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BC DEFGD HI JKJFILMJN CJ ONIP HIC QIRDN STI UDV WJ VGHD FDLEJHJ HI CD
JCMDX YZ[\]^_[`a VIRJCb FDcD KNGcIN HIdIN IC HI FTVMDHGJN FDL VTcJ eGOGf
CJLFGJ IC HIKbVGMD HI CJ VJLMJ gI ILMNIOJHD hJ CJ iVKDVJjX MJLMD gNILMI J CJV
LDeIHJHIV KNDgJLJV HIC CILOTJkI FDcD J CJV FDLMNJHGFFGDLIV HI TLJ gJCVJ FGILf
FGJl mGINMJcILMI STI LD WJ WJdGHD nKDFJ IL CJ STI LD WJPJ VGHD LIFIVJNGJ
IVMJ eGOGCJLFGJ HIC KJVMDN VTKNIcD KTIV LTLFJ WJL gJCMJHDX KDN GLVMGOJFGbL HIC
ILIcGOD HIC OnLIND WTcJLDX opqrstu vwt txutyzx {p|}s~xzu tstsuzu |ozs
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t tsspsl IND HIdIcDV NIFDLDFIN STI IL IVMDV CMGcDV MGIcKDV IC LcIND HI
CDV ILIcGODV HI CJ FNT HI ^_[`a WJ JTcILMJHD ILDNcIcILMI PX TMGCGJLHD
MnFLGFJV JdVDCTMJcILMI LTIeJV P JVMTMJVX VI IVgTINJL KDN JODMJN CJV ILINOJV
eGMJCIV HI CJ OCIVGJ P WJVMJ STINNJL HIVMNTGN IC NIGLD HI ^_[`a VG IVMD gTINJ
KDVGdCIl DN IVD LD KDHIcDV KINcJLIFIN FJCCJHDV KDN cV MGIcKD LD eJPJ J
VIN STI HIcDV CJ GcKNIVGbL HI IVMJN gJCMJLHD JC cV VJFNDVJLMD HI LTIVMNDV
HIdINIV P CJ FDcKNILVGbLX STI WJVMJ JWDNJ WIcDV MILGHD IVKINJLHD eIN TLJ
NIFMGEFJFGbLX VIJ GLMINKNIMJHJ FDcD TL JdJLHDLD HI UTIVMND DEFGDl
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iC cDMGeD KNGLFGKJC KDN IC STI LD KDHIcDV HIkJN KJVJN cV MGIcKD IV STI PJ
LD IV LIFIVJNGD dTVFJN J CDV gJdNGFJLMIV HI INNDNIV ILMNI CDV ILIcGODV JdGINMDV
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VGLD STIX FDL ONJLHI P JLOTVMGDVD HDCDNX CDV eIcDV GLMNDHTFGHDV IL IC VILD
cGVcD HI CJ OCIVGJ P VDL KDN ICCD MJLMD cV KICGONDVDV FTJLMD STI VDL cV
HGgFGCIV HI HIVFTdNGNl UDV NIgINGcDVX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX J MJLMDV VIOCJNIV PX
CD STI IV cV CJVMGcDVDX J MJLMDV VJFINHDMIV STI FDL TL gJCVD JcDN J CJ OCIVGJX
VGL LGLOL VbCGHD gTLHJcILMD ECDVbEFD LG MIDCbOGFDX GLFCTVD GcKNIOLJHDV HI
HDFMNGLJV ILeILILJHJV STI GLDFTCJL WJVMJ CJ cnHTCJ HI CDV WTIVDV HI CJ OCIVGJX
VI JCJL FDcD NIgDNcJHDNIV FDL TLJ JdVDCTMJ gJCMJ HI WTcGCHJHÄ FDcD IknNFGMD
FDcKJFMD JNNIcIMIL FDLMNJ CD cV VJLMD STI WJP IL CJ DdNJ HI ^_[`a P LG
VGSTGINJ NIVKIMJL CJ KINVDLJ HIC HGeGLD ÅIHILMDN J STGIL FDL VJFNCIOJ DVJHJ
NIHTFIL J CJ FJMIODNJ HI KTND P VGcKCI WDcdNIl
B MDHDV ICCDV CDV GLFCTGcDV ILMNI CDV ILIcGODV JL FTJLHD ICCDV cGVcDV VI
JVDcdNILl IND HIkJLHD JKJNMI VTV GLMILFGDLIVX STI VbCD Æ_a[ KTIHI kTOJNX
LJHGI STI FDLDFJ VTV HDFMNGLJV P VT cDHD HI WJdCJN P HI JFMTJN KDHN IÇf
MNJRJNVI HI CD STI HIFGcDVl È LD IÇJOINJNJ STGIL CDV GLFCTPIVI ILMNI CDV KIDNIV
JHeINVJNGDV HI CJ OCIVGJ KTIVX FDcD WIcDV HGFWDX LD KDN gTINJ VGLD HIVHI IC
cGVcD GLMINGDN HI CJ OCIVGJ CCIeJL J FJdD VT KINeINVJ JFMGeGHJHl DN IVD IC
KICGOND VI ILFTILMNJ cIMGHD IL CJV eILJV P IL CJV ILMNJRJV HI CJ OCIVGJ FDL
cTFWJ cJPDN IEFJFGJ HJRGLJ KTIVMD STI FDLDFIL MJL LMGcJcILMI J CJ OCIVGJl
B MDHD IVMD VI JRJHI STI LD JMJFJL CJV NJcJV D CDV NIMDRDV VGLD CJV NJFIV
cGVcJV HI CJ gI P VTV cV KNDgTLHJV EdNJVl È TLJ eI HJRJHJ IVMJ NJ HI
GLcDNMJCGHJH GLMILMJL KNDKJOJN IC eGNTV KDN MDHD IC NdDC HI MJC cJLINJ STI
LD WJP JVKIFMD HI CJ eINHJH FJMbCGFJ IL HDLHI LD KDLOJL VT cJLD P STI LD
MNJMIL HI FDNNDcKINl icKCIJL MJCIV MFMGFJV KJNJ WJFIN HJRD STI LD VI ILf
FTILMNJL DMNJV cV cJCeJHJV LG cV GLVGHGDVJVX VDL TLJ cIFCJ HI NJFGDLJCGVMJ
P FJMbCGFD MJL WdGCcILMI KNIVILMJHJ STI FDL gJFGCGHJH ILOJRJL J CDV GLFJTMDV
P VDL WJVMJ MJC KTLMD DVJHDV STI LD WJP FDLVIFTILFGJ STI CIV HIMILOJ D STI
LD cJLMILOJL FDL ENcI DdVMGLJFGbLl BHIcV VTICIL CCIeJN TLJ eGHJ CCILJ HI
JFMGeGHJH FDL ONJL HIHGFJFGbL JC IVMTHGD P TLJV FDVMTcdNIV GLMJFWJdCIV STI
CIV JMNJI CJ IVMGcJ HI MDHDVX CD FTJC IV cTP JHIFTJHD KJNJ ILOJRJNCIVl IND CD
STI WJFI KILVJN STI LD MGILI NIcIHGD IV STI MGILIL IC IVKNGMT MJL JdVDNdGHD
KDN VTV HDFMNGLJV STI LD JHcGMIL LGLOTLJ JTMDNGHJH LG JFIKMJL LGLOL gNILD
PX FDcD DdNJL FDL FDLFGILFGJ INNbLIJX FNIIL STI IV FICD KDN CJ eINHJH CD STI
IL NIJCGHJH VbCD IV IgIFMD HI CJ VDdINdGJ P HI CJ DdFIFJFGbLl ÃJdJcDV IVKINJf
HD FDLVIOTGN STI JCOL HJ IVMDV WDcdNIV NIFMGEFJNJL VT FDLHTFMJ JHDKMJLHD
KNGcIND TLJ JFMGMTH GLHTCOILMIX FDcD WGkDV UTIVMNDV STI VDLÄ HIVKTnV VGILf
HD cV VIeINDV P KDN CMGcDX JL FDLMNJ LTIVMNDV HIVIDVX WIcDV MILGHD STI
NIKNILHINCIV KdCGFJcILMIl QJdnGV dGILX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX STI MDHD WJ VGf
HD GLMGCX VI VDcIMJL TL cDcILMD KJNJ eDCeIN J CIeJLMJN CJ FJdIJ cV CCILDV
HI VDdINdGJl QG VI MNJMJVI VbCD HI ICCDV STG WJVMJ KDHNJcDV KJVJN MDHD IVMD
KDN JCMDX KIND VI MNJMJ HIC KNIVMGOGD P HI CJ MNJLSTGCGHJH HI CJ NICGOGbL FJMbCGFJl
DN MJLMDX IV KNIFGVD GLMINNTcKGN TL VGCILFGD STI VINJ FNGcGLJC KNDCDLOJN P
JNNJLFJN CJ cVFJNJ HI IVMDV WDcdNIV KJNJ cDVMNJNCDV JLMI CJ OCIVGJ ILMINJ
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mDcD CDV cDHINLGVMJV ÖIVMI IV IC LDcdNI STI FDL NJbL VI CIV H× TMGCGJL
CJ MFMGFJ GLVGHGDVJ HI LD IÇKDLIN VTV HDFMNGLJV DNOLGFJcILMI IVMNTFMTNJHJV
VGLD HIVJNMGFTCJHJV KJNJ STI KJNIFJL GLFDLIÇJV P KDFD FDLFNIMJVX FTJLHD IL
NIJCGHJH VDL ENcIV P FDLVGVMILMIVX CD KNGcIND STI WJP STI WJFIN IV KNIVILMJN
IVJV HDFMNGLJV IL VT FDLkTLMD VIRJCJLHD CDV CJDV STI CJV TLIL P J FDLMGLTJFGbL
HIMINcGLJN CJV FJTVJV HI CDV INNDNIV I GLHGFJN CDV NIcIHGDV JHIFTJHDV KJNJ
JMJkJN IC cJCl
JNJ KNDFIHIN DNHILJHJcILMI IL cJMINGJ MJL FDcKCIkJ WJP STI IcKIJN
JHeGNMGILHD STI FJHJ cDHINLGVMJ IV FDcD CJ VLMIVGV HI eJNGDV KINVDLJkIVØ IC
ECbVDgDX IC FNIPILMIX IC MIbCDODX IC WGVMDNGJHDNX IC FNMGFDX IC JKDCDOGVMJ P IC NIf
gDNcJHDNl mDLeGILI GN HGVMGLOTGILHD TLD KDN TLD J MDHDV IVMDV KINVDLJkIV VG
VI STGINI FDLDFIN dGIL VT VGVMIcJ P CCIOJN WJVMJ CDV KNGLFGKGDV HI VTV HDFMNGLJV
P FJCGdNJN VTV FDLVIFTILFGJVl
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mDcILJLHD KDN IC ECbVDgDX CDV cDHINLGVMJV MDcJL FDcD KTLMD HI KJNMGHJ
CJ HDFMNGLJ ECDVbEFJ CCJcJHJ zêxpu}~|~uqpë
ìJ NJbL WTcJLJ IVM NIFCTGHJ IL IC cdGMD HI CDV ítxîqtxpu IV
HIFGNX IL CJ JKJNGILFGJ STI KNIVILMJL CJV FDVJV P IL CJV gDNcJV HI
IVJ JKJNGILFGJl iC WDcdNI LD MGILI LG HINIFWD LG gJFTCMJHIV KJNJ
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MNJVKJVJN CDV CcGMIV HI IVJ JKJNGILFGJX IL FDLVIFTILFGJX IV GLFJf
KJ HI ICIeJNVI WJVMJ Æ_a[ P HI FDLDFIN VT IÇGVMILFGJ J MNJenV HI
CJV FDVJV STI VI eILl òI ICCD NIVTCMJ STI Æ_a[ LD KTIHI VINX HI
LGLOL cDHDX DdkIMD HGNIFMD HI CJ FGILFGJ P STI Æ_a[ LD KTIHIX IL
JdVDCTMDX VIN VTkIMD WGVMbNGFDl
mDL IVMDV KNIVTKTIVMDV FTJCSTGINJ KTIHI JHeINMGN STn IV CD STI STIHJ HI CJ
}tppêóz xz}wsz HI CDV qp}~pu {t |st{~r~~{z{ P HI CJ sttz|~îx tô}tsxzõ MDHD
IVMD STIHJ dJNNGHD KDN CDV cDHINLGVMJV P CD NIHTFIL J TL ~x}tt|}wz~uqp STI
VIOL ICCDVØ
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UG VGSTGINJ CDV HIMGILI IC WIFWD HI STI CJ OCIVGJ PJ WJ FDLHILJHD FDL MDHJ
FCJNGHJH IVMDV cDLVMNTDVDV INNDNIVl iC mDLFGCGD ÂJMGFJLD HIFNIMbØ ÷~ zêw~tx
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UJHGI KDHNJ VJdIN IL eGNMTH HI STn NJDLJcGILMD CDV cDHINLGVMJV KJVJL
HIC zêxpu}~|~uqp STI LD IV cV STI GOLDNJLFGJX JC z}tóuqp FGILMEFD I WGVMbNGFD
STI IV TLJ KTNJ LIOJFGbLl È IL FDLVIFTILFGJ KDN cIHGD HI STn NJFGDFGLGDX HIVHI
GOLDNJN VG Æ_a[ WJ GLMINeILGHD D LD IL CJ WGVMDNGJ HIC OnLIND WTcJLDX eJL J
KJNJN IL TLJ IÇKCGFJFGbL HI IVJ WGVMDNGJ JC cJNOIL HI Æ_a[ FDcD VG NIJCcILMI
Æ_a[ LD WTdGINJ GLMINeILGHDl ìDV cDHINLGVMJV HJL KDN VILMJHD STIØ
ìJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ HIdIL VIN JMIJVÄ IL IC cdGMD HI TLJ P DMNJ
VbCD WJP CTOJN KJNJ ítxîqtxpuõ Æ_a[ P CD HGeGLD IVML IÇFCTGHDVl
öV JHICJLMI eINIcDV CJV FDLVIFTILFGJV J CJV STI IVMJ HDFMNGLJ JdVTNHJ H
DNGOIL IL CD STI VI NIEINI J CJ KINVDLJ VJONJHJ HI ^_[`a J CDV cGVMINGDV HI
VT eGHJ P HI VT cTINMIX J VT NIVTNNIFFGbL P J VT JVFILFGbL J CDV FGICDVl
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BWDNJ WJdNJ STI KNIOTLMJN FbcD IVMJ GLHGOILFGJ HI CD HGeGLDX JC VIN VILMGHJ
KDN IC WDcdNIX VI FDLeGINMI IL NICGOGbLl B IVMD CDV cDHINLGVMJV NIVKDLHILØ
ìJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ IVML FINFJHJV ILMNI HDV CcGMIVX TLD IÇf
MINLD STI IV IC cTLHD eGVGdCI P DMND GLMINLD STI IV CJ FDLFGILFGJl
mTJLHD CJ FGILFGJ P CJ WGVMDNGJ CCIOJL J IVMDV CcGMIV PJ LD KTIHIL
HJN TL KJVD KTIV cV JCC IVM CD ~x|pêxpu|~rt mDCDFJHJ gNILMI J
IVMI ~x|pêxpu|~rt fPJ VIJ STI IVMn gTINJ HIC WDcdNIX cV JCC HI
NICGOGDVD
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mDcD Æ_a[ IV JC cGVcD MGIcKD DdkIMD P FJTVJ HI CJ gIX IVJ NIeIf
CJFGbL VI NIEINI J Æ_a[ P HI Æ_a[ KNDFIHIÄ MGILI J Æ_a[ FDcD
NIeICJHDN P FDcD NIeICJHDl
òI JSTX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX CJ JdVTNHJ JENcJFGbL HI CDV cDHINLGVMJVØ
DHJ NICGOGbL IV JC cGVcD MGIcKD LJMTNJC P VDdNILJMTNJCX VIOL VI
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VI FDLVMGMTPJ J CJ |px|~tx|~z st~ê~puz FDcD NIOCJ TLGeINVJC ISTGeJCILMI J CJ
NIeICJFGbL J CJ STI VI WJL HI VDcIMIN MDHDVX GLFCTVD CJ VTKNIcJ JTMDNGHJH HI
CJ OCIVGJX MJLMD IL VT cGVGbL HI ILVIRJN FDcD IL CJ HI CIOGVCJN VDdNI CD VJONJHD
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ÃJVMJ JSTX ÂILINJdCIV ÃINcJLDVX LD WIcDV eGVMD STI VI WJPJ HJHD CTf
OJN J STI CJ GLMICGOILFGJ GLMINeILOJ KIND MJcdGnL ICCJX VIOL CDV cDHINLGVMJVX
KJNMGFGKJ IL IC JFMD HI gIl mDLeGILI VIRJCJN HI STn cJLINJØ
iL IVI utx}~q~tx}p HIC STI WIcDV WJdCJHDX KTIVMD STI IV VILMGcGILf
MD P LD FDLDFGcGILMDX Æ_a[ VI WJFI KNIVILMI JC WDcdNIX KIND HI TLJ
cJLINJ MJL FDLgTVJ STI JKILJV VG KTIHI HGVMGLOTGNVI D LD VI HGVf
MGLOTI IL JdVDCTMD HIC VTkIMD STI FNIIl DN MJLMD VI LIFIVGMJ STI
IVI VILMGcGILMD VIJ GCTcGLJHD KDN TLJ CT STI KDLOJ HI NICGIeI J
Æ_a[ P VI HGVMGLOJÄ IVMJ IV CJ gTLFGbL HI CJ GLMICGOILFGJ FTPD KJKIC
IV KILVJN P JLJCGJNl DN cIHGD HI ICCJ IC WDcdNI MNJHTFIX KNGcIND
IL NIKNIVILMJFGDLIV P HIVKTnV IL KJCJdNJVX CDV gILbcILDV eGMJCIV
STI IL nC VI KNDHTFILl
ìDV cDHINLGVMJV IÇKNIVJL IVMD FDL CJ FDLDFGHJ gNJVI HI STI IC WDcdNI NICGOGDVD
HIdI txuzs VT gIØ
ìJ GLMICGOILFGJ VI JKCGFJ JC utx}~q~tx}p PX KDLGILHD VT JMILFGbL IL
nCX CD MNJdJkJ FDcD WJFI TL KGLMDN STI eJ KINECJLHD IC HGdTkD HI
TL FTJHND ILeIkIFGHD WJVMJ HIeDCeINCI VT LGMGHIl
BV CD eGILI J IÇKCGFJN TLD HI CDV cJIVMNDV cDHINLGVMJVl
iL IVMJ MJNIJ IC MNJdJkD HI CJ GLMICGOILFGJ IV HDdCIØ HI TLJ KJNMIX
KDN TL JFMD LJMTNJC P IVKDLMLIDX IÇKNIVJ CJV FDVJV FDL TLJ gbNcTCJ
VGcKCI P eTCOJNÄ KDN DMNJ KJNMIX HI TL cDHD NI IkD P cV KNDgTLHDX
tzrpszx{p t txuzq~tx}p eGINMI CJV FDVJV KILVJHJV IL IÇKNIVGDLIV
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DN IVD LD VI KTIHI HIFGN HI LGLOL cDHD STI ILFGINNIL TLJ eINf
HJH JdVDCTMJl TIV IL FTJLMD STI VDL uóqrppu VDL GcOILIV HI
CJ eINHJH P WJL HI VIN JHJKMJHJV JC VILMGcGILMD NICGOGDVD IL CD STI
nVMI VI NIEINI JC WDcdNIÄ IL FTJLMD STI VDL ~xu}swqtx}pu VDL eIf
WFTCDV HI CJ eINHJH P MILHNL MJcdGnL STI JHJKMJNVI JC WDcdNI
KTIVMD STI VI NIEINIL JC VILMGcGILMD NICGOGDVDl òJHD STI IC DdkIMD
HIC utx}~q~tx}p st~ê~pup IVM FDLMILGHD IL CD zrupw}p MGILI GLELGf
MDV JVKIFMDV HI CDV STI KTIHIL GN VTNOGILHD DNJ TLDX DNJ DMNDÄ J
VT eI IC WDcdNI STI FNII KTIHI ILFDLMNJNVI IL cTP HGeINVJV FGNf
FTLVMJLFGJVl iL FDLVIFTILFGJ MJcdGnL CJV gbNcTCJV STI CCJcJcDV
HDOcJV IVML VDcIMGHJV J IVJV cGVcJV eGFGVGMTHIV PX KDN MJLMDX
VTkIMJV J cTMJFGbLl
BV STIHJ JdGINMD IC FJcGLD J TLJ tpw|~îx LMGcJ HIC HDOcJl iV TL FcTf
CD GLELGMD HI VDEVcJV STI JLIOJ P HIVMNTPI MDHJ NICGOGbLl ìDV cDHINLGVMJV
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VbCD ICTFTdNJFGDLIV GLMICIFMTJCIVX HIdIL VIN eGMJCIV P WJL HI eGeGN
CJ cGVcJ eGHJ HIC utx}~q~tx}p st~ê~pup iVMD LD STGINI HIFGN STI
IVJV gbNcTCJVX IVKIFGJCcILMI VG VbCD VDL GcJOGLJMGeJVX WJPJL VGHD
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JMIGVcDl BWDNJ FDLeGILI JHeINMGN GLcIHGJMJcILMI STIX VIOL IVMJ HDFMNGLJ HI
CJ tôts~tx|~z TLGHJ J CJ HIC u~qrp~uqp MDHJ NICGOGbL WJ HI FDLVGHINJNVI eINf
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