does not mean “I want to bathe with hot water” because it may mean “I

want to bathe with warm water” it is called complementary antonym.34

4. Homonymy

Homonymy is different words that are pronounced the same, but

may or may not be spelled the same.35 To, too, and two are homonyms

despite their spelling differences. Homonym can create ambiguity. A word

or a sentence is ambiguous if it can be understood or interpreted in more

than one way. The sentence:

I‟ll meet you by the bank

The sentences may mean I’ll meet you by the financial situation”

or “I’ll meet you by the riverside”. The ambiguity is due to the two words

bank with two different meanings. Sometimes additional context can helps

disambiguate the sentence:

I‟ll meet you by the bank, in front of the automated teller machine.

I‟ll meet you by the bank. We can go skinny-dipping.

Homonymy are good candidates for humor as well as for

confusion.

“How is bread made?”

34
Ibid.
35
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (2003), op.cit..p.179.
 23

“I know that!” Alice cried eagerly.

“You take some flour_____”

“Where do you pick the flower?” the white queen asked, “In

garden or the hedges?”

“Well, it isn‟t picked at all” Alice explained; “it‟s ground_____”

“How many acres of ground?” said the White Queen.

The humor of this passage is based on the two sets of homonyms;

flower and flour and the two meaning of ground. Alice means ground as

the past tense of grind, whereas the white queen is interpreting ground to

mean “earth”.

A related concept is heteronym. Two words are heteronyms if they

are spelled the same, but pronounced differently, and have different

meanings. Dove the bird and dove the past tense of dive are heteronyms, as

are bass, bow, lead, wind and hundreds of others.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different

meanings, such as dove the bird, and dove, the past tense of dive. When

homonyms are spelled the same, they are also homographs, for example

bear and bear, but not all homonyms are homographs (bear and bare). On

the other hand, by definition, all heteronyms are also homographs. The

following table should help sort out these confusing, over-lapping terms.
 24

Homonyms Heteronym Homographs

Pronounced identically yes no yes/no

Spelled identically yes/no yes yes

5. Hyponymy

The people know that the words red, white, and blue are “color” words,

that is their lexical representations have the feature (+color) indicating a class to

which they all belong. Similarly lion, tiger, leopard, and lynx have the feature

(+feline). Such sets of words are called hyponyms.36 The relationship of hyponym

is between the more general term such as color and the more specific instance of it

such as red. Thus red is a hyponym of feline; or equivalently, color has the

hyponym red and feline has the hyponym has the hyponym lion.

Besides that, Kushartanti and UntungYuwono in “PesonaBahasa : langkah

awal memahami linguistic” said that “hyponym is a relation of meaning related to

the coverage of specific meaning in the generic meaning, like the meaning of

orchids in featured flower, the meaning of cat in featured animal.37

In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is

include within that of another word, its hypernym (sometimes spelled hyperonym

outside of the natural language processing community). In simpler terms, a

hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For example,

36
Ibid, pp. 180-184.
37
Kushartanti, et.al, (2005), op,.cit.p.119.
 25

Scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red (their

hypernym), which is, in turn, a hyponym color.

6. Converseness

Converseness is the relationship that holds between such as pairs of words

a buy-sell and husband-wife.38 Kin terms like husband-wife, parent-child are also

given as an examples of convers terms, and similar kinds of sentential

relationships hold. Some members of converse pairs seem more dispensable than

others. If buy were to disappear from the vocabulary of English, it would still

possible (and not too difficult) to talk about certain transaction just using sell.

7. Component Analysis

Componential analysis or lexical decomposition is a basic study of lexical

fields in determining semantic relations of different lexical items in one lexical

field.39 It can also be used to define the sense of lexical items in dictionary

making. The sense of lexical item is the composition of semantic components.

Such composition of semantic components can be analyzed into its component

part.

Besides that, A. Lehrer says that “componential analysis is any word,

lexeme or lexical items that have a specifically meaning, the meaning of every

word that consists of several components that make up the whole meaning of the

word. From the pedagogic point of view „componential analysis‟ (CA) offers a

38
Adrienne Lehrer (1974), op,cit,.p.27.
39
Wedhawati (2002), op,.cit,p.125.
 26

systematic and easy way of describing similarity and difference in meaning. It

consists of breaking down the meaning of a word into what are known as semantic

components or features.

A lexeme can be analyzed by the componential analysis based on notation

that has it. For example, the word “father” has a component of meaning /+human/,

/+ adult /, /+ male /, /+ married/ , and /+ have a child/; and the word “mother” has

a component of meaning /+ human /, /+ adult /, /- male /, /+ married /, and /+

have a child /. When is compared between the component of father and mother is

visible as the following table.

Table 1: The componential analysis of the meaning words: father and mother

No. Components of Father Mother

meaning
1. Human + +

2. Adult + +

3. Males + -

4. Married + +

5. Have a child + +

Description: The sign (+) means have components, and the sign (-)

means it has no component.

From the table shows that the different meaning of the father and

mother only on the components of meaning /male/; father has a

component of meaning male, whereas them other does not have it. To
 27

more clearly, consider the analysis component of meaning the words:

man, woman, boy, girl, and bull.

Table 2: The componential analysis of the meaning words:

Man, woman, boy, girl and bull

Components
No. Boy Girl Man Woman Bull
of meaning
1. Human + + + + -

2. Adult - - + + -

3. Male + - + - +/-

The table shows that man, woman, boy, girl have a component of

meaning / + human /, while the bull has not a component of meaning /

+ adult /, while the boy and the bull has not a component of meaning /

- adult /. Furthermore, it appears that man and the boy have a

component of meaning / + male /, while the woman and girl have not

component of meaning / - male /. And the bull may has or has no

because the bull including male and female.40

Componential analysis can provide some benefits for semantic

analysis.

40
A. Lehrer, Semantic Field and Lexical Structure, pp.318-319.
 28

The benefits of componential analysis are:

1. The words meaning of componential analysis can provide the

answer of why some sentence is right and the other is wrong. There

is some sentences which is an anomaly.

2. Through the componential analysis, we can have prediction the

relation of words. The relation of the meaning can be generally

divided into some types: synonymy, antonym, contradiction, and

hyponymy.

3. Componential analysis to give an explicit representation of the

systematic relation between words.41

4. According to Bierwisch (1970), Katz (1972) and Leech (1974) who

have a designed a logic system that componential analysis may be

used as experiment tool device that those sentences are analytic,

anomaly, contradictions. 42

41
Ruth M, Kempson, Semantic Theory (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977),
p.18.
42
J.D.Parera, TeoriSemantik: Second Edition (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p.161.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of the lexemes

of healthy which are taken from the Health text in The Global Health and Travel

Magazine include the types of semantic field. The selected data can be tabulated

as follows:

Table 3: The Data of Types of Semantic Field, Lexemes, and the Sentence.

Types of Semantic
No. Lexeme The Sentence
Field

“The photo sharing

phenomenon was also
Surgery
identified as a contributing
factor to the uptick in demand
for facial plastic surgery”
“How has hormone-
replacement therapy (HRT)
Therapy advanced from treating
menopausal symptoms to
become an anti-aging
aesthetic treatment?”
1. Medical Treatment “Historically, estrogen-
Biopsy
replacement biopsy has
received a lot of attention.”
“In newly-diagnosed lung
cancer patients with EGR
Chemotherapy mutation, one tablet of
Afatinib a day is more
effective than
chemotherapy”.
“Treatment options, including
Radiotherapy whether surgery,
radiotherapy, or
chemotherapy.”

29
 30

“Cord blood also contains

blood-forming stem cells that
have the potential to treat
Leukemia
disease such as certain types
of leukemia or lymphoma,
aplastic anaemia and some
immunodeficiency”.
“Researchers at McMaster
University have found a novel
way to suppress one
potentially devastating side
Diabetes effect of statins, one of the
world‟s most widely-used
drugs for lowering cholesterol
and preventing heart disease-
which has been found to
Chronic/non-
cause diabetes.
2.
“Researchers at McMaster
communicable illness
University have found a novel
way to suppress one
potentially devastating side
Heart Disease effect of statins, one of the
world‟s most widely-used
drugs for lowering cholesterol
and preventing heart disease-
which has been found to
cause diabetes.
“Breast cancer remains the
Cancer leading cause of death in
women and the most common
cancer in women.”
“Swedish scientists have
Stroke devised a helmet which can
quickly detect if a patient has
had a stroke.”
The hospital has seen many
great achievements since the
Hospital second half of 2013, and Tan
attributes these successes to
3. Medical Center the team‟s ability to leverage
its expertise.
Maternity “The hospital’s maternity
packages start from around
Hospital U$$2,440 ($G3,006) for a
standard single room”.
 31

“There will always be

avenues to better ourselves-
this is way we promote
Clinic regular conversations, to
spearhead new clinic
solutions and to raise the
standard of care extended to
our patients,” she says.
“Dr. Kwong says she realized
that a percentage of many
Doctor young women in Asia who
develop breast cancer likely
inherited the genes that cause
the disease.”.
“Women are no longer just
homemakers or caretakers;
4. Healthy Occupations they are also providers –
Nurse
teachers, nurse, lawmakers,
businesspeople, and activists,
with a wide range of abilities
and experience.
“Professional whitening can
be done in the clinic by a
Dentist
dentist or by the patient at
home, using prescription
products.”
“Finding out if the stroke is
Blood due to a leaky blood clot is a
prerequisite for proper
treatment.”
“The team successfully
identified biomarkers that
5. The Liquid of Body Urine could assess the exposure of
62 additional chemicals which
are present in blood, urine, or
other biological samples.”
“At present, viable sperm for
Sperm IVF procedures are usually
chosen by looking at them
through a microscope.”
“However, his team found
The Types of Drug increased risk of diabetes is
6. associated with use of the
Medicine drug.”
Tablet “One tablet of Afatinib a day
is more effective than
 32

chemotherapy, since it has

much higher chance a control,
and longer duration of the
cancer.”
 33

B. Data Analysis

1. The Semantic Field of “Medical Treatment”

Table 4: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Medical Treatment

The The LEXEMES

Semantic
Properties SURGERY THERAPY BIOPSY CHEMOTHERAPY RADIOTHERAPY
Medical health + +/_ + + +
check

Something that + +/_ + + +

people do or
cause to
happen

Something that + _ + + _
happens at a
given place and
time

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are

hypernyms of medical treatment.43

The table above explained that surgery means a medical health check,

something that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given

place and time. According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of

Medicine surgery is the treatment of disease, injury, or other disorders by direct

physical intervention, usually with instruments.44 Operative surgery involves

incision (cutting) into the skin or other organ, inspection, removal of diseased

43
Wwww.wordnet2.1browser.com
44
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.956.
 34

tissue or organs, relief of obstruction, replacement of structure to their normal

position, redirection of body channels, transplantation of tissue or whole organs,

and implantation of mechanical or electronic devices.45 Surgery may be minor or

major. Minor operations are usually, but not always, performed using local

anesthesia. Major operations are usually performed using general anesthesia,

although local anesthesia is sometimes used.46 In recent years there has been an

increasing trend toward further sub specialization; some surgeons now confine

their practice to such narrow limits as surgery of the hands, the cornea, the same

blood vessels, or the skin. From both of meanings above the researcher concludes

that surgery is the treatment of disease, injury and taken in hospital.

Therapy means a medical health check this therapy could be something

happen to patient and could be to prevent disease on patient‟s body. According

to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine therapy is the

treatment of any disease or abnormal physical or mental condition.47 Examples of

therapy include radiation therapy for cancer and psychotherapy for psychiatric

disorders.

Biopsy means a medical health check to patient‟s body, something that

people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and time.

According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine

biopsy is a diagnostic test in which tissue or cells are removed from the body for

45
Ibid. 956
46
Ibid, p.957
47
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.978.
 35

examination under the microscope.48 Most of the procedures are minor and

require no sedation, but some require anesthesia. From both of meanings there is

correlation that biopsy is an accurate method of diagnosing many illnesses,

including cancer.

Chemotherapy means a medical health check to body‟s patient, something

that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and

time. This treatment is done when the patient was conscious and continually.

According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine

chemotherapy is the treatment of infections of malignant disease by drugs that act

selectively on the cause the disorder, but which may have substantial effects on

normal tissue.49 Infections are treated by antibiotics, which may be bacterial

(killing harmful bacteria), or bacteriostatic (stopping further bacterial growth and

allowing the body‟s immune system to take over and destroy the bacteria).50 One

problem with chemotherapy is that natural selection leads to the emergence of

resistant bacteria or cells. This effect is minimized by the discriminatory use of

antibiotics, and, in cancer chemotherapy, by giving several different types of

drugs simultaneously. A further problem with cancer chemotherapy is that drugs

act on all rapidly dividing cells, not just tumor cells.51 Thus, they affect the bone

marrow, the intestinal lining, the hair follicles (sometimes causing baldness), and

the mouth, sometimes causing severe side effects. Antibiotics act more selectively

because bacteria have a different structure from human cells, making side effects

48
Ibid, p.170.
49
Ibid, p.258.
50
Ibid,p. 258
51
Ibid.. p. 258
 36

less of a problem for the patient.52 From both of chemotherapy‟s explanation the

researcher conclude there is a similar meaning that chemotherapy is treatment for

when the patient was conscious and continually illness.

Radiotherapy means medical health check to body‟s patient something

that people do or cause to happen and also something happens at given place and

time. This treatment is done with frequently of time. According to the American

Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine radiotherapy is treatment of

cancer (an occasionally other diseases) by X rays or other sources of radioactivity,

both of which produce ionizing radiation.53 The radiation, as it passes through the

diseased tissue, destroys or swallows the development of abnormal cells. Provided

the correct dosage of radiation is given, normal cells suffer little or no damage.54

From the description of the table above, it can be concluded that the

lexeme “therapy” is superordinate of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The table

above shows that radiotherapy and chemotherapy have a close meaning, because

it have some component, except on the using material (chemical substances/x-

ray), radiotherapy uses X-ray whereas chemotherapy uses chemical substances in

treatment to patients. Besides that the lexeme surgery and biopsies have a same

meaning (synonym) because the component of each feature on the table are the

same.

52
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989), p.258
53
Ibid, p. 846
54
Ibid,. p. 846
 37

2. The Semantic Field of “Chronic Illness”

Table 5: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Chronic Illness”

The Semantic The Lexemes

Properties DIABETES HEART

LEUKEMIA CANCER STROKE
DEASE
Being long-
+ + + + +
lasting
Developing
slowly or of long + + + + +
duration)
Marked by
gradual
deterioration of
+ + + + +
organs and cells
along with loss of
function
Diseases of old
_ _ _ +/_ +
age

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 5 are

hypernyms of chronic illness.

From the explanations of the table Leukemia means a disease being a lost-

lasting in human‟s body, the disease can attack young or old people no matter

how old are they .According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia

of Medicine, any of several types of cancer in which there is usually a

disorganized proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow (from which all

blood cells originate) one of them is leukemia.55 The production of red blood

cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells are impaired as they are crowded out

55
Ibid,.p.635
 38

from the marrow by the leukemia cells.56 Other organs, such as the liver, spleen,

lymph nodes, testes, or brain, may cease to function properly as they become

infiltrated by the leukemic cells. The number of leukemic cells circulating in the

blood may be high.57

From the explanations above both of meanings have correlation this

disease can make the patient death because attack the white blood cells.

Diabetes means a Marked by gradual deterioration of organs and cells along with

loss of function. According to the American Medical Association Encyclopedia of

Medicine diabetes, bronze is a rare disease in which excessive amounts of iron are

deposited in tissues such as the liver, pancreas, and skin. Its name comes from the

bronze skin coloration and diabetes mellitus that usually develop in people who

suffer this disorder.58

From the definitions above there is similar meaning the disease can make

patient death because the patient always is thirsty and produces a lot of urine.

Heart disease means an unhealed disease that can cause death; heart

disease attacks the blood circulation system that is caused by high cholesterol

amount in body. So this interfere circulation of blood from or to the heart.

According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine about

700 babies per 100,000 are born with a congenital heart defect. 59 The errors of

development leading to defects arise early in the life of the embryo. In most cases,

56
Ibid,. p.635
57
Ibid,.p. 635
58
Ibid, p. 349
59
Ibid,. p. 349
 39

there is no known cause. Of known causes the most significant is rubella in the

mother during the first of pregnancy. This can be prevented by vaccination. About

one third of babies with Down’s syndrome have a congenital heart defect, and

congenital heart disease often accompanies other birth defects.60

From both of meanings, heart disease meaning and literal meaning have

correlation that heart disease attacks the blood circulation systems of human body

and cause the patient death.

Cancer means a serious disease in which grows in a cell, this disease is

caused by virus that attacks the cell system of the body. Cancer is difficult to be

cured, so it can cause death to the patient. According to The American Medical

Association Encyclopedia of Medicine cancers are not the only type of abnormal

growth, or neoplasm, that occur in the body.61 However, a cancer differs from a

benign in two tumors, such as a wart or lymphoma, in two important ways. As it

grows, it spreads and infiltrates the tissues around it and may block passageways,

destroy nerves and erode bone. Cells from the cancer may spread via the blood

vessels and lymphatic channels to other parts of the body, where these metastases

for new, satellite tumors that grow independently.62

From the explanations above the cancer attacks the cells of body and can

cause the patient death.

60
Ibid, p. 518
61
Ibid, p. 227
62
Ibid,. p. 227
 40

Stroke means a serious illness that caused death, stroke attacks the body‟s

nervous system, because someone has high cholesterol amount so it can interfere

stimulus of blood from or the brain. According to The American Medical

Association Encyclopedia of Medicine strokes are fatal in about third of cases and

are a leading cause of death in developed countries.63 Possible complications of a

major stroke include pneumonia and the formation of blood clots in the veins of

the leg, which may travel to the artery supplying the lung to cause a potentially

fatal pulmonary embolism.64

“Virulence Illness” is superordinate or the lexemes cancer and leukemia. It

explains that cancer and leukemia have a close meaning because it has some

component, except on the forming process (attack the blood circulation system).

The other lexemes which have close meaning are stroke and heart disease, those

lexemes has the same component except on the system is attacked (the body‟s

nervous/ the blood circulation system).

63
Ibid, p. 947
64
Ibid,. p. 947
 41

3. The Semantic Field of “Medical Center”

Table 6: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “medical center”

The Semantic Properties The Lexemes

HOSPITAL MATERNITY CLINIC

HOSPITAL

Medical checkup area + + +

Physical entity + +/_ +/_

A feature of the mental life +/_ _ _

of a living organism

The work of inquiring into + + +/_

something thoroughly and
systematically

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are

hypernyms of medical center.

From the explanations of the table hospital means a medical checkup area,

physical entity, the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and

systematically. The hospital is opening every day, provides Opname services and

usually owned by the government. According to Free medical of dictionary

hospital is an institution which is managed, staffed and equipped for providing

healthcare services, including in patient care, surgery, emergent and urgent care

and has facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.65 Many hospitals are

65
The Free Dictionary.Accessed on January 8th 2015.
 42

owned and run by religious orders.66 Though graduate medical education is

conducted in many hospitals, teaching hospitals generally have a close affiliation

with universities and medical school. Far more are community hospitals that

depend on community-generated contributions.67 From both of meanings there is

correlation that hospital is owned by government or others institutions.

Maternity Hospital means a treatment place that provides service for birth

it is opening everyday (available in 24 hours) and has many doctors and nurses. It

is usually owned by privacy. According to Free dictionary, maternity hospital is a

hospital that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for

newborn infants.68 From both meanings the writer concludes there is similar

meaning maternity hospital is providing care for women during pregnancy.

Clinic means a treatment place that owned by privacy. The most of clinic

have a complete maintenances facility but clinic not provide opname services.

According to Oxford dictionary, clinic is a building or part of a hospital where

people can go for special medical treatment or advice.69

The table above shows that the lexemes HOSPITAL is superordinate of

maternity hospital and clinic.

66
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989),p.547
67
Ibid,. p. 547.
68
The Free Dictionary. Accessed on August 16th 2011,
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/maternity+hospital.
69
Ibid, 233
 43

4. The Semantic Field of “Healthy Occupations”

Table 7: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field “Healthy Occupation”

The Lexemes
The Semantic Properties
DOCTOR NURSE DENTIST

The principal activity in people‟s

+ + +
life that people do to earn money

Serving patients + + +

Fundamental quantity + + +

Take care of people‟s teeth _ _ +

Providing care to patients +/_ + +/_

Can set up a privacy clinic /

+ _ +
institution

Responsible to patient + _ +

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are

hypernyms of healthy occupation.

The table above shows that Doctor means a person has principal activity

that people do to earn money, works in hospital to serve patients and has a

responsible to make a patient get well. Doctor can prescribe medication to patient

and also can set up a privacy clinic. According to Medicine.net doctor: in a

medical context, any medical professional with an MD, a PhD, or any other

doctoral degree. The term doctor is quite unspecific. A doctor may, for example,
 44

be a physician, psychologist, biomedical scientist, dentist, or veterinarian.70 In

nonmedical context, a professor of history might be addressed as a doctor, an

eminent theologian might be named a doctor of a church, and a person awarded an

honorary doctorate by a college or university might also be called a doctor.71

Nurse means a person has principal activity that people do to earn money,

works in hospital to serve patient with providing care to patients but nurse cannot

give prescribe medication to patient and has not a responsible to make a patients

get well, beside that a nurse cannot set up a privacy clinic or medics institution.

According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medical nurse

is a person trained in nursing care.72 Registered nurses (RNs) are registered and

licensed by a state to care for the sick and to promote health. They work in

hospitals, nursing homes, physicians‟ offices, clinics, workplaces, schools, and

patients‟ homes.

Types of nurses

1. Nurse Midwifery has a special training in prenatal and postnatal care,

labor, and delivery.

2. Nurse Practitioners or nurse clinicians are trained to provide health

services (such as preventive care, physical examinations, and health

counseling) under the supervision of a physician.

70
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9237
71
Ibid.
72
Clayman B Charles, The American Medical Association; Encyclopedia of Medicine,
New York, Random House New York (1989),p.735
 45

3. Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), who are trained to provide basic

care for patients under the supervision of physicians and RNs.

Nurses‟ aides assist nurses in hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics.73

Dentist means a person has principal activity that people do to earn

money, that works in hospital to serve patient with take care of people‟s teeth and

has a responsible to make a patient get well. A dentist can set up a privacy clinic

or institution. According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of

Medicine dentist is the equivalent of the family practitioner for teeth. 74 Dentist

perform regular checkups, clean teeth, fill cavities, extract teeth, correct the

problems with tooth alignment, and provide and fit bridges and/or dentures to

replace missing teeth. They also check for cancer of the mouth, perform cosmetic

procedures and give general advice on how to care for the teeth and gums.75

The table shows that the lexemes “doctor” is superordinate of the lexemes

dentist.

73
Ibid.. p. 735
74
Ibid, p.324
75
Ibid, p.342
 46

5. The Semantic Field of “ The Liquid of Body”

Table 8: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of

“The Liquid of the Body”
The Semantic Properties The Lexemes

BLOOD URINE

A substance that is liquid at

+ +
room temperature and pressure

A substance in the fluid state of

matter having no fixed shape but + +
a fixed volume

That which has mass and

occupies space; "an atom is the
+ +
smallest indivisible unit of
matter

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are

hypernyms of healthy occupation.

From the explanation of the table blood means a substance that is liquid at

room temperature and pressure, a substance in the fluid state of matter having no

fixed shape but a fixed volume, which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is

the smallest indivisible unit of matte. Blood is a much spread in human body and

has a red color. According to The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of

Medical blood is the sticky red fluid that circulates in our veins and arteries.76

Almost half the volume of blood consists of cells, which include red blood cells

76
Ibid,. p. 182
 47

(or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leukocytes), and platelets or

thrombocytes.77

Urine means blood means a substance that is liquid at room temperature

and pressure, a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a

fixed volume, which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is the smallest

indivisible unit of matte. According to The American Medical Association

Encyclopedia of Medicine urine is the pale yellow fluid produced by the kidneys

and excreted from the body via the ureters, bladder, and urethra. 78 Urine carriers

waste products, and excessive water or chemical substances from the body.

The table above shows there are no lexemes which have a close meaning

because there is no similar component of each other.

77
Ibid,. p. 182.
78
Ibid, p. 1027
 48

6. The Semantic Field of “Medicine”

Table 9: The Componential Analysis from Semantic Field of “Medicine”

The Semantic Properties The Lexemes

DRUG TABLET

The science of dealing with the

maintenance of health and the + +
prevention and treatment of disease

A substance that is used as a medicine

or narcotic +/_ _

The branches of medical science that

_ +
deal with nonsurgical techniques

The characteristic features of the semantic properties on the table 4 are

hypernyms of medicine.

From the explanations of the table drug means the science of dealing with

the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease, a substance

that is used as a medicine or narcotic. According to The American Medical

Association Encyclopedia of Medicine drugs include prescribe medicines, over-

the-counter remedies, and the recreational, social, and illicit use of drugs, such as

cocaine.79 Many foods and drinks contain small quantities of substances classed as

drugs tea, coffee, and cola drinks, for example, all contain caffeine, which is both

a stimulant and diuretic drug.80

79
Ibid, p. 376
80
Ibid,. p. 376.
 49

Tablet means the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and

the prevention and treatment of disease, a substance that is used as a medicine or

narcotic, the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques

According to The Medicine.net tablet is tablet is In pharmacy, a

medication, usually mixed with a binder powder, molded and pressed into the

form of a tablet, traditionally circular or disk-shaped, but more recently also

oblong or differently shaped. From the French tablets, little table.

From the table explained that there are no lexemes which have a close

meaning because there is no similar component on each other.

 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

Semantic field is a group of words that are related because they are from

the same area of knowledge or interest. In the study of it, lexicon is the focus

of the study. This study states that lexicon in every language is all lexemes

(words) system which related in meaning, and can be restructured as phoneme

in grammatical study and a lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological

analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are

different forms of the same word.

The research data are lexemes in the semantic field in the health text of

The Global Health and Travel Magazine. The data are analyzed by using the

componential theory (a basic study of lexical field in determining semantics

relations of different lexical components in one lexical field). It also can be

used to define the sense of lexical items in dictionary making. The sense of a

lexical item is the composition of semantic components. Such composition of

semantic components can be analyzed into its component part. The theory is

used to identity components of meaning containing simultaneous semantic

reaction. Positive semantic reaction (+) means “presence of or yes”, negative

semantic reaction (-) means “absence of or not”, positive/negative semantic

reaction (+/-) means that a componential both, „can be yes‟ or „can be not at

all‟.

50
 51

On the basis of such components, lexemes are then classified into some

features of semantic field that make on the table form.

On the basis of analysis that found on the health text in the global health

and travel magazine, there are 6 semantic fields namely, the semantic field of

medical treatment, in the liquid of body, medical center, chronic illness,

healthy occupation, and medicine. Those semantic fields are classified into

lexemes that occur on the every text. Many lexemes of those semantic fields

have a relation each other such as synonym and class inclusion

(superordinate).

B. Suggestions

The researcher suggests for understanding the definition of the

semantic field and its agencies, also the application of the componential

analysis theory. They are the important elements to make easier to analyze

the semantic field on the text and hoping the reader will be easier to know

what the message.

The research uses some health texts of the Global Health and

Travel Magazine as the unit of analysis of the research. The researcher

hopes that for further researches, the coverage can be more expanded to

include more texts, not only health text, but also more than one magazine

in order to have an extra comprehensive research in analyzing the semantic

field theory and the application of the componential analysis theory.

 52

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