MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

SUMY STATE UNIVERSITY

ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES

“UAB”
Department of International Economic Relations

TERM PAPER
on the discipline “International relations and world”
on the topic “Migration crisis in EU”

Student (group МЕ-72а.ан) _____________ T.A. Perederii

Supervisor
Ph.D in Economics,
Senior Lecturer of International
Economic Relations Department _____________ T.O. Kurbatova

Sumy – 2019
 2

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 3

1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE MIGRATION…………………. 5

1.1 The essence of international migration in the global economic 5

system …………………………………….
1.2 Reasons of international migration in countries……… 7

1.3 The basics of the migration crisis in Europe………………………. 10

2. THE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE.. 13

2.1 Assessment of the European migration crisis…….. 11

2.2 Consequences of migration for European countries…………… 18

3. THE WAYS TO SOLVE THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN EU………….. 20

CONCLUSIONS….………………………………………………………… 25
REFERENCIES……………………………………………………………...
26
 3

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of topic. Modern European states are experiencing another

wave of migration that brings with it change demographics in EU countries as well
the problem of integrating migrants into the relevant society. Today, European
countries are faced with a huge influx of migrants out of conflicts in the Middle East,
Africa and Asia. Growth of illegal migration flows EU countries create economic
problems and exacerbate the current crisis debt of European economies, so this
problem is extremely relevant and need of more detailed study.
Research of problems of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine is
covered in a number of publications of many scientists, among them K. Melnikov,
A. Fitisova, S. Tolstov, M. Ovramets, I. Yakovina, G. Lutyshyn, D. Kovalev and
others. The positions of the authors are quite different: some justify the breakup the
EU, others - that governments will find a way to overcome problems of migration
crisis. However, all scientists are convinced that the question must be resolved.
Purpose of study is to analyze the main trends and dynamics migration
processes in the context of aggravation of the migration crisis in EU countries.
In accordance with the aim of the qualification work, the following tasks were
set:
 to study the essence of international migration in the global economic
system;
 to investigate the causes and effects of the impact of international
migration on countries;
 to identify the foundations of the migration crisis in Europe;
 to explore the effects of migration on European countries;
 to offer directions to overcome the migration crisis in Europe.
Object of study is migration processes that create crises and affect the
economic development of countries.
Subject of study is the migration crisis in EU.
 4

Research methods. The following research methods were used to achieve the
goals set in the paper: abstract-logical, theoretical generalization, systematic and
complex approaches, factor analysis, statistical method, comparative analysis,
causal analysis.
Information base of research. During writing the research paper, scientific
legislative and regulatory acts in the field of migration, information material from
the World Bank, the International Organization for Migration, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, International labor organizations, the International
Organization for Migration, the European Commission were used.
 5

1.THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE MIGRATION

1.1 The essence of international migration in the global economic system

Population migration plays an important role in the modern world and covers
almost every country in the world. The movement of labor across borders is part of
the social process of population migration - very complex in nature, varied in forms
and consequences. This process is influenced by various demographic, political,
socio-economic and other factors, affects the development of socio-economic
systems at national, regional, national and global levels.
Moreover, today international migration is becoming an important factor in
the configuration of the world economic system, so a number of problems arising
from this phenomenon need to be addressed at the national level. That is why the
increased interest of scientists of many specialties, including economists, to mass
displacement of the population, most notably in the period of intensification of
socio-economic transformations, which began in the 1990s and continues to this day,
seems quite reasonable. Displacement is 0studied within different scientific
approaches, but prevails economic one.
In the XXI century a global system of migration flows has been formed,
covering almost all countries. Globalization processes combined with rapid changes
in the global political and economic systems contributed to the intensification of
world migration flows, led to the formation of a fundamentally new migration
situation in the world with such important features:
− unprecedented expansion of the geography of international migration;
− transformation of the structure of international migration flows;
− decisive importance of labor migration;
− steady growth and structural "irresistibility" of illegal labor migration;
− increasing the scale and expansion of the geography of forced
migration;
 6

− increasing of the importance of international migration of the

population in the socio-economic development of the modern world
economic system;
− the dual nature of modern migration policy in a developed countries.
It is difficult to draw a line between how voluntarily a person makes the
decision to migrate. Thus, current research shows that both voluntary and
involuntary elements can influence migration decisions [2]. For example, a decision
to move from a country with high unemployment or low wages cannot be considered
voluntary.
In addition, although most foreign studies of migration are about voluntary
migration of people and families trying to improve their well-being, modern scholars
recognize that the diversity of social, economic and natural conditions can introduce
elements of coercion. Therefore, it is incorrect to emphasize that migration is the
voluntary process of displacement.
According to results of sociological research, O. Ivankova-Stetsyuk
distinguishes two groups of migrants, depending on the degree of their integration
into another's socio-cultural environment. The first group includes migrants from
"Positive" models of integration:
− “Assimilation” - a migrant seeks to completely “dissolve” in the socio-cultural
environment of another country;
− "Diaspora" - a migrant seeks to become a full member of another socio-
cultural environment, but at the same time is trying to preserve national
identity;
− "Transit" - a migrant is minimally integrated and the society of the host country
and has a desire to improve life through a change of stay, but the desire to
return to the country of departure is absent.
The second group of migrants, depending on the degree of their integration
into another socio-cultural environment. It’s calling as a "Negative" models of
integration. This group includes migrants with the following models of integration
into the socio-cultural environment of the arrival country:
 7

− "Pendulum" - a model of integration when, despite the high level of

integration into the society of another country, the migrant returns home
from time to time;
− "Ghetto" - a migrant has a low level of integration into a socio-cultural
environment that is alien to him, is usually an illegal immigrant, works in
the informal sector, but does not intend to return to the country of departure
in the near term;
− "Return" - a migrant does not want to stay in the country of arrival longer
than is necessary to solve certain material, after which he intends to return
home immediately [2].
So, a migration is a population resettlement and for the reason that different
types of migration mix, it is difficult to develop a unified approach to their
qualifications.

1.2 Reasons of international migration in countries

The large number of migrants and refugees entering Europe is a challenge for
all EU member states. There is no single explanation for forced migration, but the
prolonged conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the crises in the Horn
of Africa and West Africa play an important role.
Depending on the region of origin, there are often various underlying factors, such
as political, economic and social reasons as well as pull factors in the receiving
countries.
Removing obstacles to free trade, increasing political, economic, social
interdependence between states, which is manifested in the formation of
transnational business and the international labor market, internationalization of
science, education, information, unprecedented development of communications,
had crucial for the dynamics and volumes of population migration. In the context of
 8

globalization, international migration is both a provocative moment and a result of

global change.
Social inequality is a powerful factor in migration nationally as well as
globally. Due to the development of individual countries and regions, interstate
disparities in earnings and living standards remain significant. According to the
World Bank, in 2018 GDP per capita in the group «The wealthiest countries» were
29 times higher than the poorest ($ 46,135 versus $ 1,602). If Qatar's GDP per capita
population (in purchasing power parity) was $ 138.500 , in Singapore-$ 81.400, in
Norway - $ 65.200, but in Niger-$960 , in Liberia -$ 720 [2].
Although the scale of extreme poverty has been over the last decades managed
to significantly reduce. First, due to the well-being of Chinese citizens, 10.7% of the
world's population is still living less than $ 1.9 per day (34.8% in 1990). In addition,
due to population growth, despite the relative decline poverty, in sub-equatorial
Africa, the absolute number of the extremely poor in 2017 was 100 million higher
than in 1990. The half of the poorest people live in this region.
The difference in the levels of economic development determines the
difference in access to proper nutrition, health care, education. 37.3% children under
five in the poorest countries are malnourished. The mortality rate, which
characterizes the level of health care and the epidemiological situation, is 496
persons per 100,000 live births, while in the rich countries it is only 10. Also 33%
of young people aged 15-24 are illiterate in the poorest countries.
According to statistics, 52% of international migrants are male, 48% are
female( Fig 1.1). Most international migrants (72%) are of working age (20–64)
years.
 9

Figure 1.1- The male and female who takes a part in a world migration in 2019

A significant factor in the intensification of migration is demographic

disbalance. The planet's population has more than doubled over the past 55 years (3
billion in 1960 and 7.55 billion in 2018), but has grown unevenly. In sub-Saharan
Africa, the population has increased 4.4 times, the Middle East and North Africa - 4
times. According to the UN forecast, in 2050 residents of sub-equatorial Africa will
account for 23% of the planet's population (14% in 2018). The population of Europe
and Central Asia will decline both absolutely and relative - 9% in 2050 comparing
with 12% in 2018.
Migration business also includes an illegal component, that is, criminal
structures involved in illegal trafficking migrants across borders, as well as human
trafficking. It is estimated international experts, the revenue from this illegal activity
is at least $ 10 billion a year, which is only slightly inferior to the proceeds of drug
trafficking[9].
In recent years, such an ejection factor as a climate change has played a major
role in the growth of migration .According to many researchers, in the future value
the environmental causes of migration will only grow. However, climate change and
the natural disasters are already causing to mass forced migration. According to
some estimates, between 2008 and 2015, the former habitats were forced to leave
203.4 million people, or 25.4 million on average annually due to droughts, floods,
desertification, devastating hurricanes, etc. Most of them moved inside own
countries, however, there were many who went abroad. Most of all, the
 10

environmental situation causes migration in combination with other causes. In many

cases, the pover that drives people to the search for better living conditions abroad
is a consequence of environmental degradation.
Political factors of international migration are also significant. Its
intensification was facilitated by the wider openness of the vast majority of states to
the world, increasing demands for human rights, including to the right to freedom of
movement, the activities of human rights defenders and others international
organizations. Large-scale geopolitical transformations of the end of the XX century
were in the same direction. Such events as the collapse of the USSR, socio-political
reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union, China's opening to the outside
world created opportunities international displacement for millions of people who
are previously artificial were maintained by regimes within national borders.
International relations are a great importance for the development of migration
processes between former colonies and metropolises, as well as interstate
agreements, such as free movement, choice of location residence and employment
within the European Union.

1.3 The basics of the migration crisis in Europe

Today the number one migrant in the world is occupied by Europe - about 56
million people [5]. Events in the Middle East, including the war in Syria,
significantly exacerbated the refugee situation in Europe, in particular, some
analysts are comparing the situation. with World War II. Among the reasons experts
often refer to the current migration crisis as armed conflicts, low living standards in
individual states, as well as ineffective EU policies in this area. Today is a migration
сrisis is important for cooperation between states– EU Member States in the field of
migration, intergovernmental cooperation, in particular intergovernmental groups,
for example, the National Coordinators Group of issues of free movement of people,
Special the Immigration Team, the Trevi Group, and more.
 11

Modern European migration policy is governed by several European

agreements and conventions that were adopted in the last two decades. This is the
Schengen of 1985 and agreements of 1990 , Dublin Convention in 1990, Maastricht
Treaty in1992 and Amsterdam Treaty in 1997 [3]. The EU's migration policy is
being implemented in such political supranational institutions as the European
Council; The European Commission that is developing legislative proposals; The
Council of the European Union, which includes Ministers of the Interior (Council of
Ministers); The European Parliament, which 2005 is endowed with the authority to
accept decisions on refugee policy. Also a special role in managing the migration
crisis in current conditions are played by non-governmental organizations.
Many policymakers agree that reforming the Dublin Regulation is an
important step to establishing a common European asylum policy. Under the current
system, the burden of responsibility falls disproportionately on entry-point states
with exposed borders. In practice, however, many of these frontline countries have
already stopped enforcing Dublin and allow migrants to pass through to secondary
destinations in the north or west of the EU. Germany and Sweden currently receive
and grant the overwhelming majority of asylum applications in the EU.
Today, however, one of the key problems remains the inconsistency between
the activities of the various EU institutions, and it is important to establish ongoing
communication and consultation with the EU migration between NGOs and EU
governments.
The European Council is actively working to come up with new solutions that
make it possible to strengthen the protection of the EU 's external borders, since
more than 500 recently arrived at EU borders thousands of migrants. In particular,
particular emphasis is placed on developing cooperation with Turkey a joint plan to
suspend flows refugees from the territory of this country.
Also in question enhancing the protection of the EU's external borders the
European Council is working to progressively establish an integrated management
and control system above these borders.
 12

Migration population an increase in its inflow in northwestern Europe began

in the late 1950s - early 1960s years, and in the South - only during the 1980s. In
Central European countries, such as Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, signs the
migration transition has been observed since the end of the last century.
In the late 1980s - early 1990s, was the period the destruction of totalitarian
regimes in Eastern Europe, the influx of refugees has increased significantly at the
expense of immigrants from these countries. Above all these were ethnic minorities.
Yes, Germany has accepted almost 4.5 million ethnic Germans from Poland,
Romania, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation. In the 1990s, the cohort of refugees
significantly expanded as a result of the war in Yugoslavia and the conflicts that
followed the breakup Soviet Union.
The most powerful migration flow in 2000 is needed to name internal regional
migration, first of all within the framework. Of the European Union, which was the
result of active European integration processes. It has intensified significantly as a
result of EU enlargement. Only in the first year after EU membership (2004), the
"old" Member States left Lithuania 3.3% of working-age population, from Latvia -
2.3%, Slovakia - 1.3% and from Poland - up to 4%. Poles make up the largest group
of migrants - EU citizens, second to Romanians.
The global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 has slowed down
migration processes somewhat. However, it has had a greater impact on intra-
European migration, whereas immigration from outside Europe's borders have
shrunk slightly. Due to increased migration, the number of immigrants in Europe
(EU-28) has grown at a tremendous pace. This process has intensified in recent
years. Only during in 2015, an estimated 2.4 million immigrants arrived to EU
borders. Now over 54 million migrants live in the EU-28, which make up more than
10% of the population.
 13

2. THE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE

2.1 Assessment of the European migration crisis

The twenty-first century is the century of the migrant, being global mobility a
highly stratified phenomenon, from the global tourist to the undocumented
employee, and from human trafficking to refugees forced to leave their country of
origin because of climate changes, poverty or wars. Hence, migration is contributing
to changes in structures and institutions in global political, economic and social
relationships. Nowadays, its a large demographic trends in the European Union.
Europe and Asia hosted around 75 million migrants each in 2015 – 62 per cent
of the total global international migrant stock combined (see Figure2.1).

Figure 2.1- International migrants, by major region of residence, 2000 to

2015 (millions)[6]
Usually the causes of migration to Europe were the same. Firstly, people travel
from backward countries to European countries, seeking to get profitable workplace,
get quality education and give it to children. Secondly, families are looking for the
political overseas shelters evacuated from war zones. Mostly they go to Europe
migrants from: Somalia; Albania; Nigeria; The Gambia; Iran; Pakistan; Kosovo;
 14

Mali; Afghanistan; Eritrea; Syria; numerous states of Black Africa (more than
30countries south of the Sahara Desert).
The peak of the EU migration crisis took place in 2015-2016, followed by a
significant reduction in migrant flows to the region. In 2017, 205,000 illegal
migrants arrived in the EU, 28% less than in 2014, which preceded the migration
crisis. Compared to 2016, the reduction is 63% [2]. At the same time now in the EU
countries there are already 685,000 people who are waiting to migrant (Figure 2.1).

Table 2.1-The dynamics of the number of migrants in the world in 2000-2019,

thousands of people[17]

The most attractive for immigrants Germany, where in 2015, more than 1.5
million people arrived. To Great Britain migrated about 631,500 immigrants, to
France- 363,900, Spain- 342,100, Italy-300,000 immigrants. In 17 EU countries, the
outflow of population was dominated by outflow. However, from Bulgaria, Ireland,
Greece, Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Latvia and Lithuania
more residents left than arrived on their territory.
 15

Figure 2.2- Number of immigrants in EU countries, millions of people[9].

Today, over 54 million migrants live in the EU-28, which make up more than
10% of the population. 35.5%, or 19.1 million migrants, who from other member-
states. At the same time, 35.1 million immigrants came from third countries. 14.6%
of them were born in Europe, but in non-EU countries. 20.8% of migrants are natives
from Asia, 16.9% - from Africa, 8.7% - from Latin America, 1.7% - from North
America and 0.6% from Oceania.
Not all migrants seek help for refugees, but most need help and are forced to
turn. Germany received the largest number of aid applications in 2015 – more
475,000. But in fact, more than a million people came to Germany before applying
for assistance to the displaced persons. Hungary is the second largest country in
asylum applications. This is due to the fact that people fled through Greece and the
western Balkans. By the end of 2015, there were 177,130 applications in Hungary
on asylum (Figure 2).
 16

Figure 2.3-Number of applications for every 100 thousand inhabitants of the

country[15].
*Source: built on: [8].
So, the migration crisis in Europe has arisen because in all the above territories
have developed difficult conditions. Some countries, such as Afghanistan and
Nigeria, in every sense away from each other, so people go from there for different
reasons. And Iran and Pakistan, for example, are involved in a single military
conflict. The most urgent and by far the most acute problem recent months in Europe
are unprecedented in scale and the dynamics of the influx of refugees from Africa
and the Middle East. Thousands people trying to break through the port of Calais
from France to Great Britain; attack the Eurotunnel near the English Channel.
Hundreds of thousands migrants are literally storming the borders of Greece, Italy,
Macedonia, Hungary, in direct conflict with the local police. Some European
countries (such as Hungary) are building high walls in the hope to protect from the
flow of refugees, others declare the regime state of emergency (Macedonia),
showing its failure to cope with the problem.
In 2018, 171,000 illegal migrants arrived in the EU via a maritime channel.
It’s in twice less than in 2016, and ten less than in 2015 [5]. Libya is the main transit
country for such migrants today. Among the reasons for the decline in migrants are
 17

the blocking of the "Balkan route", the introduction of maritime patrol to prevent
smuggling people in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, as well as the EU
agreement with Turkey.
Of course, most indicators of socio-economic development of such
disadvantaged countries is far from European standards, which drives citizens to
illegal migration even at the cost of one's life (Figure 1).

Figure 2.3.- Map of migration flows in 2018-2019to European countries.

*Source: built on: [4].
Illegal transportation of migrants has become a lucrative item criminal
business - carriers charge from several hundred to several thousand euro per person
to deliver refugees to Europe. At the same time often migrants are delivered on
outdated, crowded, sinking vessels. One of the biggest tragedies happened on April
14, 2015 year, when the vessel collapsed with migrants heading from Libya to Italy,
killing 400 people. According to the International Organization for Migration, in
2015, nearly 3,000 migrants and refugees were killed in the Mediterranean.
According to IOM, in the first months of 2016, 173 761 people arrived by sea
 18

European shores, with 723 dead trying to get to Europe. Until December 10 to
Greece this way arrived 153 156 people, 19 930 people in Italy, 648 people in Spain,
Cyprus -27 people.

2.2 Consequences of migration for European countries

The situation in Europe is called the second “resettlement peoples ». Such

large-scale migration flows affect political, economic and demographic processes of
European countries. Current the situation will lead to the following major
consequences [12]:
1) Labor force growth. Yes, big in Germany today demand in the labor market
is used by workers with skills in the field mathematics, information technology and
science. According to data, the country today is suffering from the aging and
shortage of workers just in these areas. The country hopes that of the 800,000
migrants who have arrived can meet the market demand.
2) The solving problem of Europe's aging. Europe's aging population
contributes to labor shortages. The growth of the workforce in the form migrants can
increase fertility as a counterweight to the process aging. According to Eurostat, the
lowest birth rate is observed in the countries with the largest economies - Germany,
Italy and Spain.
3) Increasing the load on the economy. Despite the fact that migrants can join
the ranks of workers, there are serious fears, many of the newly arrived refugees
from Africa and the MiddlebEast, they have neither education nor professional skills
- that is, they will become an additional burden on the economies of the host
European countries.
4) Protests against immigration. In the last few years in Europe is growing
anti-immigrant sentiment, and the current migration problem divided public opinion
in half. Many opponents of migration have changed their views after receiving
information on mortality statistics migrant children and adults who have died on the
 19

way to Europe. For many demonstrations and actions have increasingly started
protest in European cities, both in support of migrants and against.
One of the reasons Europeans are negative about migrants, especially
Muslims, have become terrorist attacks shook up European countries. The attacks in
central Paris shocked everyone in Europe, forcing the authorities of many countries
to significantly increase measures security. Terrorist action took responsibility for
terrorist acts Islamist group IDIL. These events are the reason why it is rooted
Europeans are increasingly beginning to fear Muslim countries.
According to statistics in Europe can be about 5 thousand jihadists trained in
terrorist camps. Some participants in the Paris attacks have returned to Europe under
the guise of refugees. These messages form an atmosphere of fear and aversion to
refugees in European society, which opposition politicians play an active role in.
In addition to these consequences, the problem of migrants can have a
significant impact a change in political life in European countries. Widespread
discontent the arrival of new migrants and refugees is increasing popularity far-right
parties. More recently, the far right have been associated with sad legacy of fascism,
they were turned away, as from the marginalized, that was led by football fans.
However, today they are the leaders who are performing at rallies with speeches on
the purity of the nation, at risk of being arrested Neo-Nazi propaganda received
parliamentary mandates the leading countries of Europe.
 20

3. THE WAYS TO SOLVE THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN EU

EU countries cannot agree on a common policy on migrants and refugees.

Within the European Union, separate blocs are formed with opposite interests, and
states - former partners - are arguing more and more loudly.
According to the European Union Statistics Service (Eurostat), just under 581
thousand were submitted to European migration agencies in 2019. This is much less
than in the midst of the migration crisis in 2015, when more than 1.2 million such
statements were made. The EU's External Borders Agency (Frontex) in 2018
registered around 150,000 illegal border crossings, the lowest since 2013.
Frontex is particularly noteworthy in reducing the flow of illegal aliens across
the Mediterranean to Italy, where the new government has taken a firm stance on the
issue - down to a ban on vessels rescuing migrants at sea from mooring in Italian
ports. According to experts, we can now speak about the end of this crisis. But the
main problem is not in the number of migrants, but in the lack of common policy
and solidarity.
On June 28, 2018, a summit of the European Union countries was held in
Brussels. Its main theme is illegal immigration. Despite the fact that the number of
new refugees to Europe is declining, European politicians require a fundamental
solution to the problem in the event of a new crisis, which is considered a matter of
time.
The status and rights of immigrants in the EU are regulated by the Dublin
Regulation, which was first adopted in 1990 and subsequently changed several
times. According to this regulation, those countries where they are registered upon
arrival in the EU are formally responsible for immigrants. As a rule, these are
southern countries: Italy, Greece, Balkan states. Then they can freely move around
the territory of the European Union, taking advantage of the Schengen agreement.
According to the Dublin Regulation, there were introduced some idea of
saving of migration crisis in EU.
 21

One of them is to return migrants to the countries where they are registered.
Formally, any state now has the right to send a refugee to the country of registration.
In practice, this is rare. Firstly, there are many exceptions: for family members of
those who have already settled in a particular country; for those who were able to
prove that they can’t be provided with decent living conditions in the country of
registration (this is not difficult when it comes to the poor countries of Southeast
Europe). Secondly, strict implementation of this norm is almost impossible without
the restoration of full border controls within Europe. A similar decision is popular
in Germany, where a significant part of immigrants flock after they have registered
at the European border.
The second idea was to introduce country quotas for migrants. Formally,
quotas for refugees were introduced by the European Union during the last crisis of
2015-2016. Then several countries of Eastern Europe spoke out against the
admission of foreigners. Now it is proposed to distribute not applications for
admission, but live people immediately upon arrival.
Table 3.1- Calculation of refugee allocation quotas, %[10]
Country Percentage, % Country Percentage, %
Austria 2.62 Germany 18.42
Belgium 2.91 Poland 5.64
Bulgaria 1.25 Portugal 3.89
Greece 1.90 Romania 3.75
Estonia 1.76 Slovakia 1.78
Italia 11.84 Slovenia 1.15
Spain 9.10 Hungary 1.79
Cyprus 0.39 Finland 1.72
Latvia 1.21 France 14.17
Lithuania 1.16 Croatia 1.73
Luxembourg 0.85 Czech Republic 2.98
Malta 0.69 Sweden 2.92
Netherland 4.53

The next way is build “landing platforms” for immigrants outside the EU. The
idea is that people who are planning to seek refuge in Europe arrive at special camps
called “landing platforms” where they will wait for a decision on where they will be
sent next. In this case, the EU assumes responsibility for the maintenance of the
 22

camps and for the transportation of migrants. The first such camps are proposed to
be built in Albania, Macedonia, and also on the coast of North Africa. The project is
inspired by the experience of Australia, which hosts such “platforms” in Papua New
Guinea. Nowadays EU is using such landing platforms. As a result, difficult situation
inside camp.
For example, In Moriah camp on the island of Lesbos, there are now 11.000
people, despite the fact that it is designed for 3.000. In total, almost 22.000 live in
camps intended for 6300 refugees, another German newspaper WAZ writes, and
3600 people were placed by local authorities in dormitories and small temporary
shelters. According to other sources, 24.000 migrants are on the Greek islands, and
about 40% are minors. Due to the difficult sanitary conditions in the camps, unrest
has already occurred.
Governments of France and Spain suggest building “platforms” in the inside
EU. Proponents of this concept say that camps in Europe will be much more
attractive for refugees. In addition, the transportation of migrants within the
European Union will be much easier to regulate.
One of the way of saving migrant crises can be helping North Africa, Turkey,
and the Middle East with money. During the crisis of 2015-2016, the European
Union allocated Turkey more than six billion euros to host immigrants from the
Middle East. The problem is that, having allocated money, the EU, according to
critics, has ceased to monitor the fate of immigrants, while at the same time
depending on the regime of Erdogan. European leaders planned to refrain from such
deals with Libya, fearing that, due to the ongoing civil war in the country, the result
would be even more difficult to control. But judging by the documents prepared by
Donald Tusk, North Africa is ready to allocate about half a billion euros, and this is
only the beginning.
In addition, the EU is providing substantial financial assistance in this regard:
Turkey has received a total amount of € 3 billion under this agreement in early 2018.
InTurkey is taking steps to prevent migration flows to EU countries. At present,
neither Turkey nor Europe is considering alternatives to this agreement. Under this
 23

agreement, Turkey will receive an additional 3 billion euros by the end of 2018.
After the EU-Turkey agreement was concluded, the route across the Aegean became
virtually closed.
Instead, a dangerous route from Libya to Italy was the main route of refugee
entry into the EU. At the end of 2017, there was an increase in transit use of Spain,
Cyprus and Greece. Also more and more migrants are trying to reach the shores of
Europe through the Black Sea route Turkey - Romania. So, in September 2017,
Romanian coastguard rescued over 150 illegal migrants in the Black Sea[10].
Thus, blocking the channels of illegal migration through the Mediterranean
Sea can lead to their displacement to other countries, the search for alternative routes
by criminals and potential migrants, including those passing through the territory of
Ukraine. Thus, during 2017, there was an increase in the use of the Black Sea basin
for the delivery of illegal migrants to the EU. The transit of such migrants through
the territory of the Russian Federation, where it is carried out under the control of
Russian special services within the framework of a general policy aimed at
stimulating the migration crisis in the European Union.
It is also possible to increase illegal migration through Ukraine. At the end of
2018, there has already been a significant increase in migration flows across Ukraine
to the EU countries, which may further increase [11]. In absolute terms, this growth
is not large - from 161 people in the summer-autumn 2016 to 289 during this period
in 2017, but it may indicate a certain trend.
In the context of the problem EU has to create safe areas for people to live in
their home countries, look for opportunities to end the war, talks with the United
States to change their foreign policy regarding, for example, Syria as country where
occur major armed conflicts. Not only its necessary to cope with the "migration
problem", especially in a crisis situation overall budget, common position, but most
importantly, medium to long term strategy. It should envisage clear action by
Europeans for a year, two, three, five, ten years so that management can forecast
trends it can be argued that perhaps Europe will be able to solve the problem of
hundreds of thousands.
 24

However, this process is likely to be a long one and incredibly difficult, given
the unsettled positions of the Member States. So far, European politicians have not
are inclined to do so and shift responsibility for addressing migration issues at UN
representatives. However, the situation is getting worse to make them do it
unpopular questions, because only in this way they can find the resources to survive
in Europe.
In the near perspective of the problem of integration of migrants into the
public Europe's life will be one of the most difficult to regulate. The practice of
recent years indicates that many immigrants from the Middle East and Africa are
influenced by religious fundamentalism threatens European security within the EU.
The prospect of further research in this area is to study the problem of illegal
migration and the need to strengthen controls at the borders of European countries,
especially those located in the south Europe and are in close proximity to countries
in Africa and the Middle East.
In our view, humanity and politics "Open door" is justified because when there
is a war in a migrant country, someone has to take care of preservation the lives of
innocent and defenseless people. It's great that there is such a policy, but there must
be a measure. In our opinion, it is advisable, when paying social assistance to a
refugee, to demand from him certain obligations.
First of all, need to identify the person, if necessary to give a temporary one
passport and enter the person's data in a special database (possibly migration service
or law enforcement). Employment of a migrant for three months, at least for the post
of unskilled personnel where language skills will not be necessary. In parallel (via
week after arrival) to visit weekly and then and daily language, culture, and history
lessons country of residence. Important is a refugee (adult) every month for 15-20
hours participation in public events to improve the city or countries of residence with
compulsory registration of attendance at all these events.
 25

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in the framework of the qualification work allowed to

make the following conclusions.
As we can see European migration crisis is a humanitarian catastrophe caused
by the massive influx of migrants into Europe the wars of Africa and the Middle
East.In this term paper highlights the issues of the migration crisis in the EU, the
problem of the distribution of refugees between countries and the prospects of such
a situation. A variant of settlement of the situation with migrants within the countries
is offered. Analyzed the number of migrants in the EU and ways of overcoming the
problem of migration policy. Prospective variants of crisis development are
considered.
The EU has not yet decided on resettlement migrants, regulating their status
and behavior, legalization and detention. The EU also faces the issue of preventive
measures that would not be possible to receive a new stream of migrants.
Strong migration flows are directed to the European continent, although the
magnitude of immigration declined during the financial and economic crisis,
however, departure from European countries was also much smaller than expected.
Increasing requirements for migration policy is due to the fact that it is constantly
expanding. It is addressed not only to migrants but also to persons belonging to the
second or third generations of arrivals who hold EU citizenship, because of their
own origin differs from the population by educational level and areas of
employment, property status, etc.
To sum up, a number of measures should be identified to tackle illegal
migration in EU countries aimed at financing search and rescue missions, selection
funds and facilities for combating migrant carriers, expansion networks of refugee
reception centers for their temporary deployment and provision assistance,
facilitation of legal migration to the EU, review and allocation of quotas between
countries.
 26

REFERENCES

1. Hibernau M. Identychnist natsii / M. Hibernau. – K.: Tempora, 2018. – 304 s.

2. Kymlichka V. Liberalizm i prava menshyn / V. Kymlichka. – Kh.: Tsentr

osvitnikh initsiatyv, 2001. – 176 s.

3. Malynovska O. A. Mihratsiina polityka Yevropeiskoho : vyklyky ta uroky dlia

Ukrainy / O. A. Malynovska. – K.: NISD, 2014. – 48 s.

4. Nelehalna mihratsiia: Realii YeS u haluzi trudovykh vidnosyn. [Electronic

resource] – Available at: http://www.europeans.org.ua/ migracia.html.

5. International Migration Report 2013 / UN Department of Economic and Social

Affairs. Population Division [Electronic resource] – Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf

6.Eurostat [Electronic resource].–Available at:

http://www.appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTable Action.do.

7. Future-proof migration management: European Commission sets out way

forward: Press release. Brussels: European Commission, URL:
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release

8. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2018. [Electronic resource] / World Bank. –

Available at: https://openknowledge. worldbank.org

9. The little data book on information and communication technology [Electronic

resource]/World Bank. – [Electronic resource]: https://
openknowledge.worldbank.org

10. World Development Indicators 2019 [Electronic resource] / World Bank. –

Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26447

11. Migration and migrant population statistics [Electronic resource] / Eurostat. –:

Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
 27

12. Migrants in Europe. A statistical portrait of the first and second generation.
[Electronic resource] / Eurostat. –http:// ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-
statistical-books/-/KS-31-10-539

13. People in the EU: who are we and how do we live? [Electronic
resource]Eurostat–Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/304-15-
567-EN

14. World Bank indicators. International migrant stock (% of population) [Electronic

resource]– Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SM.POP.TOTL.ZS

15. World Bank indicators. International migrant stock [Electronic resource]-

Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

16. Handbook on integration for policymakers and practitioners. – : Available at:

http://euinfo.rs/fi les/biblioteka-srp/06_Vodic_kroz_ inegracije.pdf

17. EU Action on Migratory Pressures – a Strategic Response – Available at :

http://www.statewatch.org/news/2018/apr/eucouncil

18. Newland К. Circular Migration and Human Development/ UNDP / [Electronic

resource] К. Newland. – Available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/
newland_HDRP_2017.pdf

19. Преобразование нашего мира: Повестка дня в области устойчивого

развития на период до 2030 года–: Available at: https:// documents-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC

20. Міжнародний пакт про економічні, соціальні і культурні права [Electronic

resource – Available at: http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_042