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JCMDX YZ[\]^_[`a VIRJCb FDcD KNGcIN HIdIN IC HI FTVMDHGJN FDL VTcJ eGOGf
CJLFGJ IC HIKbVGMD HI CJ VJLMJ gI ILMNIOJHD hJ CJ iVKDVJjX MJLMD gNILMI J CJV
LDeIHJHIV KNDgJLJV HIC CILOTJkI FDcD J CJV FDLMNJHGFFGDLIV HI TLJ gJCVJ FGILf
FGJl mGINMJcILMI STI LD WJ WJdGHD nKDFJ IL CJ STI LD WJPJ VGHD LIFIVJNGJ
IVMJ eGOGCJLFGJ HIC KJVMDN VTKNIcD KTIV LTLFJ WJL gJCMJHDX KDN GLVMGOJFGbL HIC
ILIcGOD HIC OnLIND WTcJLDX opqrstu vwt txutyzx {p|}s~xzu ts€tsuzu‚ |ozsƒ
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t„ tsspsl‡ ˆIND HIdIcDV NIFDLDFIN STI IL IVMDV ‰CMGcDV MGIcKDV IC L‰cIND HI
CDV ILIcGODV HI CJ FNTŠ HI ‹^_[`a WJ JTcILMJHD ILDNcIcILMI PX TMGCGŠJLHD
MnFLGFJV JdVDCTMJcILMI LTIeJV P JVMTMJVX VI IVgTINŠJL KDN JODMJN CJV ILINOŒJV
eGMJCIV HI CJ OCIVGJ P WJVMJ STINNŒJL HIVMNTGN IC NIGLD HI ‹^_[`aŽ VG IVMD gTINJ
KDVGdCIl ˆDN IVD LD KDHIcDV KINcJLIFIN FJCCJHDV KDN cV MGIcKD LD eJPJ J
VIN STI HIcDV CJ GcKNIVGbL HI IVMJN gJCMJLHD JC cV VJFNDVJLMD HI LTIVMNDV
HIdINIV P CJ FDcKNILVGbLX STI WJVMJ JWDNJ WIcDV MILGHD IVKINJLHD eIN TLJ
NIFMGEFJFGbLX VIJ GLMINKNIMJHJ FDcD TL JdJLHDLD HI UTIVMND DEFGDl
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LD IV LIFIVJNGD dTVFJN J CDV gJdNGFJLMIV HI INNDNIV ILMNI CDV ILIcGODV JdGINMDV
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cGVcD HI CJ OCIVGJ P VDL KDN ICCD MJLMD cV KICGONDVDV FTJLMD STI VDL cV
HGgŒFGCIV HI HIVFTdNGNl UDV NIgINGcDVX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX J MJLMDV VIOCJNIV PX
CD STI IV cV CJVMGcDVDX J MJLMDV VJFINHDMIV STI FDL TL gJCVD JcDN J CJ OCIVGJX
VGL LGLO‰L VbCGHD gTLHJcILMD ECDVbEFD LG MIDCbOGFDX GLFCTVD GcKNIOLJHDV HI
HDFMNGLJV ILeILILJHJV STI GLDFTCJL WJVMJ CJ cnHTCJ HI CDV WTIVDV HI CJ OCIVGJX
VI JCŠJL FDcD NIgDNcJHDNIV FDL TLJ JdVDCTMJ gJCMJ HI WTcGCHJHÄ FDcD IknNFGMD
FDcKJFMD JNNIcIMIL FDLMNJ CD cV VJLMD STI WJP IL CJ DdNJ HI ‹^_[`a P LG
VGSTGINJ NIVKIMJL CJ KINVDLJ HIC HGeGLD ÅIHILMDN J STGIL FDL VJFNŒCIOJ DVJHŒJ
NIHTFIL J CJ FJMIODNŒJ HI KTND P VGcKCI WDcdNIl
B MDHDV ICCDV CDV GLFCTGcDV ILMNI CDV ILIcGODV J‰L FTJLHD ICCDV cGVcDV VI
JVDcdNILl ˆIND HIkJLHD JKJNMI VTV GLMILFGDLIVX STI VbCD Æ_a[ KTIHI kTŠOJNX
LJHGI STI FDLDŠFJ VTV HDFMNGLJV P VT cDHD HI WJdCJN P HI JFMTJN KDHN IÇf
MNJRJNVI HI CD STI HIFGcDVl È LD IÇJOINJNŒJ STGIL CDV GLFCTPIVI ILMNI CDV KIDNIV
JHeINVJNGDV HI CJ OCIVGJ KTIVX FDcD WIcDV HGFWDX LD KDN gTINJ VGLD HIVHI IC
cGVcD GLMINGDN HI CJ OCIVGJ CCIeJL J FJdD VT KINeINVJ JFMGeGHJHl ˆDN IVD IC
KICGOND VI ILFTILMNJ cIMGHD IL CJV eILJV P IL CJV ILMNJRJV HI CJ OCIVGJ FDL
cTFWJ cJPDN IEFJFGJ HJRGLJ KTIVMD STI FDLDFIL MJL ŒLMGcJcILMI J CJ OCIVGJl
B MDHD IVMD VI JRJHI STI LD JMJFJL CJV NJcJV D CDV NIMDRDV VGLD CJV NJŒFIV
cGVcJV HI CJ gI P VTV cV KNDgTLHJV EdNJVl È TLJ eIŠ HJRJHJ IVMJ NJŒŠ HI
GLcDNMJCGHJH GLMILMJL KNDKJOJN IC eGNTV KDN MDHD IC NdDC HI MJC cJLINJ STI
LD WJP JVKIFMD HI CJ eINHJH FJMbCGFJ IL HDLHI LD KDLOJL VT cJLD P STI LD
MNJMIL HI FDNNDcKINl icKCIJL MJCIV MFMGFJV KJNJ WJFIN HJRD STI LD VI ILf
FTILMNJL DMNJV cV cJCeJHJV LG cV GLVGHGDVJVX VDL TLJ cIŠFCJ HI NJFGDLJCGVMJ
P FJMbCGFD MJL WdGCcILMI KNIVILMJHJ STI FDL gJFGCGHJH ILOJRJL J CDV GLFJTMDV
P VDL WJVMJ MJC KTLMD DVJHDV STI LD WJP FDLVIFTILFGJ STI CIV HIMILOJ D STI
LD cJLMILOJL FDL ENcI DdVMGLJFGbLl BHIcV VTICIL CCIeJN TLJ eGHJ CCILJ HI
JFMGeGHJH FDL ONJL HIHGFJFGbL JC IVMTHGD P TLJV FDVMTcdNIV GLMJFWJdCIV STI
CIV JMNJI CJ IVMGcJ HI MDHDVX CD FTJC IV cTP JHIFTJHD KJNJ ILOJRJNCIVl ˆIND CD
STI WJFI KILVJN STI LD MGILI NIcIHGD IV STI MGILIL IC IVKŒNGMT MJL JdVDNdGHD
KDN VTV HDFMNGLJV STI LD JHcGMIL LGLOTLJ JTMDNGHJH LG JFIKMJL LGLO‰L gNILD
PX FDcD DdNJL FDL FDLFGILFGJ INNbLIJX FNIIL STI IV FICD KDN CJ eINHJH CD STI
IL NIJCGHJH VbCD IV IgIFMD HI CJ VDdINdGJ P HI CJ DdFIFJFGbLl ÃJdŒJcDV IVKINJf
HD FDLVIOTGN STI JCO‰L HŒJ IVMDV WDcdNIV NIFMGEFJNJL VT FDLHTFMJ JHDKMJLHD
KNGcIND TLJ JFMGMTH GLHTCOILMIX FDcD WGkDV UTIVMNDV STI VDLÄ HIVKTnV VGILf
HD cV VIeINDV P KDN ‰CMGcDX J‰L FDLMNJ LTIVMNDV HIVIDVX WIcDV MILGHD STI
NIKNILHINCIV K‰dCGFJcILMIl QJdnGV dGILX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX STI MDHD WJ VGf
HD GL‰MGCX VI VDcIMŒJL TL cDcILMD KJNJ eDCeIN J CIeJLMJN CJ FJdIŠJ cV CCILDV
HI VDdINdGJl QG VI MNJMJVI VbCD HI ICCDV STGŠ WJVMJ KDHNŒJcDV KJVJN MDHD IVMD
KDN JCMDX KIND VI MNJMJ HIC KNIVMGOGD P HI CJ MNJLSTGCGHJH HI CJ NICGOGbL FJMbCGFJl
ˆDN MJLMDX IV KNIFGVD GLMINNTcKGN TL VGCILFGD STI VINŒJ FNGcGLJC KNDCDLOJN P
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CJ MFMGFJ GLVGHGDVJ HI LD IÇKDLIN VTV HDFMNGLJV DNOLGFJcILMI IVMNTFMTNJHJV
VGLD HIVJNMGFTCJHJV KJNJ STI KJNIŠFJL GLFDLIÇJV P KDFD FDLFNIMJVX FTJLHD IL
NIJCGHJH VDL ENcIV P FDLVGVMILMIVX CD KNGcIND STI WJP STI WJFIN IV KNIVILMJN
IVJV HDFMNGLJV IL VT FDLkTLMD VIRJCJLHD CDV CJŠDV STI CJV TLIL P J FDLMGLTJFGbL
HIMINcGLJN CJV FJTVJV HI CDV INNDNIV I GLHGFJN CDV NIcIHGDV JHIFTJHDV KJNJ
JMJkJN IC cJCl
ˆJNJ KNDFIHIN DNHILJHJcILMI IL cJMINGJ MJL FDcKCIkJ WJP STI IcKIŠJN
JHeGNMGILHD STI FJHJ cDHINLGVMJ IV FDcD CJ VŒLMIVGV HI eJNGDV KINVDLJkIVØ IC
ECbVDgDX IC FNIPILMIX IC MIbCDODX IC WGVMDNGJHDNX IC FNŒMGFDX IC JKDCDOGVMJ P IC NIf
gDNcJHDNl mDLeGILI GN HGVMGLOTGILHD TLD KDN TLD J MDHDV IVMDV KINVDLJkIV VG
VI STGINI FDLDFIN dGIL VT VGVMIcJ P CCIOJN WJVMJ CDV KNGLFGKGDV HI VTV HDFMNGLJV
P FJCGdNJN VTV FDLVIFTILFGJVl
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CJ HDFMNGLJ ECDVbEFJ CCJcJHJ zêxpu}~|~uqpë
ìJ NJŠbL WTcJLJ IVM NIFCTGHJ IL IC cdGMD HI CDV ítxîqtxpu IV
HIFGNX IL CJ JKJNGILFGJ STI KNIVILMJL CJV FDVJV P IL CJV gDNcJV HI
IVJ JKJNGILFGJl iC WDcdNI LD MGILI LG HINIFWD LG gJFTCMJHIV KJNJ
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KJŠ HI ICIeJNVI WJVMJ Æ_a[ P HI FDLDFIN VT IÇGVMILFGJ J MNJenV HI
CJV FDVJV STI VI eILl òI ICCD NIVTCMJ STI Æ_a[ LD KTIHI VINX HI
LGLO‰L cDHDX DdkIMD HGNIFMD HI CJ FGILFGJ P STI Æ_a[ LD KTIHIX IL
JdVDCTMDX VIN VTkIMD WGVMbNGFDl
mDL IVMDV KNIVTKTIVMDV FTJCSTGINJ KTIHI JHeINMGN STn IV CD STI STIHJ HI CJ
}tp„pêóz xz}wsz„ HI CDV qp}~€pu {t |st{~r~„~{z{ P HI CJ st€t„z|~îx tô}tsxzõ MDHD
IVMD STIHJ dJNNGHD KDN CDV cDHINLGVMJV P CD NIHTFIL J TL ~x}t„t|}wz„~uqp STI
VIO‰L ICCDVØ
öTIeI J NGVJ P IV TL VGVMIcJ cTINMD WJFI PJ MGIcKDl
UG VGSTGINJ CDV HIMGILI IC WIFWD HI STI CJ OCIVGJ PJ WJ FDLHILJHD FDL MDHJ
FCJNGHJH IVMDV cDLVMNTDVDV INNDNIVl iC mDLFGCGD ÂJMGFJLD HIFNIMbØ ÷~ z„êw~tx
{~ø tst vwt ù~pu wxp … €ts{z{tsp ústz{ps … ÷typs xwtu}sp xp wt{t uts |pxpƒ
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HIC zêxpu}~|~uqp STI LD IV cV STI GOLDNJLFGJX JC z}tóuqp FGILMŒEFD I WGVMbNGFD
STI IV TLJ KTNJ LIOJFGbLl È IL FDLVIFTILFGJ KDN cIHGD HI STn NJFGDFGLGDX HIVHI
GOLDNJN VG Æ_a[ WJ GLMINeILGHD D LD IL CJ WGVMDNGJ HIC OnLIND WTcJLDX eJL J
KJNJN IL TLJ IÇKCGFJFGbL HI IVJ WGVMDNGJ JC cJNOIL HI Æ_a[Ž FDcD VG NIJCcILMI
Æ_a[ LD WTdGINJ GLMINeILGHDl ìDV cDHINLGVMJV HJL KDN VILMJHD STIØ
ìJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ HIdIL VIN JMIJVÄ IL IC cdGMD HI TLJ P DMNJ
VbCD WJP CTOJN KJNJ ítxîqtxpuõ Æ_a[ P CD HGeGLD IVML IÇFCTGHDVl
öV JHICJLMI eINIcDV CJV FDLVIFTILFGJV J CJV STI IVMJ HDFMNGLJ JdVTNHJ H
DNGOIL IL CD STI VI NIEINI J CJ KINVDLJ VJONJHJ HI ‹^_[`aŽ J CDV cGVMINGDV HI
VT eGHJ P HI VT cTINMIX J VT NIVTNNIFFGbL P J VT JVFILFGbL J CDV FGICDVl
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iVMI zêxpu}~|~uqp LD IV cV STI IC JVKIFMD LIOJMGeD HI CJ HDFMNGLJ cDf


HINLGVMJX IC JVKIFMD KDVGMGeD CD DgNIFI CJ CCJcJHJ ~xqzxtx|~z €~}z„ iC KJVD HIC
TLD JC DMND VI CCIeJ J FJdD HIC VGOTGILMI cDHDØ

mDcD FTJCSTGIN DMND WIFWD CJ NICGOGbLX VIJ LJMTNJC D VDdNILJMTNJCX


HIdI MILIN TLJ IÇKCGFJFGbLl ˆTIVMD STI VI NIFWJŠJ CJ MIDCDOŒJ LJf
MTNJC LD VI JHcGMIL CDV cDMGeDV HI FNIHGdGCGHJH FDcD FJcGLD WJFGJ
CJ NIeICJFGbL P MJcKDFD VI JFIKMJ LGLOTLJ NIeICJFGbL IÇMINLJÄ CJ
IÇKCGFJFGbLX KTIVX LD KDHN ILFDLMNJNVI gTINJ HIC WDcdNIØ IV IL IC
GLMINGDN HIC KNDKGD WDcdNI IL HDLHI WJP STI dTVFJNCJl ˆIND FDcD CJ
NICGOGbL IV TLJ gDNcJ HI eGHJX CJ IÇKCGFJFGbL IVMJN IÇFCTVGeJcILMI
IL CJ cGVcJ eGHJ HIC WDcdNIl ˆDN IVMI FJcGLD VI CCIOJ J IVMJdCIFIN
IC KNGLFGKGD HI CJ ~xqzxtx|~z st„~ê~puz igIFMGeJcILMIX IC KNGcIN
cDeGcGILMD HI MDHD gILbcILD eGMJC fCJ NICGOGbL KDN IkIcKCDf JNNJLf

FJ HI TLJ FGINMJ GLHGOILFGJ D HI TL FGINMD GcKTCVD FTPJ KNGcINJ


IÇKNIVGbL IV IVI cDeGcGILMD HIC FDNJŠbL STI CCJcJcDV utx}~q~tx}p
ˆTIVMD STI IC DdkIMD HI CJ NICGOGbL IV Æ_a[ CJ FDLFCTVGbL VI GcKDLIØ

CJ gIX STI IV KNGLFGKGD P gTLHJcILMD HI MDHJ NICGOGbLX NIVGHI IL


TL VILMGcGILMD ŒLMGcD STI dNDMJ J FJTVJ HI CJ GLHGOILFGJ HI CD
HGeGLDl ˆDN DMNJ KJNMI IVMJ GLHGOILFGJX STI LD VI WJFI VILMGN VGLD
IL HIMINcGLJHJV FGNFTLVMJLFGJV gJeDNJdCIVX KINMILIFI IL NIJCGHJH
JC cdGMD HI CJ FDLFGILFGJÄ IL TL KNGcIN cDcILMD IVM CJMILMI
IL IC gDLHD HI CJ FDLFGILFGJ fIL CD STI CJ ECDVDgŒJ cDHINLJ CCJcJ
uwr|px|~tx|~zf HDLHI MGILI WIFWJHJ VT NJŒŠ IVFDLHGHJ I GLJFFIVGdCIl
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BWDNJ WJdNŒJ STI KNIOTLMJN FbcD IVMJ GLHGOILFGJ HI CD HGeGLDX JC VIN VILMGHJ
KDN IC WDcdNIX VI FDLeGINMI IL NICGOGbLl B IVMD CDV cDHINLGVMJV NIVKDLHILØ
ìJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ IVML FINFJHJV ILMNI HDV CŒcGMIVX TLD IÇf
MINLD STI IV IC cTLHD eGVGdCI P DMND GLMINLD STI IV CJ FDLFGILFGJl
mTJLHD CJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ CCIOJL J IVMDV CŒcGMIV PJ LD KTIHIL
HJN TL KJVD KTIV cV JCC IVM CD ~x|pêxpu|~r„t mDCDFJHJ gNILMI J
IVMI ~x|pêxpu|~r„t fPJ VIJ STI IVMn gTINJ HIC WDcdNIX cV JCC HI

CJ LJMTNJCIŠJ eGVGdCIÄ PJ VIJ STI IVMn IL CD KNDgTLHD HI CJ uwr|pxƒ


|~tx|~zf CJ GLHGOILFGJ HI CD HGeGLDX VGL LGLO‰L kTGFGD KNIeGDX hP IVMD
IV {tóuqpj VTVFGMJ TL KIFTCGJN utx}~q~tx}p IL IC IVKŒNGMT GLFCGLJf
HD J CJ NICGOGbLl iVMI VILMGcGILMD CCIeJ IL VŒ CJ stz„~{z{ HI Æ_a[Ž


MJLMD DdkIMD FDcD FJTVJ HI IVI cGVcD VILMGcGILMD P JHIcV TLIX


IL FGINMD cDHDX JC WDcdNI FDL Æ_a[ 
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B IVMI utx}~q~tx}p CDV cDHINLGVMJV CD CCJcJL gI P IV KJNJ ICCDV IC KNGLFGKGD HI
CJ NICGOGbLl
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ˆIND LD JFJdJ IL IVMD CJ ECDVDgŒJ DX cV IÇJFMJcILMIX IC HICGNGD HI CDV


cDHINLGVMJVl UD VI CGcGMJL J CDFJCGŠJN CJ gI IL IVMI utx}~q~tx}p VGLD STI JENcJL
STI FDL CJ gI P IL CJ gIX MJC FDcD ICCDV CJ ILMGILHILX MGILI CTOJN CJ st€t„z|~îxë
Tn cV VI KTIHI KIHGN KJNJ CJ NIeICJFGbL UD IV PJ NIeICJFGbL
fD JC cILDV TL GLGFGD HI NIeICJFGbLf IVI utx}~q~tx}p NICGOGDVD STI

 

dNDMJ IL CJ FDLFGILFGJ ˆDN STn LD KTIHI VIN Æ_a[ cGVcD STGIL VI


cJLGEIVMJ JC JCcJ fJTLSTI HI TL cDHD FDLgTVDf IL IVI utx}~q~tx}p



NICGOGDVD


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mDcD Æ_a[ IV JC cGVcD MGIcKD DdkIMD P FJTVJ HI CJ gIX IVJ NIeIf
CJFGbL VI NIEINI J Æ_a[ P HI Æ_a[ KNDFIHIÄ MGILI J Æ_a[ FDcD
NIeICJHDN P FDcD NIeICJHDl
òI JSTŒX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX CJ JdVTNHJ JENcJFGbL HI CDV cDHINLGVMJVØ
DHJ NICGOGbL IV JC cGVcD MGIcKD LJMTNJC P VDdNILJMTNJCX VIO‰L VI
cGNIl


òI JSTŒ STI FDLFGILFGJ P NIeICJFGbL eILOJL J VIN CJ cGVcJ FDVJÄ HI JSTŒ IC STI
VI FDLVMGMTPJ J CJ |px|~tx|~z st„~ê~puz FDcD NIOCJ TLGeINVJC ISTGeJCILMI J CJ
NIeICJFGbL J CJ STI VI WJL HI VDcIMIN MDHDVX GLFCTVD CJ VTKNIcJ JTMDNGHJH HI
CJ OCIVGJX MJLMD IL VT cGVGbL HI ILVIRJN FDcD IL CJ HI CIOGVCJN VDdNI CD VJONJHD
D CD HGVFGKCGLJNl
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iL MDHD IVMI KNDFIVD STI VIO‰L CDV cDHINLGVMJV HJ DNGOIL J CJ gI P J CJ


NIeICJFGbL WJP STI KNIVMJN KJNMGFTCJN JMILFGbL J TL KTLMD HI ONJL GcKDNMJLFGJ
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NICGOGDLIV gJCVJVl QbCD KDHNŒJL WJFINCD dJVLHDVI IL CJ gJCVIHJH HIC utx}~q~tx}p
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KJNJ VIN eINHJHINJX CD ‰LGFD STI KNIFGVJ IV IVMJN HI JFTINHD FDL IC VILMGcGILMD
P FDL IC WDcdNI STI FNIIX FTJCSTGINJ STI VIJ VT JOTHIŠJ cILMJCl TGŠ KDHNŒJL
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TI CJ NICGOGbL FJMbCGFJX KDN MILIN cV eGHJX MGILI MJcdGnL cV


eINHJHÄ P STI IV cV HGOLJ HIC LDcdNI FNGVMGJLD KDNSTI NIVKDLHI


FDL cV KCILGMTH JC FNGVMGJLGVcD KNGcGMGeDl


B LJHGI KTIHI IÇMNJRJN STI VI CCIOTI J IVMJV FDLFCTVGDLIV KJNMGILHD HI CDV
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FJMbCGFDV I GLFCTVD VJFINHDMIVX J STGILIV IVMJV cDLVMNTDVGHJHIV WDNNDNGŠJL f
VIO‰L STINIcDV FNIINfX JFM‰JL FDcD VG IVMTeGIVIL KCILJcILMI HI JFTINHD FDL
ICCJVl QDL MJCIV CDV ICDOGDV STI HIHGFJL J STGILIV ILVIRJL IVMDV INNDNIVX MJLMDV
VDL CDV WDLDNIV STI K‰dCGFJcILMI CIV MNGdTMJLX STI HJL KGI J KILVJN STI CD
STI KNIMILHIL IV WDLNJN LD J CJV KINVDLJVX STI STGŠ cINIŠFJL TLJ FGINMJ
FDLVGHINJFGbLX VGLD J CDV cGVcDV INNDNIV STI JdGINMJcILMI ILVIRJL P KDLIL
MDHD VT IcKIRD IL HGgTLHGNCDV ILMNI IC KTIdCDl
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iVMJ HDFMNGLJ JVGcGVcD MGILI DMND JVKIFMD STI IVM IL JdGINMJ FDLMNJHGf
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LJ FDcTLGFJFGbL FDL DMNJV KINVDLJV KDN cIHGD HI CJ KNIHGFJFGbL
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st„~ê~pup STGŠ JHDNcIFGHDX P NILDeJN CJ tôts~tx|~z PJ WJdGHJX
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KDHNL ILFDLMNJNVI PX IL FDLVIFTILFGJX LD ILMNJNL IL FDCGVGbLl


QG JCOTGIL DdkIMJ STI ILMNI CJV FDVJV eGVGdCIV WJP JCOTLJVX FDcD CJ eGHJ WTcJLJ
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BVŒX J STGIL KCJLMIJVI CJ FTIVMGbL HI VG ‹^_[`a NIJCGŠb eINHJHINDV cGCJONDV P


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ˆIND IVMJV KDVMTNJV LD VDL FDLMNJNGJV KTIV TLD LGIOJ FDcD ECbf
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TL FJKŒMTCD VGLD KDN MNIVØ
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VT HINIFWD HI FDLDFIN JFINFJ HI CJ GHIJ HI Æ_a[X HI DNGILMJN VT
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CJ FGILFGJ HI cJLINJ STI CJ gI LD IVMn IL HGVFDNHJLFGJ FDL CJ GHIJ


OILINJC STI CJ FGILFGJ KNIVILMJ HI IVMI cTLHDl BVΠNIVTCMJ STI CJ
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FDLVIFTILMIX IL MDHDX FDL VTV ILVIRJLŠJVl öTFWDV HI VTV IVFNGMDV P HI VTV
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CJ FTJC ILVIRJ STI JVŒ IeDCTFGDLJNDL CJV FDVJVl ˆINDX LD DdVMJLMI
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VIcGCCJ VI KTIHI HIFGN STI MDHDV CDV FNGVMGJLDV eGeIL CJ eGHJ HI
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HGD DNGOIL IL IC MNJLVFTNNGN HIC MGIcKD J CJ OCIVGJ P J CDV QJFNJcILf


MDVX VI KTIHI HIFGN FDL MDHJ NJŠbL STI VT DNGOIL IVM IL ‹^_[`a P
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mDcD CJ JTMDNGHJH LD VI IkINFI VGLD KDN cIHGD HI JFMDV IÇMINLDVX


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cIL MDHD FTCMD VJONJHD IÇMINLD P MDHJ VDFGIHJH NICGOGDVJ IÇMINLJ MNJMJLHD HI
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FTLVMJLFGJVX IÇMNJPILHD €~}z„qtx}t HI nVMJV CD STI CI INJ HI KNDeIf
FWD IL CJV gDNcJV HDFMNGLJCIVX FTCMTJCIV P IFCIVGVMGFJVÄ P MDHD ICCD
JC cGVcD MGIcKD STI VTKINJdJ DdVMFTCDVX CTFWJdJ FDLMNJ CDV JHf
eINVJNGDV P VDdNIeGeŒJ J CJV KINVIFTFGDLIV P J CJV CTFWJVl QG HIVKTnV
HI WJdIN HIcDVMNJHD MDHD IVMD fDdVMFTCDVX JHeINVJNGDVX KINVIFTf
FGDLIVX CTFWJV I GLFCTVD CJ gIFTLHGHJH HI CJ OCIVGJf LD VI CCIOJ J TLJ
IÇKCGFJFGbL cTP VJMGVgJFMDNGJ HI CJ WGVMDNGJ IFCIVGVMGFJX JTLSTI VI
WJPJL VIOTGHD CJV CIPIV HI CJ IeDCTFGbLX ILMDLFIV VI LDV JKJNIFI P
VI LDV DgNIFI HI KDN VΠCD {tu|pxp|~{p

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IL ICCJ cTFWJV FDVJV STI DgILHIL J CDV IVKŒNGMTVl i GLFCTVDX LD VGL FGINMJ VJf
MGVgJFFGbLX GLVGVMIL JdGINMJcILMI IL STI MJcdGnL IL IC JVKIFMD HDOcMGFD VI
HJL INNDNIV P FDLMNJHGFFGDLIVÄ JTLSTI JRJHIL STI LD VbCD VDL kTVMGEFJdCIV
IVDV INNDNIV VGLD STI fP IVMJ JENcJFGbL FJTVJ IVMTKDNf VI KNDHTkINDL kTVMJ P
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CJ CbOGFJ eGMJC CJV KINcGMIX LD eJL FDLMNJ CJ eINHJH VGcdbCGFJ KTIV
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QGL IcdJNODX IC STI MDHJeŒJ LD FNII KTIHI HGVKDLINVI KJNJ CJ gI LD VbCD FDL
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WDcdNI HI STI Ø

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DFTCMDV TL FGINMD HIVID P TLJ FGINMJ IÇGOILFGJ HI JCOTLJ NICGOGbL P
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JTLSTI LD JHcGMIL CJ HDFMNGLJ HI CJ ~xqzxtx|~z CJ TMGCGŠJL IL VT JKDCDOnMGFJ
P CD WJFIL FDL MJC gJCMJ HI VILVJMnŠ STI JENcJL LD VbCD STI IL CJ LJMTNJCIŠJ WTf
cJLJ WJP TLJ FJKJFGHJH P TLJ HGVKDVGFGbL JC DNHIL VDdNILJMTNJCX FDVJ STI CDV
JKDCDOGVMJV FJMbCGFDV WJL JHcGMGHD VGIcKNI fFDL CJV HIdGHJV KTLMTJCGŠJFGDLIVfX
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cDHINLGVMJV VTcJNGJcILMI IÇKTIVMD IV HIC MDHD FDLONTILMI FDL VTV HDFMNGLJVX
JKMD KJNJ HIVMNTGN P LD KJNJ IHGEFJNX LD KJNJ WJFIN FJMbCGFDV VGLD KJNJ CCIeJNCDV
J CJ WINIkŒJ I GLFCTVD KJNJ CCIOJN J HIVMNTGN MDMJCcILMI FTJCSTGIN NICGOGbLl
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BCOD STIHJ KDN JRJHGN VDdNI IC cDHINLGVMJ NIgDNcJHDNl ìD STI WIcDV


eILGHD HGFGILHD cTIVMNJ HI VDdNJ WJVMJ STn KTLMD IVMDV WDcdNIV MGILIL TL
GLFDLMILGdCI JgL HI LDeIHJHIVl iVMI JgL VI IÇMGILHI JdVDCTMJcILMI J MDHD CD
STI IV FJMbCGFDl
TGINIL NILDeJN CJ ECDVDgŒJX IVKIFGJCcILMI IL CDV VIcGLJNGDVX KJNJ STI NIf
FCTPILHD CJ ECDVDgŒJ IVFDCVMGFJ IL TL FJKŒMTCD cV HI CJ WGVMDNGJ HI CJ ECDVDgŒJ


FDcD TL VGVMIcJ PJ VTKINJHDX VI ILVIRI J CDV kbeILIV TLJ ECDVDgŒJ STI NIVKDLHJ
NIJCcILMI J LTIVMND MGIcKDl
ˆJNJ NILDeJN CJ MIDCDOŒJ STGINIL STI CJ MIDCDOŒJ STI CCJcJcDV NJFGDLJC VI
gTLHJcILMI IL CJ ECDVDgŒJ cDHINLJl ˆNDKTOLJL STI CJ MIDCDOŒJ KDVGMGeJ VI
JKDPI IL CJ WGVMDNGJ HI CDV HDOcJVl
iÇGOIL STI CJ WGVMDNGJ VI IVFNGdJ P VI ILVIRI FDL VT cnMDHD P FDL CDV
VGVMIcJV cDHINLDVl òGFIL STI CDV HDOcJV P VT IeDCTFGbL VI WJL HI JNcDLGŠJN
FDL CJ FGILFGJ P FDL CJ WGVMDNGJl
iL FTJLMD J CJ FJMISTIVGV STGINIL STI IL CDV CGdNDV HI FJMIFGVcD VbCD VI
GLFCTPJL CDV HDOcJV STI WJPJL VGHD NIgDNcJHDV P STI IVMnL JC JCFJLFI HIC
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BFINFJ HIC FTCMD KGHIL STI VI NIHTŠFJL CJV NICGOGDLIV IÇMINLJV P STI VI KNDf
WGdJ STI VTNkJL DMNJV LTIeJVl BTLSTI WJP JCOTLDV KJNMGHJNGDV HIC VGcdDCGVcD
STI IL IVMD VDL cV MDCINJLMIVl
mCJcJL KDN STI IC NnOGcIL HI CJ OCIVGJ VIJ NIgDNcJHDX IVKIFGJCcILMI IL VTV
JVKIFMDV HGVFGKCGLJN P HDOcMGFDl iL CD GLMINLD P IL CD IÇMINLD HIdIL JHIFTJNVI
J CJ STI CCJcJL FDLFGILFGJ cDHINLJX STI MGILHI J CJ HIcDFNJFGJÄ KDN IVD WJL
HI KJNMGFGKJN IL IC NnOGcIL HI CJ OCIVGJ IC FCIND GLgINGDN P CDV CJGFDVX NIKJNMGILHD
JVŒ CJ JTMDNGHJH STI IVM HIcJVGJHD FDLFILMNJHJ P FILMNJCGŠJHJl
BVGcGVcD STGINIL STI VI NIgDNcIL CJV mDLONIOJFGDLIV ÅDcJLJVX VDdNI MDHD
CJ HIC ÷zx}p |~p P CJ HIC x{~|t
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IL CJV FTIVMGDLIV KDCŒMGFJV P VDFGJCIV HI cDHD STI VI GLHIKILHGFI HI CDV DNHIf


LJcGILMDV FGeGCIV P STIX JC cGVcD MGIcKDX VI JHJKMI J ICCDV P CDV GcKNIOLI HI


VT IVKŒNGMTl
iL FTIVMGbL HI FDVMTcdNIV JHDKMJL CJ KDVMTNJ JcINGFJLGVMJØ
ìJV eGNMTHIV JFMGeJV VI WJL HI JLMIKDLIN J CJV KJVGeJV P MJcdGnL
VI WJL HI FTCMGeJN FDL KNIgINILFGJ J nVMJVl
òIVIJL TL FCIND STI eGeJ CJ WTcGCHJH P CJ KDdNIŠJ JLMGOTJVX KIND STI IL VTV
GHIJV JHDKMI CDV KNGLFGKGDV cDHINLGVMJVl
ˆDN ‰CMGcD WJP STGILIVX VGOTGILHD OTVMDVDV J CDV cJIVMNDV KNDMIVMJLMIVX
HIVIJL STI VI VTKNGcJ IC FICGdJMD HI CDV VJFINHDMIVl
Tn HIkJL GLMJFMD IL CJ OCIVGJ STI LD HIdJ VIN NIgDNcJHD KDN ICCDV P VIO‰L
VTV GHIJV


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ˆTIHI STI JCOTGIL KGILVIX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX STI LDV WIcDV IÇMILHGHD
HIcJVGJHD IL CJ IÇKDVGFGbL HI IVMJ HDFMNGLJ cDHINLGVMJl iNJ JdVDCTMJcILMI
LIFIVJNGD MJLMD KJNJ STI LD LDV IFWIL IL FJNJ fJVΠVTICIL WJFINCDfX STI LD FDLDf
FIcDV KDN HDLHI JLHJLX FDcD KJNJ KDLIN HI cJLGEIVMD STI FTJLHD VI WJdCJ
HI cDHINLGVcD LD VI WJdCJ HI TLJ VINGI HI HDFMNGLJV eJOJV P HGVKINVJV VGLD HI
TL eINHJHIND FTINKD HI ICCJV IL IC STI JHcGMGILHD TL KTLMD LIFIVJNGJcILMI
VI WJL HI JHcGMGN CDV HIcVl iVMJ WJ VGHD CJ NJŠbL KDN CJ STI WIcDV JHDKMJHD
TL cnMDHD FJVG HGHFMGFDX GLFCTVD TMGCGŠJLHD CDV eDFJdCDV dNdJNDV STI TVJL
CDV cDHINLGVMJVl
öGNJLHD JWDNJ IVMI VGVMIcJ IL VT FDLkTLMD LD FJTVJN JVDcdND VG CD HIEf
LGcDV CCJcLHDCD FDcKILHGD HI MDHJV CJV WINIkŒJVl mGINMJcILMI STI VG JCOTGIL
VI KNDKTVGINJ NITLGN IL TL KTRJHD CJ VTVMJLFGJ P CJ IVILFGJ HI MDHDV CDV INNDNIV
STI VI WJL HJHD IL CJ OCIVGJX LD CD FDLVIOTGNŒJ cIkDN HI CD STI WJL WIFWD CDV
cDHINLGVMJVl iV cVX MJL CIkDV WJL GHD STI LD VbCD WJL HIVMNTGHD CJ NICGOGbL
FJMbCGFJ VGLDX fFDcD PJ WIcDV HGFWDfX FTJCSTGIN DMNJ NICGOGbLl ˆDN IVD FTILMJL
FDL IC JKCJTVD HI CDV NJFGDLJCGVMJV FTPDV cGIcdNDV cV VGLFINDV P JdGINMDV VI
gICGFGMJL HI WJdIN ILFDLMNJHD IL ICCDV CDV FDCJdDNJHDNIV cV IEFJFIVl
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FGDVJ HDFMNGLJ HIC zêxpu}~|~uqp CJ FTJC JENcJ STI IC WDcdNI LD KTIHI CCIOJN
J Æ_a[ KDN cIHGD HI CJ GLMICGOILFGJ KIND VŒ KTIHI WJFINCD J MNJenV HI TL FGINf
MD VILMGcGILMD IVKGNGMTJC P J MNJenV HI CJ JFFGbLl TGnL LD eI CD JdVTNHD HI

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CJV FDVJV KNDKTIVMJV KDN IC GLMICIFMD D KDN CDV VILMGHDV IÇMINLDVl QG VI VTKNGcI


IC GLMICIFMD IC WDcdNIX STI PJ HI KDN VΠIV HJHD J VIOTGN J CDV VILMGHDVX VI


GN MNJV ICCDV FDL cJPDN JeGHnŠl UTIeD JdVTNHDØ MDHJV CJV gJLMJVŒJV JFINFJ HIC
VILMGcGILMD NICGOGDVD LD VDL FJKJFIV HI HJN JC MNJVMI FDL IC VILMGHD FDc‰L IC
FTJC LDV ILVIRJ STI FTJCSTGIN KINMTNdJFGbL D KNIDFTKJFGbL HIC IVKŒNGMT LD VbCD
LD LDV VGNeI HI JPTHJ KJNJ GLHJOJN CJ eINHJH VGLD STI VDL TL DdVMFTCDl UDV
NIgINGcDV J CJ eINHJH IL VŒX KDNSTI IVJ DMNJ eINHJH uwrø t}~€z KNDHTFMD HIC VILf
MGcGILMD GLMINLD P HI CJ JFFGbLX VG dGIL VGNeI KJNJ WJFIN ISTGCGdNGDV eINdJCIVX LD
CI JKNDeIFWJ IL LJHJ JC WDcdNIl iC WDcdNI CD STI STGINI VJdIN IV VG gTINJ HI
nC cGVcD WJP TL Æ_a[ IL FTPJV cJLDV FJINX MJNHI D MIcKNJLDl

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ˆJNJ STIWJFIN MJL CJdDNGDVD VI JPTHJL P IFWJL cJLD HI CJ tôts~tx|~zX cJV


nVMJ LJHJ JRJHI JC VILMGcGILMD IVKGNGMTJCX JdVDCTMJcILMI LJHJÄ VbCD VGNeI KJNJ
WJFINCD cV eIWIcILMIl mDLVIFTILMIcILMI FTJLMD cV JTcILMJ IVJ eIWIcILf
FGJX cV FDLeILFGHD VI IVM HI FDLDFIN CJ eINHJH HIC DdkIMDl öJV IC VILMGcGILMD
IVKGNGMTJC VGOTI VGILHD VILMGcGILMDX LD FJcdGJ VT LJMTNJCIŠJ P fVG LD IVM NIOGf
HD KDN CJ GLMICGOILFGJf VGIcKNI KINcJLIFI VTkIMD JC ILOJRDl mDL MDHD ICCD VI
NDdTVMIFI P VI IVMGcTCJ PJ STI cGILMNJV cV GLMILVGHJH MGILI IC VILMGcGILMDX
cV VILMGcGILMD IVl
QJdnGV dGILX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX STI IL IVMD HIC VILMGcGILMD NICGOGDVD
P HI CJ IÇKINGILFGJ STI CI JFDcKJRJ IV LIFIVJNGJ cTFWJ KNTHILFGJ P cTFWJ
HDFMNGLJ STI JKDPI J IVJ KNTHILFGJl ìD VJdnGV J MNJenV HI eTIVMND MNJMD FDL CJV
JCcJVX VDdNI MDHD FDL JCOTLJV IL STGILIV IC VILMGcGILMD HDcGLJÄ CD VJdnGV KDN
CDV CGdNDV JVFnMGFDV STIX JTLSTI CDV cDHINLGVMJV CDV HIVKNIFGILX FDLMGILIL TLJ
HDFMNGLJ cTFWD cV VbCGHJ P TLJ cV VTMGC JOTHIŠJ HI DdVINeJFGbL STI CJ STI
ICCDV VI JMNGdTPILl UDV KJNIFI TLJ GLVILVJMIŠ fD JC cILDV TLJ ONJL GcKNTHILFGJf
MDcJN FDcD eINHJHINJVX VGL LGLOTLJ GLeIVMGOJFGbLX CJV IÇKINGILFGJV ŒLMGcJV STI
CDV cDHINLGVMJV KNDKJCJLl ˆDN CD HIcV fP HGFWD VIJ HI KJVDfX VG MJLMJ IV CJ
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FDVJ STI VTFIHI cV HI TLJ eIŠ FDL CDV ILIcGODV HI JcdDV HDFTcILMDV PX VDf
dNI MDHDX FTJLHD KNDKTOLJL CDV INNDNIV HI CDV cDHINLGVMJVX IV HIFGN „z stwx~îx
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ÈD Ulll JdNJŠD P JFIKMD ENcIcILMI MDHJV P FJHJ TLJ HI CJV FDVJV STI WJL
VGHD HIELGHJVX JENcJHJV P HIFCJNJHJV KDN IC cJOGVMINGD GLINNJLMI HI CJ OCIVGJX
KNGLFGKJCcILMI JSTICCDV KTLMDV HI HDFMNGLJ STI HGNIFMJcILMI VI DKDLIL J CDV
INNDNIV HI CJ nKDFJ KNIVILMIl
È IL KNGcIN CTOJN KNDgIVD STI Æ_a[Ž KNGLFGKGD P EL HI MDHJV CJV FDVJVX
KTIHI VIN FDLDFGHD FDL FINMIŠJ PX KDN CD cGVcDX MJcdGnL HIcDVMNJHD FDcD CJ
FJTVJ KDN VTV IgIFMDV KDN CJ CTŠ LJMTNJC HI CJ NJŠbL cIHGJLMI CJV FDVJV STI WJL
VGHD WIFWJVX IV HIFGNX KDN CJV DdNJV €~u~r„tu HI CJ FNIJFGbLl
iL VIOTLHD CTOJN JHcGMD P NIFDLDŠFD FDcD VGOLDV FINMŒVGcDV HIC DNGOIL
HGeGLD HI CJ NICGOGbL FNGVMGJLJ CDV JNOTcILMDV IÇMINLDV HI CJ NIeICJFGbLX IVMD
IVX WIFWDV HGeGLDV P IL KNGcIN MnNcGLD CDV cGCJONDV P CJV KNDgIFŒJV P VDVMILOD
STI VDL VDdNIcJLINJ JFDcDHJHDV J CJ GLMICGOILFGJ HI MDHJV CJV nKDFJV P HI CDV
WDcdNIVX J‰L CDV HI IVMI MGIcKDl
iL MINFIN CTOJN FNID GOTJCcILMI FDL gI ENcI STI CJ OCIVGJX OTJNHGJLJ P
cJIVMNJ HI CJ KJCJdNJ NIeICJHJX gTI KNbÇGcJ P HGNIFMJcILMI GLVMGMTGHJ KDN IC
cGVcD eINHJHIND I WGVMbNGFD ‹^_[`a cGILMNJV eGeŒJ ILMNI LDVDMNDV P STI gTI
IHGEFJHJ VDdNI Z ^aŽ KNŒLFGKI HI CJ kINJNSTŒJ JKDVMbCGFJX P VTV VTFIVDNIV KJNJ
VGIcKNIl
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mTJNMDX JFIKMD VGLFINJcILMI CJ HDFMNGLJ HI CJ gI MNJLVcGMGHJ WJVMJ LDVDMNDV


HIVHI CDV BKbVMDCIV KDN cIHGD HI CDV ˆJHNIV DNMDHDÇDV VGIcKNI IL IC cGVcD
VILMGHD P IL CJ cGVcJ VILMILFGJ PX KDN CD MJLMDX HI MDHD KTLMD NIFWJŠD CJ
GLeILFGbL WINnMGFJ HI CJ IeDCTFGbL HI CDV HDOcJV STI KJVJNŒJL HI TL VILMGHD
J DMND HGeINVD HIC STI KNGcIND cJLMTeD CJ OCIVGJl OTJCcILMI FDLHILD MDHD
INNDN KDN IC STI JC HIKbVGMD HGeGLDX ILMNIOJHD J CJ iVKDVJ HI ‹^_[`a P STI
KDN ICCJ WJ HI VIN EICcILMI FTVMDHGJHDX VTVMGMTPI TL GLeILMD ECDVbEFD D TLJ
FNIJFGbL HI CJ FDLFGILFGJ WTcJLJ CILMJcILMI gDNcJHJ KDN IC IVgTINŠD HI CDV
WDcdNIV P STI IL JHICJLMI WJ HI KINgIFFGDLJNVI KDN KNDONIVD GLHIELGHDl
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TGLMDX VDVMILOD FDL MDHJ FINMIŠJ P VGLFINJcILMI KNDgIVD STI CJ gI LD IV TL


VILMGcGILMD FGIOD HI CJ NICGOGbL STI dNDMJ HI CDV IVFDLHNGkDV HI CJ uwr|pxu|~tx|~z


dJkD KNIVGbL HIC FDNJŠbL P CJ GLFCGLJFGbL HI CJ eDCTLMJH gDNcJHJ cDNJCcILMIX


VGLD TL eINHJHIND JVILMGcGILMD HIC ILMILHGcGILMD J CJ eINHJH NIFGdGHJ KDN
gTINJ ps pó{p KDN IC STI FNIIcDV VIN eINHJHINJV CJV FDVJV STI WJL VGHD HGFWJVX
JMIVMGOTJHJV P NIeICJHJV KDN IC Æ_a[ KINVDLJCX FNIJHDN P QIRDN LTIVMNDX P CD
FNIIcDV KDN CJ JTMDNGHJH HI Æ_a[ VTcJcILMI eINJŠl
JcdGnL cI VDcIMD FDL CJ HIdGHJ NIeINILFGJ P HI MDHD FDNJŠbL cI JHWGIND
J CJV FDLHILJFGDLIVX HIFCJNJFGDLIV P KNIVFNGKFGDLIV MDHJV STI VI FDLMGILIL IL


CJ FJNMJ ILFŒFCGFJ zu|tx{~ P IL IC òIFNIMD zqtx}zr~„~ KJNMGFTCJNcILMI IL CD


NICJMGeD J CJ STI CCJcJL WGVMDNGJ HI CDV HDOcJVl
T O

BVGcGVcD NIKNTIdD IC INNDN HI CDV STI JENcJL STI CJ gI KNDKTIVMJ KDN CJ


OCIVGJ KTIHI NIKTOLJN J CJ WGVMDNGJ P STI CDV HDOcJV FJMbCGFDVX IL IC VILMGHD
IL STI JWDNJ VDL ILMILHGHDVX LD KTIHIL FDLFGCGJNVI FDL CDV JTMnLMGFDV DNŒOILIV
HI CJ NICGOGbL FNGVMGJLJl mDLHILD P NIFWJŠD MJcdGnL CJ VILMILFGJ HI JSTICCDV
STI HGFIL STI IC FNGVMGJLD INTHGMD VI NIeGVMI HI HDdCI KINVDLJCGHJHX TLJ HI
FNIPILMI P DMNJ HI WGVMDNGJHDNX FDcD VG gTINJ CŒFGMD JC WGVMDNGJHDN VDVMILIN CD
STI FDLMNJHGFI J CJ gI HIC FNIPILMI D VILMJN KNIcGVJV HI CJV STI VI VGOJ STI CDV
HDOcJV VDL gJCVDV P HTHDVDV FDL MJC HI STI nVMDV LD VI LGIOTIL HGNIFMJcILMIl
ÅIKNTIdD GOTJCcILMI IC cnMDHD HI kTŠOJN I GLMINKNIMJN CJ QJONJHJ iVFNGMTNJ
STIX VGL MILIN IL FTILMJ CJ NJHGFGbL HI CJ OCIVGJX CJ JLJCDOŒJ HI CJ gI P CJV
LDNcJV HI CJ QIHI BKDVMbCGFJX VGOTI CDV HICGNGDV HI CDV sz|~pxz„~u}zu P JdNJŠJX


LD cILDV CGdNI STI MIcINJNGJcILMIX CJ FNŒMGFJ HIC MIÇMD FDcD NIOCJ ‰LGFJ P
VTKNIcJl
ÅIFWJŠD JHIcV CJ VILMILFGJ HI JSTICCDV STI VDVMGILIL STI STGIL ILVIRJ CJ
WGVMDNGJ HI CJ MIDCDOŒJ D IVFNGdI VDdNI IVJV cJMINGJV MGILI STI HIkJN JLMIV J TL
CJHD CJ DKGLGbL KNIFDLFIdGHJX DNJ VDdNI IC DNGOIL VDdNILJMTNJC HI CJ NJHGFGbL
FJMbCGFJX DNJ VDdNI CJ KNDcIVJ HGeGLJ HI TLJ JPTHJ KJNJ CJ FDLVINeJFGbL KINILLI


HI FJHJ TLJ HI CJV eINHJHIV NIeICJHJV P STIX JHIcVX CDV IVFNGMDV HI FJHJ
TLD HI CDV ˆJHNIV WJL HI GLMINKNIMJNVI KDN CDV VDCDV KNGLFGKGDV HI CJ FGILFGJX
IÇFCTGHJ MDHJ JTMDNGHJH VJONJHJ P FDL JSTICCJ CGdINMJH HI kTGFGD FDL STI VTICIL
GLeIVMGOJNVI FTJCIVSTGINJ cDLTcILMDV KNDgJLDVl
òI GOTJC cJLINJ ELJCcILMI cI KNDgIVD MDMJCcILMI JkILD JC INNDN KDN IC STI
CDV qp{tsx~u}zu VDVMGILIL STI IL CJ VJONJHJ NJHGFGbL LD WJP LJHJ HGeGLD DX
CD STI IV cTFWD KIDNX CD JHcGMIL IL VILMGHD KJLMIŒVMGFD HI VTINMI STI PJ LD


STIHI VGLD IC WIFWD IVFTIMD P VILFGCCD STI WJ HI KDLINVI JC LGeIC HI CDV WIFWDV
FDcTLIV HI CJ WGVMDNGJX J VJdINX TLDV WDcdNIV STI KDN VT GLHTVMNGJX GLOILGD P
HGCGOILFGJ FDLMGL‰JL IL CJV IHJHIV VGOTGILMIV CJ IVFTICJ FDcILŠJHJ KDN ús~u}p
P VTV BKbVMDCIVl
ˆDN MJLMDX cJLMILOD ENcŒVGcJcILMI CJ gI HI CDV ˆJHNIV P CJ cJLMILHNn
WJVMJ IC KDVMNIN JCGILMD HI cG eGHJ VDdNI IC FJNGVcJ |~ts}p {t „z €ts{z{ STI
ÎÍ
IVMX IVMTeD P IVMJN VGIcKNI tx „z uw|tu~îx {t„ t~u|pz{p {tu{t „pu îu}p„tuĂ
LD KJNJ STI VI cJLMILOJ CD STI cIkDN P cV JKMD KTIHJ KJNIFIN FDLgDNcI J
S

CJ FTCMTNJ HI FJHJ nKDFJX VGLD KJNJ STI xwx|z ut |stz {t p}sp qp{p xwx|z
{t p}sp qp{p ut tx}~tx{z CJ eINHJH JdVDCTMJ I GLcTMJdCI KNIHGFJHJ HIVHI IC
KNGLFGKGD KDN CDV BKbVMDCIVl
DHD IVMD KNDcIMD STI CD WI HI OTJNHJN ŒLMIONJ P VGLFINJcILMI P FTVMDf
HGJN GLeGDCJdCIcILMIX VGL JKJNMJNcI LTLFJ HI ICCD LG ILVIRJLHD HI DMND cDHD


FTJCSTGINJ HI KJCJdNJ D KDN IVFNGMDl BVΠCD KNDcIMDX JVΠCD kTNDX JVΠcI JPTHI
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l l ˆNIcdTCDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±
l" l ÅJŠbL HI IVMJ iLFŒFCGFJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±
 

      
         
  
" l l ìDV cDHINLGVMJV ECbVDgDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ï
" l l l iC JOLDVMGFGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ï


" l l" l ìJ GLcJLILFGJ eGMJCl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l


 

" l l± l ìJ NICGOGbL IL OILINJCl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l




" l l²l ìJ NIeICJFGbLl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l




" l lÍl ìD GLFDOLDVFGdCIl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l


 

" l lÎ l iC JFMD HI gIl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "


 

" l lïl iC HDOcJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±


 

l" " l ìDV cDHINLGVMJV FNIPILMIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í


 

" l" l l ìJ IÇKINGILFGJ NICGOGDVJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í




" l" l" l ìJ MNJHGFGbLl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Î


 

" l" l± l ìJ gI P CJ FGILFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ï




" l" l²l ìJ FDLHTFMJ HI CDV cDHINLGVMJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l




" l± l ìDV cDHINLGVMJV MIbCDODVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l




" l± l l ìJ GLcJLILFGJ P IC VGcdDCGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l




" l± l" l ìJ KINcJLILFGJ HGeGLJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "


 

" l± l± l iC HDOcJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ""




" l± l²l iC FTCMDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ""


" l± lÍl ìDV ìGdNDV VJONJHDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "±
" l± lÎ l ìJ OCIVGJ IL VŒ cGVcJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "²
" l± lïl ìJ OCIVGJ P DMNJV VDFGIHJHIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "Í
" l± lð l iC öJOGVMINGD HI CJ OCIVGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "Î
" l± l l ìJ IeDCTFGbL HI CJ gIl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l "ï
" l± l l ìJ FDLFGILFGJ HI CDV cDHINLGVMJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l "

" l± l l iNNDNIV PJ JLMGOTDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±




 

Îï
Î𠶾À½³Ë ˾˿´¹
a

" l²l ìDV cDHINLGVMJV WGVMDNGJHDNIV P CDV FNŒMGFDVl l l l l l l l l l l l ±


" l²l l ˆNIkTGFGDV ECDVbEFDfWGVMbNGFDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±


" l²l" l ˆNIkTGFGDV WGVMbNGFDfFNŒMGFDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±"


 

" l²l± l ìDV JTMDNIV HI CJ WGVMDNGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±²


" l²l²l iC cnMDHD WGVMbNGFDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±Í
" lÍl ìDV cDHINLGVMJV JKDCDOGVMJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±Í
" lÍl l ìJ JKDCDOŒJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±Î
" lÍl" l ìJ cILMGNJ DEFGDVJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±ï


" lÍl± l ÃDLDN J CJ FDLMNJHGFFGbLl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±ð


" lÍl²l ìJ GLcJLILFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±ð
" lÍlÍl ÃJFGJ CJ WINIkŒJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±
" lÎ l ìDV cDHINLGVMJV NIgDNcJHDNIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±

" lÎ l l BgL HI LDeIHJHIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ±


" lïl mDcKILHGD HI WINIkŒJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²




" lïl l iC JOLDVMGFGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²




" lïl" l iC VILMGcGILMD P CJ IÇKINGILFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²


 

" lïl± l iC VGcdDCGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²"




" lïl²l iC KJLMIGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²"


" lïlÍl iC JMIGVcDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²"
            
   
±l l iC INNDN HI CJ GLMICGOILFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²±
± l" l ìJ VDdINdGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²±


± l± l ìJ GOLDNJLFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²²
± l²l ìJ KNDKJOJFGbLl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²²
± l²l l mDLMNJ CJ NJHGFGbLl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²Í
± l²l" l mDLMNJ CDV QJLMDV ˆJHNIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²Í
 

± l²l± l mDLMNJ IC öJOGVMINGD iFCIVGVMGFDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²Í


± l²l²l mDLMNJ CDV FJMbCGFDV JTMnLMGFDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²Î
± l²lÍl MNJV MFMGFJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
K ²Î
         
²l l ìJ ECDVDgŒJ IVFDCVMGFJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ²
²l"l ìJ MIDCDOŒJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í


²l±l ìJV FGILFGJV KNDgJLJVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í




²l²l ìDV VTKINGDNIV P KNDgIVDNIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í




²lÍl ìJV KTdCGFJFGDLIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Í"




²lÎl ìDV FILVDNIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ͱ


²lïl ìJV JVJcdCIJV P FDLONIVDVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Ͳ
²lðl ìDV FDLVIkDV HI eGOGCJLFGJl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ÍÍ
²l l
ìDV GLgDNcIVl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Íï
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