ELEMENTS OF THE

POWER SYSTEM
Submitted To

Mr. Shahbaz Pervez

Submitted By

Bilal Aslam 03F -EE-17

Salman Tahir 03F-EE-55
 POWER SYSTEM
The electrical power system provides a
means of generating, transmitting and
distributing energy in the form of electric
current, to the ultimate users, the load.

Generation, Transmission, Distribution and

Load form the four basic elements or
subsystems of a power system
SUBSYSTEMS
 GENERATION
Generation is simply the conversion of
energy from one form to another.
The three major types of generation
are:

 FOSSIL
 HYDRO
 NUCLEAR
 FOSSIL
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are
burned to generate electricity

The machines used in fossil generation are

high speed but slow starting

The main issues are environmental as

burning of fuel causes pollution therefore
low sulphur content fuel is used
 HYDRO
In hydro plants, electric power is
generated by the water flowing
through a turbine which is coupled
solidly to a generator

Hydral machines are slow machines

but they are quick starting and have
a good ramping rate
 NUCLEAR
In nuclear plants the basic cycle is similar to
that of fossil plant but the required heat is
provided by the nuclear reaction rather
from burning fuels

Due to the stringent government

requirements about the safety of nuclear
plants, their design and operation are
much more complicated than the fossil or
hydro units
 TRANSMISSION
The transmission system consists of a
network of overhead lines or in
densely populated areas, under
ground cables

The lines are designed to transmit

large amounts of power from point of
generation to the load area
 CLASSIFICATION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
We classify transmission lines with
reference to:

 Voltage

 Distance

 A.C or DC
 VOLTAGE
 Ultra high voltage transmission lines(1000
KV)

 Extra high voltage transmission lines(745

KV)

 High voltage transmission lines(200 KV)

 Medium voltage transmission line(132 KV)

 DISTANCE
 Long length T.L (> 150 KM )

 Medium length T.L (50-150 KM)

 Short length T.L (<50 KM )

 A.C OR D.C
The transmission line may be ac or dc
depending upon the application
 TYPES OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
The two general types of power
transmission are :

 Overhead lines

 Underground cables
 OVERHEAD LINES
Overhead lines are of two types

 AC line

 DC line
 AC LINES
The overhead ac lines are applied on
power systems at voltages in the
range of 115 KV to 800 KV
 COMPONENTS OF A
TRANSMISSION LINE
 Conductors

 Ground wires

 Insulators

 Towers
Conductors are either solid round,stranded or
bundled. Stranding provides flexibility

The Ground wire acts as a shield to protect the

energized conductors from lightning strokes

Insulators suspend the energized phase conductors

and insulate them from grounded tower

The Tower support the conductors and is the most

visual part of a T.L
 DC TRANSMISSION LINE
In this mode of transmission, the three
phase, 60 Hz voltages and currents
are converted to dc, transmitted on a
dc line and are converted back to ac
at the other end
 USES OF THE DC
TRANSMISSION LINE
 To connect two systems operating at
different frequencies

 For long underground or under water

transmission

 For long distance overhead

transmission
 DC lines are sometimes called
asynchronous ties since they can be
used to inter connect two systems
operating at different frequencies

 Moreover DC transmission is chosen

over AC because it is less expensive
than AC over very long distances
 CABLES
Underground cables are used in very
densely populated areas but they are
rarely used because they are more
expensive as they require insulating
materials instead of air to separate
the conductors from each other and
from ground
 DISADVANTAGES OF CABLES
There are also some technical
disadvantages associated with
underground cables. One major
problem is the very high capacitance
inherent in the underground cables.
This capacitance give rise to charging
currents. Special equipments must
be installed to compensate for the
effect of charging currents, which
adds to the cost
 TYPES OF CABLES
 OIL FILLED PIPE TYPE CABLE

 OIL FILLED SELF CONTAINED CABLE

 SOLID DIELECTRIC CABLE

 SF6 CABLE
 DISTRIBUTION
The distribution system consists of a
network overhead lines and
underground cables by which the
power is distributed to the ultimate
users of electricity that is the load
 LOAD
The utilization of electric power is
collectively called load. This includes
the uses of electricity in homes,
factories, offices and for recreation,
entertainment, etc
 SYSTEM VOLTAGES
Generation voltages are in the range of
12-35KV

Transmission voltages are in the range of

115-800 KV.

Distribution voltages are in the range of

4-35 KV.

Loads operate at variety of voltages due to

their diverse nature
POWER IS TRANSMITTED
AT HIGH VOLTAGE
RATHER HIGH CURRENT
Power transmitted is directly
proportional to product of V and I
but losses are directly proportional to
I2 , therefore to transmit power with
minimum loss we use high voltage