74 Production Ergonomics 55 53 80 EM eee ea ce 49 47 | Only ~82% 45 43 . a | 39 * Shoulder breadth [cm] ererrcer cans 7 . Female 35 i 1o 1802 160 170S 180190200 Stature [cm] Figure 4.9: Bivariate frequency distribution of statue and weight - note how the 90th percentile prin. ciple of exclusion in two uncorrelated measurements ends up excluding about 18% of the population (Brolin, 2013). Image reproduced with permission from. Brolin. All rights reserved Intra-individual variations is not uncommon for variation to exist within individuals over short periods of time, As discussed. in the Chapter 3, the spinal discs thin over the course of the day, meaning that individuals are taller in the morning, Significant changes in diet, state of health or exercise routines can also contribute to intra-variations over short time periods, Gender Between (biological) genders, significant variation in body sizes can be identified. Typically, females have lower measurement values than men across the gender-separated spectrum of most body measurements (Figure 4.9), with the width of the hips being an exception. Another obvi ous variation between genders is the difference in body anatomy, which sometimes requires separate standardization principles for how to measure specific (usually static) dimensions, Variations also exist in the degree of muscularity, level of oxygen consumption and the location, and quantity of body fat. Given the increasing number of women in the industrialized work force today compared with the past few decades, itis important that workplaces are designed to suit the characteristics of both men and women. Figure 4.10 highlights the variation in stature between genders.