Figures

H3C OH

H3C N

H3C

H3C

Figure 1. Equilibrium complex (1:1) between butyric acid and tri-n-octylamine

Figure 2. Physical extraction of butyric acid with sunflower oil biodiesel, karanja oil
biodiesel, sesame oil biodiesel and rice bran oil biodiesel
 0.50

0.45

0.40
0%
0.35 10% TOA
20% TOA
0.30 30% TOA
[BAH]organic

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
[BAH]aqueous

Figure 3. Chemical extraction equilibrium of butyric acid with TOA in sunflower oil
biodiesel

0.50

0.45

0.40
0%
0.35 10% TOA
20% TOA
0.30 30% TOA
[BAH]organic

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
[BAH]aqueous

Figure 4. Chemical extraction equilibrium of butyric acid with TOA in karanja oil
biodiesel
 0.50

0.45

0.40 0%
10% TOA
0.35 20% TOA
30% TOA
0.30
[BAH]organic

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
[BAH]aqueous

Figure 5. Chemical extraction equilibrium of butyric acid with TOA in sesame oil biodiesel

0.50

0.45

0.40 0%
10% TOA
0.35 20% TOA
30% TOA
0.30
[BAH]organic

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
[BAH]aqueous

Figure 6. Chemical extraction equilibrium of butyric acid with TOA in rice bran oil
biodiesel