Find the matrix element M for the reaction A + A  B + B.

Rule 1: Level the Diagram

Rule 2 (spin-less particle): Put/fix vertex
Rule 3: Assign propagator to internal lines
Rule 4: Conserve four momenta at the vertex
Rule 5: Integration over internal momenta

Rule 6: Conservation of energy-momenta

Finally it should like

Renormalization……………. solve the integrand……

Feynman Rule 1: Level the Diagram

Make diagram. A+AB+B

Level the incoming and out

coming four momenta p1, p2, p3, B B
……Pn for external lines. (p3)
(p4)

Level internal momenta q1, q2,

q3, ……qn for internal lines. (p1)
(q) (p2)
A A
Put an arrow on each lines,
keeping track of the +ve direction
(antiparticles move backward in
time).
 In all interactions (vertex), total four momentum
must be conserved.

At the vertex, interaction between force career and particles

requires a coupling constant in order to measure strength of
the interaction.

In all interactions (vertex), charges are conserved.

In all interactions (vertex), baryon and lepton numbers are

conserved. But quark and leptons must come in pairs!

There are never more than four particles entering

a fundamental vertex.
Feynman Rule 2 (spin-less particle): vertex

Put vertex. A+AB+B

At each vertex, write a factor –ig,

here g is the coupling constant B
B(p )
between the particles and the 3
(p4)
gauge boson. (Here g will have a -ig -ig
dimension of momentum, but in real
world, it is dimensionless like fine (q)
(p2)
structure constant.) (p1)
A A
If spin is included the vertex
factor becomes –ig x Dirac
Gamma Matrix (allowing the spin
direction for fermions as represented
by four component spinors)
Feynman Rule 3: Propogator
A+AB+B
For each internal line, write a
factor
B(p ) B
3
(p4)
Here qj is the four momentum of -ig (q) -ig
the internal line mj is the mass of
the particle the line describes. (p2)
(p1)
A A
Feynman Rule 4: Conservation of momentum
For each vertex, write a delta A+AB+B
function of the form:

Where k’s are the three four B(p ) B

momenta coming into the vertex 3
(p4)
(if the arrow lead outwards, then k is -ig (q) -ig
minus the four momentum of that
line) (p2)
This factor imposes conservation (p1)
A A
of energy and momentum at each
vertex, since the delta function is
zero unless the sum of incoming
momenta equals the sum of the
outgoing momenta.
Feynman Rule 5: Integration over internal momenta
A+AB+B

For each internal line, write

down a factor B(p ) B
3
(p4)
-ig (q) -ig

and integrate over all internal (p1)

(p2)

momenta. A A
Feynman Rule 6: cancel the delta function
The result will include a delta A+AB+B
function
B(p ) B
3

enforcing overall conservation of (p4)

-ig (q) -ig
energy and momentum. Erase this
factor and what remains is (p2)
(p1)
A A
( fi is the Lorentz invariant
amplitude for
Transition.) This matrix element is
appears in the Fermi Golden rule.
Finally it should like
Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.

B B
(p3)
(p4)

(q) (p2)
(p1)
A A
Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.

A+AB+B B B
(p3)
(p4)
Rule 1
(q) (p2)
(p1)
A A

B B
(p3)
Rule 2 & 3 (p4)
-ig (q) -ig

(p2)
(p1)
A A
 Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.

A+AB+B B B
p3
Rule 4 C

q
p1
Conservation of momentum A
at left vertex: Here it is A
assumed that A emits C with
the release of B.

This corresponds to the delta function of (2p)4d(4) (p1-p3-q).

This makes momentum to be conserved at the left vertex.
 Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.

A+AB+B B B
p3
Rule 4 C

q
p1
Conservation of momentum
at right vertex: Here it is A A
assumed that A receives C
and turns into B.

This corresponds to the delta function of (2p)4d(4) (p2+q–p4).

This makes momentum to be conserved at the right vertex.
Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.

A+AB+B B B
p3
Rule 4 C

q
p1
Conservation of Total
Momentum : A A
Find the matrix element M for this reaction A + A  B + B.
Rule 5
Integration over internal momentum:

Integrating over the internal lines:

Let q = p4 - p2
Rule 6
After erasing delta function, this integrand gives iM .

This is required amplitude of the process.

Step 1: Make diagram with external and internal momenta
Step 2: Put vertex
p3 B q3 B
p4
A+AB+B
q1 q4
p1 p2
q2
A A
 q3

q1 q4
q2
q1
 q2

q3
q4
p3 p4

q1
p1 p2
 q3

q1
p1 q2
 q3

q4
q2

The last vertex,

p4

q4
p2
Recalling: Integrating over the internal lines:

Applying RULE 6,
Finally, amplitude of the reaction is given by,

Complex and not easy to integrate!

We should renormalize this!

Next…
Draw Feynman diagram for muon production and find the
matrix element M for this reaction.

e+
m+

m-
e- g

e- + e+  m+ + m-